Our Lady of Fatima University

College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 1

• On May 12, 1956, a compromise inserted by

PRELIM Committee on Education chairman Laurel that
accommodated the objections of the Catholic
- Three-unit course in the General Education Church was approved was unanimously.
Curriculum mandated by the Commission on Higher
• The bill specified that only college (university)
Education (CHED) to include the life, works and
students would have the option of reading
writings of the country's national hero, emphasizing
unexpurgated versions of clerically-contested
on the novels, Noli Me Tangere and El
reading material, such as Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, his brilliant essays and various
Filibusterismo.
correspondences.
• On June 12, 1956, the bill was approved by the
- This course introduces students to the beauty of
Philippine Legislature as Republic Act 1425;
studying the life and works of Jose Rizal using the
otherwise known as Rizal Law. Incidentally, June 12
various disciplines of the social sciences. Beyond
was declared as Flag Day.
exposing the students to the life during Rizal's time,
• Republic Act No. 1425, known as the Rizal Law,
it seeks to significantly inculcate not only an
mandates all educational institutions in the
appreciation for education but more importantly, a
Philippines to offer courses about José Rizal.
sense nationalism and patriotism among the
• The full name of the law is An Act to Include in the
students.
Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges
and Universities Courses On the Life, Works and
COURSE UNIT 1 Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels Noli
THE STORY OF THE RIZAL LAW Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the
Filing of the Rizal Bill Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for Other
• 1956 – Sen. Claro M. Recto filed a measure which Purposes.
became the original Rizal Bill. Under the bill it shall
be obligatory for college and university students to CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIZAL LAW
study the life and works of Rizal. EFFECTS OF THE RIZAL LAW
• June 12, 1956 – a compromise bill was filed and Positive Effects:
authored by Sen. Jose P. Laurel. It is approved by the • According to Hernando Abaya, 1984, the
Philippine Legislature Republic Act 1425; as nationalist reawakening began on the UP campus,
otherwise known as Rizal Law. sparked by the teaching of Rizal’s life and his
writings made compulsory by the Noli-Fili law, co-
Sen. Claro M. Recto authored by Recto and Laurel.
- Claro M. Recto (1890-1960) was a Philippine • This is a statement from a person who was able
nationalist leader and president of the 1934 to witness the condition of the country before and
constitutional convention. He was one of the most after the Rizal law was implemented. He saw the
vocal advocates of Philippine political and social change and the positive effect of the law to our
autonomy. country back then.
- Senator Claro M. Recto was the main proponent of • The youth was made aware of the contributions
the Rizal Bill. He sought to sponsor the bill at and the principled life of Jose Rizal who was an
Congress. However, this was met with stiff emblem of substantial nationalism and
opposition from the Catholic Church. unconditional love for the country. He embodies
- During the 1955 Senate election, the church brilliance coupled with humility and prestige that
charged Recto with being a communist and an anti- goes along with service. This Republic Act has
Catholic. After Recto's election, the Church pushed for Rizal to be a role model for the youth of
continued to oppose the bill mandating the reading this country.
of Rizal's novels Noli Me Tángere and El • Through this republic act the essence of freedom
Filibusterismo, claiming it would violate freedom of and independence was emphasized to the youth.
conscience and religion.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 2
Also, it has been implied through this act that • To gain an inspiring source of patriotism through
national identity is a very important legacy that our the study of Rizal’s life, works, and writings.
heroes have achieved through sacrificing their own
lives. They have passed it on to us, and it is our role 2. BECAUSE OF THE LESSONS CONTAINED WITHIN THE
to nurture and protect it. COURSE
• To recognize the importance of Rizal’s ideals and
Negative Effects: teachings in relation to present conditions and
• The R. A. 1425 just caused havoc within educational situations in the society.
institutions. Take the case of UP a couple of years • To encourage the application of such ideals in
after this law’s implementation. The UP Student current social and personal problems and issues.
Catholic Action and numerous publications and • To develop an appreciation and deeper
students were pushed to go against their President, understanding of all that Rizal fought and died for.
Dr. Singco because they feel that the University is • To foster the development of the Filipino youth
starting to become godless. It has just caused a in all aspects of citizenship
mass confusion between faith and nationalism.
• The faith of the people is being compromised. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
This law is endangering the Christian growth of the Approved: June 12, 1956
students who are still in their formative years. This Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p.
can drive the youth to question the credibility of 2971 in June 1956.
the church and its teachings and traditions.
• According to a survey that we have conducted in AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL
our university, the Rizal course is not actually PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND
significant for the students. It has just been a UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND
laborious subject that adds unnecessary work load WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS
to students, and it sometimes drives the NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO,
students to lose focus on their majors. AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION
THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
WHY STUDY RIZAL?
• It is of great importance that students understand WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our
the rationale behind having to take up a Rizal history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals
course in college. For high school students, the Noli of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived
Me Tangere and the El Filibusterismo are injected and died;
into the Filipino subject as part of the overall
curriculum. In tertiary education, however, Rizal is WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly
a subject required of any course, in any college the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember
or university in the Philippines. Presentation Title 14 with special fondness and devotion their lives and
works that have shaped the national character;
1. BECAUSE IT IS MANDATED BY LAW
The Rizal Law, enacted in 1956, seeks to accomplish the WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal,
following goals: particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
• To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals of Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of
freedom and nationalism, for which our heroes patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially
lived and died during their formative and decisive years in school,
• To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting should be suffused;
his life and works in shaping the Filipino character
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the
supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State,
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 3
and all schools are enjoined to develop moral SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause
character, personal discipline, civic conscience and to the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El
teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore, Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal
into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine
SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular
Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of
Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the
all schools, colleges and universities, public or private: Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the
Provided, that in the collegiate courses, the original or country.
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as
as basic texts. amendment or repealing section nine hundred
twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting
The Board of National Education is hereby authorized the discussion of religious doctrines by public school
and directed to adopt forthwith measures to implement teachers and other person engaged in any public school.
and carry out the provisions of this Section, including
the writing and printing of appropriate primers, SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos
readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any fund
(60) days from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to
rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary carry out the purposes of this Act.
nature, to carry out and enforce the provisions of
this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
regulations providing for the exemption of students for
reasons of religious belief stated in a sworn
written statement, from the requirement of the
provision contained in the second part of the first
paragraph of this section; but not from taking the
course provided for in the first part of said
paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect
thirty (30) days after their publication in the
Official Gazette.

SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges

and universities to keep in their libraries an adequate
number of copies of the original and unexpurgated
editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography. The
said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well
as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of
approved books for required reading in all public or
private schools, colleges and universities.

The Board of National Education shall determine the

adequacy of the number of books, depending upon the
enrollment of the school, college or university.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 4

COURSE UNIT 2 the islands as “Filipinas”. The Villabos expedition

exacted the location of the Philippines.
THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS The Conquest
RIZAL’S CONTEXT - In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was sent to the
CONDITIONS OF THE COUNTRY BEFORE THE BIRTH OF new king of Spain, and also Portugal. Legazpi
JOSE RIZAL: became the first Governor General of the
1. More than 300 years of Spanish suppressive Philippines. He also e
colonial rule
2. Several attempts, through revolts or uprisings, Systems and Policies under Spain
by the natives to drive the foreign rulers away 1. Encomienda: the first government system adopted
were all futile by Spain in the islands. This system is based on land
3. The lack of unity and nationalism seemed to be occupation entrusted to private persons who
the culprit contributed to the conquest of the islands, the
Catholic Church and the royal government.
POLICIES IMPOSED BY THE COLONIZERS 2. Patronato Real (royal patronage) the unity of Spain
1. Polo - the enforced or compulsory manual and the Catholic Church. This system puts the
labor required for every male native between church under the authority of the government as
16 to 60 years of age. agreed by both the king and the Pope. This gave the
2. Tribute - tax imposed on every individual or clergy national abd local political authority referred
family to pay to the colonial government as a to as “frailocracy”.
symbol of vassalage to Spain 3. Tribute: tax imposed by Spain to every famioy
3. Encomienda – a system of landholding wherein annually. It came in the form of produce or money.
individuals loyal to Spain were granted land as 4. Frailocracy: the rule of the friars (Spanish
trustees missionaries / regular priests) which resulted to
4. Isolation Policy – the natives were banned grave abuses among civilians. Most abusers were
from engaging in any form of intercourse with the “cura paroco” (parish priests)
their Asian neighbors. 5. Isolation Policy: as a result of Spain’s insecurity with
5. Divide and Rule – the colonizers provoked the the other Southeast Asian colonizers like the British
natives to fight among themselves thus, Malaya and the Dutch in Indonesia, the Philippines
strengthening their hold of power was secluded from the rest of the Asia and trade
6. Frailocracy – the rule of the friars or the clergy was confined to the Galeon Trade (Mexico-
Philippines exchange).
EVENTS LEADING TO THE CHANGE OF SYSTEM OF 6. Polo: the compulsory service to the government
GOVERNMENT rendered by all males, 16 to 60 years old annually
1. Intellectual Revolution (Enlightenment) without payment. FALLA refers to the payment
2. Industrial Revolution exacted by anyone to be exempted from work
3. Age of Explorations and Discoveries 7. Divide and Rule: the principle of disuniting the
4. The Opening of the Philippines to World Trade people (making them go against each other) in order
to govern them more effectively.
Philippine Under Spain
- The Philippines was discovered by Spain under the Some of the Filipino Revolts Against Spanish Rule
Ferdinand Magellan expedition on March 17, 1521. 16th century
He was sent by King Charles I. With Spain and • Lankandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574) or the
Portugal competing on claims over the Moluccas Tagalog Revolt against the Legazpi and Lavezares
and the Philippine Islands, the Spaniards were only administrations
able to return to the Philippines in 1543 under the • Pampanga Revolt (1585) of Datus against
expedition of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos who named Encomenderos
• Conspiracy of the Maharlikas in Tono (1578-1588)
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 5

• The Cagayan and Dingras Revolts against Tribute - Reformation of the Protestants and the Counter-
(1589) Reformation of the Catholics
• Magalat Revolt (1596) led by Magalat, a Cagayano - The Scientific Revolution and the rise of Copernicus,
rebel 17th century Gallileo and Newton. The Renaissance, the revival of
• Igorot Revolt (1601) against conversion to the arts and humanities rediscovering the
Christianity knowledge of the Greeks and the Roman. It was the
• Bancao Revolt (1621-1622) for religious freedom in rise of masters Michelangelo and Leonardo de Vinci.
Leyte
• Sumuroy Revolt (1649-1650) of Warays of Nothern 18th Century
Samar - Enlightenment
• Maniago Revolt (1660-1661) in Pampanga against - The Rights for Women
friar and government abuses - Growth of literacy and Reading. The age for the
• Malong Revolt (1660-1661) in Pangasinan with printing press.
Maniago - The rise of modern philosophers like John Locke,
• Chinese Resistance of 1662 against pirate Koxinga writers and artists
• Panay Revolt (1663) by Tapar a religious pagan - Discussions of life, liberty and equality
- Promotes progress, secularization and individualism
• Zambal(es) Revolt (1681-1683) by Chieftains
- Society became anti divine right, favored the
separation of church and state, and the proliferation
18th century
of social classes
• Agrarian Revolt of 1745 of Batangas, Laguna and
- The emancipation of black slaves in the United
Cavite
States by President Lincoln
• Dagohoy Rebellion of 88 years (1744-1829) in Bohol
• Diego and Gabriela Silang Revolt (1762-1763) in
A. AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
Ilocos
• Enlightenment, French (literally “century of the
• Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) during the British
Enlightened”), a European intellectual movement of
invasion
the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas
19th century
concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were
• Novales Revolt (1823) in Manila against pensulares synthesized into a worldview that gained wide
assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary
Causes of the Filipinos’ Defeat developments in art, philosophy, and politics.
1. Disunity because of lack of national identity. The Central to Enlightenment thought were the use
divide and rule strategy was an obstacle and celebration of reason, the power by which
2. Loyalty crisis because of ethnic differences humans understand the universe and improve their
3. Self-interest own condition. The goals of rational humanity were
4. Lack of preparation and training considered to be knowledge, freedom, and
5. Absence of sufficient weapons and firepower happiness.
6. Geographical isolation and separation • The Enlightenment was both a movement and a
7. Communication gap due to language differences state of mind. The term represents a phase in the
intellectual history of Europe, but it also serves to
The Enlightenment of Europe in the Philippines define programs of reform in which influential
16 to 17th century literati, inspired by a common faith in the possibility
- Exploration. A period of expansion for Western of a better world, outlined specific targets for
colonizers for Spain and Portugal that produced the criticism and proposals for action.
likes of Christopher Columbus, Vasco de Gama, • The powers and uses of reason had first been
Bartholomew Diaz and Ferdinand Magellan in quest explored by the philosophers of ancient Greece.
of gold, evangelization and power. The Romans adopted and preserved much of Greek
culture, notably including the ideas of a rational
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 6
natural order and natural law. Amid the turmoil of a natural—rational—religion was Deism, which,
empire, however, a new concern arose for personal although never an organized cult or movement,
salvation, and the way was paved for the triumph of conflicted with Christianity for two centuries,
the Christian religion. Christian thinkers gradually especially in England and France. For the Deist,
found uses for their Greco-Roman heritage. The a very few religious truths sufficed, and they
system of thought known as Scholasticism, were truths felt to be manifest to all rational
culminating in the work of Thomas Aquinas, beings: the existence of one God, often conceived
resurrected reason as a tool of understanding but of as architect or mechanical, the existence of a
subordinated it to spiritual revelation and the system of rewards and punishments administered
revealed truths of Christianity. by that God, and the obligation of humans to
• The intellectual and political edifice of Christianity, virtue and piety. Beyond the natural religion of the
seemingly impregnable in the Middle Ages, fell in Deists lay the more radical products of the
turn to the assaults made on it by humanism, application of reason to religion: skepticism,
the Renaissance, and the Protestant Reformation. atheism, and materialism.
Humanism bred the experimental science of Francis • The Enlightenment produced the first modern
Bacon, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Galileo and the secularized theories of psychology and ethics. John
mathematical investigations of René Locke conceived of the human mind as being at
Descartes, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, and Sir Isaac birth a tabula rasa, a blank slate on which
Newton. The Renaissance rediscovered much of experience wrote freely and boldly, creating the
Classical culture and revived the notion of individual character according to the individual
humans as creative beings, and the Reformation, experience of the world. Supposed innate qualities,
more directly but in the long run no less such as goodness or original sin, had no reality.
effectively, challenged the monolithic authority of In a darker vein, Thomas Hobbes portrayed
the Roman Catholic Church. For Martin Luther as humans as moved solely by considerations of their
for Bacon or Descartes, the way to truth lay in the own pleasure and pain. The notion of humans as
application of human reason. Received neither good nor bad but interested principally in
authority, whether of Ptolemy in the sciences or of survival and the maximization of their own
the church in matters of the spirit, was pleasure led to radical political theories. Where
to be subject to the probing of unfettered minds. the state had once been viewed as an earthly
• The successful application of reason to any question approximation of an eternal order, with the
depended on its correct application—on the City of Man modeled on the City of God, now it
development of a methodology of reasoning that came to be seen as a mutually beneficial
would serve as its own guarantee of validity. Such arrangement among humans aimed at protecting
a methodology was most spectacularly achieved the natural rights and self-interest of each.
in the sciences and mathematics, where the logics
of induction and deduction made possible the B. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
creation of a sweeping new cosmology. The success • The Industrial Revolution was a period of major
of Newton, in particular, in capturing in a few industrialization that took place during the
mathematical equations the laws that govern the late 1700s and early 1800s. The Industrial
motions of the planets, gave great impetus to a Revolution began in Great Britain and quickly
growing faith in the human capacity to attain spread throughout the world; the American
knowledge. At the same time, the idea of the Industrial Revolution, commonly referred to as the
universe as a mechanism governed by a few second Industrial Revolution, started sometime
simple—and discoverable—laws had a subversive between 1820 and 1870. This time period saw the
effect on the concepts of a personal God and mechanization of agriculture and textile
individual salvation that were central to Christianity. manufacturing and a revolution in power, including
• Inevitably, the method of reason was applied to steam ships and railroads, that effected social,
religion itself. The product of a search for cultural and economic conditions.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 7
remuneration and minimal breaks became the
Breaking Down Industrial Revolution norm. This subsequently led to health issues for
• Although the Industrial Revolution occurred many factory workers. Labor movements in the
approximately 200 years ago, it is a period in time United States developed momentum from the late
that left a profound impact on how people lived and 19th century in response to poor working conditions
the way businesses operated. Arguably, factory that developed during the Industrial Revolution.
systems developed during the Industrial Revolution
are responsible for the creation of capitalism and
the modern cities of today. Production efficiency C. AGE OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERIES
improved during the Industrial Revolution with What Was the Age of Exploration or the Age of
inventions such as the steam engine, which Discovery?
dramatically reduced the time it took to • The Age of Exploration is an informally defined
manufacture products. More efficient production period of European history when overseas
subsequently reduced prices for products, exploration became a major part of European
primarily due to lower labor costs. Cheaper culture.
steel prices encouraged the development of
infrastructure such as railroads and bridges during
the American Industrial Revolution.

Increased Employment and Innovation

• The Industrial Revolution created an increase in
employment opportunities. As factories became
more prolific, managers and employees were
required to operate them; this had a flow-on effect
of new and innovative products emerging.
Increased innovation led to higher levels of • The Age of Exploration, also known as the Age of
motivation and education that resulted in several Discovery, is the period in European history when
ground-breaking inventions that are still used today overseas exploration began to grow in popularity.
such as the telephone, X-ray, lightbulb, calculator • This era began in the late 1400’s and lasted through
and anesthesia. The Industrial Revolution improved the 1700’s. It is responsible for influencing European
people’s lives. Due to Industrial Revolution culture, initiating globalization, and introducing
advancements, there were improvements in colonialism around the world. For many Europeans,
nutrition, health care and education. the Age of Exploration signifies a time when new
lands were discovered. However, for many others,
Pitfalls of the Industrial Revolution the Age of Exploration is remembered as a time
• Several major pitfalls developed as the Industrial their lands were invaded and settled by newcomers.
Revolution progressed. There was a reduction in • Overseas travel, exploration, and discovery paved
agriculture as people were abandoning their farms the way for trade between Europe, Asia, and
to work in city factories where they could earn a Africa (the Old World) and Australia and the
higher income. This led to a shortage a food Americas (the New World). This trade brought
produced on farms. Increased pollution was a pitfall about the exchange of new foods, animals, and
of the Industrial Revolution. Before the sharp plants. Additionally, it saw the introduction of new
increase in factory numbers, there was a limited human populations, including an increase in the
amount of pollution generated in the world as trade and sale of slaves and the use of slavery. The
production was predominantly manual. The Age of Exploration facilitated the exchange of ideas
Industrial Revolution provided an incentive to and religions between the hemispheres, but also
increase profits, and as a result, working conditions resulted in the spread of communicable diseases,
in factories deteriorated. Long hours, inadequate
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 8
which severely reduced and, in some cases, wiped Hope and into the Indian Ocean by 1488. A decade
out some populations. later, Vasco de Gama discovered the way around
• Because of this historical period, world maps are the Cape of Good Hope and to India, which
now available. Although, this arguably led to established the first sea route between Portugal
increased military conquest and resource and India. Portuguese exploration continued to
exploitation. Christian missionaries were also able Japan in 1542 and to Brazil in 1500.
to spread around the world during the Age of • Late in the 15th century, Spain became involved
Exploration, helping Christianity become one of the in sea exploration as well in order to overcome
most widely practiced religions in the world. the monopoly that Portugal held over the west
African trade route. In 1492, Christopher
Events Leading Up to the Age of Exploration Columbus left Spain, manning 3 ships, and crossed
• Before the Age of Exploration really took off, the Atlantic Ocean. His exploration crew first landed
several seafaring expeditions occurred, leaving in the already inhabited Canary Islands before
behind some information that prompted the Age proceeding to the Bahamas. He erroneously
of Exploration. In the 12th century, Muhammad believed that he had landed in the West Indies.
al-Idrisi, an Arab geographer, created a world map • By the beginning of the 1500’s, the governments
for the King of Sicily. Al-Idrisi collected information of other countries commissioned explorers to
from Norman explorers and Islamic merchants, search for a shorter route to the “West Indies”.
creating the most complex and thorough world map This resulted in the North Atlantic route to
of its time. However, little was known about the present-day Newfoundland in North America.
southern reaches of the African continent, so it was Doubts began to raise that this new Atlantic path
excluded. This map, the Tabula Rogeriana, provided was actually leading to Asia. Explorers began to
inspiration to a number of curious explorers. learn significantly more about these new lands and
• From the late 13th to early 15th century (the Middle by 1513, the Pacific Ocean was reached by crossing
Ages), some explorers traveled by land from to the Isthmus of Panama.
Eurasia and beyond, using pre-existing trade
routes from Eurasia to the Middle East to China. Exploring the Pacific Ocean and Beyond
These trips were carried out by Italian traders, • Discovering that the Pacific Ocean is located on the
Christian missionaries, and Russian royalty. In the other side of the New World led to a renewed desire
mid-14th century, a Moroccan scholar set out to to explore. Between 1515 and 1516, Spanish crews
several regions, including: North Africa, West sailed the west coast of South America, while the
Africa, the Sahara Desert, the Horn of Africa, Portuguese were exploring off the coast of
Southern and Eastern Europe, and China. During the Southeast Asia.
early 15th century, Arab and Chinese traders • This exploration resulted in the first
traveled along the Indian Ocean and to present-day circumnavigation of the world in 1519. Magellan
India, Thailand, East Africa, Arabia, and Southeast took off from Seville with a fleet of 5 ships, sailing
Asia. When the Young Emperor of China died, south toward South America and navigating
however, the new Emperor advocated isolationism around the southern tip known as Tierra del Fuego.
and abolished international exploration and trade. • The crew continued across the Pacific Ocean, landed
Several books were published about travel in the Spice Islands in 1521, and returned to Spain in
accounts, feeding the greater of the world and its September of 1522.
undiscovered places. • Exploration increasingly left the water and
entered the land, resulting in invasions and
The First Discoveries of the Age of Exploration colonizations throughout the Americas. Northern
• The Portuguese are often credited with making European countries and Russia became involved in
the first discoveries of the Age of Exploration. world exploration in the latter part of the 16th
These exploration parties traveled down the west century further exploring North America, Siberia,
coast of Africa and eventually to the Cape of Good New Zealand, and Australia.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 9
banned the other foreigners from living in the
Legacy of The Age of Exploration provinces or having businesses in the
• The Age of Exploration has had perhaps one of the Philippines. They did not apply to Chinese settlers,
greatest impacts on global relations of any other but it covered other white men.
historic period or event. Because of this
widespread discovery and exploration movement, History of Opening of Port to World Trade
New World and Old World products were • The world turns its eyes on the Philippines when,
exchanged. This brought horses, cows, and sheep the Royal Company of the Philippines,
from Europe to the New World and tobacco, or in Spanish, the Real Compaña de Filipinas
cotton, potatoes, and corn to the Old World. Governor-General Félix Berenguer de
European forces came to dominate large tracts of Marquina recommended that the King of Spain
land and inhabitants around the world, taking to open Manila to world commerce.
advantage of their perceived discoveries tocolonize, Furthermore, the bankruptcy of the Real Compaña
settle, and exploit the new areas. This gave rise to de Filipinas (Royal Company of the
the Age of Imperialism, which was pushed by Philippines) catapulted the Spanish king to open
increasing demand for slaves, commodities, and Manila to world trade. In a royal decree
trade. Many existing communities and kingdoms issued on September 6, 1834, the privileges of the
were abolished and taken over by European company were revoked and the port
interests. With these political aggressions came of Manila was opened to trade.
language, cultural, and religious conversions as • On September 6, 1834, the Philippines opened to
well as genocides and removal of indigenous world trade- by a royal decree, Your
peoples from their original lands and homes. Majesty the King declared the Royal Company of the
• During the Age of Exploration, the slave trade grew Philippines abolished and opened
significantly which had a profound Manila’s ports to world trade. Because Manila was
impact on the economy and on society as a a great harbor (the shape of the bay
whole. The introduction of agricultural protected trade boats from rough waters) it became
practices and crops was so successful that some one of the best cities to trade with,
areas now rely on introduced foods as luring American, British and other European and
major dietary staples (this includes potatoes in Asian merchants to its shores. As a
Europe and manioc and corn in Africa). result, Spain’s economic supremacy lost its footing
Many of these new staples helped to increase the in the region.
population sizes in their new countries. • Modern methods of production and transportation,
Goods and commoditiesere not the only things notably sugar mills and steamships,
traded during the Age of Exploration. opened the Philippines for economic
Additionally, technology and cultures were also development. British, French, Dutch, and North
shared. This was a time when countries American traders began to demand Philippine
everywhere began to understand that the world agricultural products, including sugar,
was much bigger than previously cigars, and abaca (Manila hemp). Sugar became the
believed. The economies, cultures, and politics of leading export crop. In 1834 Spain
many countries around the world were lifted restrictions on trade between foreign nations
drastically influenced by this period in history. and the Philippines.
Retrieved from:
People involved in Opening the Port to World Trade
OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINE PORT TO WORLD TRADE • The good and quite modern King Charles III of
• It means that the goods from the Philippines could Spain was the one who created the
be shipped out to any of the countries company, and his goal was to make trade to Spain
abroad. And goods from other country could enter from the Philippines more efficient.
the Philippines directly. Before Spanish Governor-General Félix Berenguer de Marquina
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 10
recommended that the King of Spain
open Manila to world commerce. Your Majesty the d. In short by 19th and 20th century, the opening of
King declared the Royal Company of the port and the other parts of the
the Philippines abolished and opened Manila’s ports Philippine to foreign trade brought not only
to world trade.  Governor-General economic prosperity to the country but
Basco had opened the Philippines to this trade. also remarkable transformation in the life of the
• Other persons who joined in the opening of the Filipinos. As the people, prospered, t heir standard
Philippines to world trade were: Sebir of living improved.
(1787) a Frenchman conducted a profitable
business in Manila; Tomas de Comyn (1798),
a Spanish writer, in his book published in Madrid
1820, mentioned an unnamed English
merchant who left the Philippines in 1798 after
living in Manila for 20 years during which
he became rich; George W. Hubbell (1821), an
American businessman, and his younger
brother Henry, arrived in Manila, engaged in
business, and founded the Hubbell
Company.

