\

The b- Block
Elements
HANDWRITTEN NOTES
CBSE -2022 TERM -1

Detailed Notes

with ¥*¥¥#
Panchal Sir
By Bharat

¥→•± →⇐•B• B%O-BÉO¥÷B¥É PBhhaaraattpaannenna.is#bharatpanchala2

'•→*¥÷÷¥É¥¥¥
00888 Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
INTRODUCTION :
Those elements in which last
eo enters in b- orbital are called b- block
elements .

Their valence shell electronic configuration is

'
which has 152 configuration)
'
' -6
hsdhp cexcebt He

Group -15 Elements :

HINT N

ytdcht p
i2d# As
HOT Sb
racist
Moscow tf me → Moscovium → synthetic
Radioactive
element
•
Group -15 of the periodic table includes the elements

Nitrogen CNI ,
Phosphorous IP ) Arsenic ,
( As ) ,

Antimony CSD , Bismuth .

valence shell electronic configuration of G- 15

•

elements is
'
'
nssnnb ! extra stable electronic
configuration due to half filled b- orbital .

N P As Sb Bi
, - w
Non -
Metals metalloids metals

# Atomic and iconic radii : -

Down the grouts, atomic

/ ionic radii increases due to increase in
the noshells
.

of
The increase in size from N to P
.

is considerable while
from Ns to Bi Only a small ,

increase is observed due to the presence of

completely filled d If orbitals which are
poorly shielding .

00888 Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
Ionisation Enthalpy :pown me
group ,
ionisation
enthalpy decreases due increase in
to
gradual
atomic size
Note Because of the extra stable half filled
b- orbitals and
electronic configuration
small size ,
the ionisation enthalpy of group
the 15

elements is much
greater than that of grouts
ice elements in the corresponding periods .

The order of successive ionisation enthalpy

i. e Ai H { Ai Ha < Ai H]
,

#
Electronegativity :
The
electronegativity value
decreases down the group
with
increasing atomic size .

# Occurrence
•

Nitrogen -

.
µ
, gas ( 78% by volume of atmosphere )
•
as sodium nitrate ( Nang Chile saltpetre )
-

•
as potassium nitrate ( KNO, - Indian salt
Petre )
•
in the form of proteins in
plants & animals .

•
Phosphorous -
ifkeorabatite
In
essential
•

minerals
of the apatite family
an constituent animal and plant matter
of
•

•
Present in bones as well as in living cells .

liiil As, Sb Bi ,
are
found mainly as sulphide .

[email protected]
 Physical Properties :
•

All the elements of this group are polyatomic

Ny is a
gas while all others are solid
diatomic
• .

•
B.pt Increases from top to bottom .

•
M.pt increases upto Arsenic and decreases upto Bi .

Except N all the elements show allotropy .

# Chemical Properties :
-

Oxidation state
electronic confi ns2hb3 .

generally show -3 oxidation stale also show

+ 5 oxidation state .

→ The tendency to show -3 Oxi State decreases down .

the group due to increase in size

Tendency to show +3 Oxi . stale increases as we

the due to inert pair effect

move down group .

i. e non participation of Seo in bond

-
formation as
when we
go down the group
.

N In the case N
,
all oxidation
of state from
-11 to -14 tend to
disproportionate in acidic med .

ex .

3mn02 > HMOs 1- H2O +2 NO

→ N is restricted to a maximum coral ency of 4
Since only 4 Orbitals ( Is and 3 b) orbitals
are available for bonding .

oAnomalousBehaviouoqNitNgen-nmh
Small
High Ionisation Enthalpy
size
• .
.

High electronegativity Non availability of d- orbitals

• -
•

Unique ability to form pi pi multiple bonds

• -
.
 •

RinitrogenisinertatroomtemperatureI-
Because of
high bond dissociation enthalpy of triple
bond in N2 molecule { NIN } .

Nite
the single N N -

bond is weaker than

single p p bond
- because of
high inter electronic repulsion of the non -

bonding e :O
As
owing to the small bond
length . a result ,
the

catenation is weaker in Nitrogen

•

Reactivity towards Hydrogen : All G- 15 elements form

hydrides of formula EH] which is trigonal pyramidal in

Shobe }
Hybridisation element is with
.

of the sb one
,
lone pair of eo 's present at the vertices
one
of of
tetrahedron .

