SOLVED EXAMPLES

To Enhance Understanding about

Use of Revised IS875 Pt.3 (Draft Code)

Prepared by
Er.(Dr) Abhay Gupta (Ex. 1-26)
Director, Skeleton Consultants P. Ltd. NOIDA-201301

Dr. Achal Mittal (Ex. 27-28)

Principal Scientist, CBRI, Roorkee-247667

Reviewed by
Prof. Prem Krishna

Published by & Property of

 List of Examples
Example 1: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Building: Flat Roof
Example 2: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Building with Parapet & Overhangs:
Flat Roof
Example 3: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Building: Taller with Flat Roof. The
building has 40 openings 1.5 m  1.5m
Example 4: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Building: Pitched Roof
Example 5: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Taller Building with Pitched Roof
Example 6: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Pitched Roof Short Building in Coastal
Region
Example 7: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Partially Clad Building: Pitched Roof
Example 8: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Building: Mono-slope Roof
Example 9: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Open Building: Mono-slope Roof
Example 10: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Pitched Roof Building with Clad
Verandah
Example 11: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Pitched Roof Building with Open
Verandah
Example 12: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Building on A Ridge or Hill: Pitched
Roof
Example 13: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Building on A Cliff & Escarpment:
Pitched Roof
Example 14: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Building on Slope of A Ridge or Hill:
Pitched Roof
Example 15: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Building: Hipped Roof
Example 16: Wind Pressure and Forces on a free standing duo-pitch roof of an unclad parking shed
Example 17: Wind Pressure and Forces on a free standing duo-pitch roof of an unclad parking shed:
Bent up
Example 18: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Free Standing Mono-slope Roof
Example 19: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Building: Multi-span Saw-tooth Roof
Example 20: Wind Forces on a Free Standing Framed Compound Wall with Barbed Wire Fencing at
Top
Example 21: Wind Forces on a Sign Board Hoarding
Example 22: Wind Pressure and Forces on an Overhead Intze Type RCC Water Tank on 12m braced
Staging
Example 23: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Overhead RCC Water Tank on 12m framed
Staging
Example 24: Wind Pressure and Forces on an Overhead Intze Type RCC Water Tank on Shaft
Staging
Example 25: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Multistory Commercial Complex by Force Coefficient
Method
Example 26: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Multistory Commercial Complex by Gust Factor
Approach
Example 27: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Microwave Tower by Force Coefficient Method
Example 28: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Microwave Tower by Gust Factor Method
NOTE: Examples 1 to 26 have been prepared by Er. (Dr) Abhay Gupta and Example 27 & 28 have been prepared by Dr. Achal Mittal.
Disclaimer: Readers/Users are requested to send their feedback on this document to [email protected]
Example-1: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Building: Flat Roof
Problem Statement:
Calculate wind pressures and design forces on walls and roof of a rectangular building having plan
dimensions 10m50m and height 5m, as shown in figure-1.1. The building is situated in Mohali
(Chandigarh) in an upcoming Institutional complex on a fairly level topography. Walls of building have 20
openings of 1.5m1.5m size. The building has a flat roof supported on load bearing walls.

 = 0o

10 m 5m

50 m

Fig. 1.1

Solution: Permeability of the Building:

Wind Data: Area of all the walls = 5 (210 + 250) = 600m2
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) Area of all the openings = 201.51.5 = 45m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) % opening area = 7.5 %, between 5% and 20%
(Refer Basic Wind Speed Map (Fig. 1) Hence the building is of Medium permeability.
2. Terrain category: Terrain Category 2 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1)
Design Wind Pressure:
Design Factors:
Risk Coefficient Factor k1 = 1.00 Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 =
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) 471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s
Terrain & Height Factor k2 = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (47.00)2 = 1325.4 N/m2
Topography Factor k3 = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) pd = pZ KdKa = 1.32540.90.867
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00 =1.034kN/m2 (short wall)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) = 1.32540.90.8
Wind Directionality Factor Kd = 0.90 = 0.954 kN/m2 (long wall & Roof)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
Area Averaging Factor Ka
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4) Refer note below Sec. 5.3 for buildings less than
Tributary area of Short walls = 10 x 5 = 50m2 10m height, while making stability calculations &
=== 0.867 design of the framing.
Tributary area of Long walls = 50 x 5 = 250m2
=== 0.80 Wind Load Calculations:
Tributary area of roof = 50 x 10 = 500m2 F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd
=== 0.80 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
 Table – 1.2
Internal Pressure Coefficient Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
Cpi =  0.5
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2) Wall – A +0.7 -0.5

Note: buildings shall be analysed once for pressure of

Wall – B -0.25 -0.5
0.5 from inside and then for a suction of –0.5 from inside Wall – C -0.6 +0.7
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.1) along-with external pressure
coefficient. Wall – D -0.6 -0.1
(Refer Table 5 of IS:875-pt.3)
External Pressure Coefficients
On Roof: Using the Table 6 with roof angle 0o 1
: Since the pressure coefficients are given only for
without local coefficients. For h/w = 0.5, pressure buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer buildings
coefficients are tabulated below i.e. l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are being used.
Table 1-1
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle These will be combined with internal pressure
0o 90o
coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.5
E -0.8 -0.8
Cpnet for Walls A or B
F -0.8 -0.4 = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2, pressure
= -0.5 – (+0.5) = -1.0, suction
G -0.4 -0.8
H -0.4 -0.4 Cpnet for Walls C or D
= 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2, pressure
(Refer figure below Table 6 of IS:875-pt.3)
= -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1, suction
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: Design pressures for walls:
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof
while negative internal pressure will be away from
For Long walls: F = CpnetAnet pd
the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be added
to –ve external pressure coefficient and vice-a- = +1.2  11  0.954 = 1.1448 kN/m2 Pressure
versa. The combinations will have to be made = -1.0  11  0.954 = -0.954 kN/m2 Suction
separately for zones E, F, G, H etc. as shown in Fig.
1.2. For Short walls: F = CpnetAnet pd
= +1.2  11  1.034 = 1.2408 kN/m2 Pressure
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls: = - 1.1  11 1.034 =-1.1374 kN/m2 Suction
For h/w = 0.5 and l/w = 5, Cpe for walls1
For Roof: F = CpnetAnet pd
= +1.3  11  0.954 =1.2402 kN/m2 Suction
= -0.1  11 0.954 =-0.0954 kN/m2 Pressure
 Figure 1.2- Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
For 0o wind incidence, for E/G (End Zone)

0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1

E =
G E G
0.5 0.5

OR
0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9
=
E G E G
0.5 0.5
For 90o wind incidence, for E/G (End Zone)
0.8 0.3

EG = EG
0.5
OR
0.8 1.3
=
EG EG
0.5
o
For 0 wind incidence, for F/H (Mid Zone)

0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1

F =
H F H
0.5 0.5

OR
0.8 0.4
1.3 0.9
=
F H F H
0.5 0.5
For 90o wind incidence, for F/H (Mid Zone)

0.4 0.1

FH = FH
0.5
OR
0.4 0.9
=
FH FH
0.5
Example-2: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Building with Parapet & Overhangs: Flat Roof
Problem Statement:
What difference will occur if the building in Ex.1 has 1.5m overhangs and 1m high parapets, as shown in
figure 2.1?