What Is the Impact of Opening the Port to World

Trade to All Filipinos?
• The Impact of Opening the Port to World Trade to
All Filipinos 19th Century:

a. When world trades open to the Philippines, it has

caused for the Spaniards to sell
more product to other countries. Since the
materials came from the Philippines. They
use our resources and do not repay us as they sell
more things we grow to have less
resources. But the positive is that our economy
increases.

b. The economy of the Philippines rose rapidly

and its local industries developed to satisfy the
rising demands of an industrializing Europe.

c. Manila and the Philippines garnered great

economic growth around this time. Many
shops opened in the Binondo and the rest of
the “Extramuros” area (the areas outside of
Intramuros). The best part of this was that some
were also owned by Filipino businessmen who
were knowledgeable in finance and consumer
retail. Manila itself expanded – more people came
to settle in the city and grew rich through
profit from trade.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 11

COURSE UNIT 3 • The couple had the child Francisco Mercado, who
then married Bernarda Monicha. One of their sons
RIZAL’S FAMILY, CHILDHOOD & EARLY
was Juan Mercado, Rizal’s grandfather, who would
EDUCATION marry Cirila Alejandro
• Juan and Cirila had thirteen children and the
youngest was Francisco, “Kikoy”, Rizal’s father.
• Both Rizal’s grandfather Juan, and great-
grandfather Francisco became Capitanes or town
mayors of Biñan. Upon the death of his mother,
Francisco, Rizal’s father, moved to Calamba where
he became a tenant and farmer of a large
Dominican estate. He also built his house there
• On 28 June 1848, he married Teodora Alonzo. In
1849, when Gov. Narciso Claveria issued the
decree on the Hispanization of Filipino names, he
chose the new surname Rizal. The name is from the
BIRTH, FAMILY, & ANCESTRY OF DR. JOSE RIZAL
Latin word “ricial” meaning “green field.”
161st Birth Anniversary
• In 1850 he petitioned the court to change the
• Jose Protacio Rizal-Mercado y Alonzo-Realonda
family name to Rizal, with all their children being
was born on Wednesday, the 19th of June 1861,
surnamed as such.
in Calamba, Laguna.
• He was the seventh in a brood of eleven children of
Teodora Alonzo Realonda
Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo.
• (b. November 8, 1826 – d. August 16, 1911)
• He was baptized three days later by Fr. Rufino
• The mother of Jose Rizal, born as a Manileña, was
Collantes at St. John the Baptist parish of
an educated Filipina who graduated from the
Calamba. Fr. Pedro Casañas stood as his
Colegio de Santa Rosa. She moved to Biñan with
godfather (ninong).
her parents and siblings as a teenager.
• Of Spanish and Japanese ancestry, Teodora was
a talented woman whose interests lay in
literature, culture, and business, and was well-
versed in Spanish.
• She helped her husband in farming and in their
business. She devoted herself to the children's
education and growth as morally-upright
individuals.
• Teodora's lineage can be traced to Lakan Dula, the
great ruler of Tondo. Her great grandfather, who
Francisco Mercado was of Japanese blood, was Eugenio Ursua
• (b. May 11, 1818 – d. January 5, 1898), the father (Ochoa). Her maternal grandfather, Manuel de
of Jose Rizal was a native of Biñan, Laguna. He was Quintos was a popular lawyer in his time. Brigida
an educated and industrious farmer who studied at de Quintos was his daughter and mother of
Colegio de San Jose in Manila. Of the ancestry, his Teodora.
great grandfather (Rizal’s great-great grandfather) • From the father side, Gregorio Alonzo was the
was Domingo Lam-co, a migrant from Amoy great-great grandfather of Rizal. His son
(Guanzhou), China. He was baptized as a Catholic Cipriano, who belonged to Biñan's long list of
and married the Filipina Ines de la Rosa. Capitanes was married to Maria Florentina.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 12
Their son, Lorenzo Alberto would become the - She became the wife of Mariano Herbosa, a town
father of Dona Teodora, Rizal’s mother. mate from Calamba. Herbosa died of cholera and
• Teodora was second child of Lorenzo Alberto was denied Christian burial because he was a
Alonzo, an engineer and a recipient of the most brother-in-law of Dr. Jose Rizal
sought decoration, the Knight of the Grand Order - Una Profination - July 1889
of Isabella and the Catholic Order of Carlos III. He
was first married to Paula Florentina from whom 6. Maria (1859-1945)
he had the son, Jose Alberto. Later, from Brigida de - She became the wife of Daniel Faustino Cruz of
Quintos, a fair and well-educated lady, were the Biñan, Laguna.
children Narcisa, Teodora, Gregorio and Manuel. - Secrets about the lovelife (Josephine Bracken) of
• When Governor Claveria issued the decree for Jose Rizal
the revision and adoption of new names, the
children of Alberto Alonzo adopted the surname 7. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Realonda (June
Realonda. Thus, the name Teodora Alonzo 19,1861-Dec. 30, 1896)
became Teodora Alonzo Realonda. - The seventh child in the family. He was married to
a Scottish girl named Josephine Bracken.
The Rizal Family
• The marriage of Francisco and Teodora was blessed 8. Concepcion (1862-1865)
with eleven children – two boys and nine girls. The - She died at the age of three (3) due to illness.
Rizal Family
9. Josefa (1865-1945)
1. Saturnina (1850-1913) - she was an epileptic. She died at the age of 80 as a
- She is the eldest. She became the wife of Manuel spinster.
Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas. - katipunera
- One of the richest
10. Trinidad (1868-1951)
2. Paciano (1851-1930) - She was also a spinster. She died at the age of 83.
- He was the family caretaker. - She inherited much of Rizal's property in Dapitan.
- After his younger brother's execution, he joined - Associacion Feminista Filipina – first feminist
the Philippine Revolution. founder
- He retired to his farm in Los Baños where he lived - Boyish – closest sibling of Jose Rizal
as a farmer. - Nickname trining
- He had 2 children by his common-law wife
(Severina Decena)- a boy and a girl. 11. Soledad (1870-1929)
- She was the youngest in the family. She became
3. Narcisa (1852-1939) the wife of Pantaleon Quintero also from Calamba.
- She was married to Antonio Lopez, a school
teacher of Morong, Rizal. Rizal's Chinese Ancestry
- Hospitable • SIONQUE-Origin
• CHANG CHOW/ZHANG ZHOU - Bayan
4. Olimpia(1855-1887) • Fujian, China - Lalawigan
- She became the wife of Silvestre Ubaldo, a • SIANG-CO AND ZUN-NIO
telegraph operator of Manila. She died in 1887 • LAMCO-A Chinese immigrant and business tycoon
from childbirth. Don Domingo Lamco (Chinese name: Cue Yi-Lam)
- Inaasar / make fun of Laguna was the great-great grandfather of Jose
Rizal.
CHILDHOOD MEMOIRS OF RIZAL
5. Lucia (1857-1919)
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 13
The Rizal Ancestral House in Calamba • They also had a library of more than a thousand
volumes of Latin and Spanish books.
• In their backyard there is a nipa hut, a native house
whose roof was made of thatched cogon grass and
bamboo wall, where the children played.
• Many fruit-bearing trees surrounded the house.
• Rizal's family was one of the richest families in
Calamba. Indeed, they belonged to the principalia,
a town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines.
• The main source of their livelihood was the
sugarcane plantation which was being rented from
the Dominicans.
• The farm also had coconut (copra), rice fields, fruit-
bearing trees and large turkey farm.
THE RIZAL HOUSE. The Rizal house was large, a two- • Moreover, the family milled their sugar and had a
storey building built of adobe stones, hardwood and ham press.
tiled roof. • The Rizal family was also the first native family in
• Calamba, Laguna was a special place for Jose Rizal. Calamba to own a horse-drawn carriage, called the
• It is here where he was born, raised and spent his carruaje.
early childhood. • Doña Lolay, fond name for Doña Teodora, who
• Even when Rizal was already in Europe he would belonged to an affluent family was relatively
remember this town as the place where he spent popular in Calamba and in Binan, and was well
some of the most joyous times of his life. respected by the town folks.
• The Rizal house was large, a two-storey building • At an early age Pepe (nickname of Jose) proved to
built of adobe stones, hardwood and tiled roof. be a truly gifted boy.
• It had many rooms: for the girls, the boys, another • His mother was his first teacher.
for the couple, and quarters for servants. • At the age of three he was already taught how to
• The family had a huge dining table and a big ceiling read the Latin and Spanish alphabets.
fan. • He was trained to work fast and efficiently, to be
honest at all times, and to always pray to God.
• His younger sister Concepcion, fondly called
Concha, his playmate and best friend, died of a
sickness at the age of three.
• Jose was four years old at the time. Josefa, the next
sister, should have taken the place of Concha, but
with her health condition, being an epileptic.
• Jose was probably more of a caretaker to her
rather than a playmate.
• Trinidad or Trining, the sibling next to Josefa, was
even much closer to Jose. She was a girl with a
strong character. It is as if Jose had a new younger
brother.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 14
“The Moth and the Flame" from the book, El Amigo Biñan Stories
de los Ninos.” • At the age of nine, Jose would be sent by his
• Jose learned many stories and legends even at a parents to Biñan to continue his primary education
young age. under the instruction of Maestro Justiniano
• He remembered his "yaya" (Tagalog word: nanny) Aquino Cruz. – 1st former teacher
would always frighten him through her stories of • Maestro Justiniano was a renowned teacher adept
freaky night creatures. in Latin and Spanish grammar.
• However, of all the stories told, he would never • In fact, he was a former teacher of his brother
forget the story of "The Moth and the Flame" from Paciano.
the book, El Amigo de los Ninos. • In the first weeks of his studies in Biñan, he would
• Some of those who became very influential to Jose receive ruler blows on his palms for his mistakes
when he was young were the three brothers of his and misbehavior.
mother. They were uncles Gregorio, Manuel and • The pain of Maestro Justiniano's punishment
Jose Alberto. helped him to take his studies seriously. Maestro
• Pepe would always come along to his uncles who Justiniano was of the old school who believed in
taught him things that would benefit him in the the maxim "Spare the rod and spoil the child."
future. • Later on, Jose would be able to catch up quickly
• Jose Alberto, an artist, would teach Pepe skills in and win many prizes in competitions held by the
sketching and drawing through the use of a pencil maestro. He had practically beaten all his Biñan
or charcoal. schoolmates.
• Manuel, being an athlete, would instruct him the • Maestro Justiniano, though strict a disciplinarian,
rudiments of fencing and wrestling. was also a conscientious instructor.
• Lastly, his uncle Gregorio, who was a lover of • The teacher told Jose, who had been only a few
books and a writer, would instill in him a passion months under his care, that he already knew as
for writing and an appreciation to poetry and much as his master.
literature. • Thus, he advised his parents that Jose be sent to
• When Doña Teodora gave birth to Soledad, the Manila to pursue higher education.
eleventh child in the family, Don Francisco together • Being physically frail and thin, Jose was initially
with Jose went to Antipolo for a pilgrimage. bullied by his classmates.
• Jose was then seven years old. • One of them was a boy named Pedro whom he
• Afterwards, they proceeded to Manila where they remembered as the first one he had a brawl with.
visited Saturnina who was then a boarding student • Another one was Andres Salandanan who almost
at La Concordia College in Sta. Ana. broke his arm during a "bunong braso" or arm-
• When Jose reached the age of eight, he wrote an wrestling match.
untitled poem about his love for the native tongue • Biñan had been a valuable experience for young
or language. Rizal. There he had met a host of relatives and
• In the poem, he expressed that Tagalog is of equal from them heard much of the past of his father's
importance with Latin, Spanish, or any other family.
language. • He befriended Leandro, his cousin's son. His best
• He lamented the fact that his fellow youth friend in the class, though, was Jose Guevarra, his
preferred to study and use the foreign languages painting partner in the class of a painting guru
while they have their own to use and be proud of. Mang Juancho, the ageing father-in-law of Maestro
• As a young critic, he added that a man who does Justiniano.
not love his own language was worse than a beast • Jose also received instructions from Maestro Lucas
or an evil-smelling fish Padua and from Leon Monroy, his tutor in Latin.
• Scholars would later entitle this early masterpiece
"Sa Aking Mga Kabata," or To My Fellow Youth
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 15

COURSE UNIT 4
INJUSTICES, LIBERALISM, AND GOMBURZA
MARTYDOM
The Teenage Atenean
• On June 10, 1872, Jose was accompanied by
Paciano to take the entrance examination for the
secondary course at the Colegio de San Juan de
Letran. The examinations included Christian
Doctrine, Arithmetic and Reading. Rizal passed the
examinations and returned to Calamba to stay with
his family for a few more days and perhaps to
attend the town fiesta.
• Upon his return to Manila, he was accompanied
again by Paciano. But instead of going back to • Rizal first boarded in a house outside Intramuros,
Letran, the latter enrolled Jose at the Ateneo at Caraballo Street, a few minutes walk from the
Municipal. At first, the college registrar Father college. This was owned by Doña Titay, a spinster
Magin Ferrando refused to admit Rizal for he was who owed the Mercado family 300 pesos.
too small for his age, physically weak and being too • Because he was boarding outside Ateneo, he was
late to enroll. However, through the mediation of referred to as an 'externo'. Those who stayed-in
Manuel Xeres Burgos, a nephew of Father Burgos, were called 'internos'. His course was Bachelor of
Rizal was allowed to enroll. Arts and his first professor was Father Jose Bech.
• Jose used the surname Rizal when he registered at • At first, he was placed at the rear of the class
Ateneo. This was the decision of Paciano because because he was a new comer. There were two
their family name Mercado had been under the sections, the Romans and the Carthaginians. Rizal
suspicion of the Spanish authorities being the was assigned to the Carthaginian occupying the
surname used by Paciano at the College of San end of the line.
Jose where he was known as Father Burgos' • After the first week, Jose progressed rapidly and
favorite student and helper. became an emperor at the end of the month. He
• Though Jose was confused of why would he ever was the brightest pupil in the class and being so he
need at different sumame, Paciano did not explain received prizes for his triumphs. Ratio Stordium.
further and just told him that it would be better for • Rizal also took private tutorial lessons at Santa
him that way. Isabel College during his vacant periods to improve
• At the time, Ateneo was located in Intramuros, his skill in the Spanish language. He paid three
within the walls of Manila. It was formerly called pesos for each session.
Escuela Pia. When it was administered by the • In the second half of his first year, he resented
Jesuits it assumed its new name. Being more some remarks of his professor which had greatly
liberal than the Dominican who supervised Letran, affected his academic standing. At the end of the
Paciano was more confident of his brother's safety. year, he was only in second place but still
• Scenes at the secondary school Ateneo Municipal maintained all his excellent grades or
de Manila, Intramuros district, Manila, in 1887. 'sobresaliente'.
Now known as the Ateneo de Manila University, a • Rizal returned to Calamba at the end of the school
private coed institution run by the Jesuits. year. He did not enjoy his vacation because his
mother was still in prison. To cheer him up, his
sister Saturnina brought him to Tanawan,
Batangas. Then he still went to Santa Cruz to visit
his mother.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 16

• Rizal told her of his brilliant grades in the college. INJUSTICE, LIBERALISM AND MARTYRDOM
He embraced her to show how he missed her. A. THE IMPRISONMENT OF RIZAL’S MOTHER.
Doña Teodora advised him to be strong and not to • Before the end of 1871 and just right after the
worry much about her. Christmas celebration, Dona Teodora was arrested
• The summer vacation ended and Rizal returned to on malicious charge that she had conspired with
Manila for his second year term in Ateneo. her brother, Jose Alberto, in the attempt to murder
• Jose boarded at a house in Magallanes Street the latter’s wife, Teodora Formosa, by poisoning.
owned by Doña Pepay an old widow who had a Ordinarily, she should have been sent to the
widowed daughter with four sons. He was still an Calamba jail.
"externo." • However, it was payback time, for the arresting
• Unlike the previous semester, Jose studied harder officials were Spaniards who had some grudge with
to regain his lost class leadership. Once more he Don Kikoy. These people, according to Rizal, have
became emperor. At the end of the year, he even frequented their house before as visitors
received a gold medal and excellent grades in all in celebrating various occasions. She was instead
his subjects. He returned to Calamba for his tied at the back of a wagon and was dragged to
summer vacation. travel by foot from Calamba to Santa Cruz
• Jose visited again his mother in jail. He told her (capital of Laguna). This was equivalent to a
about his scholastic triumphs and funny tales about day’s walk. She was then imprisoned in Santa Cruz
his professors and fellow students. His mother was city jail.
happy for his splendid progress in Ateneo. While • The imprisonment would go on for two years and a
they were having a conversation, his mother told half, and Francisco would use all his resources just
him about a dream she had. Rizal interpreted the to see his wife free from jail.
dream, that his mother would be released prison • The case could have ended before 1873 and
in three months' time. Lolay could have been freed, but because of
• Jose's prophecy was about to come true. After Jose the intervention of Mayor Antonino Vivencio
had left for Manila, a fiesta was held in Calamba. del Rosario the case was reopened in the Royal
• Incidentally, at that time, Gov. Izquierdo was on a Audencia. Don Francisco had to hire two of
provincial visit to Laguna. Learning of the occasion, some of the best lawyers from Manila for the
he proceeded to Calamba. A warm welcome was case.
made by the townfolks. One of the dances
presented to him was that of the little children. B. THE SPANISH REVOLUTION.
• While watching, Izquierdo got fond of one of the • In 1868, a revolution broke out in Spain in defiance
little girls. He called for her and asked her to dance against the oppressive reign of Queen Isabel II. This
again. was staged and led by two of her generals,
• When she refused, Gov. Izquierdo, not wanting to Marshals Francisco Serrano and Juan Prim. The
be turned down, offered the girl a deal. If she Spanish people called it as ‘Revolucion de Disgusto’
would dance once more, then he would grant her or ‘Revolution of Disgust’. At the end of the event,
any wish. The girl with a sad tone, wished to have Queen Isabel II was ousted and took refuge in
her mother come home for she had been in prison France.
for a long time. Izquierdo told her that she may go • Francisco Serrano became the Marshal Regent of
home and her mother will be there soon. Doña Spain. Eventually, with the will of the people,
Teodora was released that day. The girl was Serrano created a republican form of government
Soledad. and ended absolute monarchy in Spain. This move
• After his vacation, Jose returned to Ateneo for his started to pave the way for liberal forms to be
junior year. Shortly after the opening of the introduced not only to Spain but also in the
classes, he was surprised by his mother's visit. He colonies. A new Governor General was named for
was very happy for his mother. the Philippines, Carlos Ma. dela Torre.
C. DELA TORRE AND LIBERALISM.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 17

• Probably the best administrator the Philippines earthquake that destroyed parts of the Manila
ever had during the Spanish rule, dela Torre Cathedral, his follower P. Jose Burgos took his
and his liberalism was highly favored in Manila place to champion the secular priests.
and the rest of the territory. Censorship was • The ageing P. Mariano Gomez and the young P.
abolished and government criticisms were Jacinto Zamora partnered him in the movement.
accepted as reforms recommended by various
sectors were welcomed. A REVERSAL OF FORTUNE.
• Some of the reforms that were being considered or • The founding of the republic in Spain created issues
already introduced by the new administration that would take the Philippines back to the old
were: ways.
a. the Filipinization of Parishes: the handing • One of these issues is that Spain cannot be Spain
over of parishes to Filipino secular priests as without a traditional monarch, and so, they
successors to the Spanish missionaries from crowned a new one in the person of Amadeo of
the religious orders. Savoy, a new king under the new Spanish
b. the abolition of polo in Cavite which Constitution.
affected the agricultural economy of the • Another issue is that the liberalism that was
province and the people themselves. achieved by Spain must only be confined in Spain
c. the lifting of heavy taxes to native military and the colonies must have, still, a separate set of
servicemen and other reforms that became laws that would not endanger Spanish interest.
beneficial to the locals in the royal army • Liberalism in the Philippines, as introduced by
d. the Education Decree of 1869 which placed dela Torre, had already starting to encourage
all schools under government supervision. many Filipino patriots to petition the government
This gave way for many natives to have for more political reforms. But with Serrano ousted
children go to college and university: and from power, the Spanish Cortes, the parliament,
e. the creation of the Guardia Civil which was adopted a new administrative policy that was
truly intended for the protection of civilians implemented for the colonies, a policy of terror.
from bandits, pirates and ordinary criminals.
THE RESTORATION OF TERROR.
D. THE SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT.
• The Secularization of the Parishes was pioneered • Military rule was restored to the Philippines as a
by Fr. Pedro Pelaez. It was a move to give new administrator arrived to replace dela Torre.
opportunities for the secular Filipino priests to • With a vow to erase from the minds of the Filipinos
occupy parishes, the occupation of which they the joys of the liberalism and a dream for a future
were really trained to do. Since the beginning of independence, military action was executed by
the colonial period parishes have been traditionally Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo. He immediately
awarded to missionaries, the regular Spanish friars. reversed all the reforms of the former governor
This was due to the Spanish government’s distrust and used the Guardia Civil to protect the interest of
among natives. the government from the civilian population.
• The colonial government continued to be in control • As a consequence, he attracted many enemies
of the Church during the entire Spanish period in from various sectors who were affected.
the Philippines.
• The only time the native priests were given the
opportunity to take care of parishes was during
the expulsion of the Jesuits in the Philippines.
However, this only served as an interlude for it
was cut right after the Jesuits were returned by the E. THE CAVITE MUTINY AND MARTYRDOM OF THE
Church to service. After the untimely death of P. GOMBURZA
Pedro Pelaez, who was a casualty of an
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 18

• On the night of January 20, 1872 about 200 Filipino “filibustero’ (anti-government). This was for
soldiers and workmen of the Cavite Arsenal at Fort Paciano’s protection.
San Felipe rose in a violent mutiny under the • The martyrdom of Gomburza and the injustice to
leadership of Sgt. La Madrid. his mother made Rizal to become truly aware of
• Unfortunately, this Cavite Mutiny was suppressed the evils of Spanish tyranny, and that even priests
two days later by troop reinforcement from can get executed as long as you are not one of
Manila. La Madrid and the mutineers were them, a Spaniard.
defeated by Lt. Felipe Ginoves.
• The Spanish authorities magnified Jose Burgos THE ARREST And DETENTION Of RIZAL’S MOTHER
as the mastermind of the incident together with • One of the turning points of Jose Rizal’s life, which
Jacinto Zamora and Mariano Gomez. The case was had a profound influence on his becoming a
rebellion. political activist later on, was the unjust arrest of
• Evidence coming from the Intramuros his mother.
investigation included testimonies of those who • His mother based on a malicious and concocted
were captured in the Cavite Mutiny which charge was accused to have conspired with her
included Francisco Zaldua. brother, Jose Alberto, in an attempt to kill the
• According to the prosecution, Jose Burgos did not latter’s wife by poisoning, despite the lack of
only plan a mutiny but a rebellion of which the aim evidence against her.
was the assassination of Izquierdo and an attack on • But what made the arrest even worse was her
Intramuros. He allegedly financed and mastermind humiliating treatment at the hands of authorities
this move and was supported by native soldiers who made her walk all the way from Calamba to
and citizens, not only from Cavite but also from the provincial jail in Santa Cruz, which was 50
Manila and other provinces. kilometers far.
• The Cavite Mutiny was mere error that failed the • (It was payback time for the arresting Spanish
whole grand plan. officials who had some grudges with Don Kikoy
• On February 17, 1872, Gomburza were executed (nickname of Don Francisco.) There she was
upon the order of the Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo. imprisoned for two years before gaining her
Paciano, Jose’s brother saw the execution. The freedom.
search for those others involved, likewise, • All these she took with calm and quiet dignity,
commenced. As a result, many of those accused which Rizal though only a child of eleven about
of direct or indirect involvement were either exiled to embark on secondary school in Manila would
or executed. remember.
• Paciano who was then a student of Colegio de San • The case could have ended before 1873 and
Jose and was boarding with Father Burgos was Teodora should have been freed by then, but
gravely affected by the event for he was a trusted because of the intervention of Mayor Antonio
assistant of Burgos in the fight for the Filipinization Vivencio del Rosario the case was reopened in the
of the parishes. His close association with Burgos Royal Audiencia.
was so crucial that after the execution of the three • Don Francisco had to hire two of some of the best
priests, evading arrest or suspicion, he quit studies lawyers from Manila as defense lawyers for her
in Colegio de San Jose, where Burgos became wife’s case.
his professor, and returned to Calamba.
• Here, he told the heroic story of Burgos to his
family and revealed his kept secrets to his father.
• Don Francisco on his part, made a specific
instruction to all his children that no one must talk
anymore about Burgos (even though a family LIBERALISM AND THE REIGN OF TERROR
relative), the Cavite mutiny, nor the word
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 19