Hydrides
µµ , , Ammonia
µ
→ Sps hybridized pH, →
Phosphine
/ 1- shape -

Trigonal ASH ] → Arsine

H
H u planer sbH , → stibine
Geometry tetrahedral
-
BiH, → Bismuth ine

Thermal Stability :

It decreases down the grouts because

increase in element which result in
of size of
weaker bond .
?⃝
 •

Reducing characteristics
:[ tendency to liberate Hydrogen]
→ It increases down the group because the thermal
stability decreases as the bond length in c. down the group

→ Ammonia is a mild
reducing agent and BiH, is the

strongest reducing agent amongst all the hydrides .

Boiling Point :

pH, { ASH, { NH, { SBH] { BiH

to increase in
date to Cdue
Waal forces )
Van der
A-
Bonding
increases PH, to BiH, because
•
B.pt
regularly from of
increase in Vanderwaal forces ,
with inc .
in mass & size .

•
NH, in the group has exceptionally high b.pt
intermolecular H Bond
because
of its ability to
form
-
.

# Basic character to donate lone pair eo ]

e tendency of
NH, and other hydrides are basic in nature because of
presence of lone pair of eo over the central atom .

The basic character decreases down the group .

NH] > PH} > ASH] > SBH] > BiH,

Because of increase in size of central and thus

atom
reduction in its tendency to give lone pair with
decrease in electron density .

•
Reactivity towards Halogen :
They form Trihalide
EX} and Exs with halogens .

PU , and Pas
e.g

P
Y ←
axial bond

equatorial
11 - a- is ←
Bond
Ce . . . .

1.
. .

ce
. . . .

ce
ce
?⃝
Q Penta halides are more covalent than trihalides . Explain
AE It is because in bent a halides the ,
oxidation state of
central atom is
the
high and thus its charge density
in
is also
and
polarising power high resulting
greater covalent character .

GPUs exist but Nas doesn't why ?

An .
It is because unlike P , N doesn't have vacant
d- orbital .

Reactivity towards Oxygen :

All these elements form
two types of oxides Ezo] & taos
in the the element
is
The oxide
acidic than
higher
that
oxidation
lower
state
oxidation
of
state
more of .

-
Their acidic character decreases down the
group .

";÷÷ A÷÷÷k "☐°÷

•

Reactivity towards Metal :

All elements react
the
with metal to form their binary compounds .

Oxi state
exhibiting -3 .

Ca , Na
→ calcium Nitride
e.g
Ca , Pa → calcium phosphide
Ma , Asa → sodium Arsenide
# Dinitrogen ( Na )
chemistry Guruji a. o
00088-0 Bharat Panchal
-

Preparation
commercially produced by liquefaction and

fractional distillation of air .

 both with NANO,
By treating aq NHqU
•
.

NHI + Manoa - Ma + Nall -121120

•
By thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate
( NHA, Craoz ^-→ Na + Crab + 41120
•
By thermal decomposition of sodium or barium
azide
Ba ( Nz)
,
→ Ba -13^12 ( very pure ]

Properties :
-
Colourless ,
odourless , tasteless and no ✗ toxic gas .

•
It is inert at room temperature
•
It has very low
solubility in water .

It has low
freezing and boiling point
•

Dinitrogen is almost inert at room temperature due

high bond
to enthalby of NEN bond .
At
high Hmp ,
it directly combine with some metals to form
ionic nitride and with metals
predominantly non -

covalent Nitride

Ionic Nitrides
I Is Mg ] Ma
6 Li + N2 2 Liz N 3mg + Na

Covalent Nitrides :

My +
3112 2MHz (g)
N2 -102 2 NO Cg )

Ammonia ( Nlt)
It is formed
by decay of urea
•

NH CONH
, , -121120 →
(NHu)I0, F- 2MHz -1 Hyo
+ CO2
 On small scale

2N Hell + Ca (01112 → I NH] -121120 1- Calla

( NH -41,504 -1 2Nd OH → 2 NH ] -121120 + NG Soa
On large scale C Haber's Process )

Na -13112 2MHz
:
Aft -46.1 KS/not

oblimum condition
•
Pressure = 200 atm

Temp 700 K
•
=

Catalyst fgo ] with

small Amt
of Kao
& AKO ] as bromo Hrs

Properties :

'

Ammonia is a colourless gas with pungent odour .

