DBMS COMPLETE UNIT - 6

Object-Oriented Databases
An object-oriented database is a collection of object-oriented
programming and relational databases. There are various items which are
created using object-oriented programming languages like C++, Java
which can be stored in relational databases, but object-oriented
databases are well-suited for those items.

An object-oriented database is organized around objects rather than

actions, and data rather than logic. For example, a multimedia record in a
relational database can be a definable data object, as opposed to an
alphanumeric value.

https://cgccollegespace.live
https://cgccollegespace.live
Object-relational Data Model
An Object relational model is a combination of an Object oriented
database model and a Relational database model. So, it supports objects,
classes, inheritance etc. just like Object Oriented models and has support
for data types, tabular structures etc. like Relational data models.

One of the major goals of Object relational data model is to close the gap
between relational databases and the object oriented practises frequently
used in many programming languages such as C++, C#, Java etc.

History of Object Relational Data Model

Both Relational data models and Object oriented data models are very
useful. But it was felt that they both were lacking in some characteristics
and so work was started to build a model that was a combination of them
both. Hence, the Object relational data model was created as a result of
research that was carried out in the 1990’s.

Advantages of Object Relational model

https://cgccollegespace.live
The advantages of the Object Relational model are −

Inheritance

The Object Relational data model allows its users to inherit objects, tables
etc. so that they can extend their functionality. Inherited objects contain
new attributes as well as the attributes that were inherited.

Complex Data Types

Complex data types can be formed using existing data types. This is
useful in Object relational data models as complex data types allow better
manipulation of the data.

Extensibility

The functionality of the system can be extended in the Object relational

data model. This can be achieved using complex data types as well as
advanced concepts of object oriented models such as inheritance.

Disadvantages of Object Relational model

The object relational data model can get quite complicated and difficult to
handle at times as it is a combination of the Object oriented data model
and Relational data model and utilizes the functionalities of both of them.

https://cgccollegespace.live
https://cgccollegespace.live
Difference Between RDBMS and OODBMS:

BASIS RDBMS OODBMS

Stands for Relational

Long Database Stands for Object Oriented
Form Management Database Management System.
System.

https://cgccollegespace.live
 Stores data in
Way of
Entities, defined as
storing Stores data as Objects.
tables hold specific
data
information.

Data Handles
Handles larger and complex
Complexi comparatively
data than RDBMS.
ty simpler data.

Entity type refers to Class describes a group of

the collection of objects that have common
Grouping
entity that share a relationships, behaviors, and
common definition. also have similar properties.

Data RDBMS stores only Stores data as well as methods

Handling data. to use it.

Data Independence
Main
from application Data Encapsulation.
Objective
program.

A Primary key
An object identifier (OID) is an
distinctively
Key unambiguous, long-term name
identifies an object
for any type of object or entity.
in a table..

https://cgccollegespace.live
What is Logical Databases?
Logical Database is a special ABAP program which retrieves data from
various tables Which are interrelated and provides a read only view of the
data. To read data from database tables we use logical databases. A
Logical Database is a hierarchical structure of tables. Logical databases
contain Open SQL statements that read data from the database. You do
not therefore need to use SQL in your own programs. The logical
database reads the program, stores them in the program if necessary,
and then passes them line by line to the application program or the
function module LDB_PROCESS.

● Use the GET statement to process Logical Databases. LDB consists

of logically related tables grouped together used for reading and
processing data.
● Preparation of the data records by the L.D.B and reading of the data
records in the actual report are accomplished with the command
pair - Put and Get.
● The three main elements of LDB are - Structure, Selections,
Database Program.

What sort of tables one can use in designing the hierarchy of a

LDB?

● Tables which are having Foreign key relations.

● The structure of Logical Databases reflects the Foreign key
dependencies of hierarchical tables in the SAP System.
● If you want to improve the response time ( time to access data )
Logical DataBases permits you to achieve this using VIEWS.