• In September 1868, Generals Juan Prim and • During dela Torre’s reign his liberal policies
Francisco Serrano denounced the oppressive would highly favor the people of Manila and the
government of Queen Isabella II. rest of the territory.
• They launched a revolution and much of the • Censorship was abolished and government
Spanish army defected to the revolutionary criticisms were also accepted.
generals’ side. • Reforms recommended by various sectors were
• The queen made a brief show of force at the Battle welcomed.
of Alcolea, where her loyal moderate generals • Some of the reforms that were considered or
under Manuel Pavia were defeated by General introduced by the new administration were as
Serrano. follows:
• Isabella, then, crossed into France and retired 1. The Filipinization of Parishes: the handing
from Spanish politics to Paris, where she would down of parishes to secular priests once the
remain until her death in 1904. missionaries are transferred to new
• Francisco Serrano became the Marshal Regent of assignments;
Spain. 2. The abolition of polo in Cavite which affected
• Eventually, with the will of the people, Serrano the agricultural economy of the province and
created a republican form of government and the people themselves;
ended absolute monarchy in Spain. 3. The lifting of heavy taxes to native military
• This move started to pave the way for liberal servicemen and other reforms in the army;
reforms to be introduced not only in Spain but also 4. The Education Decree of 1869 which placed all
in the colonies. schools under government supervision. This
• A new Governor General was named for the pave the way for many natives’ children
Philippines, Carlos Ma. dela Torre. to enter college or university; and
5. The creation of the Guardia Civil which was
truly intended for the protection of the civilians
from bandits, pirates and ordinary criminals.
• The Secularization of the Parishes was
pioneered by Fr. Pedro Pelaez. It was a move to
give opportunities for the secular Filipino priests to
occupy parishes, the occupation of which they
were really trained to do.
• Since the beginning of the colonial period parishes
have been traditionally awarded to missionaries,
the regular Spanish priests. This was due to the
Spanish distrust among natives.
• The only time natives experienced to take care of
parishes was during the expulsion of the Jesuits
from the Philippines.
• This was short-lived because it was cut right after
the Jesuits returned to service. After the death of
Pedro Pelaez, his follower Fr. Jose Burgos took
his place to champion the seculars.
• Fr. Mariano Gomez and the young Fr. Jacinto
Zamora later joined him.
• The founding of the republic in Spain created
issues that would take the Philippines back to
• Gov. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre was probably the best the old ways. One of these issues was that Spain
administrator the Philippines had ever had.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 20
cannot be a Spanish kingdom without a traditional Engineering and Artillery Corps in Cavite to pay
monarch, and so, they made one in the person of personal taxes, from which they were previously
Amadeo of Savoy, the new king under the new exempt during the term of Governor-General
Spanish Constitution. Carlos Ma. dela Torre.
• Another issue was that the liberalism achieved • The taxes required them to pay a monetary sum
by Spain must only be confined in Spain while and to perform forced labor (polo) as well.
the colonies must still have separate set of laws • The mutiny started on January 20, when the
that would not endanger Spanish interests. laborers received their pay and realized that the
• With Serrano’s power in government already taxes and the falla, the fine one paid to be exempt
transferred to the Spanish Cortes, the lawmaking from forced labor, were deducted from them.
body, a new administrative policy was • The mutiny, led by a certain Filipino soldier Sgt.
implemented for the colonies. Lamadrid, was used by Spanish colonial
• Military rule was restored in the Philippines as government to implicate three Filipino priests,
a new Governor-General arrived to replace Gov. Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto
Carlos Ma. dela Torre. Zamora, collectively known as GOMBURZA and
• With a vow to erase from the minds of the Filipinos other Filipino leaders.
the joys of the liberalism and a dream for a • The three were avid advocates of the
future independence, military action was Secularization of the Parishes.
executed by Governor-General Rafael de • On January 27, 1872 Governor-General Izquierdo
Izquierdo. approved the death sentences on forty-one of the
• He immediately reversed all the reforms of the mutineers.
former governor and used the Guardia Civil to • On February 6, eleven more were sentenced to
protect the interests of the government from death, but these were commuted to life
the civilian population. imprisonment. Others were exiled to Guam.
• As a consequence, he attracted enemies from • Those who were exiled were able to make
various sectors which were affected by his new their way to more progressive places like London,
policies. Hong Kong, or Tokyo.
• They were able to start small movements that
THE CAVITE MUTINY AND MARTYRDOM were to help the Philippine Revolution.
• The Cavite Mutiny took place at an arsenal in • On January 27, 1872 Governor-General Izquierdo
Cavite, on January 20, 1872. approved the death sentences on forty-one of the
• Around 200 Filipino soldiers and laborers rose mutineers.
up against Spanish oppression in the hope of • These executions, particularly those of the
starting a national uprising. GOMBURZA have significant effects on the people
• The mutiny was unsuccessful, and the Spanish because of the shadowy nature of the trials.
executed many of the participants and began to • The martyrdom of GOMBURZA and the injustice
crack down on a growing nationalist movement. committed against his mother made Rizal truly
aware of the evils of Spanish tyranny, and that
Fort San Felipe, Cavite City even priests get executed as long as they are
• Located at the compound of the Phil. Navy, this not Spaniards.
16th century fort is dedicated to San Felipe Neri. • Jose Rizal dedicated his second novel, El
The place where the Cavite Mutiny 1872 occurred Filibusterismo to the executed priests.
when Filipino workers were implicated in the
armed uprising against the Spaniards.
• The primary cause of the mutiny was believed
to be on the order of Governor-General Rafael
de Izquierdo to subject the Filipino laborers in the
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 21

COURSE UNIT 5 • June 2, 1882 – the steamer reached the Suez Canal,
the terminal of the Red Sea.
MADRID STUDIES TO TOUR OF EUROPE • Rizal was reminded of the beautiful sights of
Calamba, Laguna during the night.
Jose Rizal’s First Travel Abroad
• de Lesseps, Ferdinand Marie, (19 November 1805 –
• Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret. 7 December 1894) was the French developer of the
• The people who knew about this were: Suez Canal, which joined the Mediterranean and
o Paciano – who gave him 700 pesos and Red Seas in 1869, and substantially reduced sailing
promised a monthly allowance of 35 pesos distances and times between the West and the East.
o Uncle Antonio Rivera – who encouraged him • At Port Said, the Mediterranean Sea terminal,
to seek his luck abroad Rizal disembarked to visit some tourist spots.
o Saturnina – his sister who gave her diamond • Port Said is a city that lies in north east Egypt
ring extending about 30 km along the coast of the
• Rizal used his cousin’s passport named Jose Mediterranean Sea, north of the Suez Canal, with
Mercado an approximate population of 603,787 (2010).
• He was accompanied by his brother Paciano and • The city was established in 1859 during the
brother in law Manuel Hidalgo to Manila building of the Suez Canal.
• He visited the Jesuits in Ateneo • June 11, 1882 – Rizal reached the city of Naples on
• He bade farewell to the Valenzuela family Italy.
• He failed to say goodbye to Leonor • Naples is a city in Southern Italy, situated on the
country's west coast by the Gulf of Naples.
The Voyage • Lying between two notable volcanic regions, Mount
• May 3, 1882 – Rizal boarded the Salvadora. His Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, it is the capital
friend Chenggoy was the one who see him off. He of the region of Campania and of the province of
took a last glance of Manila. Naples.
• May 8, 1882 – the steamship reached Singapore. • June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the French
• Rizal was impressed by the progress and beauty of harbor Marseilles.
this English colony • He visited the famous city landmark Chateau d’ If
• He stayed at Hotel de Paz where Dantes , the hero of the “Count of Monte
• Transferred to the French steamer Djemnah Cristo” was imprisoned.
bound for Europe.
• May 15, 1882 – the steamer reached Point de Galle, IN BARCELONA, SPAIN
Ceylon. • From Marseilles, Rizal took a train to Barcelona, the
• May 18, 1882 PM – the ship reached Colombo, 2nd largest Spanish city in the province of Cataluña,
Ceylon. which he thought was ugly, dirty and the people
• He observed the backwardness of the city: sleepy inhospitable.Later, he loved the city’s free
and without much progress. atmosphere and liberalism.
• From here, the ship crossed the Indian Ocean. • The people were open-hearted, warm and brave.
• The ship crossed the Indian Ocean towards Cape • He was warmly welcomed by his paisanos,
Guardafui in Somalia, Africa. countrymen, at the Plaza Cataluña.
• The steamer encountered a stormy weatherThe
Voyage ARTICLES WRITTEN ABROAD
• The ship crossed the Indian Ocean towards Cape • Rizal was asked to contribute an article to the
Guardafui in Somalia, Africa. Diariong Tagalog by Basilio Teodoro Moran, an
• The steamer encountered a stormy weather editorial staffer.
• The ship reached Aden, a seaport city in Yemen, • He wrote an essay entitled “Amor Patrio” using
located by the eastern approach to the Red Sea. “Laong Laan” as his pen name.
• Rizal felt the terrible heat of the Arabian Desert.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 22
• The newspaper was founded by Marcelo H. del Pilar JOINING THE PROPAGANDA
in Manila. • In 1882 Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipina,
• Francisco Calvo, the editor praised Rizal, and asked composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who advocated
him to contribute more. reforms to the Philippine government.
• Rizal wrote another article, “Los Viajes.” • It was founded by Juan Atayde
• His last article “Revista de Madrid” was not • He wrote the poem “Mi Piden Versos” for the
published because the newspaper ceased society.
publication. • He collected second hand books on medicine,
philosophy, languages, geography, etc.
SAD NEWS FROM HOME • He loved the books “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” by Harry
• An epidemic broke out in the Philippines Beecher Stowe and “The Wandering Jew” by
• A cholera had killed many lives of Filipinos Eugene Sue.
• Leonor was very much depressed because of his
departure JOINING THE MASONS
• Paciano advised him to take his studies seriously. • In 1883, Rizal joined the Masons, a group of liberal
• Cholera is an infectious disease that can cause and republican thinkers.
severe diarrhea, dehydration, and death. • He was impressed by their attacks on the
• Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that is government.
caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. • He joined the Masonic Lodge Acacia in Madrid
• Rizal left Barcelona and established himself in • He used Dimasalang as his Masonic name
Madrid.
More Bad News from Home
A STUDENT OF MADRID • Philippine situation turned from bad to worse
• November 3, 1882 - Rizal enrolled at the • Harvest was down
Universidad Central de Madrid • Rent was raised exorbitantly by the Dominican
• He enrolled Medicine and Philosophy and Letters Estate
• He also studied painting and sculpture • His regular allowance was decreased
• Took language lessons in French, German, and • Juan Luna’s “Spoliarium” won the gold in the
English at the Academy of San Carlos National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid
• Honed his fencing and shooting skills at the Hall of • Felix Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the
Arms Sanz y Carbonell Populace” garnered the silver.
• He lived frugally and managed his time wisely • Rizal paid tribute to the two
• He occasionally drank when he was in the company
of his friends A DOCTOR & PHILOSOPHER
• He sparingly bet on the lottery • June, 21, 1884 – Rizal completed his studies in
Medicine
“Torn Between Two Lovers” • From 1884-1885, he studied and passed all the
• Rizal was welcomed in the house of Don Pablo subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of
Ortiga y Rey, a former civil governor in Manila Medicine
• Don Pablo has a Filipina wife and two daughters: • Did not passed the thesis required for graduation
Pilar and Consuelo. • He did not pay the graduation fees
• It was Consuelo who awakened the heart of Rizal to • He was not awarded his doctor’s diploma
love anew • He also finished the degree Philosophy and Letters
• He did not pursue his love for Consuelo because he • On his 24th birthday, he was awarded the diploma
still loved Leonor and he was planning to leave • His rating was excellent
Madrid after his studies.
• Consuelo chose Eduardo de Lete over Rizal. MADRID STUDIES
THE PROPAGANDA
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 23
MOVEMENT MEDICAL PRACTICE AND STUDIES included upper-class Filipinos from all the lowland
TOUR OF EUROPE Christian areas, strove to "awaken the sleeping
intellect of the Spaniard to the needs of our
A. MADRID STUDIES country" and to create a closer, more equal
• On November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in the association of the islands and the motherland.
Universidad Central de Madrid in two courses, • Among their specific goals were representation of
Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. Aside from his the Philippines in the Cortes, or Spanish parliament;
university studies, he studied painting and secularization of the clergy; legalization of Spanish
sculpture, took language lessons on French, German and Filipino equality; creation of a public school
and English in the Academy of San Carlos, and system independent of the friars; abolition of the
honed his fencing and shooting skills in the Hall of polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local
Arms Sanz y Carbonell. products to the government); guarantee of basic
• Rizal led a Spartan life in Madrid. He lived frugally, freedoms of speech and association; and equal
managed his time wisely for studying, attending opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter
lectures and going to the operas and religious government service.
fiestas. Contrary to other claims, Rizal drank
occasionally but lightly, especially when he was in Jose Rizal, the Propagandist
the company of friends. His only way of gambling • The most outstanding Propagandist was José Rizal,
was the lottery which really became habitual. a physician, scholar, scientist, and writer. Born in
1861 into a prosperous Chinese mestizo family in
Madrid Inspiration Laguna Province, he displayed great intelligence at
• It was during this time that he visited the home of an early age. After several years of medical study at
Don Pablo Ortega y Rey. He was a former civil the University of Santo Tomás, he went to Spain in
governor of Manila. Rizal and other Filipino Students 1882 to finish his studies at the University of
played parlor games with his two charming Madrid.
daughters, Pilar and Consuelo. It was Consuelo who • In 1882, shortly after his arrival in Madrid, Rizal
awakened Rizal’s heart. As time passed by, Rizal and joined the Circulo-Hispano-Filipina. This circle was
Consuelo became intimately close. And although composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who believed
Eduardo de Lete was also courting her, Consuelo that reforms be introduced in the Philippines. Its
came to love Rizal. founder was Juan Atayde. Upon the request of the
• However, with great will power, Rizal did not allow members of the society, he wrote a poem entitled
the romance to grow for reasons that first, he still Mi Piden Versos (They Asked Me For Verses).
loved Leonor and, second, he was planning to leave • His love for books encouraged him to economize his
Madrid right after his studies. In the end, Consuelo living expenses and soon, with great diligence, he
chose Lete over Rizal, not because she came short was able to build a fair-sized private library,
of her love for the latter, but because he was just consisting mostly of second-hand books bought
being inconsistent with her. from a bookstore owned by a certain Señor Roses.
His collections of numerous books were on
B. THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT medicine, philosophy, languages, geography and
the arts among others. Rizal was deeply affected by
• Between 1872 and 1892, a national consciousness
Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Eugene
was growing among the Filipino émigrés who had
Sue’s The Wandering Jew. These books aroused his
settled in Europe. In the freer atmosphere of
sympathy for his oppressed people.
Europe, these émigrés--liberals exiled in 1872 and
• During the decade that followed, Rizal's career
students attending European universities--formed
spanned two worlds: Among small communities of
the Propaganda Movement.
Filipino students in Madrid and other European
• It was organized for literary and cultural purposes
cities, he became a leader and eloquent spokesman,
more than for political ends, the Propagandists, who
and in the wider world of European science and
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 24
scholarship--particularly in Germany--he formed the larger Malay region (including modern Malaysia
close relationships with prominent natural and and Indonesia) and the closely related political
social scientists. objective of encouraging national pride. De Morga
• The new discipline of anthropology was of special provided positive information about the islands'
interest to him; he was committed to refuting the early inhabitants, and reliable accounts of pre-
friars' stereotypes of Filipino racial inferiority with Christian religion and social customs.
scientific arguments. His greatest impact on the
development of a Filipino national consciousness, Jose Rizal, the Mason
however, was his publication of two novels--Noli Me • Rizal then came into contact with the liberal and
Tangere (Touch Me Not) in 1886 and El republican elements, majority of them were
Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) in 1891. Masons. He was easily impressed by the way
• Rizal drew on his personal experiences and depicted prominent Spanish Masons attack the government.
the conditions of Spanish rule in the islands, In time, his friends, who were Masons, persuaded
particularly the abuses of the friars. Although the him into Masonry. Thus in 1883, he joined the
friars had Rizal's books banned, they were smuggled Masonry, Rizal naturally ceases going to church and
into the Philippines and rapidly gained a wide led a life as a “free thinker”. His first Masonic lodge
readership. was “Acacia”.
• Other important Propagandists included Graciano • Things in the Philippines turned bad to worse. The
Lopez-Jaena, a noted orator and pamphleteer who harvest was down. The rent on the lands cultivated
had left the islands for Spain in 1880 after the by his family was raised to exorbitant rate by the
publication of his satirical short novel, Fray Botod manager of the Dominican Estate. Due to the lean
(Brother Fatso), an unflattering portrait of a situation, his regular allowance decreased and at
provincial friar. In 1889 he established a biweekly time ceased to arrive. Rizal's prime encounter with
newspaper in Barcelona, La Solidaridad (Solidarity), Freemasonry occurred when he was in Spain, where
which became the principal organ of the he made the acquaintance of some liberal and
Propaganda Movement, having audiences both in republican Spaniards who were mostly Masons.
Spain and in the islands. • He admired the way these Masons scrutinized and
• Its contributors included Rizal; Dr. Ferdinand criticized the methods of the government and
Blumentritt, an Austrian geographer and criticized the haughty friars, a freedom which could
ethnologist whom Rizal had met in Germany; and not be practiced in the Philippines.
Marcelo del Pilar, a reform-minded lawyer. Del Pilar • Eventually, in 1883, Rizal joined the Masonic lodge
was active in the anti-friar movement in the islands in Madrid which was called Acacia. His central
until obliged to flee to Spain in 1888, where he motive in joining the society was to secure the aid
became editor of La Solidaridad and assumed of the Freemasons in his battle against the abusive
leadership of the Filipino community in Spain. friars in the Philippines.
• In 1887 Rizal returned briefly to the islands, but • Since the friars used the might of Catholicism to
because of the furor surrounding the appearance of oppress and persecute the country's patriots, Rizal
Noli Me Tangere the previous year, he was advised intended to fight them with Freemasonry.
by the governor to leave. • On November 15, 1890, Rizal became a Master
• He returned to Europe by way of Japan and North Mason in Lodge Solidaridad in Madrid. Two years
America to complete his second novel and an later he was awarded Master Mason in Paris by Le
edition of Antonio de Morga's seventeenth-century Grand Orient de France.
work, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (History of the • Some of his comrades including Graciano Lopez-
Philippine Islands). Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Marcelo H. del Pilar,
• The latter project stemmed from an ethnological were also active Masons. Rizal, on the other hand,
interest in the cultural connections between the was more placid. His only Masonic writing was
peoples of the pre-Spanish Philippines and those of
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 25
entitled "Science, Virtue and Labor," which he • The next academic year (1884-1885) he studied and
delivered in 1889. passed all the subjects leading to degree of Doctor
of Medicine.
A portion of his lecture reads: • Due to the fact, however, that he did not present
The duty of modern man, to my way of thinking, is to the thesis required for graduation, nor paid the
work for the redemption of humanity, because once man corresponding fees. He was not awarded his
is dignified there would be less unfortunate and more doctor’s diploma.
happy men that is possible in this life. Humanity cannot • Nevertheless, he was given his Licentiate in
be redeemed so long as there are oppressed peoples, so Medicine and was entitled to practice. The only
long as there are some men who live on the tears of thing he was disqualified from doing was to teach
many, so long as there are emasculated minds and Medicine in the university, which was, anyway, not
blinded eyes that enable others to live like sultans who part his plans.
alone may enjoy beauty. Humanity cannot be redeemed • On his 24th birthday he was awarded by the
while reason is not free, while faith would want to university the degree in Licentiate in Philosophy and
impose itself on facts, while whims are laws, and while Letters with the rating of excellent. Upon
there are nations who subjugate others. For humanity completing his studies, he became more eager to
to be able to attain the lofty destiny toward which God see more of Europe to practice medicine and to
guides it, it is necessary that within its fold there should discover more things that would be beneficial to his
be no dissensions nor tyranny, that plagues do not people and his native land.
decimate it and no groans and curses be heard in its
march. It is necessary that its triumphant career march C. PARISIAN LIFE AND TOUR OF EUROPE
to the tune of the hymns of glory and liberty with a bright • After graduation, Rizal prepared for a journey to
face and serene forehead. Paris. He dropped by Barcelona to see his friend
Maximo Viola, a wealthy medical student who hails
Masters of the Arts from San Miguel, Bulacan.
• It was during this period when two Filipino masters • He was introduced to Señor Eusebio Corominas,
of the brush won honors at the National Exposition editor of La Publicidad. Corominas introduced him
of the Fine Arts in Madrid Juan Luna’s canvas to the owner Don Miguel Morayta.
“Spoliarium” won a gold medal (3 won) while Felix • He submitted the article Carolines Questions for
Hidalgo’s “Christian Virgins Exposed to the publication.
Populace” took home a silver medal (12 won). • By October 1885, Rizal was living in Paris. He
• Rizal, in banquet in honor of the two gave an practiced ophthalmology under Dr. Luis de Weckert
eloquent speech that highlighted his poetic genius at Crugen Clinic, 55 Rue Du Cherche-Midi.
and refined sarcasm about the bigotry and • He paid visits to the Pardo de Tavera Family. He
blindness of many Spaniards who could not would frequently stay at the studio of his Ilocano
comprehend the university genius. friend Juan Luna. In the “Death of Cleopatra”, Rizal
• Rizal declared in the speech called “Brindis” that posed as an Egyptian priest while Juan Luna posed
talent is not a monopoly of any race or country as Cleopatra himself.He became friend to Nelly
because it can be found in anyone and anywhere Boustead, a French-English lady with whom he will
around the world. fall in love later.
• Rizal had natural talent in creating music even
A Doctor and a Philosopher though he admitted that his voice was really bad. He
• He then completed his medicine studies for that liked music though it never liked him. Nevertheless,
year at the Universidad Central de Madrid on June he got inclined to music and participated in many
21, 1884. presentations. With constant practice he came to
play the flute fairly well.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 26
He wrote musical pieces like: • Rizal was in Dresden from October 29 to November
• Leonor 1, 1886. He met Dr. Adolph Meyer, naturalist from
• El Canto del Prisionero Dresden University.
• Alin Mang Lahi (a patriotic hymn) • Rizal admired Berlin due to its scientific atmosphere
• El Canto de Maria Clara (in Noli Me Tangere) and the absence of racial prejudice. He personally
• Himno A Talisay met Dr. Feodor Jagor, author of “Travels in the
• El Canto del Viajero (during his Dapitan Exile) Philippines”, Dr. Rudolf Virchow and Dr. Hans
Virchow.
Rizal left Paris for Germany on February 8, 1886. • To earn some income, he worked also in the clinic of
Dr. R. Schulzer, a German Ophthalmologist. Dr. R.
IN LOVE WITH GERMANY Virchow was generous enough to invite him to give
• Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a historic German City a lecture on the Tagalog language. He also wrote the
famous for its old University and other medieval scholarly paper entitled “Tagalinsche Verskunst”.
structures. He stayed in a boarding house with some • Rizal lived in Berlin for certain reasons.
German law students. They encourage him to join o To finish writing and later publish his first
the Chess Players Club. novel “Noli Me Tangere”
• He worked as an assistant ophthalmologist in the o To promote the existence of the Filipinos and
clinic of Dr. Javier Galezowski. He also attended to share their political conditions to the
lectures of Dr. Otto Becker. Germans.
• Wrote “A Las Flores de Heidelberg”, which is about o To expose the plight of the Filipinos under
flowers in Neckar River on April 22, 1886. His Spanish rule and their desire for
favorite flower was the bluish “forget-me-not.” He independence
loved to stroll beside the Neckar River. • The winter months of 1886 became the worst time
• Rizal went to Wilhelmsfeld on April 26, 1886 to for Rizal in Berlin. For a long period there was no
board with Lutheran Pastor Dr. Karl Ullmer and his money that arrived from Calamba. With no money
Family. At present, Wilhelmsfeld pays tribute to at all, Rizal felt his novel would not be published at
Rizal through a museum that was built in his honor. all. He threw the Noli to the fireplace believing that
Outside the museum, a life-size statue of Rizal it would have more use as firewood. Immediately,
stands in the middle of the garden in front of a small coming to his senses in a snap, he withdrew it. In
pond. the midst of hunger and cold, Rizal’s desperation
• Return to Heidelberg. On July 31, 1886, He wrote a and discouragement started to grow.
letter to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt, Director of
Ateneo of Leitmeritz in Austria. He also gave him a A Gift from Above
book entitled “Arithmetica” by Rufino Baltazar • In the midst of his agonizing moment an “angel”
Hernandez. arrived. His friend Maximo Viola arrived. He paid all
• On August 6, he witnessed the celebration of the his financial obligations and needs. He also
500th founding anniversary of University of financed the initial printing of the Noli amounting
Heidelberg. He visited some cities and towns in to P300. Truly, Viola was Rizal’s “savior” Viola came
Germany like Mannheim, Rudesheim and Eisenach. to fulfill his promise that he and Rizal would tour
• He befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, a German Europe.
historian and psychologist at the University of • Before they proceeded on the tour, Rizal had the
Leipzig. He also attended some lectures while in novel be printed first. After the Noli came off the
University press, the two embarked for the tour. Before the
• He also translated into Tagalog the legend of tour, Rizal received his long-delayed allowance of
“William Tell” and the Fairy tales of Hans Christian P1,000 from his brother Paciano through Juan Luna
Andersen that included “The Little Mermaid, from Paris. Rizal paid Viola immediately. The rest,
Thumbelina and the Ugly Duckling. he spent for the tour expenses.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 27

