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Expansive Soils Treatment Using Alternative Methods: A Comprehensive

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 Expansive Soils Treatment Using Alternative Methods: A
Comprehensive Review
Armand Augustin Fondjo,*, Elizabeth Theron
Department of Civil Engineering, Central University of Technology, 20 President Brand Street, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract— In geotechnical engineering, expansive soils are not a suitable soil material to be used as soil support due to the swell/shink
behaviour of these soils. Reactive soils are distributed worldwide, particularly in semi-arid zones. In a semi-arid climate, evaporation
exceeds precipitation, the alternate wet and dry season, and the absence of leaching helps the formation of swelling clay called smectite.
Expansive soils behaviour induces significant damages to buildings and infrastructures. The stabilization methods include mechanical,
chemical, and alternative techniques. This study focuses on alternative methods (solid waste, electro-kinetic treatment, thermal
treatment). The objective of this research work is to review the alternative treatment methods of reactive soils. It is achieved by
synthesizing the reviewed information in terms of limitations, merits, cost-effectiveness, and environmental concerns. The geotechnical
properties of swelling soils can be enhanced and made these soils suitable for construction by applying alternative treatment techniques.
Besides, these techniques exhibit some merits and limitations. Further, these treatment methods using solid waste reduce the mass of
waste material rejected to the environment. Nonetheless, soil treatment using the electro-kinetic treatment and thermal treatment are
found to be promising, but further investigations on these methods are required. Finally, the low-cost alternative treatment methods
include scrap tyres, Polypropylene fiber, ceramic dust, electrokinetic treatment, rice husk ash, demolition, and construction wastes.
This research work provides a good understanding of the new soil treatment utilizing alternative techniques.

Keywords— Expansive soils; Soil treatment; Solid waste; Electro-kinetic treatment; Thermal treatment.

utilizing the soil properties such as the geotechnical index

I. INTRODUCTION properties and swelling properties. Fondjo et al. [7] Conducted
Expansive soils (ES) vary in volume with water content. a study on the correlation between the swelling stress (SS) and
This term characterizes rock or soil material with a significant the ES properties and proposed semi-empirical model to
swell/shrink potential. These soils are highly plastic materials predict the SS in compacted unsaturated ES. Another study
that consist of an enormous fraction of clay-silt and are very conducted by Fondjo et al. [8] on the influence of soil
sensitive to moisture variation. The clay mineral in these soils characteristics on the air entry values (AEV) in SWCC of
exhibits swelling behaviour as the moisture content increases compacted ES revealed that the smectite content influence
and shrinks when the moisture content decreases. ES may be significantly the AEV. Moreover, the swelling properties,
either residual or transported materials. In residual soils, ES Atterberg limits, specific gravity, fine-grained content, void
originate from in-situ chemical weathering of rock. For ratio, initial water content influence the AEV. However, the
transported soils, ES are removed from their in-situ location by activity of clay and percent of illite mineral exhibit a marginal
wind, water, gravity, or ice and deposited in a different area effect on the AEV. Fondjo [40] reported that compaction at
[1]. Transported soils are as follows: Alluvium; lacustrine the WOP reduces the SS by 15%. Nonetheless, compaction of
deposit originating from a stream then deposited in the lake or treated soils using solid wastes at WOP can enhance the
still water; gulley wash originating from local catchment and stabilization of ES. Fondjo et al. [41] reported that the use of
which contain a variety of ES, and hill wash deriving from geotechnical models to predict the behaviour of stabilized soils
lower velocity sheet wash. Besides, the classification systems instead of lab tests is limited in the literature. Besides, Fondjo
used for ES are related to the indirect or direct prediction of et al. [42] developed a model to predict the compaction feature
swell capacity or a combination of both. A few specialists have of fine grained-soils. The predictive equation can be extended
endeavored to utilize the swelling and shrinking classifications for the compaction features of stabilized ES based on solid
to describe ES. Some have even attempted to set up a unified wastes. Besides, ES are generally unsaturated. The matric
swelling potential (SP) index utilizing ordinary index suction influences the behaviour of treated soils using
properties [2],[3]. The free swell ratio (FSR) test is used to alternative techniques. The model to predict the suction
assess the soil expansivity and the type of dominant clay proposed by Fondjo et al. [43] can be utilized to describe the
mineral. As per the investigation directed by [2], the FSR behaviour of treated ES.
approach is an efficient technique that required a simple
method to evaluate the SP of ES and clay mineralogy. Wubshet
and Tadesse [4] and Soltani et al. [5] recently applied this
technique. Table 1. shows the classification of soil using FSR.
Fondjo and Theron [6] Investigated the influence of soil
properties on mineralogy characteristics of ES and developed
semi-empirical models to determine the mineralogy of ES
 TABLE I II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL BASED ON FSR [2] Review the alternative techniques used to stabilize
expansive soils according to the recent literature. Synthesize
the information in terms of limitations, merits, cost-
effectiveness, and environmental concerns. Besides,
recommend further investigations.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION OF SOIL TREATMENT