 = 0o

1m
10 m

5m
50 m
Fig. 2.1

Solution: % opening area = 7.5 %, between 5% and 20%

Wind Data: Hence the building is of Medium permeability.
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec.3.2.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2)
(Refer Basic Wind Speed Map (Fig. 1) Design Wind Pressure:
2. Terrain category: Terrain Category 2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 =
471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s
Design Factors: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
Risk Coefficient Factor k1 = 1.00 pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (47.00)2 = 1325.4 N/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
Terrain & Height Factor k2 = 1.00 pd = pZ KdKa = 1.32540.90.867
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) =1.034kN/m2 (short wall)
Topography Factor k3 = 1.00 = 1.32540.90.8
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) = 0.954 kN/m2 (long wall)
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) pd = pZ . Kd . Ka = 1.3254  0.9  0.8
Wind Directionality Factor Kd = 0.90 = 0.954 kN/m2 (Roof)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) Refer note below Sec. 5.3 for buildings less than
Area Averaging Factor Ka 10m height, while making stability calculations &
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4) design of the framing.
Tributary area of Short walls = 10 x 5 = 50m2
=== 0.867 Wind Load Calculations:
Tributary area of Long walls = 50 x 5 = 250m2 F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd
=== 0.80 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
Tributary area of roof = 53 x 13 = 689m2 Internal Pressure Coefficient
=== 0.80 Cpi =  0.5
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
Permeability of the Building: Note: buildings shall be analysed once for pressure
Area of all the walls = 5 (210 + 250) = 600m2 of 0.5 from inside and then for a suction of –0.5
Area of all the openings = 201.51.5 = 45m2
from inside (IS:875-pt.3, Sec.3.2.2) along-with Cpnet for Walls A or B
external pressure coefficient. = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2, pressure
External Pressure Coefficients = -0.5 – (+0.5) = -1.0, suction
On Roof: Using the Table 5 with roof angle 0o
without local coefficients. For h/w = 0.5, pressure Cpnet for Walls C or D
coefficients are tabulated below = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2, pressure
= -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1, suction
Table 2-1
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle Design pressures for walls:
0o 90o
E -0.8 -0.8 For Long walls: F = CpnetAnet pd
F -0.8 -0.4 =1.2  11  0.954 = 1.1448 kN/m2 Pressure
=-1.0  11  0.954 = -0.954 kN/m2 Suction
G -0.4 -0.8
H -0.4 -0.4 For Short walls: F = CpnetAnet pd
=1.2  11  1.034 = 1.2408 kN/m2 Pressure
(Refer figure below Table 6 of IS:875-pt.3) =-1.1  11 1.034 =-1.1374 kN/m2 Suction
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof:
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof For Roof: F = CpnetAnet pd
while negative internal pressure will be away from = -1.3  11  0.954 = 1.24 kN/m2 suction
the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be added =+0.1  11  0.954 = -0.0954 kN/m2 pressure
to –ve external pressure coefficient and vice-a-
versa. The combinations will have to be made Max. Design Pressure on parapets shall be same as
separately for zones E, F, G, H etc. as given in the pressure on the corresponding wall at the top but
fig. 2.2. with Ka = 1.0 =
1.21.01.01.32540.9 = 1.4314 kN/m2
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls: (Pressure)
For h/w = 0.5 and l/w = 5, Cpe for walls* -1.11.01.01.32540.9 = -1.3121 kN/m2
(Suction)
Table 2-2
Angle of Incidence = 0o 90o Pressure coefficients on overhanging portion of
Wall – A +0.7 -0.5 Roof: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.3.5)
Wall – B -0.25 -0.5 On the top side of overhang: same as nearest top
non-overhanging portion of roof i.e., -0.8 & -0.4
Wall – C -0.6 +0.7
Wall – D -0.6 -0.1 On the underside of overhang: since the overhang is
horizontal, the max. Pressure coefficient shall be
(Refer Table 5 of IS:875-pt.3) +1.0 (Section 6.3.3.5)
*: Since the pressure coefficients are given only for
buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer buildings i.e. Therefore overhangs of this building shall be
l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are being used. designed for a net upward wind pressure
coefficient of -0.8 – (+1.0) = -1.8, i.e. suction,
These will be combined with internal pressure but with Ka = 1.0, i.e. pd = 1.32540.9 = 1.193
coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.5 kN/m2
Max. Design Force = 1.81.193 = 2.147 kN/m2
 Figure 2.2- Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
For 0o wind incidence, for E/G (End Zone)
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
E =
G E G
0.5 0.5

OR
0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9
=
E G E G
0.5 0.5
For 90o wind incidence, for E/G (End Zone)
0.8 0.3

EG = EG
0.5
OR
0.8 1.3
=
EG EG
0.5
o
For 0 wind incidence, for F/H (Mid Zone)

0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1

F =
H F H
0.5 0.5

OR
0.8 0.4
1.3 0.9
=
F H F H
0.5 0.5
For 90o wind incidence, for F/H (Mid Zone)

0.4 0.1

FH = FH
0.5
OR
0.4 0.9
=
FH FH
0.5
Example 3: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Building: Taller with Flat Roof.
Problem Statement:
What difference will occur if the height of building in Ex.1 is 18m and it is to be used for a cold storage?
The structure consists of RC column-beam frame at 5mc/c horizontally and 3m c/c vertically, supporting the
wall. The Building has a flat roof with beams at 5m c/c. The building has 40 openings 1.5 m  1.5m.

18 m

10 m

50 m

Fig. 3.1

Solution: Tributary area for columns in long as well as short

Wind Data: walls = 5 x 18 = 90m2 ============= 0.813
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) Tributary area of roof beam = 5 x 10 = 50m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) ============================= 0.867
(Refer Basic Wind Speed Map (Fig. 1)
2. Terrain category: Terrain Category 2 Combination factor Kc is to be considered for the design
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) of frames as per Section 6.3.3.13 and Table-20 of
IS:875-pt.3.
Design Factors:
Risk Coefficient Factor k1 = 1.00
Permeability of the Building:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1)
Terrain & Height Factor k2 = varying with height as Area of all the walls = 18 (210+250) = 2160 m2
in Table 3-1. Area of all the openings = 401.51.5 = 90 m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) % opening area = 4.166 %, less than 5%.
Topography Factor k3 = 1.00 Hence the building is of low permeability.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2.2)
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00 Design Wind Pressure
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4
Wind Directionality Factor Kd = 0.90
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) = 471.0 k21.01.0 = (47 k2) m/s
Area Averaging Factor Ka
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 & pd = pZ KdKa
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2 & Sec 6.2)
 Table 3-1: Calculation of Variation in Design Wind Speed & Pressure with Height

Height from k2 VZ pZ pd (kN/m2)

Ground, m m/s kN/m2 Column Roof beam

Up to 10m 1.0 47 1.3254 0.970 ----------

15m 1.05 49.35 1.461 1.069 ----------
+
18m 1.068 50.196 1.512 1.106 1.180
+ : linearly interpolated
Wind Load Calculations: to –ve external pressure coefficient and vice-a-
F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd versa. The combinations will have to be made
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1) separately for zones E, F, G, H etc. See fig. 3.2.
Internal Pressure Coefficient
Cpi =  0.2 Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2) Refer Table 5 of code: h/w = 1.8, and l/w = 5,
therefore Cpe for walls1

Note: buildings shall be analysed once for pressure Table 3-3

of 0.2 from inside and then for a suction of –0.2
from inside (refer IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2.1) along- Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
with external pressure coefficient.
Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5
External Pressure Coefficient Wall – B - 0.4 - 0.5
On Roof: Using the Table 6 with roof angle 0o
Wall – C - 0.7 + 0.8
without local coefficients. For h/w = 1.8, pressure
coefficients are tabulated below Wall – D - 0.7 - 0.1
1
: Since the pressure coefficients are given only for
Table 3-2 buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer buildings i.e.
l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are being used.
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle
0o 90o These will be combined with internal pressure
coefficients as earlier equal to Cpi =  0.2
E -0.7 -0.9
F -0.7 -0.7 Cpnet for Walls A or B
= 0.7 – (-0.2) = +0.9, pressure
G -0.6 -0.9 = -0.5 – (+0.2) = -0.7, suction
H -0.6 -0.7
Cpnet for Walls C or D
= 0.8 – (-0.2) = +1.0, pressure
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: = -0.7 – (+0.2) = -0.9, suction
pd = pZ KdKa = 0.6 (VZ)2  KdKa
= 0.6 (50.196)2 0.90.867 = 1.180 kN/m2 These Cpnet values multiplied by respective design
pressure, depending on element & height give the
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof design force per unit area, as in the previous
while negative internal pressure will be away from example.
the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be added
 Figure 3.2- Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
For 0o wind incidence, for E/G (End Zone)

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

=
E G E G
0.2 0.2
or

0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8

=
E G E G
0.2 0.2
For 90o wind incidence, for E/G (End Zone)

0.9 0.7
EG =
EG
0.2
or
0.9 1.1
=
EG EG
0.2
For 0o wind incidence, for F/H (Mid Zone)

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

=
F H F H
0.2 0.2
or

0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8

=
F H F H
0.2 0.2
For 90o wind incidence, for F/H (Mid Zone)

0.7 0.5
FH =
FH
0.2
0.7
0.9
=
FH FH
0.2
Example 4:Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Building: Pitched Roof
Problem Statement:
Calculate wind pressures and design forces on walls and roof of a rectangular clad building with
pitched roof, having plan dimensions 10m50m and height 5m, as shown in figure-4.1. The building
is situated in Dhanbad (Bihar) in an industrial area 500m inside open land on a fairly level
topography. Walls of building have 20 openings of 1.5m1.5m size. The roof is of GC sheeting & the
roof angle  is 150. Calculate also the local wind pressures on roof & wall cladding. The columns &
trusses are at 5m c/c, longitudinally, purlins are at 1.4m c/c and columns at Gable ends are at 5m c/c.