•
Have
high m.pt and b.pt due to intermolecular
µ µ Hydrogen bonding .

"
¥-1T •
It has
trigonal pyramidal geometry
"
t
u .

Ammonia gas is highly soluble in water

107.8
.
and form a basic solution

NHI
-

MHz -1 H2O -1 OH
•

Being basic ,
it forms ammonium salt with acids .

NH] -1 HU → Nthgcl

•
It precipitates the hydroxides of many metals from
their salt solutions .
Brown bbt .

- -

2 Fell ] 1- ]NH&0H → few ] . ✗ H2O -13N Hall

2ns 04 -12 NHA OH → zn Cote) , 1- ( NH a)2504

white ppt
-
?⃝
•
It forms complex compound by donating its lone pair Geo .

Cut +
4MHz [ Cu ( Ntl ]1q ]
"

( blue ) deep blue

Agt U
-

+ → Agu white ppt

Colorless )
-1
Agt -12MHz →
[ Ag ( NH] ) ] ,

Nitric Acid ( HMOs)

lab .

Method Mamo A-
,
+ Haso , NAH SO
*
+ HMOs
on large scale ( Ostwald Process )
•
4MHz -150, 4^10+611,0

•
2 NO -102 2m02
•
3h10 1-
H2O → 2h NO + NO
, , .

Properties
It is a colourless liquid
but on exposure to

light , it turns slightly

brown due to decomposition into Noa and 02
* HNO ] → 4h10, +02 +2110
Slr .

of HMO ]
Acidic Nature

In Ay .
both ,
nitric
acid behave as

strong acid
giving
hydronium and Nitrate ions

HNO
]
-11%0 → Hzot +
Noj
 Oxidising Nature

Nitric acid is oxidising agent

cone a
strong
•
.

and attacks most metals except noble metals such

as
gold and platinum .

reaction with cobber

3 Cu -18 HMOs edie , → 3 CUCN Oda -12 NO +4110
CU 1- AH NO, c cone .
) →
Cu ( NOW , + 2m02 -121%0
-

reaction with zinc

-42h + 10 HNO → 42h CNO ]) -1N, 0+5110

] ( die ) . ,

2h + 4 HMO ] → Zn( NO ]l2 -12N 02+21120

@ one .
]

reaction with Non metals

-

Ig 1- 10 HMOs → QHIO] -110^102-141%0

C -1 AH NO →
CO2 -1 21120 + 4 NO
, ,

Ss + 48 HMOs → 814,504 1- -48 NO +16110

,

Pa 1- 2011 NO, → AH, Poa -120 NO

, -1411,0

Action on
Organic compounds
1^102
% + Hao
cone .

My Song
Nitrobenzene

000880 Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
Oxides of Nitrogen

Group -16 elements ( Chakogens )

3-
] Non
4T Metals
LF
] Metalloids
&
metal
]
Ut

general electronic configuration ns2hb4

GOBBO Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji do
•
Electronic configuration
Have six valence eo &
configuration ns2hb4
☒ 17M€
hs hb
•
Atomic and ionic radii :
Atomic radii of group -16
elements is less than group 15 elements due to

greater nuclear charge grouts

.
on
moving down the ,

atomic and ionic radii increases due to increase

in no .

of shells .
The size of oxygen atom is

exceptionally small .

Ionization Enthalby
on
moving down the grub ,
ionization
enthalpy decreases due to increase in atomic size .

A- Hi of G- 16 elements is lower than a -15 elements .

This is because of extra stable half filled b- orbitals

of G- 15 elements .
 Electron Gain Enthalpy
on
decreasing the group ,

from sulphur onwards value the becomes

less negative ubto polonium
oxygen has less negative electron gain enthalpy
than sulphur because of small size of oxygen atom .