USING SOLID WASTE
The solid wastes include the scrap types, polyvinyl waste,
glass powder, coconut coir fiber, polypropylene fiber,
polyethylene, granite dust, ceramic dust, red mud, rice husk
ash, brick dust, stone dust, marble waste powder, and
Moreover, the mechanism of swelling of ES can is as follows: demolition and construction wastes.
When water interacts with particles of clay, cations concentrate A. Scrap tyres
around the clay particle surface charged negatively because of
isomorphous substitution [9]. The water molecules polarity ASTM [14] classifies shredded materials of scrap tyre
will put them close the clay surface and interact with adsorbed dependent on their particle size: Tyre shreds (50 to 305mm),
cations and divide into hydroxyl and hydrogen under specific tyre chips (12 to 50mm), and granulated rubber (< 12 mm).
conditions [10]. Then, electrostatic forces are induced between Figure 2. portrayed different sizes of the waste tyre. When
exchangeable cations and the surfaces [11], [12]. The inter- particle size distribution of shredded tyres are not the same,
particle electrical field force depends on the following these materials are designated scrap tyre derived (STD)
parameters: the magnitude of the negative surface charge, Van geomaterial, as reported by [15].
Der Wall’s forces, electrochemistry of water, and adsorptive
forces between clay surfaces and water molecules. The
interparticle field force will reach equilibrium. A pressure is
applied externally to balance the charge between particles. The
modification of particle spacing is induced by the disturbance
of internal equilibrium pressure denoted shrink/swell
behaviour [13]. The negative charge area on the clay surface
and the balancing cations in solution around the clay surface is
called the diffuse double layer [11]. The impact of a double
diffuse layer on the variation of volume of ES is inherent
because of the swelling behaviour of clay minerals like
smectite. Figure 1 shows the different alternative stabilization
techniques of ES. The research project attempts to review,
describe, report the limits, merits, and cost-effectiveness of
various alternative treatment methods.

Fig. 3 Scrap tyres derived geomaterial [15]