 = 0o

10 m 5m

50 m

Fig. – 4.1

Solution: Area averaging factor Ka

Wind Data: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec6.2.2, Table-4)
Dhanbad is situated in Zone II at the boundary Tributary area for columns = 5 x 5 = 25 m2
of Zone II & Zone IV. For such places higher ============================= 0.9
Zone is recommended. Therefore, Tributary area for Trusses =2x5.176x5=51.76m2
Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47 m/s) ============================ 0.864
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4 x 5 = 7.0 m2
2. Terrain category: Transition from Category 1 ============================= 1.0
to Category 2. Tributary area of short walls for design of wind
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) braces in plan = 10 x 5 + 0.5 x10x1.34 =56.7 m2
Note: A combined wind speed profile is to be worked =========================== 0.858
out as per Appendix–B (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.4) but
since height of boundary layer developed after 500m Permeability of the Building:
fetch length is more than building height of 5m, only Area of all the walls
effects due to Terrain Category 2 are to be
= 5 (210 + 250) + 20.51.3410 = 613.4
considered. A combined profile would be needed in
case of tall structures.
m2
Area of all the openings
Design Factors: = 201.51.5 = 45 m2
Risk Coefficient factor k1 = 1.00 % opening area = 7.336 %, between 5% and
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) 20%. Hence the building is of medium
Terrain & Height factor k2 = 1.00 permeability.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
Topography factor k3 = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) Design Wind Pressure:
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 =1.00 Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) = 471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
Wind Directionality factor Kd = 0.90 pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (47.00)2 = 1325.4 N/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.1.1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.4)
pd = pZ KdKa = 1.32540.9Ka = 1.193 Ka
1
: Since the pressure coefficients are given only
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec6.2) for buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer
For various members and components, use buildings i.e. l/w > 4, at present values up to 4
proper value of Ka, as above. Refer note below are being used.
Sec. 5.3 of IS:875-pt.3 for buildings less than These will be combined with internal pressure
10m height, while making stability calculations coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.5
and design of the frame.
Cpnet for Walls A or B
Wind Load Calculations: = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2, pressure
F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd = -0.5 – (+0.5) = -1.0, suction
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1) Cpnet for Walls C or D
Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi =  0.5 = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2, pressure
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2) = -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1, suction
Local pressure coefficients for the design of
Note: buildings shall be analysed once for
pressure of 0.5 from inside and then for a claddings and fasteners
suction of –0.5 from inside (refer IS:875-pt.3, Refer Table 6 of IS-875 for Roof Angle = 150
Sec 6.2.2.1) along-with external pressure Local Cpe for eaves portion in end zone: NA
coefficient. Local Cpe for eaves portion in mid zone: NA
Local Cpe for ridge portion: -1.2
External Pressure Coefficients Local Cpe for gable edges: -1.2
Using the Table 6 with roof angle 15o. For h/w = Local Cpe for corners of walls: -1.0
0.5, pressure coefficients are tabulated in
Table 4.1 (refer figure below Table 6 of IS:875- Therefore Max. local Cpnet for roof at the edges
pt.3) and the ridge = -1.2 – (+0.5) = -1.7
Table - 4.1 Likewise at the wall edges = -1.0 – (+0.5) = -1.5
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle However, for the use of the local pressure
0o 90o coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
computed with Ka = 1.
E -0.8 -0.75 Therefore, pd = 1.32540.9 = 1.193 kN/m2
F -0.8 -0.6
Zone of local coefficients = 0.1510 = 1.5m, at
G -0.4 -0.75 ridges, eaves and gable ends & 0.2510 = 2.5m
H -0.4 -0.6 for wall corners. In this region the cladding and
fasteners shall be checked for increased force.
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: Refer note below Table 6 of code
Positive internal pressure will act towards the
roof while negative internal pressure will be Calculations of Force due to Frictional Drag:
away from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4.1)
will be added to –ve external pressure This will act in the longitudinal direction of the
coefficient and vice-a-versa. The combinations building along the wind. Here h<b, therefore,
will have to be made separately for zones E, F, first equation will be used & Cf’ = 0.02. This
G, H etc., as given in figure 4.2. will be added to the wind force on gable walls.
Ka for roof and walls is 0.8, as area is more than
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls: 100m2.
Refer Table 5 of the code: h/w = 0.5, and l/w = 5
therefore Cpe for walls1
Table - 4.2
Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5
Wall – B - 0.25 - 0.5
Wall – C - 0.6 + 0.7
Wall – D - 0.6 - 0.1
 Figure 4.2 - Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations

For End Zone E/G; 0o wind incidence

0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9



0.5 0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1

0.5 0.5

For End Zone E/G; 90o wind incidence

0.75 0.75 1.25 1.25



0.5 0.5
OR
0.75 0.75 0.25 0.25

0.5 0.5

For Mid Zone F/H; 0o wind incidence

0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9



0.5 0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1


0.5 0.5

For Mid Zone F/H; 90o wind incidence

0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1



0.5 0.5
OR
0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1


0.5 0.5
Example 5 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad Taller
Building with Pitched Roof
Problem Statement:
What difference will occur if the height of the building in Example 4 is 18m and it has 40 openings of
1.5m1.5m size as shown in figure 5.1?
 = 0o

18 m

10 m

50 m
Fig. – 5.1
Solution:
Wind Data: Wind Directionality factor Kd = 0.90
1. Dhanbad is situated in Zone II at the boundary of (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1
Zone II & Zone IV. For such places higher Zone is Area Averaging factor Ka:
recommended. Therefore, (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47 m/s) Tributary area for columns = 5 18 = 90m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) ===============================0.813
2. Terrain category: Tributary area for Trusses = 25.176  5= 51.76m2
Transition from Category 1 (open land) to Category ============================== 0.864
2 (open land with few structures of low height) Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4  5 = 7.0m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) ================================ 1.0
Note: A combined wind speed profile is to be worked Tributary area of short walls for design of wind
out as per Appendix – B ((IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.4) but
braces in plan = 10  18 + 0.5  10  1.34 =
since height of boundary layer developed after 500m
fetch length is more than building height of 18m, only 186.7m2 ======================== 0.80
effects due to Terrain Category 2 are to be considered. A
combined profile would be needed in case of taller Permeability of the Building:
structures. Area of all the walls = 18 (210+250) = 2160 m2
Area of all the openings = 401.51.5 = 90 m2
Design Factors: % opening area = 4.166 %, less than 5%
Risk Coefficient factor k1 = 1.00 Hence the building is of low permeability.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
Terrain & Height factor k2: Varies with height, as
given Table 5.1 Design Wind Pressure
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2)
Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 =
Topography factor k3 = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) 471.0 k21.01.0 = (47 k2) m/s
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 & pd = pZ KdKa
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.4 & Sec 6.2)
 Table 5.1 Table 5.3
Calculations of variation in design wind speed & Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
pressure with height Wall – A + 0.7 - 0.5
Wall – B - 0.4 - 0.5
Height from k2 VZ pZ pd Wall – C - 0.7 + 0.8
Ground, m m/s kN/m2 column truss purlin Wall – D - 0.7 - 0.1
Up to 10m 1.00 47.00 1.325 0.970 --- --- 1
: Since the pressure coefficients are given only for
15m 1.05 49.35 1.461 1.069 --- --- buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer buildings
18m 1.07+ 50.20 1.512 1.106 1.176 1.361 i.e. l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are being used.

+ : linearly interpolated. These will be combined with internal pressure

coefficients as earlier equal to Cpi =  0.2.
Wind Load Calculations:
F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd Cpnet for Walls A or B
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1) = 0.7 – (-0.2) = +0.9, pressure
= -0.5 – (+0.2) = -0.7, suction
Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi =  0.2 Cpnet for Walls C or D
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2) = 0.8 – (-0.2) = +1.0, pressure
= -0.7 – (+0.2) = -0.9, suction
Note: buildings shall be analysed once for pressure
of 0.2 from inside and then for a suction of –0.2 Local pressure coefficients for the design of
from inside (refer IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.1) along- claddings and fasteners
with external pressure coefficient. Refer Table 5 of IS-875 for Wall and Table 6 for
Roof (Angle = 150)
External Pressure Coefficients Local Cpe for eaves portion in end zone: -1.75
On Roof: Using the Table 5 with roof angle 15o Local Cpe for eaves portion in mid zone: -1.5
For h/w = 1.8, pressure coefficients are tabulated Local Cpe for ridge portion: -1.2
in Table 5.2 (refer figure below Table 6 of code) Local Cpe for gable edges: -1.75
Local Cpe for corners of walls: -1.2
Table 5.2
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle Therefore Max. local Cpnet for roof at the edges and
0o 90o the ridge = -1.75 – (+0.2) = -1.95
E -0.75 -0.8 Likewise at the wall edges = -1.2 – (+0.2) = -1.4
F -0.75 -0.8 However, for the use of the local pressure
coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
G -0.6 -0.8 computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.512  0.9
H -0.6 -0.8 = 1.3606 kN/m2

Zone of local coefficients = 0.1510 = 1.5m, at

Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: ridges, eaves and gable ends & 0.2510 = 2.5m for
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof wall corners. In this region the cladding and
while negative internal pressure will be away from fasteners shall be checked for increased force.
the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be added (Refer note below table 6 of IS:875-pt.3)
to –ve external pressure coefficient and vice-a-
versa. The combinations will have to be made Calculations of Force due to Frictional Drag:
separately for zones E, F, G, H etc., as given in (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4.1)
figure 5.2. This will act in the longitudinal direction of the
building along the wind. Here h>b, therefore,
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls: second equation will be used & Cf’ = 0.02. This
Refer Table 5 of code: h/w = 1.8, and l/w = 5 will be added to the wind force on gable walls. Ka
therefore Cpe for walls1 for roof and walls is 0.8, as area is more than
100m2.
********
 Figure 5-2: Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
For End Zone E/G; 0o wind incidence