D. TOUR OF EUROPE NOTES:

• The first stop Rizal and Viola was Potsdam, a city Inquisition Procedure
near Berlin, which was made famous by Frederick • The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical court and
the Great. process of the Roman Catholic Church setup for the
• Their next destination was the German City purpose towards the discovery and punishment of
Dresden. Here they paid a quick visit to Dr. Adolph heresy which wielded immense power and
B. Meyer and the Museum of Art Dresden. brutality in medieval and early modern times.
• By May 3, Rizal and Viola were in Leitmeritz. They • The Inquisitions function was principally assembled
were picked up at the station by Blumentritt to repress all heretics of rights, depriving them of
himself. Blumentritt gave them accommodations their estate and assets which became subject to the
to the Hotel Krebs during the length of their stay. ownership of the Catholic treasury, with each
• Rizal also remembered when Blumentritt treated relentlessly sought to destroy anyone who spoke,
them to a drink in a “beer hausen”. Rizal could not or even thought differently to the Catholic Church.
forget the taste of Bohemia which was considered • This system for close to over six centuries became
as the best in Europe. the legal framework throughout most of Europe
• Rizal and Viola in another occasion attended a that orchestrated one of the most confound
meeting of the Tourist Club of Leitmeritz where religious orders in the course of mankind.
Blumentritt serve as secretary. Rizal also got to
meet a few scientists in Leitmeritz like Dr. Czepelak Methods of Punishments to Heretics:
and Prof. Klutschak. 1. The Pulley
• On the 17th of May, the duo boarded a train going - The pulley is known as the strappado or the
to Prague, a historic Czech City. They were garrucha this was the first method of torture the
introduced themselves to a certain Dr. Wilkomm, a Inquisition usually applied. Executioners would
natural history professor. hoist the victim up to the ceiling using a rope with
• They also visited some sights in Prague like The their hands tied securely behind their back. They
Tomb of Copernicus, the Museum of Natural were then suspended about six feet from the floor.
History and the Cave of San Juan Nepomuceno, a In this position, heavy iron weights, usually
catholic Martyr. amounting to about 45 kg, were attached to their
• On May 20, they were in Vienna, capital of Austria- feet. The executioners would then pull on the rope,
Hungary and referred to as “Queen of the Danube”. then suddenly allowing it to slack causing the victim
They stayed in the Hotel Metropole. Rizal met to fall.
Norfenfals, one of the greatest novelists in Europe.
• After touring around Vienna, the two decided to 2. The Rack
leave on a cruise to the Danube River. They also - The rack is a favorite of the Inquisition. A
met and got acquainted with a very lovely lady rectangular frame, with a roller at one or both ends.
whom Viola referred to as, “the Viennese The victim's ankles are fastened to one roller and
Temptress”. the wrists are chained to the other handle and
ratchet mechanism attached to the top roller are
Other Tourist Attractions in Europe used to very gradually increase the tension on the
• Munich is called the “City of Beers” because beer chains, inducing excruciating pain, straining the
was found anytime and anywhere in the entire city. ropes until the sufferer's joints were dislocated and
• Nuremburg was the site of the infamous Catholic eventually separated. Additionally, if muscle fibres
Holy Inquisition for Catholic heretics. are stretched excessively they lose their ability to
contract, rendering them ineffective.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 28
3. ‘The Pear of Anguish’ compressing the head between the bar and cap.
- ‘The Pear of Anguish’ is quite possibly one of the Teeth and the jaw would often break first, with the
most gruesome and painful methods. This device eyes slightly later – it was such an effective method
would be inserted into an appropriate orifice – as the pain could be extended for as long as the
those accused of Blasphemy the mouth, those torturer wished, or as long as it took for a
accused of sodomy into the anus, and women confession.
accused of adultery, incest or of ‘sexual union with
9. ‘The Heretics fork’
Satan or his familiars’ in the vagina. There was no
- ‘The Heretics fork’ is a metal rod with two prongs at
set mode of use for generic Heretics, with freedom
both ends attached to a leather strap worn around
bestowed upon the Torturer. The instrument would
the neck. The top fork was placed on the fleshy part
then be progressively expanded, and I’m sure not
under the chin, while the other end dug into the
much is left to the imagination………
bone of the sternum, keeping the neck stretched
4. ‘The Turtle’ and the head erect at all times. Ensuring optimal
- ‘The Turtle’ is a method wherein the accused agony was simple. A person wearing the heretic’s
Heretic would be placed under a wooden board, and fork was kept from lying down by either being hung
large stones placed on top, causing crushing pain from the ceiling or suspended in some manner that
and slow suffocation. proved distressing. Those wearing the device were
only able to murmur to their torturers; any
5. ‘The Iron Boot’
movement of the jaw would force the sharp prongs
- ‘The Iron Boot’ affectionately known as bootikens is
to further penetrate their skin. It was effective for
designed to crush the foot and legs. These were
long use because victims usually died of sleep
boots that went from the person's ankles to knees.
deprivation and fatigue.
Wedges were hammered up the length of the boot
into the person's leg, breaking and crushing bones 10. ‘Toca’
as it went. - ‘Toca’ or Waterboarding is a method of torture
wherein the victim’s face is covered with a cloth,
6. ‘The Breast Ripper’
and water is poured onto the cloth, so that they had
- ‘The Breast Ripper’ or the ‘Spanish Spider’ the name
the impression of drowning.
of this device speaks for itself. Women condemned
- Ulm is a German city famous for its largest and
of heresy, blasphemy, adultery, and witchcraft
tallest cathedral in the country
often felt the wrath of this device as it violently tore
- Rheinfall is the last German stop. It is also famous
a breast from their torso.
for its waterfalls.
7. The ‘Judas Cradle’
- The ‘Judas Cradle’ is another particularly painful and Tour of Switzerland
humiliating torture. The victim was stripped, In Schaffhausen, they stayed there for two days. In Basel
hoisted and hung over this pointed pyramid with and Bern, nothing significant took place there. Lausanne
iron belts. Their legs were stretched out frontwards, is the Swiss winter capital. On June 19th, Rizal
or their ankles pulled down by weights. The celebrated his 26th Birthday with Viola in Geneva. After
tormentor would then drop the accused onto the 15 days of stay in the city, the two parted ways on the
pyramid penetrating both orifices. With their 23th, for Viola had to return to Barcelona.
muscles contracted, they were usually unable to
Rizal Tours Italy
relax and fall asleep.
Rizal visited the cities of Turin, Milan, Venice, and
8. The ‘Head crusher’ Florence, birthplaces of the Renaissance. Rome, the
- The ‘Head crusher’ is a brutal torture device capital city of Italy, also called the “City of the Caesars.”
commonly used only by the Spanish Inquisition. The Vatican City, The capital of the Roman Catholic Church,
person’s chin was placed over a bottom bar and the also called the “City of Popes.”
head under an upper metal cap. The executioner
then slowly turned the screw, gradually
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 29
Noli Me Tangere Controversy
MIDTERM Rizal received an invitation, a summons, a writ
commanding the sheriff, or other authorized officer, to
notify a party to appear in court to answer a complaint
COURSE UNIT 6 made against him and in the said writ specified, on a day
RIZAL’S FIRST HOMECOMING therein mentioned from Governor-General Emilio
2ND TRAVEL ABROAD Terrero regarding the novel which has become a hot
issue. He went to Malacañang to answer any question
JAPAN INTERLUDE surrounding his novel. He denied that he was a spy from
SIDE TRIP TO THE USA Germany. He explained that he was only expressing the
A. THE 1st HOMECOMING truth of what is going on in the society in his novel. The
August 1886, Rizal decided to return to the Philippines. Governor was satisfied with his answer and asked for a
He left Rome by train for Marseilles, boarded the copy of the novel, since he had not read the novel
Djemnah bound to Saigon. himself.

On July 30, 1886, Rizal arrived in Saigon, where he Rizal’s enemies kept doing everything to persecute him.
transferred to the steamer Haifong. They accused the novel to have subversive ideas against
the church and the Spanish government.
On August 6, 1886, Rizal arrived in Manila. He noticed
that Manila has not changed that much. The kind Governor assigned a bodyguard for Rizal, to
protect him from danger. His bodyguard was a young
On August 7, 1886, he reached Calamba, where there Spanish Lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade. The
was a dramatic meeting. After a few days, Rizal turned two became true friends in no time at all because they
the ground floor of their house into a medical clinic. His have common interests.
first patient was his mother who could hardly see. He
successfully restored the eyesight of his mother which The powerful friars put the novel under strict scrutiny
had double cataracts. headed by Manila Archbishop Msgr. Pedro Payo. He
sent a copy to the UST Fr. Rector Gregorio Echevarria for
The good news spread like wildfire as many sick people examination. The latter found the novel heretical,
flock to seek medical help. His professional fee was very impious, and scandalous.
simple: If the patient is poor, a simple “thank you” is
enough. Some patients gave him vegetables, fruits, The Governor sent the novel for further assessment to
chickens, etc. If the patient is rich, he would charge in the Permanent Commission on Censorship composed of
the European way. The people called him Dr. Uleman priests and laymen headed by Fr. Salvador Font, Tondo
having arrived from Germany. parish priest. The body found the novel with subversive
ideas against the Church and the Spanish government.
Rizal shared his blessings to his townmates. He built a The Commission recommended that the book be
gymnasium for the youth to discourage them from banned and have its circulation in the islands be totally
engaging in different forms of gambling. He wanted stopped. The move boomeranged because it only made
them to spend time on productive activities. the Filipinos more curious in reading the novel. Thus, the
novel’s price was exorbitantly priced. No arrests were
Unfortunately, Rizal failed to see Leonor in his six made, thanks to the liberal-minded governor.
months’ vacation due to the conflicts of his parents and
Leonor’s.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 30
Rizal’s Enemies from the Church The friars were furious because they were attacked on
Among Rizal’s enemies were Manila Archbishop Msgr. their most sensitive point: money! The report never
Pedro Payo, UST Rector Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, Fr. reached the desk of the governor-general. The
Salvador Font- head of the Permanent Commission on Dominicans responded by filing an action for eviction
Censorship. against the Calamba tenants. However, when the justice
of the Peace of Calamba ruled in favor of the tenants,
Fr. Jose Rodriguez published an anti-Noli pamphlet the Dominicans immediately brought the case to the
entitled “Caiingat Cayo.” The pamphlet stated that Supreme Court in Manila, which immediately decided in
“whoever reads the novel commits a mortal sin.” the Dominican’s favor. The tenants and the Rizal family
had no recourse but to appeal their case to the Supreme
Another attacker of the Noli was Vicente Barrantes, a Court in Madrid.
Spanish writer who openly criticized the novel in the
Spanish newspaper La Esperanza Moderna. Rizal advised his family to stop paying the rent. The rest
of the Calamba tenants followed suit and with Rizal’s
Allies of Dr. Jose Rizal encouragement, petitioned the government to
Meanwhile, Rizal also had allies like Marcelo H. Del Pilar- intervene by authorizing and supervising the drawing up
using the pen name Dolores Manapat, who published a of a new contract between the people of Calamba and
pamphlet entitled “Caiigat Cayo” that refuted and the Dominican landowners.
ridiculed Fr. Rodriguez’ “Caiingat Cayo.”
Dominican Corruption and Financial Deceit on a
The other one was Fr. Francisco Sanchez, Rizal’s beloved Massive Scale
Ateneo teacher. The original hacienda owned by the Jesuits consisted of
only a small part of land and included only a part of the
Calamba Agrarian Problem town, but the Dominicans had claimed a much more
On 6 September 1890, general Weyler began enforcing extensive area, no less than the whole town and its
the will of the Dominicans by sending artillery and surrounding fields. The Dominicans were paying the
military forces to Calamba which started to demolish government only the income tax due on the original
the house of Rizal’s parents. Rizal’s brother, brothers in smaller hacienda.
law were arrested and exiled to different places of the
archipelago. On the first day 60 families were thrown Rizal wrote down his findings, which were signed by the
out of their houses and the sugar mills and all other tenants in January 1888, and he submitted the report to
buildings they had erected were destroyed. The the government.
Dominicans forbade the rest of the townspeople to give
the unfortunates lodging and hospitality. By the end of The friars wanted to withhold the tenants to tell the
September 400 tenants had been evicted. truth. The Rizal family as well as the other Calamba
tenants wanted to tell the truth. The tenants asked Rizal
The liberal governor-general Terrerro was at that time to draft a report for the town council. Rizal asked his
replaced by the conservative general Valeriano Weyler town mates to supply him with all the relevant facts
in 1888. He was completely on the side of the about the estate from the very beginning. Rizal had not
Dominicans. One of his first acts was to enforce the anticipated but he soon became the center of the
court ruling for the eviction of the tenants. The first to tenant’s struggle against the Dominicans.
be evicted was the Rizal family.
It started innocently. On 30th December 1887, when the
The Dominicans put pressure on Malacañang to government, wondering why the revenue paid by the
eliminate Rizal. Governor-general Terrero advised Rizal Dominicans Order had remained constant despite the
to leave the Philippines for his own good. ever-increasing size of cultivated lands, formally asked
the Calamba town council to determine whether there
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 31
had been any increase in the products and the size of According to Rizal in his letter to Blumentritt, Hong Kong
the Dominican estate over the past three years. is a small, but very clean city. Many Portuguese, Hindus,
English, Chinese and Jews live here. There are some
What came out was a horror story of Dominican Filipinos exiled in Marianas Islands since 1872. They
corruption and financial deceit on a massive scale. The were former financiers and rich but now are poor,
original hacienda owned by the Jesuits consisted of only gentle and timid.
a small part of land and included only a part of the town,
but the Dominicans had claimed a much more extensive Rizal also Visited Macau, a Portuguese colony near Hong
area, no less than the whole town and its surrounding Kong. Rizal together with Basa boarded a ferry named
fields. The Dominicans were paying the government Kiu-Kiang going to Macau. Curiously, Jose Sainz de
only the income tax due on the original smaller Varanda is among the passengers. Rizal and Basa visited
hacienda. Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, a Filipino gentleman who is
married to a Portuguese lady. Rizal and Basa stayed in
Ownership of the Calamba hacienda passed on to the his house for two days while they were in Macau.
Dominicans after the Jesuits, who originally owned it,
were expelled in 1768. The Dominicans owned During Rizal’s two week vacation in Hong Kong, he
practically all the lands around Calamba. The tenants studied Chinese life, language, drama and customs and
suffered since many years due to the unjustified taxes found out the following which he wrote in his diary:
they had to pay. Even if there was an economic crisis or • The celebration of the Chinese New Year was
the harvest was bad, the rent and taxes still went up. quite very noisy due to the continuous
The tenants suffered under the friars. explosion of firecrackers on the streets.
• The Lauriat party, wherein the guests were
B. RIZAL’S 2ND TRAVEL ABROAD served a variety of dishes, shows lavishness and
Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave hospitality among the Chinese.
his country for the second time in 1888. He was 27 years • The Dominican Order, the richest religious order
old, a practicing physician, and a recognized man of in Hong Kong, had millions of dollars deposited
letters. in various banks earning very high interests.
• The graveyards for Catholics, Protestants and
Rizal in Hong Kong and Macau Muslims were well maintained.
Amoy, in Hong Kong was the first stop over of the ship.
After six months of staying in the Philippines Rizal left C. RIZAL in JAPAN, the Land of the Cherry Blossoms
via the steamer Zafiro bound for Hong Kong. Rizal left Hong Kong on board of the Oceanic, an
American steamer on his way to Japan. He arrived in
Rizal did not get off the ship for the following reasons: Yokohama, Japan and stayed for one day in the Grand
(a) He was not feeling well. Hotel.
(b) It was raining hard.
(c) He heard that the city is dirty. After spending a day in Yokohama, Rizal went to Tokyo
and stayed in Tokyo Hotel for five days. Juan Perez
Hong Kong is a British colony by that time. Rizal stayed Caballero – secretary of the Spanish legation visited him
in the Victoria Hotel. There he met Jose Maria Basa, in the hotel inviting him to stay in the Spanish legation.
Balbino Mauricio, and Manuel Yriarte (son of the alcalde Knowing that it is a plot to monitor him, Rizal accepted
mayor in Calamba) the offer for the following reasons:
• He could economize his living expenses
Jose Sainz de Varanda, a Spaniard and former secretary • He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of
of Governor-General Terrero shadowed Rizal’s the Spanish authorities.
movement in Hong Kong. It is believed that he was • He and Caballero became good friends.
commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 32
In Japan, Rizal was embarrassed because he did not a daughter named Yuriko, who married a son of a
know how to speak Nihonggo (Japanese Language) He Japanese senator. Seiko-Usui died in 1947 at age 80 and
was mistakenly considered as a Europeanized Japanese was buried beside her husband.
because he looks like a Japanese and yet speaks in
different tongues. D. RIZAL in the UNITED STATES
Rizal in steamer Belgic met a semi-Filipino family, Mr.
Rizal’s Impression of Japan Reinaldo Turner and his wife Emma Jackson, their
• The scenic beauty of the country children and maid from Pangasinan. He also met Tetcho
• The cleanliness, politeness and industry of the Suehiro, a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist,
Japanese people. champion of human rights, who was forced by the
• The picturesque dress and simple charm of the government to leave Japan.
Japanese women.
• There were few thieves in Japan. Tetcho Suehiro became a member of the Japanese
• Beggars are rarely seen in the city streets. Imperial Diet (Parliament). He wrote to novels: Nankai-
• Rickshaw, a popular mode of transportation no-Daiharan (Storm over the South Sea) in 1891
which he did not like in Japan. resembling Noli Me Tangere and O-unabara (The Big
Ocean) in 1894, resembling El Filibusterismo. He died in
Rizal and O-Sei-San 1896 at age 49 due to heart attack.
Seiko Usui, or more fondly called O-Sei-San, is a former
samurai’s daughter of 23 years old who had never Via the steamer Belgic, Rizal arrived in San Francisco,
experienced true love. She is a woman of beauty, charm, USA on April 28, 1888.
modesty and intelligence. She speaks French and English
fluently. According to the Americans, Cholera was an epidemic
raging in the Far East. Thus, all passengers are
When Rizal first introduced himself to her, he took off quarantined for safety. But, Rizal was surprised because
his hat as a sign of respect (A German custom). there is no outbreak of the disease in the Far East, thus
he joined other passengers in protest. In actuality, there
O-Sei-San was more than Rizal’s girlfriend, for she was were 643 Chinese coolies who boarded the ship from
his guide, interpreter and tutor. She improved his China who came as illegal migrants wanting to displace
knowledge of the Japanese language. She eases the pain the White laborers in railroad construction camp. But
left by Leonor Rivera. Rizal was questioning how come 700 bolts of silk were
unloaded without fumigation.
Rizal fell greatly in-love with O-Sei-San that he was
tempted to leave the Philippines and settle down in After a week Rizal together with other first class
Japan. He was offered a job in the Spanish Legation but passengers were permitted to land. But the Japanese
his brother Paciano wrote to him reminding him of his and the Chinese and passengers belonging to the
duty and why he left the Philippines in the first place. second and thirds class remained aboard.

Rizal left Japan via the ship Belgic, an English steamer in Rizal stayed in the Palace Hotel (then a first class hotel)
Yokohama bound for United States. It ended 45 days of in San Francisco. He stayed there for two days. Grover
his unforgettable stay in Japan and his relationship with Cleveland was the president when Rizal visited the
O-Sei-San. United States. There he met Leland Stanford, the
founder and benefactor of the Stanford University who
was then a senator representing California.
O-Sei-San after Rizal’s Departure
Alfred Charlton became the husband of O-Sei-San in Rizal Toured the United States
1897, one year after Rizal was executed. He was a British • Oakland, California was the first stop via
teacher of chemistry in Peers’ School in Tokyo. They had ferryboat.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 33

• Via train Sacramento, where he ate his supper

75cents and slept at his couch.
• Reno, Nevada, where he had his breakfast
• Utah, where he saw Mormons, thickly
populated
• Colorado, a lot of snow and pine trees
• Nebraska, Omaha City, as big as San Francisco
• Missouri River, twice as big as Pasig River
• Chicago, a lot of Indians in cigar stores
• Albany, where he saw the Hudson River
• New York, which he considers a big city, where
he stayed for three days.

He left the United States for Liverpool, London on board

the City of Rome, and the second largest ship in the
world. Great Eastern was the largest ship in the world
during his time.

RIZAL’S IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA

• Material progress of the country as shown in
its cities, farms, and industries
• The drive and energy of the Americans
• The natural beauty of the land
• The high standard of living
• The opportunities for better life offered to
poor immigrants.
• America for Rizal was the land par excellence
of freedom but only for the Whites.
• Non-existence of true civil liberty, as Negro
cannot marry an American and vice versa.
• The existence of racial prejudice as shown in
their hatred of the Chinese, Japanese and
Negroes.
• The valuing of money over human life
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 34

WEEK 7 (PPT) • He went to Malacañang to answer any question

surrounding his novel.
FIRST HOMECOMING TO DEFENSE OF 1ST • He denied that he was a spy from Germany.
NOVEL • He explained that he was only expressing the truth
THE HOMECOMING of what is going on in the society in his novel.
• August 1887- Rizal decided to return to the • The Governor was satisfied with his answer and
Philippines. asked for a copy of the novel, since he had not read
• Left Rome by train for Marseilles the novel himself.
• Boarded the Djemmah bound to Saigon. • Rizal's enemies kept doing everything to persecute
• July 30, 1888- arrived in Saigon, where he him
transferred to the steamer Haifong. • They accused the novel to have subversive ideas
• August 6, 1888- Rizal arrived in Manila. against the church and the Spanish government
• Noticed that Manila has not changed that much. • The kind Governor assigned a bodyguard for Rizal,
to protect him from danger.
• August 1888- he reached Calamba, where there • His bodyguard was a young Spanish Lieutenant,
was a dramatic meeting. Don Jose Taviel de Andrade.
• He turned the ground floor of their house as a • The two became true friends in no time at all
medical clinic. because they have common interests.
• His first patient was his mother who could hardly
see NOLI ME TANGERE GOT BANNED
• He successfully restored the eyesight of his mother • The powerful friars put the novel under strict
which had double cataracts. scrutiny headed by Manila Archbishop Msgr. Pedro
• The good news spread like wildfire as many sick Payo.
people flock to seek medical help. • He sent a copy to the UST Fr. Rector Gregorio
Echevarria for examination.
His professional fee was very simple: • The latter found the novel heretical, impious, and
• lf the patient is poor, a simple "thank you" is scandalous.
enough. Some patients gave him vegetables, fruits, • The Governor sent the novel for further
chickens, etc. assessment to the
• lf the patient is rich, he would charge in the • Permanent Commission on
European way. • Censorship composed of priests and laymen
• The people called him. Dr. Uleman having arrived headed by Fr. Salvador Font, Tondo parish priest.
from Germany. • The body found the novel with subversive ideas
against the Church and the Spanish government.
Rizal shared his blessings to his townmates: • The Commission recommended that the book be
• He built a gymnasium for the youth to discourage banned and have its circulation in the islands be
them from engaging in different forms of gambling. totally stopped.
• He wanted them to spend time on productive • The move boomeranged because it only made the
activities. Filipinos more curious in reading the novel.
• But he failed to see Leonor in his six months • Thus, the novel's price was exorbitantly priced.
vacation due to the conflicts of his parents and • No arrests were made, thanks to the liberal-
Leonor's. minded governor.