Note
The bond dissociation enthalpy of o_O bond is less
than that of S S bond due to repulsion between
-

lone pair of atoms

eo on oxygen owing to the small
size of 0 -
atoms Due to this sulphur
.
shows more

tendency for catenation than oxygen .

0--0 S
Sys s - /

Electronegativity : \ sins

decreases
on
moving down the group , electronegativity
with
increasing atomic size .
Electronegativity
of elements of G- 15 to 17 belonging to same period . .

G- 15 elements { G- 16 elements ( G- 17 elements

NOTE
group , b.pt and m.pt increase with increase
Down the
is size due to increase in Van der Waal 's forces .

large difference b/w m.pt and b.pt of oxygen and

sulphur may be explained on the basis of their atomicity
oxygen is diatomic CO2 ) and sulphur is Octa tonic Css )

xidation State
common oxidation state of 6-16 elements is -2,1-2 ,
-14 & -16

•
stability of -14 Oxidation state increases due to inert
pair effect .

•
Bonding in +4 and +6 oxidation states are

primarily covalent .

• Metallic character increases down the group and

all these elements exhibit allotoby .
 Anomalous Behaviour Of Oxygen
Small size can form pit pit bond
High electronegativity ]
-
•

• can form Hydrogen Bond

High ionisation enthalpy can't show

Non availability d- orbitals] :
+ * & -160×1 state
• -

of vacant .

Reactivity towards Hydrogen :

All the elements of a -16
form hydrides of type Hat where E =
0,5 ,
se, Te, Po.

Acidic Nature -

Hao < Has { Hase { Hie

Thermal Stability -

Hao > Has tease > Hate > typo

>

Reducing character -

11,04 Has ( Hase < Hate < Half

Bond Angle -

Hao > Has > Hase > Hate

Boiling Point
Has { Hase { Hate { H2O
As we go down the group exceptionally high
B.pt increases due to inc .
} B.pt of Hao is
in size
due to intermolecular
.

H -

Bonding .

Reactivity towards oxygen :

+a
+a

form oxides of the formula Eog and 1--03

BIEL in Nature
 }
01--0 ←
§→o ±

??!!??
÷o " are

same due to

0% o%=¥÷o
The oxides of formula to, can act as
reducing
agent and themselves undergo a change in OS

from +4 to -16 .

Reactivity towards Halogens elements of 6-16 form a

large no -

of halides of the type Exa , Exa and Exo .

The stability of halides decrease in order

fluoride > chloride > Bromide > iodide

DIOXYGEN ( ON

•
By heating oxygen containing salts such as chlorate
,

nitrate & permanganate .

2K60g ^-→ 2 KU -130£

Mno ,

2 Pb ( Mos) ^→ 2 Pbo + 4h10, -102

,

2km no u → Kanno & 1-

Mnoy +02
•
By decomposition of His
21%02 >
2110 -102
•
on
large scale ,
it is produced either by electrolysis
of water or by fractional distillation of liquid air .

000880 Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
•
Thermal decomposition of oxides of metals
A- ±
2 Agao *
Ag -102 2kg0 2kg -102
A- A-
2 Pb, 04 6 Pbo -102 QPBO
,
2 Pbo -102 .

Properties
•
Colourless and odour less gas .

2 Ca +02 → 2 Cao
Rxn with metal
KAI +30, → LALO ]
Rxn with Non Metal Paolo
-

Pq +502 →

C -10, → CO2
famous
compound
22ns +30, → 22h0 +2502
CHA +202 →
CO2 -121120
Uses In normal respiration and combustion process
oxygen cylinders are widely used in hospitals
•

high altitude .

Dioxygen ( Oa ) is Paramagnetic
02 →
evenof e -0
no -

Because of the presence of 2 unpaired eo in the

antibonding 1T$ molecular orbital of 02 .

Ozone ( Oz)
•
Ozone coz ) is allotropic form of
an

oxygen .
It is mainly present as
ozone layer in stratosphere
that protects UV
earth from .
 Preparation
Ozone prepared by passing silent electric discharge
is
•

through dry stream of oxygen .

