FCE 425 - Hydrology I (45 hrs)

1. Hydrology for Engineers, Linsley

2. Hydrology for Engineers , Wilson
3. Hydrology in Practice, E. Shaw

S O Dulo
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 Syllabus (45 hrs)
 Introduction. Hydrological cycle.
 Rainfall and Rainfall data analysis.
 Evaporation and transpiration: factors and methods of
computation. Infiltration and Percolation.
 Runoff: factors affecting runoff, stream flow measurement and
rating curves determination.
 Streamflow data analysis. Subsurface water: soil-water
relationship and measurement of soil moisture.
Determination of permeability.
 Lab Experiments: Measurements of weather parameters like
precipitation, sunshine, evaporation, wind speed, calibration
of instruments.

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Course requirements
 Attendance
 Course work – 20
 Cats – 10
 Exams – 70

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Definition
 Hydrology is the study of water of the earth
 The study includes
 Precipitation
 Movement over land
 Movement below the ground surface
 Evaporation and transpiration from land, water and
plants
 Condensation and reprecipitation

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 Introduction
 1950-1970‘Policy
 WRM is a primary engineering task to build
dams, lay pipelines, install pumps, and operate
systems

 Today‘s Policy
 WRM must pursue sustainable development
with measures that manage water for human
system, but at the same time protect and
nature natural systems for the benefit of future
generations
 Introduction

 Potable water is most valuable and under

appreciated resource of our planet.
 Why?
 Because in many locations, the "aquifer" is hundreds
of meters below ground and extends over a vast area
that includes multiple municipal and state
boundaries.
 Introduction

 Over 70 % of the earth's surface is covered with

water, but < 0.5 % of this water is usable freshwater
resource.
 All the remainder of the water is salt water.
 The water on this planet moves through a cycle that
is the ultimate solar power driven system and the cycle
is in dynamic equilibrium.
 Water is constantly changing position, phase, and
form
World Water Total
 97.2 % Ocean
 2.8 % Fresh
 2.15 % glaciers
 0.65 % ground
water
 0.0001 %
streams
 0.009 % lakes
 0.008 % seas
 0.005 % soil
 0.001 %
atmosphere
 The
Water
Cycle

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Hydrological Cycle
 Components
First The Ins
of the Water Cycle
Solar Energy Input
Precipitation
Condensation
Well Injection
Irrigation

The Outs
Evaporation
Transpiration
Infiltration
Percolation
Runoff
Groundwater Flow
Surfacewater Flow
Well Pumping

water cycle
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The Water Cycle
Powered by the Sun- Solar Power

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 Precipitation
Types of Precipitation
Natural
Rain
Snow
Ice
Hail
Condensation/ Dew
Man-Made
Irrigation
Wastewater Applications

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 Hydrologic Cycle -Transpiration

 Water vapor emitted from

plant leaves
 Actively growing plants
transpire 5 to 10 times as
much water as they can hold at
once
 These water particles then
collect and form clouds
 Interception
Infiltration / Percolation

Infiltration

Percolation

Infiltration- Movement Water Into

Soil
Percolation - Water Movement
Through (IN) the Soil
Canopy Interception
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 Evaporation / Transpiration
Evapotranspiration

Evaporation- Driven by
Thermal
Gradient and Moisture
Difference Stomata
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Runoff / Overland Flow

Uncontrolled Runoff Low Infiltration

Causes Erosion Causes - Overland Flow-
Loss Organic Material

When Rainfall Rate Exceeds

Infiltration Runoff is Generated
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Hydrologic Cycle Components

Dulo S O
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1. Cycle Component Concepts
Standard Concepts (Physical)
 Precipitation
 Evaporation/Evapotranspitation
 Surface Water
 Groundwater

Ecosystem & Use Related (Basin/Watershed Perspective)

 Green water (Terrestrial ecosystems, Crops, Wetlands)- water that is
directly used for biomass production and lost in evaportaion

 Blue water (Throughflow & return flow)

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 Hydrologic Cycle
 Evaporation
 Transpiration
 Soil Water
Storage
determines
ground water
recharge
 Basic Cycle

Precipitation
Evaporation
Evaporation
Evaporation (ET)

Ocean
Infiltration
runoff

Aquifer
Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Surface Water
Groundwater

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More Detailed Cycle Components

Precipitation
Evaporation
Evaporation
Evapo-transpiration

Ocean
Infiltration
Recharge runoff

Aquifer
Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Surface Water
Groundwater

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 More Detailed Cycle Components