Advantages of Logical DataBases

https://cgccollegespace.live
1.No need of programming for retrieval , meaning for data selection

2.Easy to use standard user interface, have check completeness of user

input.

3.It offers an easy-to-use selection screen.

You can modify the pre-generated selection screen to your needs. It

offers check functions to check whether user input is complete, correct,
and plausible.

4.It offers reasonable data selections.

5.It contains central authorization checks for database accesses.

6.Enhancements such as improved performance immediately apply to all

report programs that use the logical database.

7.Less coding is required to retrieve data compared to normal internel

tables.

8.Check functions which check that user input is complete, correct,and

plausible.

9.Meaningfull data selection.

10.good read access performance while retaining the hierarchical data

view determined by the application logic.

Disadvantages of Logical DataBases

1.Fast in case of lesser no. of tables But if the table is in the lowest level
of hierarchy, all upper level tables should be read so performance is
slower.

https://cgccollegespace.live
2.If you do not specify a logical database in the program attributes,the
GET events never occur.

3.There is no END GET command,so the code block associated with an

event ends with the next event statement (such as another GET or an
END-OF-SELECTION).

What Is a Web Database?

A Web database is a database application designed to be managed
and accessed through the Internet. Website operators can manage
this collection of data and present analytical results based on the
data in the Web database application. Databases first appeared in
the 1990s, and have been an asset for businesses, allowing the
collection of seemingly infinite amounts of data from infinite
amounts of customers.

https://cgccollegespace.live
MySQL
Often in the world of Web databases, MySQL (structured query
language) will be mentioned. This is a relational database
management system that manages different Web databases. It
operates as a server, and is an open source project. MySQL is often
included with Web hosting for managing either personal or business
website databases. It is a programming language, so is more
difficult to work with than a straight Web database software
program.

Features of Web database:

1. Save​ Money

One of the advantages of online database software is that it can save

your business money. When you don’t need to buy a software program

for your business, this could result in a major savings overall. In most
cases, businesses pay for a software program and then pay for a licensing

fee for each computer that uses it. Using an online database may prove
cheaper, depending on the number of computers you use. You also don’t

need to invest in servers to store the data at your business.

2.​ ​Flexible Use

Another benefit of using an online database program is that it allows your

business to be flexible. You only pay for the amount of storage that you

use. You need not worry about purchasing servers as you go or

eliminating them when they are no longer needed. If your business grows

https://cgccollegespace.live
or shrinks, you do not need to be concerned about the costs of database
management software or servers.

3. Technical Support

Another advantage of using a Web-based database program is that you

can shift the technical support burden to someone else. Paying a company
for access to an online database includes technical support. If the

database has problems, you simply contact the company and the staff

handles it. You don’t need to pay for an information technology

professional for this purpose. If you already have an IT department, your

employees can focus on other things.

4.​ Access

Having access to the database at all times from multiple locations is

another major advantage of this type of database. With an online
database, you could theoretically access the information in the database

from any computer. The information is also available 24 hours a day,

seven days a week. This means that all employees have access to the

same information and can collaborate with one another on projects —

regardless of location. This advantage can increase productivity and

improve efficiency.

● It’s based on a file management system (no actual database)

● It is a table with several million entries, each entry being a keyword
and a related keyword, plus metrics that measure the quality of the
match (how strong the relationship between the two keywords is),
as well as frequencies attached to these two keywords, and when
they are jointly found. The function to measure the quality of the
match can be customized by the user.

https://cgccollegespace.live
Distributed DBMS - Distributed
Databases
This chapter introduces the concept of DDBMS. In a distributed database,
there are a number of databases that may be geographically distributed
all over the world. A distributed DBMS manages the distributed database
in a manner so that it appears as one single database to users. In the
later part of the chapter, we go on to study the factors that lead to
distributed databases, its advantages and disadvantages.

A distributed database is a collection of multiple interconnected

databases, which are spread physically across various locations that
communicate via a computer network.