0.75 0.6 0.95 0.8



0.2 0.2
OR
0.75 0.6 0.55 0.4


0.2 0.2

For End Zone E/G; 90o wind incidence

0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0



0.2 0.2
OR
0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6


0.2 0.2

For Mid Zone F/H; 0o wind incidence

0.75 0.6 0.95 0.8



0.2 0.2
OR
0.75 0.6 0.55 0.4


0.2 0.2

For Mid Zone F/H; 90o wind incidence

0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0


0.2 0.2
OR
0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6


0.2 0.2
Example 6 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Pitched Roof Short Building in Coastal Region
Problem Statement:
What difference will occur if the building in Example 4 is an industrial building situated in
Vishkhapattanam (Andhra Pradesh) near seacoast?
 = 0o

10 m 5m

50 m
Fig. – 6.1
Solution:
Wind Data: Tributary area of short walls for design of wind
braces in plan = 10  5 + 0.5 101.34 =56.7 m2
1.Wind Zone: Zone V (Vb= 50m/s)---------
(IS:875-pt. 3, Sec 5.2) =========================== 0.858
Note: Vishakhapattanam is situated near seacoast in * : use 1.15 for Industrial structures
Zone V. For such places special importance factor for Permeability of the Building:
cyclonic region is to be used. Area of all the walls
(IS:875-pt. 3, Fig. 1) = 5 (210 + 250) + 20.51.3410 = 613.4 m2
Area of all the openings
2. Terrain category: for open seacoast
= 201.51.5 = 45 m2
conditions, use Category 1----
% opening area = 7.336 %, between 5% and 20%.
(IS:875-pt. 3, Sec 5.3.2.1)
Hence the building is of medium permeability.
Design Factors:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) Design Wind Pressure
Terrain & Height factor‘k2’ = 1.05 Design Wind Speed = VZ =Vbk1k2k3k4 =
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) 501.01.051.01.15 = 60.375 m/s

Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)

(IS:875-pt.3,Sec 5.3.3.1) pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (60.375)2 = 2187 N/m2
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region ‘k4’ (IS:875-pt.3, Sec6.2)
= 1.15*
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) pd = pZ KdKa
=2.1870.90.858
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’ = 0.90 = 1.689 kN/m2(short wall)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) =2.1870.90.8
Area Averaging factor Ka =1.574 kN/m2 (long wall & Roof)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
Tributary area for columns = 5  5 = 25 m2  0.9 Refer note below Sec. 5.3 for buildings less than
Tributary area for Trusses =25.1765=51.76m2 10m height, while making stability calculations
============================= 0.864 and design of the frame.
Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4  5 = 7.0 m2
============================= 1.0
Wind Load Calculations:
F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd These will be combined with internal pressure
coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.5
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi =  0.5 Cpnet for Walls A or B= 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
pressure
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
= -0.5 – (+0.5) = -1.0, suction
Note: buildings shall be analysed once for pressure of Cpnet for Walls C or D = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
0.5 from inside and then for a suction of –0.5 from pressure
inside along-with external pressure coefficient. = -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1, suction
(IS:875-pt.3, sec.6.3.2.1)
External Pressure Coefficients Local pressure coefficients for the design of
claddings and fasteners
Using the Table 6 with roof angle 15o
Refer Table 6 of IS-875-pt.3 for Roof Angle = 150
For h/w = 0.5, pressure coefficients are tabulated
Local Cpe for eaves portion in end zone: NA
below (IS:875-pt.3, Table 6)
Local Cpe for eaves portion in mid zone: NA
Local Cpe for ridge portion: -1.2
Table 6-1 Local Cpe for gable edges: -1.2
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle
Local Cpe for corners of walls: -0.6
0o 90o
Therefore Max. local Cpnet for roof at the edges
E -0.8 -0.75
and the ridge = -1.2 – (+0.5) = -1.7
F -0.8 -0.6
Likewise at the wall edges = -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1
G -0.4 -0.75
However, for the use of the local pressure
H -0.4 -0.6
coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.753  0.9
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof:
= 1.5777 kN/m2
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof
while negative internal pressure will be away Zone of local coefficients = 0.1510 = 1.5m, at
from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be ridges, eaves and gable ends & 0.25*10 = 2.5m
added to –ve external pressure coefficient and for wall corners. In this region the cladding and
vice-a-versa. The combinations will have to be fasteners shall be checked for increased force.
made separately for zones E, F, G, H etc., as (IS:875-pt. 3, Table 6)
given in figure 6.2
Calculations of Force due to Frictional Drag:
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4.1)
Refer Table 5 of IS:875-pt.3 code: h/w = 0.5, and
This will act in the longitudinal direction of the
l/w = 5 therefore Cpe for walls1
building along the wind. Here h<b, therefore, first
equation will be used & Cf’ = 0.02. This will be
Table 6-2
added to the wind force on gable walls. Ka for
Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
roof and walls is 0.8, as area is more than 100m2.
Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5
Wall – B - 0.25 - 0.5
Wall – C - 0.6 + 0.7
Wall – D - 0.6 - 0.1
1
: Since the pressure coefficients are given only
for buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer
buildings i.e. l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are
being used.
Figure 6.2 - Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
For End Zone E/G; 0o wind incidence

0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9



0.5 0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1


0.5 0.5
o
For End Zone E/G; 90 wind incidence

0.75 0.75 1.25 1.25



0.5 0.5
OR
0.75 0.75 0.25 0.25


0.5 0.5
For Mid Zone F/H; 0o wind incidence

0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9



0.5 0.5
OR

0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1



0.5 0.5

For Mid Zone F/H; 90o wind incidence

0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1



0.5 0.5
OR
0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1


0.5 0.5
Example 7 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Partially
Clad Building: Pitched Roof
Problem Statement:
What difference will occur if the walls of the building in Example 4 is half clad in upper part and
half open as shown in figure 7.1?
Cladding  = 0o

2.5 m
2.5 m
10 m
50 m
Fig. – 7.1
Solution:
Wind Data: Tributary area for Trusses =2  5.176  5 =
Dhanbad is situated in Zone II at the boundary of 51.76m2
Zone II & Zone IV. For such places higher Zone ============================= 0.864
is recommended. Therefore, Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4  5 = 7.0 m2
Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47 m/s) ============================= 1.0
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) Tributary area of short walls for design of wind
braces in plan= 10  2.5 + 0.5 101.34 =31.7 m2
2. Terrain category: Transition from Category 1 to =========================== 0.891
Category 2. (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1)
Permeability of the Building:
Note: A combined wind speed profile is to be worked Since the walls are half open, the building comes
out as per Appendix – B (Sec 5.3.2.4) but since height under the category of large openings and analysis
of boundary layer developed after 500m fetch length is
is to be carried out as per Section 6.3.2.2. As per
more than building height of 5m, only effects due to
Terrain Category 2 are to be considered. A combined para 1 of section 6.3.2.2 use more than 20%
profile would be needed in case of tall structures. opening clause and consider 0.7 internal
pressure on walls and roof.
Design Factors:
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00 Design Wind Pressure:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 =
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.00 471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00 pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (47.00)2 = 1325.4 N/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
pd = pZ KdKa = 1.32540.9 Ka
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region
‘k4’= 1.00 = 1.193Ka kN/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec6.2)
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’ = 0.90 For various members and components, use proper
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.1.1) value of Ka, as above. Refer note below Sec. 5.3
Area Averaging factor Ka for buildings less than 10m height, while making
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.1.2, Table-4) stability calculations and design of the frame.
Tributary area for columns = 5 2.5 = 12.5 m2 Wind Load Calculations:
============================= 0.983 F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd = CpnetA pd
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi =  0.7 Local pressure coefficients for the design of
claddings and fasteners:
External Pressure Coefficients: Refer Table 6 of IS-875 for Roof Angle = 150
Using the Table 6 with roof angle 15o Local Cpe for eaves portion in end zone: NA
For h/w = 0.5, pressure coefficients are tabulated Local Cpe for eaves portion in mid zone:NA
below (refer figure below Table 6 of code) Local Cpe for ridge portion: -1.2
Local Cpe for gable edges: -1.2
Table 7-1 Local Cpe for corners of walls: -0.6
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle
0o 90o Therefore Max. local Cpnet for roof at the edges
E -0.8 -0.75 and the ridge = -1.2 – (+0.7) = -1.9
F -0.8 -0.6 Likewise at the wall edges = -0.6 – (+0.7) = -1.3
G -0.4 -0.75 However, for the use of the local pressure
H -0.4 -0.6 coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.3254 
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof 0.9 = 1.193 kN/m2
while negative internal pressure will be away
from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be Zone of local coefficients = 0.1510 = 1.5m, at
added to –ve external pressure coefficient and ridges, eaves and gable ends & 0.2510 = 2.5m
vice-a-versa. The combinations will have to be for wall corners. In this region the cladding and
made separately for zones E, F, G, H etc., as in fasteners shall be checked for increased force.
figure 7.2. (IS:875-pt.3, Table-5)

Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls: Calculations of Force due to Frictional Drag:
Refer Table 5 of code: h/w = 0.5, and l/w = 5 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4.1)
therefore Cpe for walls* This will act in the longitudinal direction of the
building along the wind. Here h<b, therefore, first
Table 7-2 equation will be used & Cf’ = 0.02. This will be
Angle of Incidence 0o 90o added to the wind force on gable walls. Ka for
Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5 roof and walls is 0.8, as area is more than 100m2.
Wall – B - 0.25 - 0.5
Wall – C - 0.6 + 0.7
Wall – D - 0.6 - 0.1
*: Since the pressure coefficients are given only for
buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer buildings
i.e. l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are being used.
These will be combined with internal pressure
coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.7
Cpnet for Walls A or B = 0.7 – (-0.7) = +1.4,
pressure
= -0.5 – (+0.7) = -1.2, suction
Cpnet for Walls C or D = 0.7 – (-0.7) = +1.4,
pressure
= -0.6 – (+0.7) = -1.3, suction
 Figure 7.2 - Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations

For End Zone E/G; 0o wind incidence

0.8 0.4 1.5 1.1
=
0.7 0.7
OR
0.8 0.4 0.1 0.3
=

0.7 0.7

For End Zone E/G; 90o wind incidence

0.75 0.75 1.45 1.45
=
0.7 0.7
OR
0.75 0.75 0.05 0.05
=

0.7 0.7

For Mid Zone F/H; 0o wind incidence

0.8 0.4 1.5 1.1

=
0.7 0.7
OR
0.8 0.4 0.1 0.3
=

0.7 0.7

For Mid Zone F/H; 90o wind incidence

0.6 0.6 1.3 1.3
=
0.7 0.7
 OR
0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1
=
0.7 0.7
Example 8 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Building: Mono-slope Roof
Problem Statement:
What difference will occur in design forces if the building in Example 4 has a mono slope roof with roof
angle  = 100, the eaves height at the lower end being 5m? The building has 1 m wide overhangs at both the
eaves. See figure 8.1.

 = 0o

1m 1m

10o

1m
10 m

50 m
5m
Fig. – 8.1
Solution:
Wind Data: Tributary area for columns = 5  6.76 = 33.81 m2
Dhanbad is situated in Zone II at the boundary of = 0.888
Zone II & Zone IV. For such places higher Zone Tributary area for Trusses =12.19  5=60.95m2
is recommended. Therefore, = 0.852
Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47 m/s) Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4  5 = 7.0 m2 =
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) 1.0
2. Terrain category: Transition from Category 1 to Tributary area of short walls for design of wind
Category 2. braces in plan
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) = 10  5 + 0.5  10  1.76 = 58.8 m2 = 0.855
Note: A combined wind speed profile is to be worked Permeability of the Building:
out as per Appendix – B (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.4) but
since height of boundary layer developed after 500m
Area of all the walls = 5 (210 + 250) +
fetch length is more than building height of 5m, only 0.51.7610 + 1.7650 = 696.8 m2
effects due to Terrain Category 2 are to be considered. Area of all the openings = 201.51.5 = 45 m2
A combined profile would be needed in case of tall % opening area = 6.458 %, between 5% and 20%
structures. Hence the building is of medium permeability
Design Factors:
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1,Table-1) Design Wind Pressure
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.00 Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) = 471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) pZ = 0.6 (VZ) = 0.6 (47.00) = 1325.4 N/m2
2 2

Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region ‘k4’=1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec6.2)

(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) pd = pZ  KdKa = 1.3254  0.9  Ka
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’ = 0.90 = 1.193  Ka kN/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
Area Averaging factor Ka
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
For various members and components, use proper Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi =  0.5
value of Ka, as above. Refer note below Sec. 5.3
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
of IS:875-pt.3 for buildings less than 10m height,
while making stability calculations and design of Note: buildings shall be analysed once for pressure of
the frame. 0.5 from inside and then for a suction of –0.5 from
inside (refer Sec 6.3.2.1) along-with external pressure
Wind Load Calculations: coefficient.
F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd For underside of overhang portion: Table 8-3.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)

Table 8-3
Roof side ↓ Wind angle-- 0o 90o 180o 270o
Above wall A (higher end) +0.75 -0.50 -0.25 -0.50
Above wall B (Lower end) -0.25 -0.50 +1.25 -0.50
Above wall C (gable end) -0.60 +1.00 -0.60 -0.10
Above wall D (gable end) -0.60 -0.10 -0.60 +1.00
(Refer Clause 6.3.3.5 & Table 5)

External Pressure Coefficients Table 8-2

Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
Using the Table 7 with roof angle 10 o
Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5
For h/w = 5/12 = 0.417, pressure coefficients are Wall – B - 0.25 - 0.5
tabulated in Table 8-1 (IS:875-pt.3, Table 7) Wall – C - 0.6 + 0.7
Wall – D - 0.6 - 0.1
Overhang portion: same as local coefficient on *: Since the pressure coefficients are given only for
nearest non-overhang portion, i.e. –2.0 buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer buildings
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.3.5) i.e. l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are being used.

Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: These will be combined with internal pressure
coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.5
Table 8-1 Cpnet for Walls A or B = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
Portion of Wind Incidence Angle pressure = -0.5 – (+0.5) = -1.0, suction
Roof 0o 45o 90o 135o 180o Cpnet for Walls C or D = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
Windward -1.0 -1.0 -1.0/ -0.8 -0.4 pressure = -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1, suction
(widthwise -0.5 Local pressure coefficients:
left half) Local coefficients for roof: Max. value from all
Leeward -0.5 -0.8 -1.0/ -1.0 -1.0 the values given in Table 7 of IS:875-pt.3, i.e.{–
(widthwise -0.5 2.0- (+0.5)} = -2.5, up to 0.15 x w = 0.15 x 12 =
right half) 1.8m on all edges of roof.
Local coefficients for walls: From Table 5 of the
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof IS:875-pt.3, it is {-1.0 –(0.5)}= -1.5, for a
while negative internal pressure will be away distance of 0.25 x w = .25 x 10 = 2.5m at all
from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be corners.
added to –ve external pressure coefficient and
vice-a-versa. The combinations will have to be Calculations of Force due to Frictional Drag:
made separately for different zones, as given in (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4.1)
Figure 8-2. This will act in the longitudinal direction of the
building along the wind. Here h<b, therefore, first
equation will be used & Cf’ = 0.02. This will be
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls:
added to the wind force on gable walls. Ka for
Refer Table 5 of code: h/w = 5/10 = 0.5, and l/w =
roof and long walls is 0.8, as area is more than
50/10 = 5 therefore Cpe for walls* are given in
100m2.
Table 8-2.
 Figure 8.2 - Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
o
For 0 wind incidence, Cpi = +0.5
2.0* 2.0* 1.0 0.5
2.0* 2.0*

0.75 0.5
0.25
Which is equivalent to ↓
2.75 2.5 1.5 1.0 2.5
1.75

For 0o wind incidence, Cpi = -0.5

2.0* 2.0* 1.0 0.5
2.0* 2.0*

0.75 0.5
0.25
Which is equivalent to ↓
2.75 1.5 0.5 0.0
1.5 1.75

For 90o wind incidence, Cpi = +0.5, up to w/2 from ends

2.0* 2.0* 1.0 1.0
2.0* 2.0*

0.5 0.5
0.5
Which is equivalent to ↓
1.5 2.5 1.5 1.5
2.5 1.5

And similarly for other combinations.

* These are local pressure coefficients
Example 9 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Open Building: Mono-slope Roof
Problem Statement:
What change will occur if the building in Example 8 is open at the higher end as shown in figure
9.1, and is without overhangs?

5m

10o

50 m
= 0o

Fig. – 9.1

Solution:
Wind Data: Area Averaging factor Ka
Dhanbad is situated in Zone II at the boundary of (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
Zone II & Zone IV. For such places higher Zone Tributary area for columns = 5  6.76 = 33.81 m2
is recommended. Therefore, = 0.888
Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47 m/s) Tributary area for Trusses =10.155=60.95m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) = 0.852
2. Terrain category: Transition from Category 1 to Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4  5 = 7.0 m2 =
Category 2. 1.0
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) Tributary area of short walls for design of wind
braces in plan
Note: A combined wind speed profile is to be worked = 10 x 5 + 0.5 x10x1.76 =58.8 m2 = 0.855
out as per Appendix – B (Sec 5.3.2.4) but since height
Permeability of the Building:
of boundary layer developed after 500m fetch length is
more than building height of 5m, only effects due to
Since one of the walls of the structure is open, it
Terrain Category 2 are to be considered. A combined comes under the category of large permeability
profile would be needed in case of tall structures. exceeding 20% opening.

