Scribd
Upload
65 views

Building Materials and Construction Techniques - Vi

The document discusses different types of reinforced concrete slabs including one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, ribbed slabs, and waffle slabs. It also covers pre-stressed concrete, post-tensioned concrete, tensile structures, folded plate structures, pneumatic structures, air supported structures, and air filled structures providing details on each type.

Uploaded by

NANMA ZAKKEER
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
65 views

Building Materials and Construction Techniques - Vi

The document discusses different types of reinforced concrete slabs including one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, ribbed slabs, and waffle slabs. It also covers pre-stressed concrete, post-tensioned concrete, tensile structures, folded plate structures, pneumatic structures, air supported structures, and air filled structures providing details on each type.

Uploaded by

NANMA ZAKKEER
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

BC302

BUILDING MATERIALS AND


CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES - VI

Module 2
Reinforced Concrete Slabs

Types of Slabs

• One-way slab
• Two-way slab
• Flat slab
• Ribbed slab
• Waffle slab
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
One-way slab

• One way slab is supported by beams on


the two opposite sides to carry the load
along one direction.
• Main reinforcement is provided in
shorter span and
• Distribution reinforcement is provided in
longer span.

Two-way slab

• Two way slab is supported by beams on


all the four sides and the loads are
carried by the supports along both
directions
• Reinforcement in both directions
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Flat slab

• The flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete


columns or caps.
• Flat slab doesn’t have beams so it is also called as beam-less slab.
• The flat slab is easier to construct and requires less formwork.
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Flat slab

• The flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete


columns or caps.
• Flat slab doesn’t have beams so it is also called as beam-less slab.
• The flat slab is easier to construct and requires less formwork.
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Ribbed slab
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Waffle slab / Flat grid slab

• Has two-directionalreinforcement on the


outside of the material, giving it the shape of
the pockets on a waffle.
• Support large spans
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Waffle slab / Flat grid slab
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Waffle slab / Flat grid slab
Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Waffle slab / Flat grid slab
Pre-stressed Concrete
• To overcome concrete’s natural weakness
• Used to produce beams, bridges and floors with a
longer span than is practically possible with ordinary
concrete.

• Uses tendons
(high tensile
steel cables or
rods) instead of
reinforcement
bars
Pre-stressed Concrete
• The concept of pre-stressing
was invented many years ago
when metal brands were
wound around wooden pieces
to form barrels

• The metal brands were


tightened under tensile stress
which creates compression
between the staves allowing
them to resist internal liquid
pressure.
Pre-stressed Concrete
• Pre-stressing is a method in which compression force is
applied to the reinforced concrete section
• The effect of pre-stressing is to reduce the tensile stress in the
section to the point till the tensile stress is below the cracking
stress.
• Concrete can be visualized to having two compressive forces
1. Internal pre-stressing force
2. External forces
These two forces must counteract each other

Two basic methods


Pre-tension concrete
Post tension concrete (bounded & unbounded)
Pre-stressed Concrete
Post-tensioned Concrete
Tensile Structures
• A tensile structure is a construction of elements
carrying only tension no compression or bending.
• Tensile structures are the most common type of thin-
shell structure
• Most tensile structures are supported by some form
of compression or bending elements, such as masts,
compression rings or beams

Chicago’s Navy Pier Denver International Airport


Tensile Structures
• A tensile membrane structure is most commonly
used as a roof as they can economically and
attractively span large distances.

ADVANTAGES
• Unique design
• Distinct colour, size
and shape
• Lightweight & flexible
• Ease to install and
relocate
• Fire proof &
waterproof
Types of Fabric Structures
• Saddle roof
• Mast supported
• Arch supported
• Combinations
Types of Fabric Membranes
• PVC
Less expensive
15 to 20 year life span
Easy to erect

• SILICON GLASS
Higher tensile strength
Brittle
30+ year life span
• TEFLON / PTFE
Similar to silicon glass
but less brittle
Examples

• Munich Olympic Stadium / Frei Otto + Gunther Behnisch


Examples

• Munich Olympic Stadium / Frei Otto + Gunther Behnisch


Examples

• German Pavilion at Expo 67 / Frei Otto + Rolf Gutbrod


Examples

• Millennium Dome / Richard Rogers (RSHP)


Examples

• Brasilia National Stadium / gmp Architekten + schlaich


bergermann partner + Castro Mello Arquitetos
Folded Plate Structures
Assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected together along their edges in such
a way that the structural system is capable of carrying loads without the
need for additional supporting beams along mutual edges.