302 → 203 AM +142 KJ/ Mol =

Properties
THE gas •
Dark blue liquid •
Violet Black solid
•
It has a characteristic smell & is harmless in
small concentration .

It CAH AS ve )
•
is thermodynamically unstable +ve =
- -
-

is
•
It a powerful oxidising Agent .

Pbs +403 → Pbs 04+402

QI
Hao -10 2011 Ig -102
-

+
"

]
→ 1-

• Freon or chlorofluorocarbons are responsible for the

depletion of ozone

•
supersonic planes are responsible for depletion
Tet

of ozone layer because the nitrogen oxides

emitted
from exhaust system of these planes combine
very rabidly and hence deplete it .

NO +03 →
Nog +02
(colourless) (Brown )
•
Quantitative estimation of ozone
when ozone reacts with excess of KI Solution buffered
with a borate butter ( pH g. 2) ,
iodine liberated
which can be titrated against a standard both

of sodium trio sulphate .

2I H2O to → 2011-+1--2+0,
-

+
]
LNAI
II +2^1925203 →
Nag 5,06 +
sod .

thiosulfate
 Uses of Ozone

•
used as germicide disinfectant ,
and for sterile's ing water

used for ivory fluor starch etc

•

bleaching , , ,
.

•
act as an
oxidising agent in the manufacture of kMnO• .

Sulphur Allotropic Forms-

Two important allotropic forms of sulphur are

rhombic ca sulphur )
-
and monoclinic ( p sulphur )
-

str of 58
①
.

⑤-
⑤
\soQ
Transition temperature
B- Sulphur is stable above 369K
and transfer into d- sulphur below it .

at 369k
sulphur
✗ -
sulphur € B-

below 169K Above 369K

Sulphur Dioxide ( Soa)

Preparation
•

S
+02 → 502
•

50,2 +2 H+ 11,0 +502

-

•
→

4 fegsa Fe 03 +8502
1-
1102 →2
•

( iron pyrite)
Properties
It is a colourless with
pungent smell and
gas
•

is
highly soluble in water .

•
Sog when passed through 110 forms a Solh of sulphurous
502 + H2O Hsfo } Acid .
 2Nd OH +502 → Na, song -1110 ( Na SO, : sod .

,
sulbhite )
I
, -1502
2Nd HSO] csod .
Hydrogen sulphide
502 reacts chlorine in
•

with the presence of

charcoal → act as catalyst
502+42 →
50202 csulbhuryl Chloride )
•
It oxidised to sulphur trioxide by oxygen in the
is
presence of vanadium ( v ) oxide catalyst .

2502+02 -405>-2503
is
NOTE In moist conditions it a
good seducing
agent
Ife " + so -1211,0 → 2 fed -1+50%+411-1
,
"
5502 + 2mn05 -1211,0 → 55042-+411++2 Mn
Uses
i , used in refining betoleum
in
ii ) used
bleaching wool & Silk .

iie ) used as an antichlor , disinfectant & preservative

in liquid Sog is used as a solvent to dissolve a no .

of organic and inorganic chemicals .

4) Hasan , Nate so ] and Ca CHSO] ) are

, manufactured from
502
0×0acids of Sulphur
.

:
Pero ✗ 0 Mono
Sulphuric Acid Sulphurous Sulphuric Acid
Has 04 Acid
-112503 Has 05
→

Dibasic
19
no
o
to # to 110-615=0
OH
HO HO
Peroxodisufbhuric Pyro sulphuric Acid
¢1520s )
.

Acid
1125207
%
!%ii÷
11°
o
°
0%50-9=0 OH
?⃝
Sulphuric Acid ( Has 0*1
most important oxoacid of sulphur is Hzsoa .

•
contact process is used for industrial preparation of H so ,
,

steep - I Burning of sulphur

5+02 → so,
step I -

conversion of 502 → 503

02 → 2503
2 so, +

µ
HI Absorption of in 17,504 to give oleum (
Hasa 07 )
-

SO]

503-1112504 → Has207 C oleum)

> 2nd Steb is key step the reaction is exothermic

,

reversible and the forward reaction leads in a

decrease in volume

Therefore low Hmb and high the

favourable
→
, pressure are
conditions for maximum yield .