Design Factors: (IS:875-pt.3, Fig. 2, Sec 6.3.2.2)

Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00 Design Wind Pressure
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 =
471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2)
pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (47.00)2 = 1325.4 N/m2
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1)
pd = pZ KdKa =1.32540.9 Ka
=1.193 Ka kN/m2
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region ‘k4’=1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4)
For various members and components, use proper
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’ = 0.90
value of Ka, as above.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
Refer note below Sec. 5.3 of IS:875-pt.3 for buildings Table 9-2
less than 10m height, while making stability Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
calculations and design of the frame. Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5
Wall – B - 0.25 - 0.5
Wind Load Calculations: Wall – C - 0.6 + 0.7
F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd Wall – D - 0.6 - 0.1
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
*: Since the pressure coefficients are given only for
Internal Pressure Coefficient: for b/d = 50/10 = 5
buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer buildings
>1 i.e. l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are being used.
(IS:875-pt.3, Fig. 2, Sec 6.3.2.2) These will be combined with internal pressure
Cpi for 0o incidence == +0.8 coefficients as given above
Cpi for 180o incidence == -0.4 Cpnet for Walls A or B = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
Cpi for 90o & 270o incidence == -0.5 pressure
= -0.5 – (+0.8) = -1.3, suction
External Pressure Coefficients Cpnet for Walls C or D = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
Using the (IS:875-pt.3, Table 7) with roof angle pressure
10o = -0.6 – (+0.8) = -1.4, suction
For h/w = 5/10 = 0.5, pressure coefficients are Local pressure coefficients:
tabulated in table 9.1. Local coefficients for roof: Max. value from all
Table 9-1 the values given in IS:875-pt.3, Table 7, i.e.{–2.0-
Portion of Wind Incidence Angle (+0.8)} = -2.8, up to 0.15  w = 0.15 x 10 = 1.5m
Roof 0o 45o 90o 135o 180o on all edges of roof.
Windward Local coefficients for walls: From IS:875-pt.3,
(widthwise -1.0 -1.0 -1.0/-0.5 -0.8 -0.4 Table 5, it is {-1.0 –(0.8)}= -1.8, for a distance of
left half) 0.25  w = .25  10 = 2.5m at all corners.
Leeward In this region the fasteners shall be designed to
(widthwise -0.5 -0.8 -1.0/-0.5 -1.0 -1.0
right half)
carry increased force.
However, for the use of the local pressure
coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof:
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.3254 
while negative internal pressure will be away 0.9 = 1.193 kN/m2
from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be (IS:875-pt.3, Table 7)
added to –ve external pressure coefficient and Calculations of Force due to Frictional Drag:
vice-a-versa. The combinations will have to be (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4.1)
made separately for different zones, as given in This will act in the longitudinal direction of the
Figure 8-2. building along the wind. Here h<b, therefore, first
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls: equation will be used & Cf’ = 0.02. This will be
Refer Table 5 of code: h/w = 5/10 = 0.5, and l/w = added to the wind force on gable walls. Ka for
50/10 = 5 therefore Cpe for walls* are given in roof and one long wall is 0.8, as area is more than
Table 9-2. 100m2.
 Figure 9.2 - Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
For 0o wind incidence, Cpi = +0.8
2.0* 1.0 0.5
2.0*

0.8

Which is equivalent to ↓
2.8 1.8 1.3
2.8

For 180o wind incidence, Cpi = -0.4

2.0* 0.4 1.0
2.0*

0.4

Which is equivalent to ↓
1.6 0.0 0.6
1.6

For 90o / 270o wind incidence, Cpi = -0.5, up to w/2 from ends
2.0* 1.0 1.0
2.0*

0.5

Which is equivalent to ↓
1.5 0.5 0.5
1.5

And similarly for other combinations.

*Local Pressure coefficients on roof edges.
Example 10 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Pitched Roof Building with Clad Verandah
Problem Statement:
What difference will occur if the building in Example 4 is attached with a small clad mono-slope building of
dimensions 5m width, 3m height on outer wall and 4m on the common wall, as shown in figure-10.1. The
monoslope building has 1.0m overhang.

 = 180o

5m

10 m 4 m

5m 3m

50 m
Fig. – 10.1
Solution:
Wind Data: Tributary area for columns = 5 x 5 = 25 m2 =
Dhanbad is situated in Zone II at the boundary of 0.9
Zone II & Zone IV. For such places higher Zone Tributary area for main Trusses = 2  5.176  5 =
is recommended. Therefore, 51.76m2 = 0.864
Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47 m/s) Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4 x 5 = 7.0 m2=
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) 1.0
2. Terrain category: Transition from Category 1 to Tributary area of short walls for design of plan
Category 2. braces,
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) Main portion = 5  10 + 10  1.33  ½ =56.65 m2
0.858
Note: A combined wind speed profile is to be worked Annexe = 5  3 + 5  1  ½ = 16.5 m2  0.957
out as per Appendix – B (Sec 5.3.2.4) but since height
of boundary layer developed after 500m fetch length is
more than building height of 5m, only effects due to
Permeability of the Building: (keeping same as in
Terrain Category 2 are to be considered. A combined Ex.4, all openings on the external walls)
profile would be needed in case of tall structures. Area of all the walls = 5(210+50+23.5)
Design Factors: +1.33  10 1/2  2 +350 + 1  50 = 598.6 m2
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00 Area of all the openings =201.51.5= 45 m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) % opening area =7.6 %, between 5% and 20%
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.00 Hence the building is of Medium permeability.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) Design Wind Pressure
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 =1.00 Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4
(IS-875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4)
= 471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’ = 0.90
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
Area Averaging factor Ka
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4) pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (47.00)2 = 1325.4 N/m2
(IS:875:pt.3, Sec 6.2)
pd = pZ KdKa = 1.32540.9Ka = 1.193 Ka Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2) Refer Table 5 of code: h/w = 0.5, and l/(w1+w2)
For various members and components, use proper = 3.33 therefore Cpe for walls
value of Ka, as above.
Refer note below Sec. 5.3 of IS:875-pt.3 for Table 10-2
buildings less than 10m height, while making Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
stability calculations and design of the frame. Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5
Wall – B - 0.25 - 0.5
Wind Load Calculations: Wall – C - 0.6 + 0.7
Total wind force on a joint or member or element, Wall – D - 0.6 - 0.1
F = (Cpe-Cpi)*A* pd Note: Here Walls A, B, C & D refers to the external
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1) walls of combined building.

Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi =  0.5 These will be combined with internal pressure
coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.5
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2) Cpnet for Walls A or B = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
Note: buildings shall be analysed once for pressure
pressure of 0.5 from inside and then for a suction = -0.5 – (+0.5) = -1.0, suction
of –0.5 from inside (refer Sec 6.3.2.1) along-with Cpnet for Walls C or D = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
external pressure coefficient. pressure
= -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1, suction
External Pressure Coefficients
For Main Building: Using the Table 6 with roof Design Pressure coefficients for Overhangs:
angle 15o (for ‘c’ & ‘d’ in table 21) For 00 wind incidence, i.e. from overhang side,
For h/w = 5/10 = 0.5, pressure coefficients are Cpi = +1.25
tabulated in Table 10-1. For other directions, Cpi shall be the same as on
the adjoining wall, as above, +0.7 or –0.5.
Table 10-1 Cpe = -2.0, being the max. on the nearest non-
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle overhanging portion of canopy roof.
0o 90o Design pressure coefficient on overhang: -2.0-
E -0.8 -0.75 (+1.25) = -3.25
F -0.8 -0.6 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec. 6.3.3.5)
G -0.4 -0.75
H -0.4 -0.6 Local pressure coefficients for the design of
For portions ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the canopy: h1/h2 = 5/4 claddings and fasteners
= 1.25 < 1.75 Refer Table 6 of IS-875 for Roof Angle = 150
Local Cpe for eaves portion in end zone:NA
(IS:875-pt.3, Table 21)
Local Cpe for eaves portion in mid zone:NA
For 0 wind incidence: on ‘a’: Cpe = -0.45 & on
o
Local Cpe for ridge portion: -1.2
‘b’: Cpe = -0.5 Local Cpe for gable edges: -1.2
For 180o wind incidence: on ‘a’: Cpe = -0.4 & on
‘b’: Cpe = -0.4 Local Cpe for canopy roof: -2.0
For 90o/ 270o wind incidence: on ‘a’: Cpe = -1.0
(IS:875-pt.3, Table 7)
up to 2.5m from ends and –0.5 thereafter, from
IS:875-pt3., Table 7. On ‘b’: Cpe = - 0.5, from
IS:875-pt.3, Table 5. Therefore Max. Cpnet = -1.2 – (+0.5) = -1.7, for
pitched roof = -2.0 – (+0.5) = -2.5, for canopy
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: roof
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof
while negative internal pressure will be away However, for the use of the local pressure
from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
added to –ve external pressure coefficient and computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.3254 
vice-a-versa. The combinations will have to be 0.9 = 1.193 kN/m2
made separately for different zones, as given in
figure 10-2.
Zone of local coefficients = 0.15  10 = 1.5m, at Calculations of Force due to Frictional Drag:
ridges, eaves and gable ends of pitched roof and (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4.1)
0.15  5 = .75m for canopy roof. In this region This will act in the longitudinal direction of the
the fasteners shall be designed to carry increased building along the wind. Here h<b, therefore, first
force. equation will be used & Cf’ = 0.02. This will be
added to the wind force on gable walls. Ka for
(IS:875-pt.3, Table 6) roof and walls is 0.8, as area is more than 100m2.
 Figure 10-2 - Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
For End Zone E/G; 0o wind incidence
0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9
=
0.45 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.95 1.0