NOLI ME TANGERE CONTROVERSY RIZAL’S ENEMIES FROM THE CHURCH

• Rizal received a summon from Governor-GeneraL 1. Manila Archbishop Msgr. Pedro Payo
Emilio Terrero regarding the novel which has 2. UST Rector Fr. Domingo Echevarria
become a hot issue. 3. Fr. Salvador Font-head of the Permanent
Commission on Censorship
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 35
4. Fr. Jose Rodriguez-who published an anti-Noli UNFORGETTABLE JAPAN
pamphlet entitled “Calingat Cayo." • After almost three weeks, on board the American
• The pamphlet stated that "whoever reads the steamer, Oceanic, he left Hongkong and sailed to
novel commits a mortal sin.* Japan where he was invited by Secretary Juan
• Another attacker of the Noll was Vicente Perez Caballero to live at the Spanish Legation.
Barrantes, a Spanish writer who openly • His instinct told him that it was a bait - a way for
criticized the novel in the Spanish newspaper the Spanish officials to keep track of his activities.
La Esperanza Moderna. • And since it was economical to stay at the legation
and he belfeved that he had nothing to hide, he
ALLIES OF DR. JOSE RIZAL accepted it.
1. Marcelo H. Del Pilar-using the pen name Dolores
Manapat, published a pamphlet entitled "Caiigat FILIPINO ENTERTAINERS IN JAPAN
Cayo" that refuted and ridiculed Fr. Rodriguez' • While strolling around at a park in Tokyo, Rizal
"Caiingat Cayo." went to listen to a group of performers playing the
2. Fr. Francisco Sanchez, Rizal's beloved Ateneo Westem Strauss music, a rare occasion in this
teacher. Oriental country.
• To his surprise, the musicians started to talk in
RIZAL’S SECOND TRAVEL ABROAD Tagalog.
A GLANCE OF EAST ASIA • They were Filipinos and Rizal introduced himself.
• On February 3, 1888, for the second time, Rizal
sailed to Hongkong as a frustrated being who AN AFFAIR TO REMEMBER
wanted the utmost reform in his native land. • Rizal was impressed by the scenic Japan and had
• He left on board the steamship Zafiro. keenly observed the life, customs and culture of
• He registered at the Victoria Hotel. the people.
• He had fallen in love not only with the view but
A HONGKONG VISIT more to its women, particularly with the 23-year
• In Hongkong, he was accompanied by Jose Maria old O-Sei-San (a.k.a. Seiko Usui).
Basa to Macau. • The friendship bloomed to become a romance.
• They had a short trip to Macau, a former • The relationship became so intimate that Rizal
Portuguese colony on board the ferry Kiu-Kiang. believed that it was the best affair he had so far.
• The two visited Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, former • Rizal was tempted to settle down in Japan and stay
Filipino delegate to the Spanish Cortes. with O-Sei-San but his love for his country was
• Terrero's former secretary, Jose Sainz de Varanda, more important than self.
spied on Rizal in the said colonies. • O-Sei-San understood the feeling of Rizal, and so
he let him leave her.
IMPRESSIONS ABOUT HONGKONG
• Noisy celebration of New Year O-Sei-San could have probably waited for Rizal,
• Noisy audience in a theatre and boisterous music because since his departure in 1888, she only decided
• Marathon lauriat meal to marry in 1897 after she learned that Rizal had been
• Dominican friars are the richest investors and executed in 1896.
estate owners
• Catholics owned the most extravagant cemeteries. Excerpts of Rizal's Diary:
• *..O-Sei-San, Sayonara, Sayonaral I have spent a
lovely golden month; I do not know if I can have
another one like that in all my life.
• *.. Love, money, friendship, appreciation, honor...
these have not been wanting.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 36
• “...Your image lives in my memory; and that 1 am • He boarded at the home of the Beckett's at
always thinking of you... your name lives in the Primrose Hill.
sighs of my lips, your image accompanies and • The Beckett family had three daughters, the eldest
animates all my thoughts…” was Gertrude or Gettie who had an affection for
Rizal.
A TOMODACHI • The Beckett home was conveniently located a
• Tomodach(友達，ともだち;or トモダチ)is a walking distance to the British Museum where he
Japanese word meaning "friend(s)". intended to have some studies.
• Rizal boarded the ship Belgic going to the United • He met Dr. Reinhold
States • Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• He met a Japanese journalist who was sent to exile at the British Museum.
for his antigovernment articles • He was a notable authority on Malayan culture.
• His name was Tetcho Suehiro. • They became friends as they shared common
• They became friends, having many things in sentiments on the Malayan race.
common.
• Suehiro wrote a book entitled "The Deaf A LETTER FROM HOME
• Traveler" wherein he mentioned his travel with BAD NEWS
Rizal. • Persecution of Filipino farmers who signed the
• His novel "Storm Over The Southern Seas" had a Anti-Friar Petition of 1888 led by Doroteo Cortez
similar plot like the Noli. • The Calamba tenants being persecuted by the
Dominican by management, including the Rizal
ACROSS THE UNITED STATES family
• April 28, 1888 - the Belgic docked at San Francisco, • Manuel Hidalgo (Saturnina's husband) was exiled
California to Bohol
• The passengers were not allowed to disembark • Laureano Viado, a UST medical student and friend
• They were put quarantine under of Rizal was jailed for having a copy of the Noli
• They learned later that there were 600 potential GOOD NEWS
illegal Chinese immigrants to the United States • Rev. Vicente Garcia, an authority of Theology from
• Rizal registered himself at the Palace Hotel where the Manila Cathedral came to the defense of the
he met the founder of the Stanford University, Mr. Noli Me Tangere against the attacks of the friars.
Leland Stanford.
SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS
IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA • Knowledge of the country's history was an
• The United States have maintained its natural essential tool needed by Rizal to effectively
beauty in spite of the industrial and technological campaign for people's honor and pride.
advancements • He engaged in extensive research about the
• The energy and diligence of the people Philippines at the British Museum
• America is truly a land of great opportunities • He copied and annotated the 1609 edition of
• Racial discrimination between the Whites and the Antonio de Morga's "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas."
Blacks

STUDIES IN LONDON ANTONIO DE MORGA

• May 24, 1888 - Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England • Antonio de Morga was a 17th century Spanish
from a tiring trip across the Atlantic Ocean. official and historian in the Philippines
• He moved to London the next day • His historical accounts were considered as one of
• He stayed in the house of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, the most objective during the Spanish period.
an 1872 exile and lawyer in London
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 37
• His book contained accounts of two of the earliest
writings of pre-colonial Philippines. AN UNSOLICITED ATTENTION
• Gettie Beckett came to fall in love with Rizal.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS • Rizal decided to leave London to avoid her, having
Antonio Pigafetta no feeling for her.
Chronicler of Ferdinand • He left for Paris to finally forget her.
Magellan's Expedition
THE PARIS EXPOSITION OF 1889
Gaspar de San Agustin • Paris was bursting with excitement in preparation
Served during Governor for the Universal Exposition of 1889.
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi's • Tourists from all parts of the world moved to the
Administration city.
• Rizal arrived here via train together with other
Their writings described the early life and industry of passengers speaking various languages.
the Filipinos that proved the following points: • Inns, hotels and boarding houses were all filled and
1. That the early Filipinos were engaged in trade fully booked for the event.
with other Asian neighbors. • Their rates grew sky high.
2. That the dominant religion in Manila, • In Paris, he continued his research at the
theVisayas and Mindanao was Islam; and Biblioteque Nationale to check on Morga's book.
3. That there was already an organized political • He also spent time with his friends; and visited the
government in the country called barangay Boustead family at Rue de Bassins.
headed by a rajah or a datu.
THE KIDLAT CLUB
Rizal also noted that a Chinese chronicle of the 12th • Rizal organized social group with fellow Filipinos in
century mentloned that the people of Luzon were by the end of March 1889, called the Ki Club.
honest and hardworking. • It was a temporary society to simply unite the
Filipinos here in Paris during the International
ANNOTATION OF MORGA’S “SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS Exposition.
FILIPINAS” and others
• Rizal wanted to write a history to disprove the INDIOS BRAVOS
allegation of the friars that our ancestors were • Rizal and his Kidlat Club members were inspired by
savage and uncivilized people. the Buffalo Bills troupe, a group of tall, dignified,
• He knew that such statements were a product of proud and powerful Indians.
who bigot views of a race who are proud of their • They decided to change their group's name to
heritage. "Indios Bravos" since they also don't have anything
• He also wrote many articles for the La Solidaridad to be ashamed of about their race.
to counter the attacks of Fr. Rodriguez on the Noli,
entitled generally"Cuestiones de Sumo Interes.” WHITE CHRISTMAS IN PARIS
• December 25, 1889 was a cold winter in Paris.
• Wrote a pamphlet entitled "La Vision del Fray • Rizal and Jose Albert planned to have adelightful
Rodriguez," using the penname "Dimasalang. Yuletide dinner.
• Also wrote "To the Women of Malolos" in which he • They had fried chicken, rice, and vegetables
encouraged the women to pursue their education • Shortly after New Year, Rizal went to London, then
and not merely blind followers of the friars back to Paris again.
• He contributed articles to the Trubners Record, • On January 28, he went to Brussels, Belgium.
related to Asian Studies such as the
"Two Eastern Fables, " and "Specimens of Tagala
Folklore.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 38

WEEK 8 - UNIT 8 pointing that it could damage their cause in Spain. Luna
when he became sober realized that he made afoul of
SAD EXPERIENCES IN EUROPE himself and apologized to Rizal.
RIZAL’S 2ND HOMECOMING
HONGKONG MEDICAL PRACTICE On another occasion, he challenged another man to a
BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT duel-Wenceslao Retaña, his bitter enemy of the pen. He
wrote in his article that the friends of Rizal had not paid
A. SAD EXPERIENCES IN EUROPE/ their rents so that they were ejected from their lands in
Misfortunes in Madrid Calamba. Such insult stirred Rizal to action, he
August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid. He immediately challenged Retaña to a duel and he said that Retaña's
secured the help of the Filipino colony and the blood or his apology could vindicate the good blame of
association of the Hispano-Filipino and the liberal Rizal's family and friends.
Spanish newspaper. In securing justice for the
oppressed Calamba tenants including his family. Retaña to save his own skin, he published a retraction
Together with MH Del Pilar (acted as his lawyer) and Dr. and an apology in the newspaper after being warned of
Dominador Gomez (secretary of the association) called Rizal's superior skills in both pistol and sword.
on the Minister of Colonies to protest the injustices
committed against the Calamba tenants. End of 11-Year Engagement
Amidst Rizal's frustrations in Madrid, he received a
Nothing came out of Rizal's interview. More terrible letter from Leonor Rivera, his girlfriend for 11 years
news reached Rizal as he was waging a futile war for informing him that she was getting married. It pained his
justice. He learned that there was already an ejectment heart greatly. He still loved Leonor despite having
order against Rizal's family and the other Calamba courted girls before. He grew pale and sickly having
tenants. He further learned that their parents were been jilted by Leonor.
forcibly ejected from their homes and were then living
in the house of Narcisa. He even sought the help of In his letter to Blumentritt, he accused Leonor of
liberal Spanish statesmen but he was again infidelity. His love turned to hatred.
disappointed. They just gave him honeyed words of
sympathy and nothing else. Galicano Apacible, a UST friend, consoled him by saying
there are many girls in the world. Heinformed Rizal that
Blumentritt urged him to talk with Queen Regent Maria the daughter of Piy Margall, was deeply in love with him,
Cristina (the ruler of Spain). But he could not because he ready to marry him,
had neither powerful friends to bring him to the queen
nor gold to grease the palms of influential courtiers. On Leonor's side, she was mad at Rizal having been very
Another disappointment happened when his friend Jose quiet. She said that she still loved Rizal, I that her
Ma.. Panganiban died in Barcelona after lingering decision to marry was not because she no longer loved
illness. him. She did it because she thought Rizal no longer loved
her. 11 years of waiting was too long. Leonor wasn't
Towards the end of August, Rizal attended a social getting younger and lamented the fact that Rizal didn't
reunion. At that time Antonio Luna was bitter because bother to see her. Rizal could have misunderstood her.
of his frustrated romance with Nellie Boustead, He was Leonor married Henry Kipping, an Englishman in Manila.
blaming Rizal for his failure to win her. In a fit of
jealousy, caused by his alcohol be-fogged mind, he The Leader of All Filipinos (Responsible)
uttered unsavoury remarks about Nellie. In a banquet at Calle de Atocha some Filipinos proposed
for the creation of a movement to bind the colony
Rizal overheard him and due to his high regards to together. A leader called "Responsible" would be the
women. Angrily he challenged Luna to a duel. The official representative of all Filipinos abroad. Rizal felt he
Filipinos was shocked and tried to pacify Rizal and Luna would be the rightful person.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 39
ready for printing. He brought the novel to Ghent
Others thought otherwise. They endorsed MH del Pilar's because printing was cheaper there. There was no
candidacy. In the 1st meeting, Eduardo de Lete financial aid sent by the
presided. Rizal was in favor of the creation of a new
movement. Del Pilar objected because to him they Centro de Propaganda. He had spent all his money for
already have the La Solidaridad and the AHP to take care the printing cost. He only received P100 from his
of the said objectives. His argument lost was overruled. countrymen as part of his allowance. He was abandoned
A committee was formed to draw the statutes. by the society after just a month. He was consoled by
the financial help given by Valentin Ventura
Rizal and Del Pilar became the two candidates. They
both wanted to withdraw. The rule of the election: the The novel was printed at F. Meyer van Loo Press. Rizal
winner must garner 2/3 majority vote. gave the original manuscripts to Ventura.

1st Balloting- Rizal was ahead but not enough. 2nd and Rizal Resigns
3rd Balloting gave the same results. The meeting Before leaving for Manila, He sent a letter of resignation
adjourned as a contributor of the La Solidaridad. He also sent a
message to his compatriots his decision to give up his
The next day, del Pilar was absent. The results didn't political leadership and fight in his own. This news
change Rizal grew impatient. He announced his saddened many Propaganda members.
withdrawal from the race. He bade farewell. But Ponce
quickly asked Lete, Sandiko, Luna and others to shift He quickly visited Nelly to bid goodbye. He will go back
their votes to Rizal. Dominador Gomez spoke in behalf to the Philippines to take care of his family's problems.
of the Pilaristas saying they changed their votes for the He boarded the SS Melboume, a ship from Marseilles
sake of unity. Thus, Rizal was voted unanimously. bound to Hong Kong. He was with the company of many
triars including Fr. Volunteri, less like Fr. Damaso.
Rizal gave his admonitions to the group in his
acceptance speech. Rizal blamed Eduardo de Lete for B. DR. JOSE RIZALMEDICAL PRACTICE IN HONG
the election fiasco. Expressed disappointment with del KONG
Pilar He said it would have been a disappointing news to Rizal and the German Ladies
the nationalist movement in Manila to know that Rizal Rizal was alone, having dinner, he overheard the
was defeated because he was the acknowledged leader German ladies which were gossiping loudly about him,
back home. being lonely. The door in the dining room was blown
open when the steamer encountered a heavy squall (a
A Biarritz Interlude gust of wind). One of the ladies said "if this man in
Rizal went to see Nelly in Biarritz. He finally decided to front of us were a gentleman; he would close the door.
marry Nelly Boustead. Conditions made by Nelly's Rizal heard this, and, without saying a word, closed the
father: door. This incident made the ladies embarrassed and
1. Abort all travels abroad and stay with Nelly treated Rizal with respect and admiration.
2. Practice medicine and stay away from politics
3. Become a Protestant before marriage Arrival in Hong Kong
On Nov. 20, 1891, Dr. Jose Rizal was welcomed by old
Rizal, however, decided to back down from his proposal friends, especially Jose Ma. Basa. He established his
thinking he wasn't ready yet to answer the given residence in No.5 D' Aguilar St., No.2 Rednaxela Terrace
conditions set by Nelly's father. where he also opened his medical clinic.
On Dec. 1, 1891, Rizal wrote to his parents to ask their
Printing of the El Filibusterismo permission for him to come home.
In February 1891, Rizal went back to Brussels to edit and
revise the novel. By end of May 1891, the novel was
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 40
His brother-in-law (Manuel T. Hidalgo) wrote him a Calamba". March 7, 1892. He went to Sandakan on
letter regarding: "deportation of 25 persons from board the ship Menon to negotiate with the British
Calamba including his father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, authorities for the establishment of a Filipino colony
Paciano and the rest of us." He also stated in his letter
that he's preparing a letter to the Queen Regent of Spain On May 26, 1892, Lopeziaena wrote to Rizal expressing
explaining the Calamba situation in order to secure his support and great desire in the project along with
justice. "If the Queen will not listen, we will write to their other friends: Juan and Antonio Luna, Blumentritt,
Queen Victoria of England to appeal for protection in Dr. Bautista Lin, etc.
the name of humanity."
Manuel Hidalgo, the brave Batangueño, one of Rizal's
Family Reunion in Hong Kong brothers-in-law, objected to his project
Before Christmas of 1891, Rizal's father, brother and
Silvestre Ubaldo (brother in-law) arrived in Hong Kong. Letter to Governor Eulogio Despujol
Not long afterwards his mother (who was then 65 years In hope of the Governor-General's sincerity in his
old and almost blind) and sisters, Lucia, Josefa and promises of a better government, Rizal wrote to him
Trinidad arrived. The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong offering him his cooperation. But governor general did
was one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal's not acknowledge Rizal's letter, violating the simple rule
life. He even wrote to Blumentritt on Jan. 31, 1892 of Spanish courtesy.
about the pleasant life they're living in Hong Kong.
On March 21, 1892, after waiting for 3 months for a
Ophthalmic Surgeon in Hong Kong reply for his first letter, Rizal wrote another letter
Rizal practiced medicine in order to earn a living for his which asked for permission for the landless Filipinos to
family. Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques, his friend and admirer, establish themselves in Borneo.
turned over to him many of his patients with eye
diseases; truly, he helped Rizal to build a wide clientele Borneo Colonization Project
(customers/clients). Instead of performing the simple "courtesy of a reply".
Despujol notified the Spanish consul general in Hong
Rizal successfully operated on his mother's left eye so Kong. He did not approve the Filipino immigration to
that she was able to read and write again. Some of his Borneo, alleging that: "the Philippines lacked laborers"
friends gave him moral and substantial aid in his medical and "it was not very patriotic to go off and cultivate
practice, from Biarritz, Mr. Boustead, Nellie's father, foreign soil."
wrote to him in March 21, 1892, praising him for
practising his medical profession. Writings in Hong Kong
o Ang Mga Karapatan Nang Tao. The translation
Dr. Ariston Baustista Lin, from Paris, sent him a of "The Rights of Man which was proclaimed in
congratulatory letter and a book, on Diagnostic the French Revolution 1789.
Pathology by Dr. H. Virchow and another book, Traite o A la Nacion Española (To the Spanish Nation)
Diagnostique by Mesnichock. Don Antonio Vergel de An appeal to Spain to right the wrongs done to
Dios, also from Paris, offered his services for the the Calamba tenants.
purchase of medical books and instruments which he o Sa Mga Kababayan was written on December
might need in his profession. 1891, explaining the Calamba agrarian
situation.

C. BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT In The Hong Kong Telegraph Rizal contributed articles
Rizal conceived the establishment of a Filipino colony in to this British daily newspaper. The editor was Mr.
North Borneo (Sabah. He planned to move the landless Frazier Smith, who was his friend.
Filipino families to that rich British-owned island. He
also planned to carve out of its virgin wildness a "New
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 41
On March 2, 1892 Rizal wrote "Una Visita a la Victoria Rizal Fell into Spanish Trap
Gaor A Visit to Victoria Gaol, an account of his visit to Immediately after Rizal's departure from Hong Kong:
the colonial prison of Hong Kong. the Spanish consul general, who issued the government
guarantee of safety, sent a cablegram to Gov. Despujol
To elucidate his pet Borneo colonization project he that the victim "is in the trap" On the same day, a secret
wrote: case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his followers
• "Colonisation du British North Borneo, par de "for anti-religious and anti-patriotic agitation"
Familles de lles Philippines"
• "Proyecto de Colonization del Vritish North Arrival in Manila with Sister
Borneo por los Filipinos On June 26, 1892, Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal and his
• June 1892, He wrote "La Mano Roja" (The Red widowed sister Lucia arrived in Manila. At 4:00PM, he
Hand) went to Malacañang Palace to seek audience with the
Spanish governor-general. On June 27, 1892, at 6:00pm,
D. DECISION TO RETURN TO MANILA Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his
In May 1892, Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila. friends in Malolos, San Fernando, Tarlac, and Bacolor.
This decision was spurred by the following:
1. To confer with Governor Despujol regarding his
Bomeo colonization project
2. To establish the Liga Filipina in Manila
3. To prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in
attacking him in Madrid

Last Hong Kong Letters

Relatives and friends of Rizal opposed his decision to
return home because it was like bearding the lions in
their den.

On June 19, 1892, he spent his birthday in Hong Kong.

Evidently, he had a premonition of his death, for the
following day, June 20, he wrote two letters which he
sealed, inscribed on each envelop "to be opened after
my death" and gave them to his friend Dr. Marquez for
safekeeping. His first letter addressed To My Parents,
Brethren and Friends. The second letter addressed to
The Filipinos.

On June 21, 1892, Rizal penned another letter in Hong

Kong for General Despujol. He informed the governor-
general of his coming to Manila and placed himself
under the protection of the Spanish government.

On June 21, 1892, Rizal and his sister Lucia, widow of

Herbosa, left Hong Kong for Manila. They carried a
special passport or "safe-conduct" issued by the Spanish
consul-general in Hong Kong.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 42

WEEK 8
Studies in London Antonio De Morga
• May 24, 1888 - Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England • Antonio de Morga was a 17th century Spanish
from a tiring trip across the Atlantic Ocean official and historian in the Philippines
• He moved to London the next day • His historical accounts were considered as one of
• He stayed in the house of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, the most objective during the Spanish period.
an 1872 exile and lawyer in London • His book contained accounts of two of the earliest
• He boarded at the home of the Beckett's at writings of pre colonial Philippines.
Primrose Hill.
Historical Accounts
• The Beckett family had three daughters, the eldest Antonio Pigafetta
was Gertrude or Gettie who had an affection for - Chronicler of Ferdinand
Rizal. - Magellan’s Expedition
• The Beckett home was conveniently located a
walking distance to the British Museum where he Gaspar de San Agustin
- Served during Governor Miguel Lopez de
intended to have some studies.
Legaspi’s Administration
• He met Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the
Their writings described the early life and industry of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the British Museum.
Filipinos that proved the following points:
• He was a notable authority on Malayan culture.
1. That the early Filipinos were engaged in trade
• They became friends as they shared common
with other neighbors. Asian
sentiments on the Malayan race.
2. That the dominant religion in Manila, the
Visayas and Mindanao was Islam; and
A Letter From Home
3. That there was already an organized political
Bad News
government in the country called barangay
• Persecution of Filipino farmers who signed the Anti-
headed by a rajah or a datu.
Friar Petition of 1888 led by Doroteo Cortez
• The Calamba tenants being persecuted by the Rizal also noted that a Chinese chronicle of the 12th
Dominican management, including the Rizal family century mentioned that the people of Luzon were
• Manuel Hidalgo (Saturnina's husband) was exiled to honest and hardworking.
Bohol
• Laureano Viado, a UST medical student and friend Annotation of Mortga’s “Suicesos de las Islas
of Rizal was jailed for having a copy of the Noli Filipinas” and others…
• Rizal wanted to write a history to disprove the
Good News allegation of the friars that our ancestors were
• Rev. Vicente Garcia, an authority of Theology from savage and uncivilized people.
the Manila Cathedral came to the defense of the • He knew that such statements were a product of
Noli Me Tangere against the attacks of the friars. bigot views of a race who are proud of their
heritage.
Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas • He also wrote many articles for the La Solidaridad to
• Knowledge of the country's history was an essential counter the attacks of Fr. Rodriguez on the Noli,
tool needed by Rizal to effectively campaign for generally entitled "Cuestiones de Sumo Interes."
people's honor and pride.
• He engaged in extensive research about the • Wrote a pamphlet entitled "La Vision del Fray
Philippines at the British Museum Rodriguez," using the penname "Dimasalang."
• He copied and annotated the 1609 edition of
Antonio de Morga's "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas."
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 43

• Also wrote "To the Women of Malolos" in which he White Christmas in Paris
encouraged the women to pursue their education • December 25, 1889 was a cold winter in Paris.
and not merely blind followers of the friars. • Rizal and Jose Albert planned to have a delightful
• He contributed articles to the Trubners Record, Yuletide dinner.
related to Asian Studies such as the "Two Eastern • They had fried chicken, rice, and vegetables
Fables," and "Specimens of Tagala Folklore." • Shortly after New Year, Rizal went to London, then
back to Paris again.
An Unsolicited Attention • On January 28, he went to Brussels, Belgium
• Gertrude Beckett
- Gettie Beckett came to fall in love with Rizal. In Brussels, Belgium
- Rizal decided to leave London to avoid her, - Lifestyle was cheap
having no feeling for her. - Beautiful
- He left for Paris to finally forget her. - Architecturally impressive

The Paris Universal Exposition of 1889 Rizal boarded at the Jacoby residence
• Paris was bursting with excitement in preparation - Owned by Suzanne and Marie Jacoby
for the Universal Exposition of 1889. - Had a niece named Suzanne
• Tourists from all parts of the world moved to the - They were delighted with Rizal's presence
city.
• Rizal arrived here via train together with other • Rizal and Suzanne spent a lot of time together.
passengers speaking various languages. • Affectionate sentiments were developed between
them
• Inns, hotels and boarding houses were all filled and • Rizal did not pursue whatever he feels towards
fully booked for the event. Suzanne
• Their rates grew sky high.
• In Paris, he continued his research at the • He spent most of his time writing the El
Biblioteque Nationale to check on Morga's book. Filibusterismo, the sequel of the Noli.
• He also spent time with his friends; and visited the • He gave Valentin Ventura a sculpture of a naked
Boustead family at Rue de Bassins woman.