Properties
•
It is a colorless
,
dense , oily liquid .

•
Dissolve in water with evolution of a large quantity
of food
Properties
.

chemical
 soy in water because Hasan
Note Ka K Ka, for H is
, ,

a very strong acid in water because its ionization to

Hoot and Asai is easy as it is easy to remove

Ht from a neutral molecule .

However the ionisation of
as it
-1
Hsoci to Hyo and soon is not so easy
-

is difficult to remove a proton from a -

rely charged ion .

Hasoy + H2O → Hgot + Hsoci ; Ka , →

very large

Hsoii +110 Hzot +50in Ka 1.2×10-2

-

→
; ,
=

Uses of Hasou
•
It is
used in manufacture of fertilizers .

Used in petroleum
refining and manufacture of big merits
•

taints and dyestuff intermediate .

•
Used in manufacture of Nitrocellulose products
in
Used
detergent industry metallurgical application
0

and in storage battery .

Ctrouptitoeltmtntsuuuf
These are

also known
Rent
as
halogens
did

QTET Salt producer

311£
configurations
general
# hsdnf.is
The halogens reactive metallic
are
highly non
elements .
 sea is source of halogens
sea is the greatest source of halogens at it contains
chloride ,
bromide and iodide salts of sodium , potassium
magnesium and calcium in soluble form .

Atomic and ionic radii

Atomic radii of G- 17 elements
is less than respective period
any element in their .

This is due to maximum effective nuclear charge .

On
moving down the group , atomic and ionic Sadie
increases due to increase in no of shells .

Ionisation Enthalpy
a- it elements have
as these have little tendency to lose
very high
eo On
It
.

moving down the group I. E decreases due .

to
increase in atomic size .

Electron Gain Enthalpy :

a- it elements have maximum
negative electron gain enthalpy of their respective period .

This is because after gaining one electron they attain stable

noble gas configuration .

on moving down the group , electron gain

enthalpy decreases
electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less
negative than chlorine . This is because incoming eo
faces repulsion due to small size of fluorine atom .

Electronegativity :

elements The
6- 17 elements are highly electronegative
.

electronegativity decreases down the group

due to increase in atomic size .

fluorine is the most electronegative

element of periodic table .

00888 Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
Physical Properties
•
fluorine and chlorine are gases ,
bromine is liquid
and iodine is solid .

The m.pt and b.pt steadily increase with at . no .

All halogen are coloured

Fa → yellow ,
Cl
,
→
greenish , Bris Red ,
I
,
→ Violet
Yellow Colour
This is due to absorption
of radiations in visible
region which results in the excitation of outer eo
to
higher energy level .

•
Bond dissociation enthalpy
U, > By > rz > I, ( This is due to increase in Bond )
length
The lower bond dissociation enthalpy of f f is -

less than U U -
due to large electronic repulsions
between lone pair present on f atoms in Fz
owing to their small size .

Chemical Properties
• Oxidation state of halogen is -1 . addition they
In

show -11, -13, -15 and +7 Oxidation state .

 •
Anomalous Behaviour of fluorine
Reasoner very small size , electronegativity highest ,
low

f- f bond dissociation energy , non -

availability
of d- orbitals in valence shell .

Example
O S like +3,1-5,1-7
•
It doesn't show higher -

•
It form only I 0×0 acid while other halogens form
a no .

of 0×0 acids

of following H Bonding due to

.

•
It is capable -

which Hf is a liquid while other halides are gas .

•
Most of the reaction of fluorine are exothermic
because it forms strong bond with other element
.

Reactivity towards Hydrogen

• All halogens react with hydrogen to give hydrogen
halides but affinity for hydrogen decreases from
f to I.
• B.pt HF > > EHU { HBO { HI ]
Due to µ
( B- Ptt to
regularly due
A- Bonding increase in van der Waal
forces )
: .
The correct order is HCl < HBo{ HI { Hf
but remember that reactivity of halogen ion
@
> Clo > Bro >I
-0
f
stability µf > µu > Hbo > HI
Acidic strength µf{ HUCHBRLHI
Reactivity towards metals :

Halogen react with metal to form metal Halide

which are generally ionic
 ionic character decreases
Mf > MU > MBR > MI (
in order )

Reactivity towards other Halogens

Halogen combine themselves to form a no
amongst
.

of compounds known as inter halogen compounds .