Patil et al. [16] investigated the swell behaviour of ES by

adding independently with silica sand and granular tire rubber
material and found that with increment in stabilizer materials
and augmentation in surcharge pressure, the SP reduces. The
outcomes show a better swell decrease in silica sand than a
flexible granulated rubber tyre. Srivastava et al. [17]
conducted a study on improving the mechanical characteristics
of ES with both fine ( 2.0 mm – 0.075 mm) and coarse (4.75–
2.00 mm) waste shredded tyre reveals that waste shredded tyre
of size 4.75–2.00 mm extraordinarily improved the mechanical
characteristics of ES. The investigation shows that the coarse
shredded tyre exhibit better enhancements to ES than a fine
particle of the shredded tyre. The coarse particle of shredded
tyre (30-50%) content decreases the plasticity index, hence
reduces the SP of ES. Liu et al. [18] reported that shredded
tyres are mixed with ES to enhance the properties such as
Fig. 1 Alternative Stabilisation techniques of expansive soils compaction characteristics, strength, bearing limit,
permeability, Atterberg limits, etc. Nonetheless, more
investigations are required to know the optimum size and Test, Swelling Test, Cycle Swell Shrink Test, and Sieve
amount of tyres for efficient stabilization. Otoko [19] and Analysis are performed to assess the geotechnical properties.
Ramaji [20] reported that stabilizing agents such as scrap tyres The outcomes shown that the increase in the proportion of PPF
is a low-cost and effective soil stabilization technique. induces a reduction of swelling and increases the UCS. The
drying-wetting results of PPF revealed that upon continuous
B. Polyvinyl waste cycle the impact of PPF continues decreasing the swelling and
Oyekan et al. [21] investigated the impact of (up to 30%) 2% of PPF induces less swell-shrink ratio, which is higher than
ground waste polyvinyl on compaction, CBR, UCS, SP, and 57% of improvement factor of swell-shrink. The addition of
strength of ES. The results reveal that the UCS increases by PPF decreases the compressibility, enhances the UCS by 51%.
60%, the soaked CBR increases by 20% at 30%, and the PPF is economical, inexpensive, and can be utilized to improve
unsoaked CBR increases by around 50% upon the addition of large areas at a cheap cost. However, it is environmentally
ground waste polyvinyl. friendly can be used significantly to solve waste disposal
problems.
C. Glass powder
G. Polyethylene
Blayi et al. [22] investigated the stabilization of ES utilizing
waste glass powder (WGP). Laboratory tests are conducted on Hasan and Shafiqu [26] studied the enhancement of ES soil
non-treated and treated soil material with different proportions utilizing Polyethylene High Density (PEHD) Polymer.
of WGP: 25%, 15%, 10%, 5%, and 2.5% by the dry unit weight Laboratory tests are conducted to investigate the impact of
of soil material. They found that adding the WGP to ES utilizing different proportions of PEHD polymer (12%, 9%,
material impact significantly the shear stress and the and 6%) to stabilize the mechanical and physical properties of
consistency of the soil specimens. Moreover, the addition of ES. The results are as follows: The adding of PEHD polymer
15% of expansive subgrade reduces sub-base thickness by induces the increment of CBR values from 5.27 % to 20.9 %,
63%, and the optimum proportion of WGP to enhance the and the optimum value of CBR is obtained with 12% PEHD
expansive sub-grade is 15%. quantity. When the amount of PEHD polymer increases by 6%,
9%, and 12%, the unconfined compressive strength is
D. Coconut coir fiber improved by 18.5%, 37.3%, and 20.1% respectively. The SS
Devdatt et al. [23] Studied the treatment of ES using and SP values reduce upon an increment of PEHD polymer. At
coconut coir fiber (CCF). Laboratory investigations are the optimum proportion value of 12% of PEHD polymer
performed on ES specimens mixed with various proportions of content, the SS decrease by 18.88kPa and FSR by 2.3%. The
CCF. They found that the adding of CCF into the ES influences incorporation of 12% PEHD polymer decreases γdmax and WOP
the compaction characteristics. The WOP of ES diminishes, and from 27.7% to 25% respectively upon the same compaction
γdmax increments upon the adding of CCF. The value of soaked energy. The LL, PI decrease, and the PL increase upon addition
CBR increments importantly upon the incorporation of CCF of PEHD polymer. The maximum increment of PL and
content. The adding of 1% coconut coir fiber in ES increment maximum reduction of PI are 47.4% and 28.6 % respectively,
the value of CBR from 3.9 % to 8.6 %. upon the adding of 12% PEHD polymer.