0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=
0.45 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.05 zero

0.5
For End Zone E/G; 180o wind incidence

0.4 0.8 0.9 1.3

=
0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9

0.5
OR
0.4 0.8 0.1 0.3
=
0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1

0.5
For End Zone E/G; 90o wind incidence
0.75 0.75 1.25 1.25
=
1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.0

0.5
OR
0.75 0.75 0.25 0.25
=
1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0

0.5
For Mid Zone F/H; 0o wind incidence
0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9
=
0.45 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.95 1.0

0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=
0.45 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.05 zero

0.5

For Mid Zone F/H; 180o wind incidence

0.4 0.8 0.9 1.3
=
0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9

0.5
OR
0.4 0.8 0.1 0.3
=
0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1

0.5

For Mid Zone F/H; 90o wind incidence

0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1
=
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0

0.5
OR
0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1
=
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0

0.5
Example 11 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Pitched Roof Building with Open Verandah
Problem Statement:
What difference will occur if the mono-slope annexe in Example 10 is unclad (open) on all the
three sides as shown in figure 11.1?

 = 180o

5m

10 m 4 m

5m 3m

50 m
Fig. – 11.1
Solution:
Wind Data: Tributary area for main Trusses = 2  5.176  5 =
Dhanbad is situated in Zone II at the boundary of 51.76m2 = 0.864
Zone II & Zone IV. For such places higher Zone Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4  5 = 7.0 m2 =
is recommended. Therefore, 1.0
Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47 m/s) Tributary area of short walls for design of wind
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) braces in plan = 10  5 + 6.7 = 56.7m2 = 0.858
2. Terrain category: Transition from Category 1 to
Category 2. Permeability of the Building: (keeping same as in
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) Ex.4, all openings on the external walls)
Area of all the walls =5 (210 + 250) + 2  6.7
Note: A combined wind speed profile is to be worked = 613.4 m2
out as per Appendix – B (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.4) but
since height of boundary layer developed after 500m Area of all the openings = 201.51.5 = 45 m2
fetch length is more than building height of 5m, only % opening area =7.3 %, between 5% and 20%
effects due to Terrain Category 2 are to be considered. Hence the building is of Medium permeability.
A combined profile would be needed in case of tall (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
structures.
Design Wind Pressure
Design Factors:
Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 =
Risk Coefficient factor, ‘k1’ = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) 471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s
Terrain & Height factor,‘k2’ = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2)
Topography factor, ‘k3’ = 1.00 pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (47.00)2 = 1325.4 N/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region,‘k4’=1.00
(IS:875-pt. 3, Sec 5.3.4) pd = pZ *Kd*Ka = 1.3254*0.9*Ka = 1.193 Ka
Wind Directionality factor, ‘Kd’ = 0.90 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec6.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) For various members and components, use proper
Area Averaging factor Ka value of Ka, as above.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
Refer note below Sec. 5.3 of IS:875-pt.3 for
Tributary area for columns = 5  5 = 25 m2
buildings less than 10m height, while making
=0.9
stability calculations and design of the frame.
Wind Load Calculations: Table 11-2
F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1) Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5
Wall – B - 0.25 - 0.5
Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi =  0.5 Wall – C - 0.6 + 0.7
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2) Wall – D - 0.6 - 0.1
Note: buildings shall be analysed once for pressure of *: Since the pressure coefficients are given only for
0.5 from inside and then for a suction of –0.5 from buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer buildings
inside (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.1) along-with external i.e. l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are being used.
pressure coefficient.
These will be combined with internal pressure
External Pressure Coefficients
For Main Building: Using the Table 6 with roof coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.5
angle 15o (for ‘c’ & ‘d’ in IS:875-pt.3, Table 21) Cpnet for Walls A or B = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
For h/w = 0.5, pressure coefficients are tabulated pressure = -0.5 – (+0.5) = -1.0, suction
in Table 11-1. (Refer figure below IS:875-pt.3, Cpnet for Walls C or D = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
Table 6) pressure = -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1, suction

Table 11-1 Local pressure coefficients for the design of

Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle claddings and fasteners
0o 90o
E -0.8 -0.75 Refer Table 6 of IS-875 for Roof Angle = 150
F -0.8 -0.6 Local Cpe for eaves portion in end zone: NA
G -0.4 -0.75 Local Cpe for eaves portion in mid zone: NA
H -0.4 -0.6 Local Cpe for ridge portion: -1.2
For portions ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘e’ of the combined part: Local Cpe for gable edges: -1.2
h1/h2=5/4=1.25<1.75 Therefore Max. Cpnet = -1.2 – (+0.5) = -1.7
(IS:875-pt.3, Table 21)
For 0o wind incidence: on ‘a’: Cpe = -0.45 & on For canopy roof, Cpnet = -2.0 – (+0.5) = -2.5
‘b’: Cpe = -0.5 (IS:875-pt.3, Table 7)
For 180o wind incidence: on ‘a’: Cpe = -0.4 & on
‘b’: Cpe = -0.4 However, for the use of the local pressure
coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
For 90o/ 270o wind incidence: on ‘a’: Cpe = -1.0 computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.3254 
up to 2.5m from ends and –0.5 thereafter, from 0.9 = 1.193 kN/m2
IS:875-pt.3, Table 7. On ‘b’: Cpe = - 0.5, from
IS:875-pt.3, Table 5. For Pitched roof: Zone of local coefficients =
0.1510 = 1.5m, at ridges, eaves and gable ends.
For canopy roof, overhanging from building: Cpi
= +1.25, for 0o wind incidence and –0.5 for other For canopy roof: Zone of local coefficients =
directions which is the max. Pressure on adjoining 0.155 = 0.75m, at eaves and gable ends.
wall. (refer 6.3.3.5)
In this region the fasteners shall be designed to
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: carry increased force.
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof (IS:875-pt.3, Table 6)
while negative internal pressure will be away
from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be Calculations of Force due to Frictional Drag:
added to –ve external pressure coefficient and (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4.1)
vice-a-versa. The combinations will have to be
made separately for zones, as given in figure 11- This will act in the longitudinal direction of the
2. building along the wind. Here h<b, therefore, first
equation will be used & Cf’ = 0.02. This will be
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls: added to the wind force on gable walls. Ka for
Refer Table 5 of code: h/w = 0.5, and l/w = 5 roof and walls is 0.8, as area is more than 100m2.
therefore Cpe for walls* are given in Table 11-2.
Figure 11-2 - Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
For End Zone E/G; 0o wind incidence
0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9
=
0.45 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.7 1.0

1.25
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=
0.45 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.7 zero

1.25
For End Zone E/G; 180o wind incidence

0.4 0.8 0.9 1.3

=
0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.9

0.5
OR
0.4 0.8 0.1 0.3
=
0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1

0.5
For End Zone E/G; 90o wind incidence
0.75 0.75 1.25 1.25
=
1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0

0.5
OR
0.75 0.75 0.25 0.25
=
1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0

0.5
For Mid Zone F/H; 0o wind incidence
0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9
=
0.45 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.7

1.25
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=
0.45 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.7 zero

1.25

For Mid Zone F/H; 180o wind incidence

0.4 0.8 0.9 1.3
=
0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.9

0.5
OR
0.4 0.8 0.1 0.3
=
0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1

0.5
For Mid Zone F/H; 90o wind incidence

0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1

=
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 1.0

0.5
OR
0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1
=
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0

0.5
Example 12 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Building on A Ridge or Hill: Pitched Roof
Problem Statement:
Calculate wind pressures and design forces on walls and roof of a rectangular clad resort building with
pitched roof, having plan dimensions 10m30m and height 5m, as shown in figure-12.1. The building is
situated in outskirts of Jaipur on a hilltop 10m high having upwind and downwind slopes of 180 and 100,
respectively. The building has 16 openings of 1.5m 1.5m size. The roof is of GC sheeting & the roof angle
 is 150. Calculate also the local wind pressures on roof & wall cladding. The columns and trusses are at 5m
c/c longitudinally, purlins are at 1.4m c/c and columns at Gable ends are at 5m c/c.

