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35 DLD Lec 35 Introduction and Design of Sequential Circuits Example Dated 07 Dec 2022 Lecture Slides

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35 views

35 DLD Lec 35 Introduction and Design of Sequential Circuits Example Dated 07 Dec 2022 Lecture Slides

Uploaded by

Zuha Fatima
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Logic and Design

Lecture 35: Introduction and Design of Sequential Circuits

Dated : 07 Dec 2021, Fall 2022

BEE-13AB

By Nasir Mahmood
[email protected], [email protected]

Sequential Circuits

• A sequential circuit consists of combinational circuits


to which storage elements are connected to form a
feedback path.
– Storage elements store binary information.
– Outputs of a sequential circuit are a function of the inputs and the
internal state of the storage elements.
• State refers to the currently known condition of the
circuit including what data is stored in the storage
elements.
• A sequential circuit is specified by a time sequence of
inputs, outputs, and internal states.

Sequential Circuit- Block Diagram

• Block Diagram

3
Sequential Circuit Types

• There are two types of sequential circuits Synchronous


and Asynchronous :
– A synchronous sequential circuit is a system whose behavior can be
defined from the knowledge of its signals at discrete instants of time
» Storage elements in synchronous circuits are affected at discrete
instants of time
– An asynchronous sequential circuit depends on the input signals at
any instant of time and the order in which the inputs change
» Storage elements in asynchronous circuits are usually time-delay
devices
» The storage capability of time-delay devices is due to the time it
takes for the signal to propagate through the device
» It is also regarded as combinational circuit with feedback

Synchronous Sequential Circuit

• Synchronization in synchronous sequential circuits is


achieved by timing device called a clock generator
• A clock generator generate a periodic train of clock pulses
• The clock pulses are distributed throughout the system in
such a way that storage elements are affected only with
the arrival of each pulse
• Clock pulses are employed with other circuitry that
indicates the changes to the storage elements.
• Synchronous sequential circuits that use clock pulses in
the inputs of storage elements are called clocked
sequential circuits.
• These are most commonly used having no instability
problems
• The memory elements used in these circuits are flip-flops
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Synchronous Sequential Circuit

• Clocked Sequential Circuit

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Flip Flop

• The storage element used in clocked sequential


circuits are called flip flops.
– A flip flop is a binary storage device capable of storing one bit of
information.
– It has two outputs, one for the normal value and one for the
complement value
– Multiple flip flops can be used to store multiple bits.
– Flip flops receive their inputs from a combinational circuit and a
clock signal.
– A Flip flop maintains a binary state indefinitely until directed by an
input signal to switch states. The state of a flip flop can change only
during a clock pulse.

Latches

• A flip flop circuit can maintain a binary state


indefinitely until directed by an input signal to switch
states.
– Flip flops are categorized by the number of inputs they possess and
the manner in which the inputs affect the binary state.
• Latches are the most basic flip flop and they operate
with signal levels.
• Latches are the building blocks for all flip flops.

Design of Sequential Circuits

– Steps involved in design


• Derive a state diagram
• Reduce the number of states
• Assign binary values
• Obtain the binary coded state table
• Choose the type of flip flops to be used
• Derive the simplified flip flop input equations and output
equations
– Exitation Table?
» It relates present state, next state to inputs of flip flop
• Draw the logic diagram

Design Statement
• Design a circuit that detects a sequence of three or more
consecutive 1’s in a string of bits coming through an input
line (i.e., the input is a serial bit stream)
A Sequence Detector

• The following FSM detects a sequence of three ones.


THE END

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