The Kidlat Club • Served as the continuation of Noli

• Rizal organized a social group with his fellow • In the Noli, he exposed the cancer present in the
Filipinos in Paris by the end of March 1889, called society by presenting the day to day events in the
the Kidlat Club. country under Spanish oppressive rule
• It was a temporary society to simply unite the
Filipinos in Paris during International Exposition. • The El Filibusterismo was a call for a revolution, the
last resort and ultimate solution against Spanish
Indios Bravos oppression.
• Rizal and his Kidlat Club members were inspired by • El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) is the sequel
the Buffalo Bills troupe, a group of tall, dignified, to Noli Me Tangere.
proud and powerful Indians.
• They decided to change their group's name to • Wrote several chapters of the novel El
"Indios Bravos" since they also don't have anything Filibusterismo
to be ashamed of about their race. • Wrote articles sent to the La Solidaridad
• Sent letters to family and friends
• Spent part time working in a medical clinic Had
gymnastics, target practice and fencing
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 44
La Solidaridad La Solidaridad
• Official voice of the Propagandists • To protect the interest and welfare of the
• Heralded the demand of the ilustrados contributors and writers and their families, the
• to push fro reforms in the Philippines propagandists used pseudonyms.
• A fortnightly newspaper founded by Graciano • Rizal: Dimasalang; Laong-Laan
Lopez-Jaena in Barcelona, Spain on February 15, • MH Del Pilar: Plaridel
1889. • Mariano Ponce: Tikbalang; Naning; Kalipulako
• Antonio Luna: Taga-llog
• Fortnightly means something that occurs, happens • Jose Ma. Panganiban: Jomapa
or appears every two weeks
The three main personalities: 1. "Los Agricultores Filipinos," described the
- Dr. Jose Rizal deplorable farmers' conditions
- Atty. Marcelo H. Del Pilar 2. "La Verdad Para Todos," (Truth for All)
- Graciano Lopez-Jaena- the founder and editor 3. "Una Profanacion," attack against friars' refusal to
o Mariano Ponce also contributed actively bury Mariano Herbosa in a Catholic cemetery
4. "Diferencias"
• Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish 5. Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años"
Cortes, the Spanish parliament;
• Secularization of the clergy; • "Sin Nombre"
• Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; • "Ingratitudes"
• Creation of a public school system independent of • "Sobre la Nueva" "Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala"
the friars; • "Cosas de Filipinas"
• Sobre la Indolencia delos Filipinos"
• Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala • "A la Defensa"
(forced sale of local products to the government); • "Crueldad"
• Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and
association;
• Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter
government service;

• Recognition of the Philippines as a province of

Spain;
• Secularization of Philippine parishes;
• Recognition of human rights.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 45

WEEK 9 (PPT) Deportation (1890)

Anti-Gambling Pope • Paciano and brothers-in-law Antonio Lopez and
• He received news from Juan Luna and Valentin Silvestre Ubaldo were exiled to Mindoro.
Ventura that some Filipinos in Spain are engaged in • Manuel Hidalgo was earlier exiled to Bohol
too much gambling • Rizal felt guilty about these sufferings of his family
• He advised them hot to waste their money but and town mates.
continue supporting the Propaganda instead, which • Spain's hate on him had turned to his loved ones.
was the main reason for coming to Madrid.
• Rizal decided to return home no matter what the
• The gambling Filipinos were angered upon learning dangers are.
about Rizal's comments and ridiculed him for acting • He confided to MH del Pilar his death wish.
like a "Pope." • He expressed his readiness to die if it would do good
• Rizal countered, in his letter to Del Pilar, that his to his family and country.
fellow Filipinos came to Madrid to work for the • He called himself "Laong-Laan" which means "Ever
Fatherland's freedom. Ready"

The Sequel: “El Filibusterismo” Frustration in Madrid

• It is Rizal's novel on a nation that is on the brink of a • Rizal went to Madrid to bring his protest against the
revolution. injustices done by Gov. Weyler and the Dominicans
• It is presented as an alternative course to the reform to the Calamba farmers at the Ministry of Colonies
efforts of Filipinos. headed by Minister Fabie.
• It also presented the dangers of taking an • The meeting was fruitless; no compromise was
alternative based on hate and vengeance. reached.

El Filibusterismo • He even asked his comrades in the Asociacion

“is a morality, a profound description of the mentality Hispano-Filipina to assist him
and climate of revolt… to Spain it was a last and terrible • Asked the Spanish media: La Justicia, El Dia, El
warning” – Austin Coates Globo-- to publish article about the issue to exert
pressure on the government. Del Pilar and
The Calamba Deportation Dominador Gomez helped him, too.
• From the time Rizal left Calamba, the agrarian
problem had turned from bad to worse. Panganiban Dies (1863 – 1890)
• The Dominicans increased the land rent without • Called "Avenger of Filipino Honor"
reason • Born in Mambulao, Camarines Norte, on February 1,
• Rizal advised his family and other tenants to refuse 1863.
paying • A good friend and co-worker of Rizal.
• This move only enraged administrators. • He was Bicolandia's contribution to the historic
campaign for reforms more popularly called the
• The Dominicans filed a suit against the Calamba Propaganda Movement.
tenants
• Through the order of Gov. Valeriano Weyler, the • He wrote articles for La Solidaridad, under the pen
tenants were persecuted and ejected from their names Jomapa and J.M.P.
lands and homes in Calamba • Died in Barcelona, Spain, on August 19, 1890.
• 25 members of the Mercado family were affected • Rizal wrote the "Eulogy to Panganiban," whom he
admired as an energetic patriot who had pure love
for the country.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 46
Duel for Nelly’s Honor
• August 1890 - Rizal had a heated argument with • He informed Rizal that the daughter of Pi y Margall,
Antonio Luna was deeply in love with him, ready to marry him.
• Reason: Luna made tactless remarks about Nelly,
the girl he had courted but chose Rizal Leonor Rivera Finally got Married
• Rizal was offended by Luna's remarks and • On Leonor's side, she was mad at Rizal having been
attempted to attack the latter very quiet.
• She said that she still loved Rizal, that her decision
• The two exchanged words. to marry was not because she no longer loved him.
• Rizal challenged Luna to a duel. He offered Luna to • She did it because she thought Rizal no longer loved
choose between a pistol or saber. her.
• Luna chose the saber.
• Luna finally realized his mistake and asked • 11 years of waiting was too long.
forgiveness from Rizal, who accepted the apology. • Leonor wasn't getting younger and lamented the
fact that Rizal didn't bother to see her.
Almost Another Duel… For His Family’s Honor • Rizal could have misunderstood her.
• Wenceslao Retaña, pro-friar a journalist, made • Leonor married Henry Kipping, an Englishman in
disrespectful remarks against the Rizal family and Manila.
the Calamba tenants in the anti-Filipino newspaper
La Epoca. The Leader of All Filipinos
• He wrote that the family and the tenants deserve • In a banquet at Calle de Atocha some Filipinos
what happened to them for failing to pay the proposed for the creation of a movement to bind
Dominicans their land rents. the colony together
• A leader called "Responsible" would be the official
• Upon reading the offensive article, Rizal sent a representative of all Filipinos abroad.
message to Retaña challenging him to a duel in
whatever weapon he would choose, anywhere and • Rizal felt he would be the rightful person.
anytime. • Others thought otherwise.
• Retaña immediately made a public retraction and an • They endorsed MH del Pilar's candidacy
apology to Rizal and his family.
• In the 1st meeting, Eduardo de Lete presided.
End of 11-years Engagement • Rizal was in favor of the creation of a new
• Amidst Rizal's frustrations in Madrid, he received a movement.
letter from Leonor Rivera, his girlfriend for 11 years
informing him that she was getting married. • Del Pilar objected because to him they already have
the La Solidaridad and the AHP to take care of the
• It pained his heart greatly. said objectives.
• He still loved Leonor despite having courted girls • His argument lost was overruled.
before. • A committee was formed to draw the statutes.

• He grew pale and sickly having been jilted by • Rizal and Del Pilar became the two candidates.
Leonor. • They both wanted to withdraw.
• In his letter to Blumentritt, he accused Leonor of • The rule of the election: the winner must garner 2/3
infidelity His love turned to hatred. majority vote
• 1st Balloting- Rizal was ahead but not enough
• Galicano Apacible, a UST friend, consoled him by • 2nd and 3rd Balloting- the same results
saying there are many girls in the world. • The meeting adjourned
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 47

• The next day, del Pilar was absent • He was abandoned by the society after just a month.
• The results didn't change He was consoled by the financial help given by
• Rizal grew impatient. Valentin Ventura
• He announced his withdrawal from the race • The novel was printed at F. Meyer van Loo Press
• He bade farewell. But Ponce quickly asked Lete, • Gave the original manuscripts to Ventura
Sandiko, Luna and others to shift their votes to Rizal.
Rizal Resigns
• Dominador Gomez spoke in behalf of the Pilaristas Before leaving for Manila
saying they changed their votes for the sake of • He sent a letter of resignation as a contributor of the
unity. La Solidaridad
• Thus, Rizal was voted unanimously. • He also sent a message to his compatriots his
• Rizal gave his admonitions to the group in his decision to give up his political leadership and fight
acceptance speech. in his own
• This news saddened many Propaganda members
• Rizal blamed Lete for the election fiasco
• Expressed disappointment with del Pilar • He quickly visited Nelly to bid goodbye He will go
• He said it would have been a disappointing news to back to the Philippines to take care of his family's
the nationalist movement in Manila to know that problems
Rizal was defeated because he was the • He boarded the SS Melbourne, a ship from
acknowledged leader back home. Marseilles bound to Hong Kong.
• He was with the company of many friars including
A Biarritz Interlude Fr. Volunteri, less like Fr.Damaso
• Rizal went to see Nelly in Biarritz. He finally decided
to marry Nelly Boustead. Rizal in Hongkong
Conditions made by Nelly's father: • November 20, 1891- Rizal arrived in Hongkong
1. Abort all travels abroad and stay with Nelly • His friends welcomed him including Jose Ma. Basa
2. Practice medicine and stay away from politics • He established his residence at D'Aguilar St.
3. Become a Protestant before marriage Rednaxella Terrace on top of the seaman's bar
• He put up a medical clinic there
• Rizal, however, decided to back down from his
proposal thinking he wasn't ready yet to answer the • A few days before Christmas, his father, brother and
given conditions set by Nelly's father. Silvestre Ubaldo arrived
• Later, his mother and sisters Lucia, Josefa and
Printing of the El Filibusterismo Trinidad also arrived
• February 1891 - Rizal went back to • He noticed that his mother at 65 years old was
• Brussels to edit and revise the novel. almost blind
• End of May 1891 - it was ready for printing • On Christmas day, he celebrated it with his family,
• Brought the novel to Ghent because printing was after four years.
cheaper there.
• No financial aid was sent by the Centro de Medical Practice
Propaganda • He put up a clinic in order to earn some money
• He had spent all his money for the printing cost • He met some doctors including Dr. Lorenzo
Marques who recommended him to his
ophthalmologic clients
• He only received P100 from his countrymen as part • His successful medical practice made him popular to
of his allowance Asians and Europeans alike
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 48

• His friends sent him books and equipment in • He called this the British North Borneo Colonization
support of his great job Project."
• He also successfully restored his mother's eyesight
again. • May 1892- Rizal returned to the country with the ff.
reasons:
Writings in Hongkong 1. To confer with Gov. Despujol re: the Borneo
• Rizal translated the "The Rights of Man" in Tagalog Colonization Project;
(about the French Revolution in 1789) 2. To establish the La Liga Filipina;
• Wrote "A La Nacion Española” which was an appeal 3. To request the lifting of the exile order against
to Spain to rectify the wrongs committed by the his family; and
Spaniards against the Calamba tenants. 4. To prove to the propagandists that he had not
• Also wrote "Sa Mga Kababayan" abandoned the country

• He also contributed articles to the Hongkong The Second Homecoming

Telegraph, a British newspaper, through Frazier Homecoming
Smith, one of its editors. • June 26, 1892- Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in
• When the Spanish censors discovered it, they Manila
immediately banned the Hongkong newspaper. • They were met by carabineers and their luggage
were inspected.
Victoria Gaol Prisons • They checked in at the Hotel de Oriente
• March 1892 - Rizal wrote about his visit to Victoria • In the afternoon, Rizal went to Malacañang to seek
Gaol, the colonial prison in Hongkong. audience with the governor.
• He wrote that the British prison was more humane
and more modern than the cruel Spanish prison • The Governor granted pardon to his father except
system in the Philippines. to his brother and brothers in law
• He was told to return on the 29th of the month,
The Borneo Colonization Project Wednesday.
• To save his townmates from the oppressive regime
of Gov. Weyler, Rizal dreamed of setting up a Trip to Luzon
Filipino colony in North Borneo (Sabah). • June 27, 1892 - Rizal boarded a train bound to the
• He planned to move the landless Filipino families to provinces.
Borneo which he will call "New Calamba." • He visited his friends from Malolos, San Fernando,
Tarlac and Bacolor, Pampanga
• March 7, 1892- Rizal traveled to Sandakan, Sabah to • Unknowingly he was followed and watched
negotiate with the British government re: a possible carefully by spies sent by the government.
establishment of a Filipino colony there.
• He boarded the steamer Menon • The Guardia Civil raided the houses he visited and
• He was offered the lands over the Bengkoka River seized copies of the Noli and Fili found in their
near the Maradu Bay possession.

• The British North Borneo Company agreed to give

about 100,000 acres of land free of charge if Rizal
would be able to bring in 50 families who will
migrate to the area.
• Rizal thought this was enough to compensate the
lands they lost in Calamba.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 49

WEEK 10 - UNIT 9 authorship of Fr. Jacinto and printed by the Imprenta de

los Amigos del Pais, Manila.
FOUNDING OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA
DAPITAN EXILE Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort
A. FOUNDING OF THE LIGA FILIPINA Santiago by Ramon Despujol, nephew and aide of
On July 3, 1892, on the evening of Sunday, following his Governor General Despujol
morning interview with Governor General Despujol,
Rizal attended a meeting with patriots at the home of On July 7, 1892, the Gaceta de Manila published the
the Chinese-Filipino mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco, on story of Rizal’s arrest which produced indignant
Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila. commotion among the Filipino people, particularly the
members of the newly organized Liga Filipina. The same
Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga Filipina, a civic issue of the Gaceta (july 7, 1892) contained Governor
league of Filipinos, which he desired to establish and its General Despujol’s decree deporting Rizal to “one of the
role in the socio-economic life of the people. islands in the South.”

The officers of the new league were elected, as follows: On July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is 12:30AM
• Ambrosio Salvador (President) of July 15, 1892), Rizal was brought under heavy guard
• Deodato Arellano (Secretary) to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This
• Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer) steamer under Captain Delgras departed at 1:00AM,
• Agustin de la Rosa (Fiscal) July 15, sailing south, passing Mindoro and Panay and
reaching Dapitan on Sunday, the 17th of July at 7:00PM.
The motto of the Liga Filipina: Onus Instar Omnium Captain Delgras handed Rizal to Captain Ricardo
(One Like All) Carnicero, Spanish commandant of Dapitan. So, July 17,
1892, Rizal began his exile in lonely Dapitan, until July
The governing body of the league was the Supreme 31, 2896, for a period of four years.
Council which had jurisdiction over the whole country.
It was composed of a president, a secretary, a treasurer, B. JOSE RIZAL’S PERSECUTION AND EXILE IN DAPITAN
and a fiscal. There was a Provincial Council in every Jose Rizal's arrival in Manila on June 26, 1892 had
province and a Popular Council in every town. become very sensational among the Filipinos. His
popularity feared the Spaniards, and as such, paid
The duties of the Liga members are as follows: careful attention to his every move – all houses where
(1) obey the orders of the Supreme Council he had been searched and the Filipinos seen in his
(2) to help in recruiting new members company were suspected. As he had planned, on July 3,
(3) to keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the 1892 he founded the La Liga Filipina in the house of
Liga authorities Doroteo Ongjunco in Tondo, Manila.
(4) to have symbolic name which he cannot change
until he becomes president of his council Four days after the civic organization’s foundation,
(5) to report to the fiscal anything that he may hear Jose Rizal was arrested by the Spanish authorities on
which affect the Liga four grounds:
(6) to behave well as befits a good Filipino o for publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar books
(7) to help fellow members in all ways. and articles;
o for having in possession a bundle of handbills,
Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago the Pobres Frailes, in which advocacies were in
On July 6, 1892, Wednesday, Rizal went to Malacañang violation of the Spanish orders;
Palace to resume his series of interviews with the o for dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo to the
governor-general. He was asked about the Pobres three “traitors” (Gomez, Burgos and Zamora)
Frailes (Poor Friars) incriminatory leaflets which and for emphasizing on the novel's title page that
allegedly found in Lucia’s pillow cases. it is under the “the only salvation for the Philippines was
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 50
separation from the mother country (referring to son's instructions and removed the bandages in her eyes
Spain)”; and which lead to irritation and infection.
o for simply criticizing the religion and aiming for
its exclusion from the Filipino culture. As an Engineer
Rizal applied his knowledge through the waterworks
Aboard the steamer Cebu and under heavy guard, Rizal system he constructed in Dapitan. Going back to his
left Manila, sailing to Mindoro and Panay, until he academic life, Rizal obtained the title of expert surveyor
reached Dapitan at seven o'clock in the evening of July (perito agrimensor) from the Ateneo Municipal. From
17. his practical knowledge as agrimensor, he widened his
From that day until July 31, 1896, Dapitan became the knowledge by reading engineering-related books. As a
bear witness to one of the most fruitful periods in Rizal's result, despite the inadequacy of tools at hand, he
life. His stay in the province was more than “he” living in successfully provided a good water system in the
exile – it was the period when Rizal had been more province.
focused on serving the people and the society through
his civic works, medical practices, land development and As an Educator
promotion of education. Rizal established a school in Dapitan which was
attended by 16 young boys from prominent families.
In Dapitan, Rizal had a scholarly debate with Father Instead of charging them for the matriculation, he made
Pablo Pastells regarding religion. This exchange of the students do community projects for him like
heated arguments revealed the anti-Christian Rizal – his maintaining his garden and field. He taught them
bitterness on the abuses performed by friars, doing such reading, writing in English and Spanish, geography,
under the name of the sacred religion. Father Pastells history, mathematics, industrial work, nature study,
tried his best to win Rizal back to the faith but morals and gymnastics. He encouraged his students to
fortunately or unfortunately, in vain. These series of engage in sports activities to strengthen their bodies as
debate ended inconclusively in which neither of them well. There was no formal room, like the typical
convinced the other of his judgments/arguments. classroom nowadays. Classes were conducted from 2
pm to 4 p.m. with the teacher sitting on a hammock
Rizal had maximized his stay in Dapitan by devoting while the students sat on a long bamboo bench.
much of his time in improving his artistic and literary
skills; doing agricultural and civic projects; engaging in As an Agriculturist
business activities, and writing letters to his friends in Rizal devoted time in planting important crops and fruit-
Europe, particularly to Ferdinand Blumentritt and bearing trees in his 16-hectare land (later, reaching as
Reinhold Rost. His careers and achievements in different large as 70 hectares). He planted cacao, coffee,
fields were as follows: sugarcane, and coconuts, among many others. He even
invested part of his earnings from being a medical
As a Physician practitioner and his 6000-peso winnings from a lottery
Rizal provided free medicine to his patients, most of on lands. From the United States, he imported
them were underprivileged. However, he also had agricultural machinery and introduced to the native
wealthy patients who paid him well enough for his farmers of Dapitan the modern agricultural methods.
excellent surgical skill. Among them were Don Ignacio Rizal also visualized of having an agricultural colony in
Tumarong who gave Rizal 3000 pesos for restoring his Sitio Ponot, within the Sindañgan Bay. He believed that
sight, an Englishman who gave him 500 pesos, and the area was suitable for cattle-raising and for cash-
Aklanon haciendero, Don Francisco Azcarraga, who paid crops as the area had abundant water. Unfortunately,
him a cargo of sugar. His skill was put into test in August this plan did not materialize.
1893 when his mother, Doña Teodora Alonzo, was
placed under ophthalmic surgery for the third time. The As a Businessman
operation was a success, however, Alonzo, ignored her The adventurous Rizal, with his partner, Ramon Carreon,
tried his luck in the fishing, hemp and copra industries.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 51
In a letter to his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, he particularly in Dressed Museum. In return, scientific
pointed out the potential of the fishing industry in the books and surgical instruments were delivered to him
province (as the area was abundant with fish and good from the European scientists. He also made a bulk of
beach). He also requested that two good Calamba other researches and studies in the fields of
fishermen be sent to Dapitan to teach the fisher folks of ethnography, archaeology, geology, anthropology and
the new fishing methods, using a big net called pukutan. geography. However, Rizal's most significant
But the industry in which Rizal became more successful contribution in the scientific world was his discovery of
was in hemp, shipping the said product to a foreign firm three species:
in Manila. o Draco rizali – flying dragon
o Apogonia rizali – small beetle
As An Inventor o Rhacophorus rizali – rare frog
Little was known of Rizal as an inventor. In 1887, during
his medical practice in Calamba, he invented a special Rizal also partakes in civic works in Dapitan. Upon
type of lighter called sulpukan which he sent to arriving in the province, he noticed its poor condition.
Blumentritt as a gift. According to Rizal, the wooden He drained the marshes of Dapitan to get rid of malaria-
lighter's mechanism was based on the principle of carrying mosquitoes. He also provided lighting system –
compressed air. Another of his inventions was the coconut oil lamps posted in dark streets – in the
wooden brick-maker can manufacture about 6,000 province out of what he earned from being a physician.
bricks a day. He beautified Dapitan by remodeling the town plaza,
with the aid of his Jesuit teacher, Fr. Francisco Sanchez,
As An Artist and created a relief map of Mindanao (footnote: using
Rizal had contributed his talent in the Sisters of Charity stones, soil and grass) right in front the church.
who were preparing for the arrival of the image of the
Holy Virgin. Rizal was actually the person who modeled Rizal had always been missing his family and their happy
the image's right foot and other details. He also moments together in Calamba and his despair doubled
conceptualized its curtain, which was oil-painted by a upon the announcement of Leonor Rivera's death. Not
Sister under his instruction. He also made sketches of soon, to his surprise, an Irish girl enlightened his rather
anything which attracted him in Dapitan. Among his gloomy heart. This girl was the 18-year old Josephine
collections were the three rare fauna species that he Bracken who, to Wenceslao Retaña’s words, was
discovered (dragon/lizard, frog and beetle) and the “slender, a chestnut blond, with blue eyes, dressed with
fishes he caught. He also sculptured the statuette called elegant simplicity, with an atmosphere of light (gaiety).”
“The Mother's Revenge” which represented his dog,
Syria, avenging her puppy to a crocodile which killed it. From Hong Kong, she arrived in Dapitan in February,
1895 with his blind foster father, George Taufer, and a
As A Linguist Filipina named Manuela Orlac. Rizal's fame as an
Rizal was interested in the languages used in Dapitan, ophthalmic surgeon reached overseas, and one of
thus, studied and made comparisons of the Bisayan and Rizal's friends, Julio Llorente referred the group to Rizal.
Malayan languages existing in the region. In fact, Rizal Rizal and Bracken instantly fell in love with each and in
had knowledge in 22 languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, just one month, they agreed to marry which appalled
Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, and disturbed Taufer. However, the parish priest of
French, German, Arabic, Malayan, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dapitan, Father Pedro Obach, refused to do so unless
Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, they be permitted by the Bishop of Cebu.
Swedish and Russian.
On the other hand, Taufer returned to Hong Kong
As A Scientist uncured. Because no priest was willing to marry the two,
Rizal shared his interest with nature to his students. the couple exchanged their vows before God in their
With his boys, they explored the jungles and searched own way, which scandalized Fr. Obach. In 1896, their
for specimens which he sent to museums in Europe, love bears its fruit – Josephine was pregnant.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 52
Unfortunately, Bracken gave birth to a one-month At midnight of July 31, 1896, Jose Rizal left Dapitan on
premature baby boy who lived only for three hours. The board the steamer España, together with Narcisa,
child was buried in Dapitan, bearing the name Francisco, Josephine, Angelica (Narcisa's daughter), three
after Rizal's father. nephews and six of his students. Many were saddened
as the adopted son of Dapitan left.
Prior to the outbreak of the revolution, the Katipunan
leader, Andres Bonifacio, seek the advice of Jose Rizal. In Cebu, on their way to Manila, Rizal successfully
In a secret meeting on May 2, 1896 at Bitukang Manok performed an ophthalmic operation to a merchant who
near Pasig River, the group agreed to send Dr. Pio paid him fifty silver pesos. After almost a week, on
Valenzuela as a representative to Dapitan who will August 6, 1896, España arrived in Manila. Rizal was
inform Rizal of their plan to launch a revolution against supposedly to board the Isla de Luzon for Spain, but
the Spaniards. On board the steamer Venus, Valenzuala unfortunately, left ahead of time. Instead, he was
left Manila on June 15, 1892 and in 6 days, arrived at transferred to the Spanish cruiser Castilla to stay and
Dapitan with a blind companion, Raymundo Mata. At wait for the next sail boat that would sail for Spain next
night, Rizal and Valenzuela had a talk in the former's month. He was prohibited from leaving the vicinity but
garden. was allowed to accept visitors so long as they were his
immediate family. Of course, all these delays were part
There, Valenzuela told him of the Katipunan’s plan. of the drama – Rizal has now fallen to the critical/deadly
Regarding this, Rizal outspokenly objected Bonifacio’s Spanish trap.
“premature” idea for two reasons:
o The Filipinos were still unready for such bloody
revolution; and
o The Katipunan lacked machinery – before
plotting a revolution, there must be sufficient
arms and funds collected.