Precipitation
Evaporation
Evaporation
Evapo-transpiration

Discharge
treated water

Soil
moisture

Soil moisture Water

Supply Ocean
Infiltration
Recharge runoff

Extraction
Aquifer
Salt Water Intrusion Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Soil moisture Surface Water
Infiltration (Art) Return flow Groundwater
Extraction Treated water Aquifer intrusion

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 Basic Cycle
Approximate annual hydrological budget

Temperate climate Semi-arid climate Arid climate

% mm % mm % mm

Total precipitation 100 500 - 1500 100 200 - 500 100 0 - 200

Real evapotranspiration ~ 33 150 - 500 ~ 50 100 - 250 ~ 70 0 - 140

Groundwater recharge ~ 33 165 - 495 ~ 20 40 - 100 ~1 0-2

Surface runoff ~ 33 165 - 495 ~ 30 60 - 150 ~ 29 0 - 58

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SW/GW relations - Humid vs Arid Zones

A. Cross section of a gaining

B. Cross section of a losing stream,
stream, which is typical of humid
which is typical of arid regions,
regions,
where streams can recharge
where groundwater recharges
groundwater
streams

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2. The ecosystem – where the water is !

BOGS

AQUIFERS

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Precipitation – the basic water resource

Blue & Green Water - perspective

GW

GW
GW

GW

GW

Adapted from: GWP (M. Falkenmark), 2003, Water Management and Ecosystems: Living with Change
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Blue & Green Water – Pathways

percentages

Consumptive water use by terrestrial ecosystems as seen in a global perspective. (Falkenmark in SIWI Seminar 2001).

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 3. Ground Water Considerations
Special considerations:

• Supply sources are not as temporal as surface waters

• Commonly more stable both from a quality and quantity
viewpoint
• Consistent good quality with low treatment costs
Widespread availability away from river courses (in good host rock &
climatic settings)
• Practical expansion and development pathway – augmented
as needed
• Can be independently developed in its early stages of
development

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3. Ground Water Considerations

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Waters in the past have rarely been “managed” at basin or
aquifer
3. scales.
Basin & aquifer boundaries: real or political ?
WHY??
- Politics and power structures
- Professional & Institutional jealousy
- “Turf” - donor/funding/research/grants
- Laws (archaic and intransigent)

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2. Watersheds – boundaries and divides ?

Country 1

Country 3
Country 2

Source: Modified from IHP-VI, 2001-ISARM

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3. Basin & aquifer boundaries: real or political ?

Country 1

Country 3
Country 2

CONCLUSIONS:
1) Actively challenge non-hydrologic boundaries.
2) Ground and surface water boundaries can differ.
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WHAT ARE OTHER COMPONENTS
IN THE CYCLE TODAY?
 Soil water
 Extraction schemes
 Artificial recharge
 Return flow
 Treated water - reuse
 Instrusion

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What is weather?
 Weather describes the
state of the atmosphere
at any particular time.
 Weather can be
described in terms of
temperature,
precipitation (snow, rain
& hail), wind speed and
direction, visibility and
cloud amounts.
What is Climate?
 Climate describes the
average weather of a
particular part of the
world at different times
of the year
 In Britain we would
expect cool summers and
mild winters with
moderate rainfall
throughout the year
The Weather Station
 A weather station
makes continuous
measurements of
different aspects of the
weather.
 Weather stations use
standard instruments so
that their readings can
be compared.
Temperature
 Temperature is recorded
using thermometers
housed inside a
Stevenson screen
 Weather stations record
both air temperature and
the temperature of the
ground
Temperature: The Stevenson Screen

 Why is the screen

painted white?
 Why is it raised on legs
above the ground?
 Why has it got louvred
sides?
Precipitation
 Rainfall, snow, hail and
fog.
 Rainfall is measured in a
raingauge.
 Some raingauges record
rainfall automatically
whilst others are
emptied everyday by an
observer
Wind
 The direction and strength of
the wind are both measured
 A wind vane measures
direction
 An anemometer records
strength
 Wind strength can also be
measured using the Beaufort
Scale
 Pressure
 Pressure is the weight of the
atmosphere
 When air rises pressure falls
 When air sinks pressure
increases
 Pressure controls the type of
weather
 Barometers and
barographs record pressure
Recording pressure
Sunshine
 A note is made of the
number of hours of
bright sunshine each day
 Sunshine is traditionally
measured using a
Campbell-Stokes
sunshine recorder
Cloud
 The amount of the sky
obscured by cloud
 Different types of clouds
 Sometimes even the
speed and direction in
which the clouds are
moving are recorded
using a nephoscope
Cloud Types - Cumulus
Cloud Types - Stratus
Cloud Types - Cirrus