E. Polymers H. Ganite dust

Shafiqu and Hasan [24] investigated the treatment of ES Ogbonnaya and Lllioabachie [27] reported the treatment of
utilizing polymethacrylate (PMA) polymer material. ES utilizing granite dust. The proportion of granite dust added
Laboratory tests are conducted to assess the geotechnical is from 10% to 20% at a 5% increment. They found that the
parameters of modified specimens prepared by the addition of linear shrinkage (Ls), LL, WOP, cohesion decrease, and Plastic
bentonite. Ten categories of soil specimens are prepared at limit, γdmax, friction angle, and unsoaked CBR increases upon
different proportions of PMA polymers ( 7%, 5%, and 3% by adding waste granite dust. Mishra et al. [28] Investigated the
mass of dry soils). The outcomes told that adding the PMA impact of granite dust (added from 0 to 30% upon an increment
polymers in ES reduces the LL, PI, rebound index (Cr), free of 10%) on ES properties treated with 5% lime. The outcomes
swelling index (FSI), and WOP. Besides, increase the plastic show an increment in Ls up to 30% and a reduction of PL, PI,
limit, UCS mindful of the impact curing time increment, differential FSR upon adding granite dust.
compression index (Cc), and CBR. PMA polymers increase
I. Ceramic dust
the density. The SP decreased up to 71.7% with increasing
PMA content to 7%. The outcomes of the tests shown that the Sabat [29] reported ES stabilization utilizing waste ceramic
polymers significantly alleviate the issues related to ES. An dust (WCD). The experiment is conducted by adding 30% of
increment of UCS by 52.8% is observed by adding PMA with WCD to the soil material. The results show a positive impact
proportions of 7%. Moreover, the addition of an identical on geotechnical index properties, swelling properties, and
proportion of PMA polymers induces an increment of CBR strength. Moreover, in engineering practice, 30% of WCD can
value by 72.8%. be used to improve the sub-grade pavement with a
considerable construction cost saving. Sabat and Bose [30]
F. Polypropylene fiber conducted a study on the influence of ceramic dust on
Hussein and Ali [25] investigated the ES material treatment compaction characteristics, CBR, UCS, Ps, and fly ash-lime
using polypropylene fiber (PPF). Specimens are prepared by durability treated ES. They found that the optimum proportion
mixing 80% bentonite to 20% sand of dry weight. One- of lime, ceramic dust, and fly ash are found to be 5%, 35%,
dimensional Consolidation Test, Unconfined Compression
10% respectively, with enhancement in swelling, strength, and whereas the UCS significantly increases by 3.5 times the initial
durability properties. value. The utilization of MWP enhances the properties of ES,
and it is environmentally friendly.
J. Red mud
Kalkan [31] conducted a study on the stabilization of ES O. Demolition and construction wastes
utilizing red mud (waste obtained when producing alumina) Vivek et al. [36] Investigated the utilization of demolition
and cement-red mud. The results revealed a reduction in and construction (D and C) waste to stabilize ES. The
hydraulic conductivity, SP, and an increment of strength. experiments are conducted on modified ES utilizing D and C
waste (plastering debris and concrete). ES +10 % D and C
K. Rice husk ash waste optimum mix obtained using standard proctor test.
Rathan et al. [32] studied the treatment of ES utilizing Rice Besides, the angle of internal friction and cohesion is measured
Husk Ash (RHA). The following percentages (5%, 10%, 20%, utilizing the direct shear box test. The safe bearing limit is
30%, 40%, 50%) of RHA are mixed with ES material. The determined using Terzaghi’s formula for ES only on ES +10%
hydro-mechanical properties are conducted through Lab tests D and C, ES +12% D and C and ES +14% D and C waste
such as Atterberg limits, proctor compaction test, CBR, respectively. The results show that, the optimum addition of D
specific gravity, and direct shear box test. They found that the and C waste reduces the swelling characteristics by
FSI and liquid limit reduced significantly when the RHA transferring the high bearing limit and strength. Then, D and
proportion increases. The γdmax incremented from 16.39kN/m3 C waste stabilizer improves the utilization of waste products
to 19.5kN/m3, and the WOP reduced from 17.89% to 13.25% originated from construction works. Moreover, the D and C
for 80 % RHA content in soil material. The frictional angle waste can be classified as low cost and effective ES treatment
value increases from 17°5' to 38°. The undrained consistency technique.
reduces from 60 KN/m2 to 30 KN/m2. The unsoaked CBR
values increases from 3.2% to 9.3% and the soaked CBR IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS OF OTHER
