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This document discusses transformer models and their components. It can be summarized in 3 sentences: An ideal transformer has infinite permeability in its core, zero resistance in its windings, and zero core losses. Real transformers are not ideal and account for finite permeability, winding resistance and losses, leakage flux, and hysteresis and eddy current core losses. The behavior of transformers can be modeled using an equivalent circuit that represents these non-ideal components and losses.

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Febian Tomy
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48 views

Transformer Model

This document discusses transformer models and their components. It can be summarized in 3 sentences: An ideal transformer has infinite permeability in its core, zero resistance in its windings, and zero core losses. Real transformers are not ideal and account for finite permeability, winding resistance and losses, leakage flux, and hysteresis and eddy current core losses. The behavior of transformers can be modeled using an equivalent circuit that represents these non-ideal components and losses.

Uploaded by

Febian Tomy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transformer Model

05 November 2022
Introduction (3)
Voltage levels in the Dutch Power System
Shell Type Transformer
Core Type Transformer
Transformer
The ideal transformer

1. Transformer core has infinite permeability


• Zero mmf to create magnetic flux in core
• All flux in confined in the core
2. Transformer winding has zero resistance
• Zero ohmic power loss in winding
• Zero voltage drop in winding
3. Transformer has zero Core losses
• Hysteresis
• Eddy-current losses
Hysteresis Loss and Eddy Current Loss
Ideal Transformer No Load

𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜙
𝑣1 = 𝑒1 = 𝑁1 𝑣2 = 𝑒2 = 𝑁2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑉1 𝐸1 𝑁1
= = =a
𝑉2 𝐸2 𝑁2
Ideal Transformer No Load

𝑣1 = 2 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡

𝑑𝜙 2
= 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑁1 1
2 2 𝜋
𝜑= 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡 − )
𝜔𝑁1 1 𝜔𝑁1 1 2
2
𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉1
𝜔𝑁1
𝑉1 𝜔𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥 2𝜋𝑓
= = 𝐴𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4.44𝑓𝐴𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑁1 2 2
Ideal Transformer on Load

𝑖1 𝑁1 − 𝑖2 𝑁2 = ℜ𝜑 = 0

𝑖1 𝑁2 𝑉2 1
= = =
𝑖2 𝑁1 𝑉1 𝑎
Impedance Transformer

𝑁2 𝑉2
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 𝑍2 =
𝑁1 𝐼2
2
(𝑁2 /𝑁1 )𝑉1 ∗
𝑉1 𝑁1
𝑍2 = 𝑍2 = = 𝑍2
(𝑁1 /𝑁2 )𝐼1 𝐼1 𝑁2
Impedance Transformer

𝑝1 = 𝑣1 𝑖1 𝑝2 = 𝑣2 𝑖2

𝑣1 𝑖1 = 𝑣2 𝑖2 𝑉1 𝐼1∗ = 𝑉2 𝐼2∗

𝑆1 = 𝑆2
The Transformer Model

• Not ideal
• Permeability is not infinity
• Finite self inductance
• Leakage flux
• Winding losses (copper losses)
• Core losses
• Hysteresis
• Eddy-current losses
Effect of Finite Permeability

I2 / a = I2'
I1 I2

V1 Xm aV2 Ideal V2
Transformer
a:1
I1m
Effect of Finite Permeability

ℜ𝜑 ℜ 2 𝑉1 𝜋
𝐼1𝑚 = = sin(𝜔𝑡 − )
𝑁1 𝑁1 𝜔𝑁1 2
ℜ 𝑉1
𝐼1𝑚 =
𝜔𝑁12
ℜ𝑉1 𝑉1 𝜔𝑁12 1
𝐼1𝑚 = 2 = 𝑗𝑋 ; 𝑋𝑚 ≅ ℜ = 𝐵
𝑗𝜔𝑁1 𝑚 𝑚
Effect of Finite Permeability

𝑉1
𝐼1 = 𝐼1𝑚 = [A]
𝑗𝑋𝑚

𝑃1 = 0 [𝑊]

𝑉12
𝑄1 = [Var]
𝑋𝑚
Effect of Core Losses

1. Hyteresis Losses
2. Edy-Current Losses
I2 / a = I2'
I1 I2

V1 Rc Xm aV2 Ideal V2
Transformer
a:1
I1m
Effect of Winding Loss and Leakage
Flux

I1 Rs1 Xs1 I2 / a Rs2 Xs2


I1m
I2

V1 Gc Bm aV2 Ideal V2
Transformer
a:1
Equivalent Circuit
Equivalent Circuit

I1 Rs1 Xs1 Rs2 Xs2

I2' = I2/a
V1 Gc Bm aV2 N1 N2 V2

I1m Ideal
a:1
The Transformer Model

Copper losses
Leakage reactance

Iron losses (core) Magnetizing susceptance

Efficiency = Pout / Pin = 1 – Ploss / Pin


Equation
1 1
𝑍𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 𝑌𝑚 = +
𝑅𝑚 𝑗𝑋𝑚

𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠1 + 𝑎2 𝑅𝑠2 𝑋𝑠 = 𝑋𝑠1 + 𝑎2 𝑋𝑠2

𝑅𝑠 ≪ 𝑅𝑚

𝑋𝑠 ≪ 𝑋𝑚

𝑋𝑠 ≫ 𝑅𝑠
Three-Phase Transformer
Out of the tank

Courtesy of TenneT TSO B.V.


Three Phase Transformer
Y-Y Transformer
Three-Phase Transformer (1)

• Three single-phase transformers

• Three phase transformer

• Complex turns ratio 1 : a*ej


• Amplitude
• Phase shift: multiple of 30°
Equivalent Circuit
Phase Shift
Three Winding Transformer
PU of Three Winding Transformer

•Zps = leakage impedance measured in primary with


secondary short circuit and tertiary open

•Zpt = leakage impedance measured in primary with


tertiary short circuit and secondary open

•Zst = leakage impedance measured in secondary with


tertiary short circuit and primary open
Impedance

𝑍𝑝𝑠 = 𝑍𝑝 + 𝑍𝑠

𝑍𝑝𝑡 = 𝑍𝑝 + 𝑍𝑡

𝑍𝑠𝑡 = 𝑍𝑠 + 𝑍𝑡

1
𝑍𝑝 = (𝑍𝑝𝑠 + 𝑍𝑝𝑡 − 𝑍𝑠𝑡 )
2
1
𝑍𝑠 = (𝑍𝑝𝑠 + 𝑍𝑠𝑡 − 𝑍𝑝𝑡 )
2
1
𝑍𝑡 = (𝑍𝑝𝑡 + 𝑍𝑠𝑡 − 𝑍𝑝𝑠 )
2
Three-Phase Transformer (2)
Single-phase equivalent

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