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“In the name of Allah, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful”

Lab FLOW OVER IMMERSED

#5 BODY
Prepared By:
Devarajan Ramasamy
[email protected]
Telephone Ext: 2227
Hand phone: 016-7580946
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, KUKTEM

Lab Instructor

Lab Location
Fluid Laboratory

Lab Objectives

By the end of semester, students should be able to:

• Plotting streamlines over cylinder, orifice and wing profile to identify flow
conditions.

Group Members Student ID Section

20

100 Total marks 100

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1.0 Flow Over Immersed Body

Study of fluid is never complete without flow visualization. The fluid flows over bodies are studied
by many to show how a flow behaves when it goes over it. The effect of turbulence, flow separation
and angles to the flow are seen from streamline formation on the bodies.

Flow of fluids over bodies that are immersed in a fluid is called external flow. It with emphasis on
the resulting lift and drag forces. External flow is characterized by a freely growing boundary layer
surrounded by an outer flow region that involves small velocity and temperature gradients.

When a fluid moves over a solid body, it exerts pressure forces normal to the surface and shear
forces parallel to the surface along the outer surface of the body. We are usually interested in the
resultant of the pressure and shear forces acting on the body rather than the details of the
distributions of these forces along the entire surface of the body. The component of the resultant
pressure and shear forces that acts in the flow direction is called the drag force (or just drag), and the
component that acts normal to the flow direction is called the lift force (or just lift).

Some examples of flow over immersed body experiment. The streamlines show the condition of the
flow past a cylinder.

To look into how the streamlines are arranged a flow standard flow bench is used to visualize smoke
blown on a body. The capabilities of the device are as below:

• With the air flow bench wide-ranging experiments can be performed in the field of
aerodynamics.
• The air flow bench consists of a mobile frame with a radial fan, with which flow
speeds of up to 40 m/s can be generated. The flow speed can be smoothly adjusted
by means of a precision regulator. A stabilising element ensures regular and
reproducible flow in the measurement section.

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The air flow bench comprises the following components (Fig. 1 and 2):

• - Mobile rolling frame (1) with benchtop (2)

• - Radial fan 0.55 kW (3)
• - Switchbox (4) and drawer for small parts (5)
• - Air intake pipe (6) with throttle valve (7) and thermometer (8)
• - Rectifier (9)
• - Removable nozzle (effusor) (10)
• - Funnel (11) for air inlet
• - Off-air pipe (12)
• - Fixture (13) for 16-fold water pressure gauge (14), not included
• - Measuring glands for measuring tubes (15)

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Figure 2

Figure 1

Operation of Flow Bench

The radial fan (3) draws air in on its back and conveys it via the air intake pipe into the
rectifier (9), where the flowing air is stabilized.

By means of a throttle valve (7) the volume of through-flowing air can be regulated (Fig.1).

In a nozzle (10) the air is accelerated, and is injected into the measurement section. The
accessory units can be inserted in the measurement section in two ways:

- Attaching in the nozzle clamp fixture

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- Removing the nozzle and attaching the accessory unit in the clamp fixture of the rectifier.

Under the measurement section the off-air is forced into a funnel (11) and blown through
the off-air pipe (12) towards the rear into the open air.

The system has a total of three measuring glands at which pressures can be tapped:

- On the air intake pipe upstream of the throttle valve

- On the air intake pipe downstream of the throttle valve - On the underside of the rectifier

Figure 3 Sample of Streamline that can be Visualized

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2.0 Experiment Setup

• Install the cylindrical drag body with the front plate in the path of measurement.
• Prepare the smoke generator for operation. Check the status of the fog fluid.
• Since the smoke generator requires a warm-up period, switch it on approx. 5 minutes
beforehand.
• Switch the fan on. For good results, work with low wind speeds.
• Actuate the remote trigger once or twice per n trial
• Sketch observations on the following pages and note any findings. Modify wind
speeds and note results possibly.

Equipment and Materials

• 225.08 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

• HM 225 Air Flow Bench

3.0 Experiment Procedure

To do the experiment, follow the steps:

• Since the smoke generator requires a warm-up period, switch it on approx 5 minutes
beforehand.
• Switch the fan on. For good results, work with low wind speeds.
• Actuate the remote trigger once or twice per trial – Sketch observations on the
following pages and note any findings. Modify wind speeds and note results possibly.
• This experimental procedure is to be repeated with both other drag bodies (wing
profile, orifice).
• Draw to profile of streamline to the flow on the sketches shown below:

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Figure 4 Figure to sketch visualization at the cylindrical body

10

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Figure 5 Figure to sketch visualization at the orifice

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Figure 6 Figure to sketch visualization at the wing profile

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Figure 7 Figure to sketch visualization at the wing profile at 30 deg

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1. Which body creates the most smooth streamlines?

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2. What does a smooth streamline portray?

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3. What happens to the wing profile at 30° angle compared to the normal?

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4. What phenomenon causes the orifice flow to disperse from your knowledge?

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4.0 Conclusion

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5.0 Reference

BMM 3521 Engineering Fluid Mechanics Lab_05_Flow_Over_Immersed_Body