values increased 2.4% to 4.4%. Otoko [19] reported that ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
stabilizing agents such as rice husk ash is low-cost and
effective soil stabilization technique. A. Electrokinetic treatment
Gingine et al. [37] reported that the Electrokinetic treatment
L. Brick dust (EKT)based on Electroosmosis, Electrocementation, and
Bhavsar et al. [33] reported the influence of burnt brick Electromigration is suitable for fine-grained soil. EKT can be
dust (BBD) on mechanical characteristics of ES. Laboratory combined with ordinary treatment methods to improve
tests like Atterberg limits, compaction, linear shrinkage, and stabilization and reduce the cost. A more detailed investigation
swelling tests are performed on natural soil and soil mixed with on the impact of ES on the EKT method is necessary.
BBD according to the percentages (30%, 40%, and 50%). The Assessment of various changes in soil chemistry, soil
outcomes revealed the increment in BBD reduces the SP by composition, pH, processing time, nature and spacing of the
about 50%. The shrinkage is reduced by 50%, the WOP electrodes, soil physical properties (water content, consistency
decreases, and the γdmax increases when the BBD content limits), current, levels of voltage, and several improvements is
increases. Finally, BBD improves the characteristics of ES at necessary. An optimal design approach is required for the EKT
the optimum when added by 50%. Also, the utilization of BBD of ES. Moreover, experimental investigations in the laboratory
reduces the potential waste. and fields, followed by its studies utilizing suitable software
packages are necessary to select the parameters that impact the
M. Stone dust
stabilization of ES by EKT. Finally, EKT enhances the
Mudgal et al. [34] studied the influence of stone dust on swelling parameters of ES.
ES. The results revealed that γdmax of lime treated (9%) ES
increases up to the addition of 20% SD, and an additional Babu et al. [38] Investigated the stabilization of ES under
increment of agent reduces the values. Likewise, for CBR and repetitive loading using electro kinetic geosynthetics (EKG).
UCS, the strength increments up to 20% adding of SD in lime- Thorough experiments and software analysis are conducted on
treated soil. It can be justified by the pozzolanic reaction of the ES in saturated and unsaturated conditions. The model of the
amorphous silica, alumina, and lime present in SD and soil. repetitive loading disk (RLD) is designed, adjusted, and setup.
SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) of cured specimens Soil specimens are assessed using the repetitive loading disk
exhibits coarser bonded grains of lime, SD, and ES. Moreover, (RLD). To produce EKG impacts and change Alternate
X-ray diffraction of samples reveals the smectite presence in Current AC to Direct Current DC in soil specimens, a specific
ES, dolomite calcite in lime, and quartz, whewellite in SD. electrical circuit is sketched from electrical CADD. Aluminum
as Cathode, Copper as Anode, and Perforated PVC tube as
N. Marble waste powder
drain framework. Besides, the Plaxis-3D program is utilized to
Zumrawi and Abdalla [35] assessed the application of investigate different soil conditions. The outcomes reveal that
Marble Waste Powder (MWP) to modify ES. soil specimen are ES give significant enhancements from lateral sliding and
mixed with various proportions of MWP (0%, 10%, 15 % and shear resistance parameters. EKG treatment is efficient in ES
20%). Laboratory tests include UCS, Standard proctor, and clayey soil because these soils content a lot of minerals.
Atterberg’s limits, grain size distribution are conducted on
untreated and treated soils to determine the geotechnical
properties. The results told that the addition of 20% MWP
significantly decreases the FSI and plasticity index by 12%,
B. Thermal treatment organizations concerning the utilization of waste materials
Kabubo et al. [39] studied the heat impact on characteristics to stabilize soils.
of ES. The soil specimens are placed at the temperature of  The study provides a good understanding of the new soil
600°C for 2 hours. Lab tests such as Proctor compaction, CBR, treatment utilizing alternative techniques. Nonetheless,
grading, linear shrinkage, Atterberg limits, FSR, chemical forthcoming investigation on the treatment of ES using
composition, and loss on ignition (LOI) are conducted on alternative methods should be conducted considering the
heated soil specimens, and non-heated soil specimens to remarks above-mentioned.
determine the mechanical properties. The outcomes show that
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