Features
● Databases in the collection are logically interrelated with each
other. Often they represent a single logical database.
● Data is physically stored across multiple sites. Data in each site can
be managed by a DBMS independent of the other sites.
● The processors in the sites are connected via a network. They do
not have any multiprocessor configuration.
● A distributed database is not a loosely connected file system.
● A distributed database incorporates transaction processing, but it is
not synonymous with a transaction processing system.

https://cgccollegespace.live
Distributed Database Management System
A distributed database management system (DDBMS) is a centralized
software system that manages a distributed database in a manner as if it
were all stored in a single location.

Features
● It is used to create, retrieve, update and delete distributed
databases.
● It synchronizes the database periodically and provides access
mechanisms by the virtue of which the distribution becomes
transparent to the users.
● It ensures that the data modified at any site is universally updated.
● It is used in application areas where large volumes of data are
processed and accessed by numerous users simultaneously.
● It is designed for heterogeneous database platforms.
● It maintains confidentiality and data integrity of the databases.

Factors Encouraging DDBMS

The following factors encourage moving over to DDBMS −

● Distributed Nature of Organizational Units​ − Most

organizations in the current times are subdivided into multiple units
that are physically distributed over the globe. Each unit requires its
own set of local data. Thus, the overall database of the organization
becomes distributed.
● Need for Sharing of Data ​− The multiple organizational units
often need to communicate with each other and share their data
and resources. This demands common databases or replicated
databases that should be used in a synchronized manner.
● Support for Both OLTP and OLAP −​ Online Transaction
Processing (OLTP) and Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) work
upon diversified systems which may have common data. Distributed
database systems aid both these processing by providing
synchronized data.
● Database Recovery ​− One of the common techniques used in
DDBMS is replication of data across different sites. Replication of
data automatically helps in data recovery if the database in any site
is damaged. Users can access data from other sites while the
damaged site is being reconstructed. Thus, database failure may
become almost inconspicuous to users.

https://cgccollegespace.live
 ● Support for Multiple Application Software ​− Most organizations
use a variety of application software each with its specific database
support. DDBMS provides a uniform functionality for using the same
data among different platforms.

Advantages of Distributed Databases

Following are the advantages of distributed databases over centralized
databases.
Modular Development − If the system needs to be expanded to new
locations or new units, in centralized database systems, the action
requires substantial efforts and disruption in the existing functioning.
However, in distributed databases, the work simply requires adding new
computers and local data to the new site and finally connecting them to
the distributed system, with no interruption in current functions.

More Reliable − In case of database failures, the total system of

centralized databases comes to a halt. However, in distributed systems,
when a component fails, the functioning of the system continues may be
at a reduced performance. Hence DDBMS is more reliable.
Better Response ​− If data is distributed in an efficient manner, then
user requests can be met from local data itself, thus providing faster
response. On the other hand, in centralized systems, all queries have to
pass through the central computer for processing, which increases the
response time.

Lower Communication Cost − In distributed database systems, if data

is located locally where it is mostly used, then the communication costs
for data manipulation can be minimized. This is not feasible in centralized
systems.

Adversities of Distributed Databases

Following are some of the adversities associated with distributed
databases.
● Need for complex and expensive software ​− DDBMS demands
complex and often expensive software to provide data transparency
and co-ordination across the several sites.
● Processing overhead ​− Even simple operations may require a
large number of communications and additional calculations to
provide uniformity in data across the sites.
● Data integrity​ − The need for updating data in multiple sites poses
problems of data integrity.

https://cgccollegespace.live
 ● Overheads for improper data distribution​ − Responsiveness of
queries is largely dependent upon proper data distribution.
Improper data distribution often leads to very slow response to user
requests.

UNIT - 6 COMPLETED

For more content visit our website :​ ​https://cgccollegespace.live

For updates visit our Instagram profile -- ​https://www.instagram.com/cgccollegespace/

https://cgccollegespace.live