Engineer Eudene Freyssinet


Aircraft Hanger at Orly Airport, Paris
1923
Folding Systems in Nature

The principle of folding as a tool to develop a general structural shape has


been known for a long time.

Folded structure systems which are analogous to several biological systems


such as found at broadleaf-tree leaves, petals and foldable insect wings, are
adopted to be employed in a new, technical way.
The Principle of Folding

The structural characteristics of folding structures depend on-

• The pattern of the folding.


• Their geometrical basic shape.
• Its material.
• The connection of the different folding planes.
• The design of the bearings.
The Basic Concept of Folding

The concept of stiffness generation


Structural Behaviour of Folding
Load Distribution process :

• At first, the external forces are transferred to the shorter edge of one folding
element.

• There, the reaction as an axial force is divided between the adjacent


elements.

• Then the forces transferred to the bearings.

Structural Condition Of Folding Structures


Types of Folded Structure
Based on geometric shape folded structures
can be divided into:

• Folded plate surfaces structures


• Folded plate frames structures
• Spatial folded plate structures

Classification of folded structures based on the


material they
are made of:

• Folded structures made of reinforced


concrete
• Metal folded structures
• Folded structures of wood
• Folded structures of glass
• Folded structures of plastic materials
• Folded constructions made in combination of
different materials
Applications of Folded Structure
Folded-Plate Structure

Advantages:

• Very light form of construction. To span 30 m shell thickness required is 60 mm


only.
• The use of concrete as a building material reduces both materials cost and a
construction cost.
• Longer span can be provided.
• Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes.
• Esthetically it looks good over other forms of construction.

Disadvantages:

• Shuttering is difficult.
• Greater accuracy in formwork is required.
• Good labor and supervision necessary.
• Rise of roof may be a disadvantage.
Pneumatic Structures
• Membrane Structures that are stabilized by pressure of compressed air.

• Pressure difference between the enclosed space and the exterior are
responsible for giving the building its shape and its stability.

• The pressure should be uniformly distributed for structural integrity.


Pneumatic Structures
• Round in shape because it
creates greatest volume for
least amount of material.

• Use of relatively thin


membrane supported by
pressure difference.

• Dead weight increases by


increasing the internal
pressure and the membrane
is stressed so that no
asymmetrical loading occurs.

• Membrane can support both


tension and compression and
thus withstand bending
moment.
Air Supported Structure
• They have air higher than the
atmospheric pressure
supporting the envelope.

• Air locks or revolving doors


help to maintain the internal
pressure.

• Air must be constantly


provided.

• Life span of 20 – 25 years.

• They are either anchored to the ground or to a wall so that leakage is


prevented.

• They have relative low cost and they can be installed easily.
Air Filled Structure

• Supporting frames consist of air


under high pressure.

• Internal pressure of building


remains at atmospheric
pressure.

• There is no restrictions in no.


and size of openings.

• They have potential to support


an attached structure.
General Characteristics

Light Weight
• Weight compared to area is less.
• Low air pressure is required to balance it.

Span
• There is no theoretical maximum span.
• To span a distance of 36 m for a normal building is hard while such spans
are quite possible for pneumatics.

Economy
• Not expensive in case of temporary structures.

Safety
• More safer but proper care should be taken.
• They are fire resistance structures.
General Characteristics

Quick erection and dismantling


• Suitable for temporary constructions.
• 1 km² area can be brought down in 6 hours and can be establish in less
than 10 hours.

Good Natural Light


• If envelope is made up of transparent material good natural light entre into
the structure.
• Around 50% – 80% of sunlight can be obtained.

Theft
• They are very safe structures.
• If the air bag is cut with a knife or a pin a big bang is produced.

You might also like