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Anaphy Lecture Notes

This document provides an overview of key concepts in anatomy and physiology, including: 1. Anatomy is the study of body structure, while physiology is the study of body functions. They work together to understand how the body works and responds. 2. Homeostasis refers to maintaining stable internal conditions, such as body temperature and blood pressure, despite changes in external factors. Negative feedback loops help regulate homeostasis. 3. The human body has several structural levels from chemical to organism. Anatomy can be studied at systemic, regional, surface, and anatomical imaging levels.

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Treshia Suson
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63 views

Anaphy Lecture Notes

This document provides an overview of key concepts in anatomy and physiology, including: 1. Anatomy is the study of body structure, while physiology is the study of body functions. They work together to understand how the body works and responds. 2. Homeostasis refers to maintaining stable internal conditions, such as body temperature and blood pressure, despite changes in external factors. Negative feedback loops help regulate homeostasis. 3. The human body has several structural levels from chemical to organism. Anatomy can be studied at systemic, regional, surface, and anatomical imaging levels.

Uploaded by

Treshia Suson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1-Introduction Development: changes in cell structure and function

from generalized to specialized


Anatomy- study of structure - means to
dissect Reproduction: formation of new cells or new
Physiology: study of functionS organisms

Homeostasis
Anatomy and Physiology work together

What is the Importance of Anatomy and What is it?


Physiology?
 maintenance of a constant internal env’t - Ex.
 Basis for understanding diseases Body temp., BP, HR, BR
 Allows an understanding of how the body
works and responds to stimuli. Variable:

Types of Anatomy  -conditions that change - Ex. Env’t temp.

 Systemic: studies body systems Set point:


 Regional: studies body regions (medical
 ideal, normal value, Ex. 120/80 for BP or
schools)
98.6o for body temp.
 Surface: studies external features, Ex. Bone
projections Negative Feedback
 Anatomical imaging: uses x-rays, ultrasound,
What is it?
MRI’s.
- mechanism that regulates homeostasis
Structural Levels of Body
- negative meaning a deviation from set point - Ex.
1. Chemical: smallest level - Ex. atoms
Blood pressure
2. Cell: basic unit of life
Components of Negative Feedback
- Ex. Includes organelles (mitochondria, nucleus,
• Control center: - brain
ribosomes, etc.)
 establishes set point
3. Tissue: group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substance • Receptor:

- Ex. Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous  detects changes (variable)

4. Organ: 2 or more tissue types • Effector: responds to changes

- Ex. Skin, heart, stomach, etc. Positive Feedback

5. Organ system: group of organs What is it?

6. Organism: all structural levels working together. - deviation from set point becomes greater - makes a
bad situation worse
Characteristics of Life
- rarely found in healthy people
Organization: 7 structural levels
Body Positions
Metabolism: ability to use energy
Anatomical position:person standing erect with
 uses digestive and respiratory systems face and palms forward
Responsiveness: ability to sense changes in env’t and • Supine: person lying face up
make adjustments.
• Prone: person lying face down
Growth: an increase in size
Directional Terms Membranes

• Superior: above  Mesentery: double-layered membrane that


covers organs and anchors them to body wall
• Inferior: below
 Serous membrane: cover organs and line
• Anterior: front cavity walls

• Posterior: back Types of Serous Membranes

Medial: close to midline • Visceral membrane: covers organs

• Lateral: away from midline • Parietal membrane: lines cavity walls

• Proximal: close to point of attachment

• Distal: far from point of attachment

Superficial: close to surface

• Deep: toward interior of body

Body Planes

 Sagittal: runs vertically and separates body


into left and right
 Midsagittal: runs down the middle and divides
body into equal left and right halves
 Transverse: runs horizontally and separates
body into top and bottom
 Frontal: runs vertically and separates body
into anterior and posterior

Body Regions

 Upper limbs: upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand


 Lower limbs: thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
 Central: head, neck, trunk
 Trunk: thoracic (chest), abdomen, pelvis

Body Cavities

 Thoracic cavity: heart, lungs, thymus gland,


esophagus, trachea
 Mediastinum: divides thoracic cavity into left
and right
 Abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines, liver,
spleen, pancreas, kidneys
 Pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, reproductive
organs, part of large intestine.
 Pericardial cavity: around heart
 Pleural cavity: around lungs
 Peritoneal cavity: around abdominopelvic
cavity

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