Valenzuela also told Rizal of their plan to rescue him in

Dapitan. Again, the exiled hero disagreed because he
had no plan of breaking his word of honor to the Spanish
authorities.

During the peak of the Cuban revolution, Rizal offered

his services as a military doctor to compromise with the
shortage of physicians in the said country. It was his
friend Ferdinand Blumentritt who informed him of the
situation in Cuba and suggested that he volunteer
himself as army doctor. On December 17, 1895, Rizal
sent a letter to Governor General Ramon Blanco
rendering his service for Cuba. But for months Rizal
waited in vain for the governor's reply, and loss hope
that his request will be granted. It was only on July 30,
1896 when Rizal received a letter from Governor Blanco,
dated July 2, 1896, accepting his offer. The letter also
stated that Rizal will be given a pass so that he can go to
Manila, then to Spain where its Minister of War will
assign him to the Army of Operations in Cuba.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 53

WEEK 10 (PPT) Aims of the Liga Filipina:

1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact,
FOUNDING OF LA LIGA FILIPINA TO vigorous, and homogenous body;
DAPITAN EXILE pptx 2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
FOUNDING OF LIGA FILIPINA. 3. Defense against all violence and injustice;
• July 3, 1892- after his interview with Gov. Despujol, 4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and
Rizal together with some patriots had a meeting at commerce; and
the home of Doroteo Ongjungco, a Chinese-Filipino 5. Study and application of reforms.
mestizo, on llaya. St., Tondo, Manila.
Motto: Unus Instar Omnium. (One Like All)
• Here, Rizal introduced the Liga Filipina, a civic league
of Filipinos. Governing Body of the La Liga Filipina:
• In attendance were: • The Supreme Council: the governing body which has
o Pedro Serrano Laktaw. (Panday Pira), a mason control over the whole country
and a school teacher - It is composed of the president, secretary,
o Domingo Franco (Felipe Real), a mason and a treasurer and fiscal
shopkeeper • Provincial Council: formed in every province
• Jose A. Ramos (Socorro), an engraver, printer and - The Provincial Council shall have command of
owner of Bazar Gran Bretana the Popular Chiefs.
• Ambrosio Salvador, gobernadorcillo. of Quiapo, a • Popular Council: formed in every town
mason - The Popular Council only shall have command of
• Bonifacio Arevalo (Harem), a dentist and the members.
• mason
• Deodato Arellano, brother in law of MH Del Pilar DUTIES OF THE LIGA MEMBERS:
and a civilian employee of the army 1. Pay monthly dues of ten centavos.
• Ambrosio. Flores (Musa), a retired lieutenant of 2. Obey blindly and promptly every order emanating
infantry from the Council or the Chief.
• Agustin de la Rosa, bookkeeper and mason 3. Inform the Council of whatever they note or hear
• Luis Villareal, a tailor and mason that has reference to the Liga Filipina.
• Faustino Villaruel (law), a pharmacist and mason 4. Preserve the most absolute secrecy in regard to the
• Mariano Crisostomo, a landlord decisions of the Council.
• Numeriano. Adriano (Ipil), a notary public and 5. Help another member in the case of need or danger
mason 6. Each member shall adopt a new name of his own
o -Estanislao Legaspi, an artisan and mason choice
o -Teodoro Plata, a court clerk and mason 7. Help recruit new members.
o -Andres Bonifacio, a warehouse employee 8. Treat everyone with respect.
o -Apolinario Mabini (Katabay), a lawyer and
o mason RIZAL'S ARREST AND BANISHMENT
o -Juan Zulueta, a playwright, poet, and • July 6, 1892- when Rizal went to MalacaRang to
government employee resume his interviews with the Gov. Despujol, the
latter showed him several printed leaflets allegedly
The Elected Officers: discovered under the pillow of his sister Lucia.
President: Ambrosio Salvador • These were entitled "Pobres Frailes" which bore the
Secretary: Deodato Arellano name of the author P. Jacinto.
Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevalo • A satire exposing the fabulous wealth of the friars
Fiscal: Agustin dela Rosa contrary to the vows of poverty.
• Rizal denied knowledge of the leaflets.
• However, he was still detained at Fort Santiago.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 54
• Later, he learned that he would be brought to FRIENDSHIP WITH CAPT. CARNICERO
Bataan, but instead he was banished in Dapitan, a • Rizal refused to abide with the conditions set by the
distant military district in Mindanao. Jesuit Society.
• He preferred to stay at the Casa Real, the official
REASONS FOR RIZAL'S DEPORTATION residence of the commandant, Capt. Carnicero, his
• Rizal published books and articles abroad which warden.
showed disloyalty to Spain which were anti-Catholic • A new friendship developed between them.
and anti-friar • The relations between Carnicero (the warden) and
• Found bundles of incriminatory leaflets which Rizal (the prisoner) were warm and friendly.
satirized the friars • Carnicero realized that Rizal was not a common
• Published and dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo felon, nor a filibuster.
to the three martyred "traitors" • He gave good reports on his prisoner to Gov.
• Between July 14 and 15, 1892- under heavy guard, Despujol.
Rizal was brought to the steamer CEBU to be • He gave him complete freedom to go anywhere,
brought to Dapitan. reporting only once a week at his office.
• The Captain of the ship was Capt. Delgras, who upon • Rizal on his part, admired the kind, and generous
arrival in Dapitan on July 17, turned him over to Spanish Captain.
Captain Ricardo Carnicero, the Dapitan • He wrote a poem, entitled “A Don Ricardo
Commandant. Carnicero," on August 26, 1892 on the occasion of
• Rizal would stay here until July 31, 1896, a period of the captain's birthday.
four years. • They even shared in buying a Lottery Ticket No.
9736 that won second prize worth P20,000 which
THE DAPITAN EXILE (1892-96) was divided between the 3 of them: Capt. Carnicero,
• Rizal lived as exile in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte, Jose Rizal and Francisco Equilor.
under the aegis of the Jesuits. • •They divided the prize and got P6,200 each.
• He was abundantly fruitful with varied • Rizal gave P 2,000 to Jose Ma. Basa in Hongkong, the
achievements: rest was used to buy farm lands in Talisay, Dapitan.
o Practiced medicine
o Pursued scientific studies BIRTH OF THE KATIPUNAN
o Kept his literary works • Right after Rizal was deported to Dapitan, the Liga
o Enhanced linguistic acumen members had a meeting to discuss the future of the
• Dapitan Achievements: (Cont.) organization\
o Established a school for boys
o Promoted community development projects The group of patriots was divided into two factions:
o Invented a brick-making machine 1. The Los Compromisarios -those who are
o Engaged in farming and commerce conservative members of the La Liga Filipina
• Conditions for him to stay at the Parish and still willing to demand reforms and
• Convent: compromise with the Spanish government.
• Publicly retract errors committed vs. the Church and 2. The Separatists -patriots who wanted to launch
the government an armed rebellion to achieve independence
• Perform church rites and make general confessions from the colonizers.
• Conduct himself as a model Christian and man • On July 7, 1891, the Katipunan was founded on
Azcarraga St. (C.M. Recto) in the house of Deodato
Arellano.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 55
Founders of KKK were: JESUIT MISSION: "WIN RIZAL BACK"
• Andres Bonifacio • Fr. Pastells instructed two Jesuit fathers to proceed
• Teodoro Plata to Mindanao on a mission "Win
• Ladislao Diwa • Rizal Back to the Catholic fold"
• -Fr. Obach, Dapitan parish priest
RIZAL-PASTELLS RELIGIOUS DEBATES • -Fr. Jose Vilaclara, Dipolog parish priest
• Fr. Pablo Pastells sent Rizal a book Sarda advising • Fr. Francisco Sanchez was also assigned to proceed
the latter to refrain from being proud and too to Dapitan.
judgmental • Fr. Sanchez was chosen by the Jesuit superiors being
• Rizal's letters revealed his anti-Catholic ideas caused a well-liked professor of Rizal
by the abuses committed against his family and • He wasn't able to persuade Rizal
people • He respected whatever Rizal believed in
• He criticized the friars for using their religious • Rizal gave Fr. Sanchez a manuscript "Estudios Sobre
authority to oppress and abuse other people la Lengua Tagala" on the latter's birthday.
• He said that individual judgment is a gift from God
and everyone should use it to light his way; that self- DAPITAN MEDICAL PRACTICE
esteem if used moderately, saves man from • Dr. Jose Rizal treated both the rich and the poor
unworthy acts. patients coming from everywhere.
• He further argued that pursuit of truth has different • He treated the poor free of charge while the rich are
paths, thus, religions may vary, but they all lead to asked payments for consultation and medicine.
the light. • His name became famous here and abroad.
• Fr. Pastells tried to win back Rizal to the fold of
Catholicism. RIZAL'S COMMUNITY PROJECTS
• He admonished Rizal that divine faith supersedes 1. Developed the Dapitan Municipal Park
everything: reason, self-esteem and individual I. Clean and green
judgment. II. Beautification
• No matter how intelligent a man is, his intelligence III. A Relief Map
is limited; he still needs God's guidance. 2. Equipped the town with a lighting system using
• He failed to convince Rizal coconut oil
3. Constructed the first water system using bamboo
AN ABORTED DUEL pipelines
• Juan Lardet, a French businessman who was a
personal acquaintance of Rizal had a quarrel that RIZAL, THE EDUCATOR AND SCIENTIST
almost ended up in a duel. • Rizal believed in the power of education in the
Reason: human transformation.
- -Lardet bought logs from Rizal • In 1893, he established a school for boys for free.
- Found some of the logs to be of poor quality • He also engaged in scientific researches: collecting
- Accused Rizal as a cheater various species of plant and animal life which he
• Lardet wrote a letter to Antonio Miranda, a Dapitan sent to his friends abroad.
merchant expressing disgust over the business deal o the Draco rizali, a small lizard popularly known
he had with Rizal as a flying dragon;
• Miranda sent the letter to Rizal o Apogonia rizali, a rare kind of beetle; and
• Rizal confronted Lardet and challenged him to a o the Rhacophorus rizali, a peculiar frog species.
duel
• The Frenchman asked for an apology RIZAL, THE INVENTOR AND SCULPTOR
• As an inventor, Rizal made a lighter that ignites
through stones; and a brick maker machine.
• As an artist, he carved a number of sculptures:
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 56

PERIOD OF PAIN
Unhappy Days in Dapitan
• He missed his family; until his mother, three sisters
and nephews arrived and stayed with him
1. "The Mother's Revenge" a tribute to his dog • He was sad because of the plight of his family, the
Syria, whose child was killed by a crocodile country and the people
2. "The Dapitan Girl" • He had no opportunity to see Leonor when she died
3. Josephine's Image in August 1893
4. Busts of Fr. Guerrico and St. Paul
A Beautiful Stranger
RIZAL, THE AGRICULTURIST AND ENTREPRENEUR • In his darkest moments in Dapitan, an 18-year old
• Rizal purchased about 70 hectares of land in Talisay, Irish girl arrived in Dapitan
Dapitan. • She's Josephine Bracken, whose mother died in
• He diligently farmed these lands with the help of his childbirth.
helpers. • She is adopted by Mr. George Taufer, who later
• The plants include coconuts, abaca, cacao, corn, became blind.
sugarcane and fruit trees. • The two came to the Philippines to have Mr.
• He also bought a fishpond Taufer's eyes be cured.
• His business partner was Ramon Carreon
DAPITAN WRITINGS
• "Himno a Talisay" (Hymn to the Talisay Tree) - a
hymn/poem written in tribute to a tree to which a
town was named after; where Rizal often stayed.

• Rizal and his students have always used the talisay

tree as a meeting place

• In gratitude, the students would always sing the

hymn.

• "Mi Retiro" (My Retreat) – depicts Rizal's life as an

exile in Dapitan

• "Canto del Viajero" (Song of the Traveler) - a poem

celebrating his renewed opportunity to travel
abroad and end of his exile in Dapitan.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 57

WEEK 11 (DOCS) - UNIT 12 last resort, it must be prepared for another five to ten
years to ensure victory.
THE 1896 REVOLUTION END OF DAPITAN
EXILE ARREST, TRIAL AND MARTYRDOM He advised Valenzuela to seek the leadership of Antonio
A. THE 1896 REVOLUTION Luna, a man of military expertise. The KKK must also
In 1895, the Cubans revolted against the Spaniards. In seek the financial support of the Japanese
1896, the Filipinos also staged their revolt against Spain.
The Filipinos thought that it would be advantageous for B. END OF RIZAL'S EXILE
them because Spain would have divided attention and Rizal applied as a volunteer war physician to the Cuban
strength. revolution hoping to end his Dapitan exile. His letter was
finally approved after months of waiting.
NOTE: Prior to the execution of Jose P. Rizal on Dec. 30,
1896, there was the so-called "First Cry of Philippine On July 31, 1896, he left Dapitan together with
Independence" on April 10, 1895, in Montalban, Rizal. Josephine, Narcisa, three nephews and a niece on board
The more famous Cry of Balintawak was on Aug. 26, the steamer España. This ended his Dapitan exile.
1896. The Filipino rebels fired the first shots of the
revolution on the same day. The Arrival of España in Manila was delayed. The Isla de
Luzon had left. Rizal was told to wait for the isla de
May 2, 1896 Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent by the KKK Panay which will arrive in 28 days. Rizal was transferred
Supreme Council to convince Rizal in Dapitan to join and to the Castilla, manned by Enrique Santalo, where he
lead the Katipunan, he being the recognized leader and would wait for another 26 days.
savior of the Filipinos.
Aboard a launch Caridad, some KKK members sneaked
Rizal did not adhere to the idea of the KKK. He believed in and made a last ditch attempt to rescue Rizal. Jacinto
the KKK would fail to defeat the powerful Spanish army introduced himself and told Rizal he would be rescued.
because of several reasons... Rizal politely refused the offer saying he knew what he
was doing.
Reasons why Filipinos would fail according to Dr. Jose
Rizal: Inside the Castilla, while waiting for the arrival of the Isla
• The KKK does not have enough weapons to fight de Panay, the Katipunan was discovered.
against the fully equipped Spaniards
• The KKK members do not have enough skills and On the 26 of August, Bonifacio and the rest of the KKK
training to fight a professional army tested in raised the "Cry of Pugadlawin," which marked the start
war of the Philippine Revolution.
• The KKK hierarchy lacks credibility which would
result to confusion in the chain of command Rizal expected this to happen.
• The enemy has allies which necessitates that
the revolutionaries must have foreign aid to On August 30, 1896, Rizal finally received the letter of
ensure sufficient funds Gov. Blanco, expressing his congratulations and
• Naval ships are needed, especially in an recommendation.
archipelago like the Philippines for
communication purposes On September 3, aboard the Isla de Panay, he left for
Spain. The ship proceeded to Singapore. His co-
Rizal believed that it was not yet time for a revolution: It passengers Pedro and Periquin Roxas escaped and he
must not be held solely on the basis of sentiment and was encouraged to do the same. Rizal refused because
burning passion. It must be launched on the context of he didn't want to become a fugitive.
the ability to succeed in the end. If the revolution is the
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 58
The discovery of the KKK led to the uncovering of its knowing who testified against him, Presented before
secrets. Bulks of documents were uncovered. Many of him were two kinds of evidences-documentary and
these documents implicated Rizal to the KKK. Pictures, testimonial.
copies of the Noli and Fili were also found. Documents
declaring Rizal as the KKK honorary president were There were a total of fifteen exhibits for the
likewise discovered. documentary evidence. Testimonial evidences, on the
other hand, were comprised of oral proofs provided by:
Spanish authorities learned that Rizal was used as a rally • Martin Constantino
cry of the members. He was regarded as their true • Aguedo del Rosario
leader and hero. These documents, together with many • Jose ReyesMoises Salvador Jose Dizon
letters and testimonies from those arrested led to the • Domingo Franco Deodato Arellano
conclusion that Rizal was part of the revolutionary • Pio Valenzuela
group. • Antonio Salazar
• Francisco Quison
C. DR. JOSE RIZAL ORDERED TO BE ARRESTED • Timoteo Paez
As per instruction of Gov. Blanco and the prodding of
Manila Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda, Rizal was These evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive to
ordered to be arrested and detained inside the ship Governor Ramon Blanco. Blanco designated Capt. Rafael
Dominguez as the Judge Advocate assigned with the
On September 30, 1896, Capt. A. Alemany followed the task of deciding what corresponding action should be
order and kept Rizal in his cabin during the remainder of done. Dominguez, after a brief review, transmitted the
the trip records to Don Niclas de la Peña, the Judge Advocate
General. Judge Advocate General Peña's
On October 6, the ship reached Barcelona. Rizal was recommendations were as follows:
imprisoned at the Montjuich detention cell. Eulogio • Rizal must be immediately sent to trial
Despujol, the former Philippine governor who banished
• He must be held in prison under necessary
him to Dapitan visited later that day.
security
• His properties must be issued with order of
On October 7, Rizal was transferred to a new ship the SS
attachment, and as indemnity.
Colon bound for Manila. Rizal kept records of the
• Rizal had to pay one million pesos
Philippines since he left for Barcelona
• Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer
is allowed to defend Rizal
He was implicated by the Madrid newspapers to the
bloody revolution. He thought of coming home to
Rizal chose Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1st Lt. of the
confront his accusers and vindicate his name.
Spanish Artillery to be his defense lawyer. Rizal
discovered that the said lieutenant was the brother of
Few friends from Europe and Singapore tried to help
Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade who worked as Rizal's
Rizal escape his present predicament. Ma. Regidor and
personal body guard in Calamba in 1887.
Lopez sent a telegram to Atty. Hugh Fort asking him to
file a writ of habeas corpus in Rizal's behalf. Chief Justice
On the 11th of December 1896, in the presence of his
Lionel Cox, however, denied the writ for lack of
Spanish counsel, charges against Rizal were read:
jurisdiction by the Singaporean government.
• Rebellion-punishable by death
On November 20, 1896, the preliminary investigation • Sedition-also punishable with death
(arraignment) on Rizal began. During the five-day • Illegal Association-punishable with reclusion
investigation, Rizal was informed of the charges against perpetua or lower
him before Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. He
was put under interrogation without the benefit of
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 59
He was accused of being the principal organizer and the the Philippines, "El Filibusterismo", and the
living soul of Filipino insurrection. The founder of various articles which criticized the friars and
societies, periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting suggested their expulsion in order to win
and propagating ideas of rebellion. independence. The El Filibusterismo was
dedicated to the three martyr priests who were
When asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the executed as traitors to the Fatherland in 1872
charges, Rizal replied that: because they were the moving spirit of the
• He does not question the jurisdiction of the uprising of that year.
court • The establishment of masonic lodges which
• He has nothing to amend except that during his became the propaganda and fund raising center
exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in to support subversive activities and the
political matters; establishment of centers in Madrid, Hong Kong
• He has nothing to admit on the charges against and Manila to propagate his ideas.
him
• He had nothing to admit on the declarations of After finishing as much evidence as possible on
the witnesses, he had not met nor knew, against November 20, 1896 the preliminary on Rizal began.
him. During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed of
the charges against him before Judge advocate Colonel
Two days after, Rizal's case was endorsed to Blanco's Francisco Olive.
successor. Governor Camilo de Polavieja, who had the
authority to command that the case be court martialed. Two kinds of evidences were endorsed by Colonel Olive
to Governor Ramon Blanco:
On December 15, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal • Documentary evidences-fifteen exhibits
wrote a controversial letter, The Manifesto addressed to • Testimonial evidences-provided by Martin
his countrymen. The Manifesto was a letter denouncing Constantino, Aguedo del Rosario, Jose Reyes,
bloody struggle, and promoting education and industry Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco,
as the best means to acquire independence. Deodato Arellano, Pio Valenzuela, Antonio
Salazar, Francisco Quison, and Timoteo Paez.
Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña requested to
Gov. Polavieja that the publication of the manifesto be The Judge Advocate Rafael Dominguez was assigned
prohibited. with the task of deciding what corresponding action
should be done. After a brief review, he transmitted the
D. THE TRIAL OF DR. JOSE RIZAL records to Don Nicolas de la Pena.
The Spanish colonial government accused Rizal of three
crimes: Pena's recommendations were as follows:
a. The founding of La Liga Filipina, an "illegal • Rizal must be immediately sent to trial He must
organization, whose single aim was to be held in prison under necessary security
"Perpetrate the crime of rebellion". • His properties must be issued with order of
b. Rebellion which he promoted through his attachment
previous activities. • And as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one million
c. Illegal association. The penalty for those pesos
accusations is life imprisonment to death. • Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer
is allowed to defend Rizal.
The prosecution drew information from the dossier on
Rizal which detailed his "subversive activities" some of E. THE EXECUTION OF DR. JOSE RIZAL
which are the following: Despite all valid pleadings, the military court, vindictive
• The writing and publication of "Noli me as it was, unanimously voted for the sentence of death.
Tangere", the Annotations to Morga's History of Governor Polavieja affirmed the decision of the court
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 60
martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00 in the At 6PM: Don Silvino Tuñon, the Dean of the Manila
morning of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan field. Cathedral visited Rizal.

A Jesuit priest now came running and asked Rizal to kiss At 8PM: Rizal had his last supper. He told Captain
the crucifix that he held. Rizal turned his back on the Dominguez that he forgave his enemies including the
crucifix and thus, against the firing squad. He was ready military judges.
for the execution.
At 9:30PM: Rizal was visited by Don Gaspar Cestaño,
Dr. Jose Rizal's Last Hours fiscal of the Royal Audience de Manila.
Rizal spent his 24 hours in his death cell where he
received members of his family and writes his letter, the At 10PM: The draft of the retraction letter sent by the
first one to his "second brother" Ferdinand Blumentritt. anti- Filipino Archbishop Bemardo Nozaleda was given
He gave his sister Trinidad and old petroleum lamp and by Fr. Balaguer to Rizal for his signature. He had rejected
whispered to her in English that there is something It.
inside the lamp. Thus is Rizal's famous Farewell poem,
"Mi Ultimo Adios", ("My Last Farewell") was found. Upon Rizal's death, his supposedly Retraction Letter
became of one of the most controversial documents in
On December 29, 1896, 6 AM: Capt. Rafael Rodriguez our history. This Retraction Letter allegedly contains his
was assigned by Gov. Gen Camilo Polavieja to read renunciation of the Masonry and his 'anti-Catholic
Rizal's death sentence, to be shot at Bagumbayan by a Religious Ideas Depending on whose side you are on,
firing squad at 7am the next day. some Rizalists claim that it is fake while some believe it
to be genuine. There had been some evidences but so
At 7AM: Rizal moved to the prison chapel, where he far these had only heated up the debate between two
spent his last moments factions.