XX 's XX 's ✗ ✗ It
'

g
e. XX , g ,

[ where ✗ large size halogen

-

✗
•
smaller size halogen ]
Preparation
-

They are formed by direct combination of halogens

under appropriate conditions .

• U + Fg
,
→ 26 F
LIU
°

↳+ >
face IUFS Is -16g →

✗
→
21--63
•

By -138-2
→ 2 Brfz Is -136 ,

By -158-2 → I Brfs
(excess)
Properties : •
covalent molecule •

Diamagnetic in Nature
•
Volatile solids or
liquid at 298k except
of which is a gas .

NOTE Inter halogen compounds are more reactive

halogens C except fluorine ) because X
'
X
than
-

polar bond in inter halogen compounds is

weaker than ✗ ✗ -

Bond in halogens except f f -

bond that's why they are stronger oxidising

agent than halogens fz .

• All these undergo hydrolysis .

e.g ✗ Xi + H2O → HH + HOX

halide typo halite
structure Ift f
Uf] Br
Fsf
Éj÷
f

%
① I
-
f f
:jjjE¥
f.
f
• t -

F
pentagonal
. . . . .

7- shake
square pyramidal F
Bibyramidal .

0×0 acids of Halogen

tlybochlosous Acid Heo -
ce
°
✓
chlorous Acid µ
/ Once
chloric Acid H /
Once o

peochloric Acid .
H -
O-
a o

"
0
acidic strength of 0×0acids
you { HUO, CHAO ] { Ulloa

Chlorine
Preparation By action of HCl on 14mn04
19mn04 -116 HU → 2kV -12mn 42+8110+562
e) By heating Mno, with conc .
HCl

Mncs -14ha → Mna

, -14+2110
Deacon 's Process 4 HU -102 242+21120
Electrolytic Process
1- NaOH
2 Nacl -1214,0 →
42 +
Ha .

Properties :

odour
•
Greenish yellow gas with pungent &
suffocating .

•
About 2-5 times heavier than air .

•
soluble in water
•
It can be liquified easily into greenish yellow
liquid which boils at 239k .
•
swim excess ammonia ,
U
gives nitrogen and ammonium
chloride whereas with excess chlorine , Nitrogen trichloride
is formed .

8MHz +
302 → 6N Hall 1- N2
•

NHS +
342 ( excess> → Naz + 3 HCl

( explosive )
•
Preparation of da from Bleaching powder ccaocl, ) -

ca 00
,
+ 4116 →
calls -12110 -1242
"IMI NaCl Naocl -11120
2 NaOH + Cl → +
° ,
' Sod
( cold & din Hypochlorite )
'

342 → 5 Mall NAUO, 3110

•

6 NaOH 1- + +

( hot & cone .

) fsod .

chlorate )

•
with dry slaked lime it gives , bleaching Powder .

2 Ca ( 0111 Ca 042 1- calla -12110

,
+ 2dg →

• Chlorine ,
water on
standing loses its yellow colour
due to the formation of HCl & HOU .

HOU , so formed gives nascent oxygen which is

responsible for oxidising and
bleaching properties of
chlorine .

Oxidation Reaction ( U2 act as an

oxidising agent )
ferrous → ferric 2Feso& + Has 0*+42 →
Fez God , -12116
Sullpnile → Sulphate Na, SO] -162+110 → NGS0*1-2 HCl
sulphur → Sulphuric 5021-42+2110 → Hasan -12ha
dioxide acid

2 HIO ] + HCl
Iodine →
Iodfjcid 1--2+6110+542 → 10

chlorine is a powerful bleaching agent

U2 + H2O → 2h6 + to ]

coloured substance + To ] → colourless substance

Uses of chlorine
•
for
bleaching wood bulb ,
cotton or textiles
•
In the extraction of gold and blatinum .

•
In
sterilizing of water .

In the manufacture of dyes , drugs &

organic compounds
•

such as Caa ,
CHU DDT
,
.

