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How Media Is Made

The document discusses how media constructs reality through representation using various codes, conventions, and techniques. It outlines the "grammar" of camera shots including extreme long shots, long shots, medium shots, close-ups, and point-of-view shots. It also describes camera angles like aerial shots and low-angle shots. Finally, it discusses camera movements such as panning, tilting, tracking, and zooming.

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Ejay Martinez
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34 views

How Media Is Made

The document discusses how media constructs reality through representation using various codes, conventions, and techniques. It outlines the "grammar" of camera shots including extreme long shots, long shots, medium shots, close-ups, and point-of-view shots. It also describes camera angles like aerial shots and low-angle shots. Finally, it discusses camera movements such as panning, tilting, tracking, and zooming.

Uploaded by

Ejay Martinez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HOW MEDIA IS MADE

CONSTRUCTEDNESS

• Today the capacities of human mind aided by technology


enable the process called construction of media and
information messages. The media employ more than
words to construct a more complex reality of society.
• Construction creates representation.
REPRESENTATION

• These are the construction in any media of certain


aspects of reality and the constitutive elements that make
up reality─ people, places, time or historical period,
objects, ways of life and even identities.
• Representation is a way of presenting reality again.
CODES AND CONVENTIONS
CODES

• are systems of signs that we put together create


meaning.
CONVENTION

• Are generally established and accepted ways of doing


something.
THE “GRAMMAR” OF
THE CAMERA
EXTREME LONG SHOT

• Shot of a large crowd scene or a view of scenery as far as the


horizon.
LONG SHOT

• A view of a situation or setting from a distance.


MEDIUM LONG SHOT

• Shows a group of people in interaction with each other.


FULL SHOT

• A view of a figure’s entire body in order to show action and/or a


constellation group of characters.
MEDIUM SHOT, MID SHOT,
AND MEDIUM CLOSE SHOT

• Shows a subject down to his or her chest or waist.


CLOSE-UP SHOT

• A full-screen shot of a subject’s face, showing the finest nuances


of expression.
EXTREMELY CLOSE-UP SHOT,
DETAIL SHOT FOR OBJECT

• A shot of a hand, eye mouth, or object in detail.


POINT OF VIEW
ESTABLISHING SHOT

• Often used at the beginning of a scene to indicate the location or


setting, it is usually a long shot taken from a neutral position.
POINT-OF-VIEW SHOT (POV)

• Shows a scene from the perspective of a character or one person.


OVER-THE-SHOULDER SHOT

• Often used in dialogue scenes, a frontal view of a dialogue partner


from perspective of someone standing behind and slightly to the
side of the other partner, so that parts of both can be seen.
REACTION SHOT

• Short shot of a character’s response to an action.


INSERT SHOT

• A detail shot which quickly gives visual information necessary to


understand the meaning of a scene.
REVERSE-ANGLE SHOT

• A shot from the opposite perspective after an over-the-shoulder shot.


HAND-HELD CAMERA

• The camera is not mounted on a tripod and instead is held by the


cameraperson, resulting in less stable shot.
CAMERA ANGLES
AERIAL SHOT/ HIGH ANGLE/
OVERHEAD

• Long or extreme long shot of the ground from air.


• Shows people or objects from above, higher than eye level.
LOW-ANGEL-SHOT/

• Shows people or object from below.


EYE-LEVEL-SHOT/
STRAIGHT-ON ANGLE

• Views a subject from the level of person’s eyes.


CAMERA MOVEMENT
PANNING SHOT

• The camera pans (moves horizontally) from left or vice versa


across the picture.
TILT SHOT

• The camera tilts up (moves upwards) or tilts down (moves


downwards) around a vertical line.
TRACKING SHOT

• The camera follows along next to or behind moving object or


person.
ZOOM

• The stationary camera approaches a subject by ‘zooming in’, or


moves farther away by ‘zooming out’.

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