At 7:15AM: Rizal reminded Fr. Luis Viza the statuette of On December 30, 1896, 3AM: Rizal heard Mass,
the Sacred Heart of Jesus whom he carved as a student confessed his sins and took Holy Communion.
in Ateneo.
By 5:30AM; He took his last breakfast. After which he
By 9AM: Fr. Federico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded him wrote his last letters for his family and his brother,
that he said that (Rizal) would someday lose his head for Paciano.
writing the Noli. "Father, you are indeed a prophet."
Rizal said, "Now I am about to die, and it is to you
At 10AM: Fr. Jose Villaciara and Fr. Vicente Balaguer dedicate my last lines, to tell you how sad I am to leave
visited Rizal then discussed with him his retraction you alone in life, burdened with the weight of the family
letter. Santiago Mataix, a Spanish journalist, followed and our old parents."
for the newspaper, El Heraldo de Madrid.
At 5:30AM: Josephine Bracken arrived together with
From 11AM-3PM: Rizal stayed in his cell. He was busy Rizal's sisters, Josefa, with tears in her eyes, bade him
writing poems and letters. He hid his farewell poem in farewell. Rizal embraced her for the last time, and
an alcohol cooking stove. He also wrote his last letter to before she left, Rizal gave her a last gift, a religious book,
Professor Blumentritt. "Imitation of Christ" by Father Thomas Kempis.

At 4PM: Teodora Alonzo visited him. They had a very By 6AM: As the soldiers were getting ready for the death
emotional encounter. Rizal gave the alcohol cooking march to Bagumbayan,
stove to Trinidad which contains his farewell poem.
Several priests have visited him afterwards. Rizal wrote his last letter to his beloved parents,
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 61
"My beloved Father, pardon me for the pain with which life ended. In the background could be heard, "Viva
I repay you, for sorrows and sacrifices for my education. Españal"; "Morir es traidores!" On that fateful day, Rizal
I did not want it nor did I prefer it. Goodbye, Father, was 35 years, 5 months and 11 days old.
goodbye!"
"1 die just when I see the dawn break, through the
At 6:30 AM: a trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago to gloom of night, the herald the day; and if color is lacking
signal the death march to Bagumbayan. Rizal walked my blood thou shalt take, poured out at need for thy
calmly with his defense counsel and two Jesuit priest at sake, to dye with its crimson the waking ray..."
his sides. He was dressed elegantly in a black suit, black
derby hat, black shoes, white shirt and black tie. His It is interesting to note that 14 years before his
arms were tied behind from elbow to elbow. execution, Rizal predicted that he

There's a lot of spectators lining the street from Fort would die on December 30th. He was then a medical
Santiago to Bagumbayan. As he was going through the student in Madrid, Spain.
narrow Postigo Gate, Rizal looked at the sky and said to
one of the priests: "How beautiful it is today, Father. Martyrs are rare stars in the vast firmament of
What morning could be more serene! How clear is humanity. Every instance of martyrdom is distinct in
Corregidor and the mountains of Cavitel On mornings magnitude and direction. Indeed, martyrs are the
like this, used to take a walk with my sweetheart." meteors of history, they flash across the sky and light
the world and in the process consume themselves.
While he was passing in front of Ateneo, he saw the
college towers above the walls. He asked: "Is that They are the person who is put to death or made suffer
Ateneo, Father?" Yes, replied the priest. greatly or other beliefs. because of religion. Other
elements of martyrdom are usefulness of life and
Rizal bade farewell to his Fathers March and Villaclara dedication to a high purpose. Rizal's death was an
and to his defender, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade. Although emotional event in our history as it produced
his arms were tied, he had firmly clasped their hands in
parting. A "martyr" and resulted in some form of social change
or transformation in our lives as a people. Rizal was put
One of the priests blessed him and offered him a crucifix to death for "subversion" by the dominant political
to kiss. forces. He presented a sector of society which had
begun to trouble and therefore constituted a real threat
He requested the commander of firing squad that he be to the existing social order.
shot facing them. His request was denied for the captain
had implicit orders to shoot him at his back.

A Spanish military physician, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo,

asked his permission to feel his pulse. He was amazed to
find it normal, showing that Jose Rizal was not afraid to
die.

The death ruffles of the drums filled the air. Above the
drum beats, the sharp command "fire" was heard, and
the guns of the firing squad barked. Rizal, with supreme
effort, turned his bullet-riddled body to the right, and
fell on the ground dead, with face upward facing the
morning sun. At exactly 7:03 am, Rizal shouted
"consummatum es" before the shot rang out. The hero's
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 62

WEEK 11 (PPT) • He advised Valenzuela to seek the leadership of

Antonio Luna, a man of military expertise
1896 REVOLUTION, END OF EXILE IN • The KKK must also seek the financial support of the
DAPITAN TO ARREST, TRIAL and Japanese
MARTYRDOM
THE 1896 REVOLUTION & RIZAL END OF RIZAL'S EXILE
• 1895 - the Cubans revolted against the • Rizal applied as a volunteer war physician to the
• Spaniards Cuban revolution hoping to end his Dapitan exile
• 1896 - the Filipinos also staged their revolt against • His letter was finally approved after months of
Spain waiting
• •The Filipinos thought that it would be thought • July 31, 1896 - he left Dapitan together with
advantageous for them because Spain would have Josephine, Narcisa, three nephews and a niece on
divided attention and strength board the steamer' España.
• ° April 1896 -In a Montalban cave, Bonifacio and the • This ended his Dapitan exile.
Katipunan decided to start the revolution.
• -May 2, 1896 - Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent by the RIZAL STRANDED IN MANILA
KKK Supreme Council to convince Rizal in Dapitan to • Arrival of España in Manila was delayed
join and lead the Katipunan, he being the recognized • The Isla de Luzon had left
leader and savior of the Fipinos. • Rizal was told to wait for the Isla de Panay which will
• Rizal did not adhere to the idea of the KKK arrive in 28 days
• He belleved the KIK would fall to defeat the • Rizal was transferred to the Castilla, manned by
powerful Spanish army because of Enrique Santalo, where he would wait for another
• several reasons. 26 days.
• Aboard a launch Caridad, some KKK members
Reasons why Filipinos Would Fail according to Dr. Jose sneaked in and made a last ditch attempt to rescue
Rizal: Rizal
1. The KKK does not have enough weapons to fight • Jacinto introduced himself and told
against the fully equipped Spaniards • Rizal he would be rescued
2. The KKK members do not have enough skills and • Rizal politely refused the offer saying he knew what
training to fight a professional army tested in war he was doing.
3. The KKK hierarchy lacks credibility which would
result to confusion in the chain of command THE 1896 REVOLUTION
4. The enemy has allies which necessitates that the • Inside the Castilla, while waiting for the arrival of the
revolutionaries must have foreign aid to ensure Isla de Panay, the Katipunan was discovered
sufficient funds • On the 26th of the month, Bonifacio and the rest of
5. Naval ships are needed, especially in an archipelago the KKK raised the "Cry of Pugadlawin," which
like the Philippines for communication purposes marked the start of the Philippine Revolution
• Rizal expected this to happen.
• Rizal believed that it was not yet time for a
revolution LAST VOYAGE ABROAD
• It must not be held solely on the basis of sentiment • August 30, 1896 - Rizal finally received the letter of
and burning passion Gov. Blanco, expressing his congratulations and
• It must be launched on the context of the ability to recommendation.
succeed in the end • September 3 - Aboard the Isla de Panay, he left for
• If the revolution is the last resort, it must be Spain
prepared for another five to ten years to ensure • The ship proceeded to Singapore
victory. • His co-passengers Pedro and Periquin Roxas
escaped and he was encouraged to do the same
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 63
• Rizal refused because he didn't want to, become a • Chief Justice Lionel Cox denied the writ for lack of
fugitive jurisdiction

RIZAL & THE KATIPUNAN THE INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL

• The discovery of the KKK led to the uncovering of its Preliminary Investigation (ARRAIGNMENT)
secrets • November 20, 1896, the preliminary investigation
• Bulk of documents were uncovered on Rizal began
• Many of these documents implicated Rizal to the • During the five-day investigation, Rizal was
KKK informed of the charges against him before Judge
• Pictures, copies of the Noli and El were also found Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive
• Documents declaring Rizal as the KKK honorary • He was put under interrogation without the benefit
president were likewise discovered of knowing who testified against him.
• Spanish authorities learned that Rizal was used as a • Presented before him were two kinds of evidences -
rally cry of the members documentary and testimonial.
• He was regarded as their true leader and hero • There were a total of fifteen exhibits for the
• These documents, together with many letters and documentary evidence.
testimonies from those arrested led to the • Testimonial evidences, on the other hand, were
conclusion that Rizal was part of the revolutionary comprised of oral proofs provided by:
group.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
RIZAL'S ARREST • Martin
• As per instruction of Gov. Blanco and the prodding • Constantino
of Manila Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda, Rizal • Aguedo del
was ordered arrested and detained inside the ship • Rosario
• September 30, 1896 - Capt. A. Alemany followed • Jose Reyes
the order and kept Rizal in his cabin during the • Moises Salvador
remainder of the trip • Jose Dizon
• October 6 - the ship reached Barcelona • Domingo Franco
• Rizal was imprisoned at the Montjuich detention • Deodato
cell • Arellano
• Eulogio Despujol, the former Philippine governor • Pio Valenzuela
who banished him to Dapitan visited later that day • Antonio Salazar
• October 7 - Rizal was transferred to a new ship, the • Francisco Quison
SS Colon bound for Manila • Timoteo Paez.

RIZAL'S FINAL HOMECOMING • These evidences were endorsed by Colonel

• Rizal kept records of the Philippines since he left for • Olive to Governor Ramon Blanco
Barcelona • Blanco designated Capt. Rafael Dominguez as the
• He was implicated by the Madrid newspapers to the Judge Advocate assigned with the task of deciding
bloody revolution what corresponding action should be done
• He thought of coming home to confront his accusers • Dominguez, after a brief review, transmitted the
and vindicate his name records to Don Nicolas de la Peña, the Judge
• Few friends from Europe and Singapore tried to help Advocate General
Rizal escape his present predicament
• Ma. Regidor and Lopez sent a telegram to Atty. Judge Advocate General Peña's recommendations
Hugh Fort asking him to file a writ of habeas corpus were as follows:
in Rizal's behalf 1. Rizal must be immediately sent to trial
2. He must be held in prison under necessary security
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 64
3. His properties must be issued with order of • Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña
attachment, and as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one requested to Gov. Polavieja that the publication of
million pesos the manifesto be prohibited.
4. Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is
allowed to defend Rizal THE TRIAL OF RIZAL
• December 26, about 8 o'clock in the morning, the
• Rizal chose Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, 1st Lt. of court-martial of Rizal commenced. The hearing was
the Spanish Artillery to be his defense lawyer actually a kind of moro-moro, a planned trial
• Rizal discovered that the said lieutenant was the wherein Rizal, before hearing his verdict, had
brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade who worked as already been prejudged.
Rizal's personal body guard in Calamba in 1887 • Unlike other accused, Rizal had not been allowed to
• On the 11th of December 1896, in the presence of know the people who witnessed against him.
his Spanish counsel, charges against Rizal were read. • The trial took place at Cuartel de
1. Rebellion - punishable by death • España, a military building, with court composed of
2. Sedition - also punishable by death seven military officers headed by Lt. Col. Jose
3. Illegal Association - punishable with reclusion Togores Arjona.
perpetua or lower • Present at the courtroom were Jose Rizal,

He was accused of being: Six other officers in uniform

• The principal organizer and the living soul of Filipino • Lt. Taviel de Andrade
insurrection • Judge Advocate Capt. Rafael Dominguez
• The founder of societies, periodicals and and books • Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (Prosecuting Attorney)
dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of • and number of spectators, including Josephine
rebellion Bracken.

When asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on • Judge Advocate Dominguez opened the trial
the charges, Rizal replied that: • It was followed by Atty. Alcocer's reiteration of the
1. He does not question the jurisdiction of the court charges against Rizal, urging the court that the latter
2. He has nothing to amend except that during his exile be punished with death.
in Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in political • Accordingly, the three crimes accused to him were
matters; rebellion, sedition and illegal association.
3. He has nothing to admit on the charges against him • Lt. Taviel de Andrade, on the other hand, later took
4. He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the the floor reading his speech in defense of Rizal.
witnesses, he had not met nor knew, against him. • To supplement this, Rizal read his own defense
which he wrote in his cell in Fort Santiago
MANIFESTO TO THE PEOPLE
• Two days after, Rizal's case was endorsed to DR. JOSE RIZAL'S DEFENSE
Blanco's successor, Governor Camilo de Polavieja, According to Rizal, there are twelve points to prove his
who had the authority to command that the case be innocence:
court martialed. 1. As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal was against
• On December 15, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, rebellion
Rizal wrote a controversial letter, 2. He had not written a letter addressed to the
• The Manifesto addressed to his countrymen. Katipunan comprising revolutionary elements
• The Manifesto was a letter denouncing bloody 3. Without his knowledge, his name was used by the
struggle, and promoting education and industry as Katipunan; if he really was guilty, he could have
the best means to acquire independence. escaped while he was in Singapore
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 65
4. I he was guily, he should have left the country while DR. JOSE RIZAL'S LAST HOURS
in exile; he shouldn't have built a home, bought a Upon hearing the court's decision, Rizal already knew
parcel of land or established a hospital in Dapitan. that there's no way that his destiny would be changed
5. If he was really the leader of the revolution, the
revolutionists should have consulted him. • Rizal knew it was his end, and had accepted his fate
6. 6.He did not deny that he wrote the by-laws of the • Captain Rafael Dominguez, at 6 o'clock in the
La Liga Filipina, but to make things clear, the morning of December 29, 1896, read before him the
organization was a civic association, not a official notice of his execution, scheduled the next
revolutionary society. day.
7. After the first meeting of La Liga, the association • Rizal was immediately transferred to the prison
banished because of his exile in Dapitan, thus, did chapel where he spent his last hours on earth.
not last long. • Inside the chapel, Rizal busied himself by writing
8. If the La Liga was reorganized nine months later, he correspondences to friends and family, bidding
had no idea about it. everyone farewell
9. If the La Liga had a revolutionary purpose, then • Conversing with his Jesuit priests friends.
Katipunan should not have been organized. • He had a lot of visitors, arriving one or two after the
10. 10.If the Spanish authorities found his letters having other.
bitter atmosphere, it was because in
11. 1890 his family was being persecuted resulting to • Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata - the Rector of the Ateneo
their dispossession of properties and deportation of Municipal; arrived in the prison early in the
all his brothers-in-law. morning.
12. 11.He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan - the • Fr. Luis Viza - came with Fr. Mata; the priest to
politico-military commanders and missionary whom Rizal asked for the image of the Sacred Heart
priests in the province could attest to that. of Jesus which he made during his stay in Ateneo.
13. 12.If according to witnesses the speech he delivered • Fr. Antonio Rosell - another friend of Rizal who
at Doroteo Ongjunco's house had inspired the gladly eaten a fine breakfast with him; returned in
revolution, then he want to confront these persons. the afternoon to resume his talk with Rizal.
If he really was for the revolution, then why did the • Lt. Taviel de Andrade - Rizal extended his
Katipunan sent an unfamiliar emissary to him in appreciation for Andrade's services as his defense
Dapitan? It is so because all his friends were aware counsel.
that he never advocated violence. • •Fr. Federico Faura - had prophesied earlier rather
comically that Rizal would lose his head for writing
THE FINAL VERDICT the Noli Me Tangere, and the latter "congratulated"
• The military court remained indifferent to the the priest for being right.
pleads of Rizal. • Ft. Jose Villacara - Rizal's former teacher in Ateneo;
• After a short deliberation, he was sentenced to be ate lunch with him.
shot in musketry until death at 7 o'clock in the • Fr. Vicente Balaguer - accompanied F. Villaclara; ate
morning of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan luch with Rizal as well.
Field (Luneta) • Santiago Mataix - contributor in the El Heraldo de
• The decision was submitted to Gov. Madrid
• Polavieja who immediately sought the opinion of • Teodora Alonzo - Rizal knelt before his beloved
Nicolas de la Perla - the latter found the verdict just mother, begging for forgiveness and understanding;
and final. the mother and son were separated by the strong
• Two days later, the governor general signed the grip of the prison guard.
court's decision and ordered Rizal's execution.
• Trinidad arrived when Teodora left the chapel; to
her, Rizal handed down an alcohol cooking stove
and whispered that something was inside it (turned
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 66
out to be his last piece, the Mi Ultimo Adios, written
in a small piece of paper). Those who strongly believed the faking of the Rizal
retraction document, reported that the forger of Rizal's
• Gaspar Castaño - fiscal of the Royal Audiencia; had signature was Roman Roque, the man who also forged
a good conversation with Rizal. the signature of Urbano Lacuna, which was used to
capture Aguinaldo. The mastermind, they say, in both
• Late at night, around 10 o'clock, a retraction letter Lacuna's and Rizal's signature forging was Lazaro
prepared by Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda was Segovia. They were approached by Spanish friars during
presented to Rizal the final day of the Filipino American war to forge Rizal's
signature.

The Retraction This story was revealed by Antonio K. Abad, who heard
• He rejected it for being too long the tale from Roman Roque himself, them being
• Fr. Balaguer, on the other hand, showed another neighbours.
draft from Fr. Pio Pi
• Rizal liked it but wanted some parts of which be To this day, the retraction issue is still raging like a wild
changed fire in the forest of the night.

The document of the retraction of Jose Rizal, too, is Others would like to believe that the purported
being hotly debated as to its authenticity. retraction of Rizal was invented by the friars to deflect
the heroism of Rizal which was centered on the friar
It was supposed to have been signed by Jose Rizal abuses.
moments before his death. There were many witnesses,
most of them Jesuits. The document only surfaced for Incidentally, Fr. Pio Pi, who copied verbatim Rizal's
public viewing on May 13, 1935. It was found by Fr. retraction, also figured prominently during the
Manuel A. Gracia at the Catholic hierarchy's archive in revolution. It was him, Andres Bonifacio reported, who
Manila. But the original document was never shown to had intimated to Aguinaldo the cessation of agitation in
the public, only reproductions of it. exchange of pardon.

However, Fr. Pio Pi, a Spanish Jesuit, reported that as There are also not a few people who believe that the
early as 1907, the retraction of Rizal was copied autobiography of Josephine Bracken, written on
verbatim and published in Spain, and reprinted in February 22, 1897 is also forged and forged badly. The
Manila. Fr. Gracia, who found the original document, document supposedly written by Josephine herself
also copied it verbatim. supported the fact that they were married under the
Catholic rites. But upon closer look, there is a glaring
In both reproductions, there were conflicting versions of difference between the penmanship of the document,
the text. Add to this the date of the signing was very and other letters written by Josephine to Rizal.
clear in the original Spanish document which Rizal
supposedly signed. The date was "December 29, 1890." Surely, we must put the question of retraction to rest,
though Rizal is a hero, whether he retracted or not, we
Later, another supposedly original document surfaced, must investigate if he really did a turn-around. If he did
it bears the date "December 29, 189C". The number "o" not, and the documents were forgeries, then somebody
was evidently altered to make it look like a letter C. Then has to pay for trying to deceive a nation.
still later, another supposedly original version came up.
It has the date "December 29, 1896". This time, the "o" • By 11:30pm, Rizal wrote and signed the retraction
became a "6". letter in which he renounced the mason movement

So which is which?
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 67
• Witnesses to this event were Juan del Fresno (Chief keeping with Rizal's character and mature
of the Guard Detail) and Eloy Moure (Assistant of beliefs.
the Plaza) • He called the retraction story a "pious fraud."

Text of Rizal’s Retraction • Historians such as Austin Craig, Gregorio Zaide,

I declare myself a Catholic and in this religion in which Ambeth Ocampo, Joaquin, Leon Maria Guerrero
I was bom and educated I wish to five and die. III, and Nicolas Zafra of UP state that the
retraction document was deemed authentic by
I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, Rizal expert, Teodoro Kalaw
writings, publications and conduct has been contrary
to my character as son of the Catholic Church. • They also refer to the 11 eyewitnesses present
when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a
I believe and I confess whatever she teaches and I Catholic prayer book, and recited Catholic
submit to whatever she demands. prayers, and the multitude who saw him kiss the
crucifix before his execution.
I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of the
Church, and as a Society prohibited by the Church. • Supporters see in it Rizal's "moral courage...to
recognize his mistakes," his reversion to the
The Diocesan Prelate may, as the Superior "true faith," and thus his "unfading glory," and a
Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this return to the "ideals of his fathers" which brings
spontaneous manifestation of mine in order to repair his stature as a patriot to the level of greatness.
the scandal which my acts may have caused and so
that God and people may pardon me. Rizal’s Martyrdom
• By 6:30am, Rizal's march to Bagumbayan
Manila, 29 December 1896 commenced. He - in his black suit, black necktie,
black hat, black shoes and white vest - calmly
Jose Rizal walked from his prison cell in Fort Santiago to the
La Voz Española, December 30, 1896 execution site.
• He was with Lt. Taviel de Andrade on one side, and
Juan del Fresno Fathers Estanislao March and Jose Villaclara, on the
Eloy Moure other side. They walked behind four advanced
guards armed with bayonets.
Retraction Controversy
Anti-Retractionists' Contention: • Jose Rizal was tied behind from elbow to elbow,
• If Rizal was a Catholic before he died, why then although, still had the freedom to move his arms. In
was he not given a Catholic burial? Where is the his right arm was a rosary which he kept on holding
death certificate? until his final breath.
• If Josephine Bracken were married before the
former's execution, where then is the marriage • In the Bagumbayan Field, Rizal shook the hands of
certificate? the two priests and his defender, bidding them
• Where are the books that Rizal signed? farewell.
• A priest blessed and offered him a crucifix which he
• There is an allegation that the retraction gently kissed.
document was a forgery.
• Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the • Rizal had one request, that is, that he be shot facing
University of the Philippines and a prominent the firing squad, however, in vain since the captain
Mason, argued that a retraction is not in of the squad ordered a back shot.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Nursing
RIZL111 – The Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Transcription by Jhasmine Kaye Zamora & Krizzia Marie Roquid 68
• A physician by the name of Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo,
was amazed that Rizal's vital signs were normal, • Once notified that the execution was over, the
particularly his pulse rate – was Rizal really unafraid family proceeded to the execution site, but the
to die? remains of Jose had already been removed.
• Narcisa searched in vain for the body of his brother
• The firing squad was commanded in unison with in all the cemeteries in Manila.
drumbeats. Upon the brisk command:
• "Preparar!"; "Apunte!" • Passing through Paco Cemetery in the afternoon,
• "Fuego!" The guns of the squad flared. she came upon some civil guards and correctly
surmised that their presence indicated that her
• Rizal, by his sheer effort and remaining energy, brother had been buried there.
twisted his body around to face the firing squad, and
so, fell on the ground with his face toward the blue • She searched all over Paco Cemetery until she found
sky, his head slightly inclined toward the rising sun a grave with freshly turned earth.
in the east. • She bribed the gravedigger to place a plaque with
Rizal initials in reverse -R.P.J. to mark the site.
• What can be heard from the crowd of Spaniards was
their loud, audible voice, shouting "Viva España!" First Grave Site of Rizal’s Body
(Long live Spain!) "Morir el traidores!" (Death to "Those who have lived a good life do not fear death,
traitors!) Jose Rizal died at exactly 7:03 in the but meet it calmly, and even long for it in the face of
morning of December 30. great suffering.

121st Death Anniversary But those who do not have a peaceful conscience,
Dr. Jose P. Rizal dread death as though life means nothing but
December 30, 1896 – December 30, 2017 physical torment."

The Mystery of the Missing Grave The challenge is to live our life so that we will be
• Located at the outer circle is a landmark that prepared for death when it comes
indicates the burial place of National Hero Dr. Jose ----------Unknown Source
Rizal after his execution in Bagumbayan on
December 30, 1896.

• Unusual is how the initials of Jose P. Rizal are

inscribed in reverse (RPJ) on the cross.
• According to story, the day before he was put to
death, the family of Rizal prevailed upon Spanish
authorities to turn over his corpse to them later the
next day.

• The pleas were met with refusal after refusal

because the authorities feared the burial site would
be used a symbol of martyrdom.

• Finally, toward evening, the civil governor of Manila,

Manuel Luego, took pity on Rizal's mother and gave
her permission to take the body after the execution.
• Rizal's sister Narcisa, made arrangements for a
coffin and transportation.