,
•
In preparation of poisonous gases such as . . .

Tear gas Ccl] N 02

Phosgene -

coclz
-

Mustard gas U CH CH -
S -
CH C Hall
, , ,

Hydrogen Chloride ( HH )
•
Preparation
Has 04 A- NAH & +
HU
NaCl +

NAH Soa + NaCl A- NGS 04 1- HCl

Properties
.
It is a colourless and pungent smelling gas .

in water
•

Extremely soluble .

easily liquified to a colourless liquid .

•
freezes to a white crystalline solid .

• In aq . som is called hydrochloric acid . .

thot -1 U
-

Ka 107
Hel 1- H2O
:
→

It gives white fumes of NHqU react with

•
when NH
,

NH, + HI →
NHaU white dense
fumes
Hydrochloric acid decomposes salts of weaker acid .

Mcglory 1- IHU → 2 Nacl + Hao + CO2

Nate coz + HU → Nall 1- H2O + CO2
Na SO] + 2 HU → 2 NaCl + Hao + 502
,
 •
Aqua Regia ( cone . HCl : conc . HMO )
} for
dissolving noble metals
e.
& Au -14Mt Noj -146 Auclsi NO -12110
-

+ → +

Ptcljd
-

3Pt -11611++6 NO, +186 + 4h10

-

-18110
-

→ 3

Uses of HCl
•
In the manufacture of chlorine , NHN & glucose
for
extracting glue from bones and
purifying
•

bone black .

•
In medicine and as a lab .

Reagent .

Group -18 Elements

dnt
abet
3¥
dn§AT
mat
4Th

These termed Noble as all these

• are as
gases ,

are gases and form very few compounds .

•
General electronic configuration of nssnnbb .

Except the which has Isa configuration .

Ionization Enthalpy
The ionization enthalpy of 6-18
elements is very because
high
of their stable
electronic configuration Ionization enthalpy decrease .

down the group because of increase in atomic size

& decrease in effective Nuclear charge .

Atomic Radii : The atomic radii of noble gases are largest

in their respective period This is because the van der .

Waal 's radii are always larger than covalent radii .

The atomic radii increases down the grouts

due to increase in no .
of shell and decrease in
effective Nuclear charge .

Electron Gain Enthalby

Due to their stable electronic configuration ,
these
elements possess large positive value of electron
gain enthalpy .

Physical Properties
•
All the noble gases are monoatomic
•
These are colourless , odour less and tasteless .

•
These are
sparingly soluble in water .

•
These have very low
melting and boiling point

because only weak dispersion forces are

present .

NOTE
N .

Bartlett discovered the compound of Noble

gas .

Ptfb Oatfptf, ]
-

Oa +
→

I. E of 0 = 1175 KJ/ Mol

✗e + Pt Fb → ✗ et Ept
Fitz .
E
of ✗ e- 1170 -

Kym :
Xenon -
fluorine compounds
✗e + Fa H ✗ ef2 Cs )

✗ et Lfa ÉY ✗ efe
571K
✗ et 3F2 60-70%8 ✗ efg
,

✗ efs can also be prepared by . . .

✗ efe -102 Fg → ✗ efo +02

These compounds are
ftuonnating agent .

Complete hydrolysis
2 Xerz -1211,0 → axe + AHF +02
6XeFq -1 121120 → axe + 4k0g -124nF -1302
✗ efg +31120 → Xeoz -1 GHF

Partial Hydrolysis
✗ efs + Hao → Xeofat 2nF
✗ EFG -1
21120 → ✗ eO2f, -14µF

Xenon fluorides react with

fluoride ion acceptors
to form cationic sbecies and fluoride ion
donors to foam fluoro anions .

+
☒ e f)
-

Xefa + Pfs → [ Pfi

efa
+
Sbfs [ Xefz] [ Sbfo ]
-

✗ + →

✗ efb + Mf → Mt [ ✗ eff]

00880 Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
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eor-eo.ie
✗
,

f-jie.IE??gIf
f.
:D
f

e%f
✗
Xeoz
f f
Q
Xe > ✗
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11×0
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Uses of Noble Gases

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