=0o

10 m
10o
o
18

Fig. – 12.1

Solution:
Wind Data: = 50 + 6.7 = 56.7 m2 = 0.858
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) Permeability of the Building:
Note: Jaipur is situated in Zone IV. Area of all the walls = 5 (210 + 230) + 2  6.7
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) = 413.4m2
2. Terrain category: Category 2 for the Area of all the openings = 161.51.5 =36 m2
moderately developed area. % opening area = 8.71 %, between 5% and 20%
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) Hence the building is of medium permeability.
Design Factors: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00 Design Wind Pressure
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1)
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.00 Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 =
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) 471.01.01.1981.0 = 56.3 m/s
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.198* (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1 & App. ‘C’) pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (56.3)2 = 1902.22 N/m2
* : see calculations of k3 at the end. (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
pd = pZ KdKa = 1.90220.9Ka = 1.712 Ka
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 =1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) For various members and components, use proper
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’ = 0.90 value of Ka, as above.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
Area Averaging factor Ka Refer note below Sec. 5.3 of IS:875-pt.3 for
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4) buildings less than 10m height, while making
Tributary area for columns = 5 5 = 25 m2 = stability calculations and design of the frame.
0.9
Tributary area for Trusses = 2  5.176  5 = Wind Load Calculations:
51.76m2 = 0.864 F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd
Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4  5 = 7.0 m2= (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
1.0 Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi =  0.5
Tributary area of short walls for design of wind (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
braces in plan
Note: buildings shall be analysed once for pressure of Local pressure coefficients for the design of
0.5 from inside and then for a suction of –0.5 from claddings and fasteners
inside (IS:875-pt.3, 2 Sec 6.3.2.1) along-with external Refer Table 6 of IS-875 for Roof Angle = 150
pressure coefficient Local Cpe for eaves portion in end zone:NA
Local Cpe for eaves portion in mid zone:NA
External Pressure Coefficients Local Cpe for ridge portion: -1.2
Using the Table 6 with roof angle 15o Local Cpe for gable edges: -1.2
For h/w = 0.5, pressure coefficients are tabulated Local Cpe for corners of walls: -1.0
in Table 12-1. (refer figure of IS:875-pt.3, Table
6) Max. local Cpnet for roof at the edges and the ridge
= -1.2 – (+0.5) = -1.7
Table 12-1 Likewise at the wall edges = -1.0 – (+0.5) = -1.5
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle However, for the use of the local pressure
0o 90o coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
E -0.8 -0.75 computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.90220.9
F -0.8 -0.6 = 1.712 kN/m2
G -0.4 -0.75
H -0.4 -0.6
Zone of local coefficients = 0.1510 = 1.5m, at
ridges, eaves and gable ends & 0.2510 = 2.5m
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof:
for wall corners. In this region the cladding and
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof
while negative internal pressure will be away fasteners shall be checked for increased force.
(IS:875-pt.3, Table 6)
from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be
added to –ve external pressure coefficient and Calculations of Force due to Frictional Drag:
vice-a-versa. The combinations will have to be (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
made separately for zones E, F, G, H etc., as This will act in the longitudinal direction of the
given in figure 12-2. building along the wind. Here h<b, therefore, first
equation will be used & Cf’ = 0.02. This will be
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls: added to the wind force on gable walls. Ka for
roof and walls is 0.8, as area is more than 100m2.
Refer Table 5 of code: h/w = 0.5, and l/w = 5
therefore Cpe for walls* are given in Table 12-2. CALCULATIONS FOR TOPOGRAPHY
FACTOR k3
Table 12-2
Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5 10 m
Wall – B - 0.25 - 0.5
Wall – C - 0.6 + 0.7 Wind from left:
Wall – D - 0.6 - 0.1 H = 10 m, z = 10 m, L = 10/tan 18o = 30.777 K3 =
*: Since the pressure coefficients are given only 1 + C.s
for buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer For  = 18o, C = 0.36 (C-2)
buildings i.e. l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are Factor ‘s’ is obtained from C-2.1 and figure15, for
being used. crest position
Le = z/0.3 = 10/0.3 H/Le = 10/10/0. = 0.3
These will be combined with internal pressure ===== s = 0.55
coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.5 k3 = 1 + 0.36  0.55 = 1.198
Cpnet for Walls A or B = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
pressure Wind from right:
= -0.5 – (+0.5) = -1.0, suction H = 10 m, z = 10 m, L = 10/tan 10o = 56.7 m
Cpnet for Walls C or D = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2, C = 1.2 (z/L) = 1.2 (10/56.7) = 0.21
pressure For  = 10o, Le = L = 56.7 m
= -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1, suction H/Le = 10/56.7 = 0.176 ==== s = 0.7
k3 = 1 + 0.21  0.7 = 1.147
Using k3 = 1.198, being the critical one.
Figure 12-2 - Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
For End Zone E/G; 0o wind incidence
0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9
=
0.5 0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=
0.5 0.5

For End Zone E/G; 90o wind incidence

0.75 0.75 1.25 1.25

=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.75 0.75 0.25 0.25
=

0.5 0.5
For Mid Zone F/H; 0o wind incidence

0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9

=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=

0.5 0.5

For Mid Zone F/H; 90o wind incidence

0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1

=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1
=

0.5 0.5
Example 13 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Building on A Cliff & Escarpment: Pitched Roof
Problem Statement:
What difference will occur if the building in Example12 is situated on a hill having upwind and downwind
slopes of 150 and 010, respectively as shown in figure 13.1?

=0o
01o

10 m
15o

Fig. – 13.1

Solution:
Wind Data: Area of all the openings = 161.51.5 =36 m2
% opening area =8.71 %, between 5% and 20%
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) Hence the building is of medium permeability.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
2. Terrain category: Category 2 for the
moderately developed area. Design Wind Pressure
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1)
Design Factors: Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 =
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00 471.01.01.1931.0 = 56.071 m/s
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.00 pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (56.071)2 = 1886.37 N/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.193* pd = pZ KdKa = 1.8860.9Ka = 1.700 Ka
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1 & App. ‘C’) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
* : see calculations of k3 at the end. For various members and components, use proper
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 =1.00 value of Ka, as above.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) Refer note below Sec. 5.3 of IS:875-pt.3 for
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’ = 0.90 buildings less than 10m height, while making
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) stability calculations and design of the frame.
Area Averaging factor Ka
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4) Wind Load Calculations:
Tributary area for columns = 5 x 5 = 25 m2 = F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd
0.9 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
Tributary area for Trusses = 2 x 5.176 x 5 = Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi =  0.5
51.76m2 = 0.864 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4 x 5 = 7.0 m2= Note: buildings shall be analysed once for pressure of
1.0 0.5 from inside and then for a suction of –0.5 from
Tributary area of short walls for design of wind inside (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2.1) along-with external
braces in plan pressure coefficient
= 50 + 6.7 = 56.7 m2 = 0.858
External Pressure Coefficients
Permeability of the Building: Using the IS:875-pt.3, Table 6 with roof angle 15o
Area of all the walls = 5 (210 + 230) + 2  For h/w = 0.5, pressure coefficients are tabulated
6.7 = 413.4m2 in Table 13-1. (IS:875-pt.3, Table 6)
 Table 13-1 Max. local Cpnet for roof at the edges and the ridge
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle = -1.2 – (+0.5) = -1.7
0o 90o Likewise at the wall edges = -1.0 – (+0.5) = -1.5
E -0.8 -0.75 However, for the use of the local pressure
F -0.8 -0.6 coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
G -0.4 -0.75 computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.886*0.9
H -0.4 -0.6 = 1.700 kN/m2

Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: Zone of local coefficients = 0.1510 = 1.5m, at
ridges, eaves and gable ends & 0.2510 = 2.5m
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof for wall corners. In this region the cladding and
while negative internal pressure will be away fasteners shall be checked for increased force.
from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be (IS:875-pt.3, Table 6)
added to –ve external pressure coefficient and
vice-a-versa. The combinations will have to be Calculations of Force due to Frictional Drag:
made separately for zones E, F, G, H etc., as (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
given in figure 12-2.
This will act in the longitudinal direction of the
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls: building along the wind. Here h<b, therefore, first
equation will be used & Cf’ = 0.02. This will be
Refer Table 5 of code: h/w = 0.5, and l/w = 5 added to the wind force on gable walls. Ka for
therefore Cpe for walls* are given in Table 13-2. roof and walls is 0.8, as area is more than 100m2.

Table 13-2 Calculations for Topography Factor k3

Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5
1o
Wall – B - 0.25 - 0.5 15o
10 m
Wall – C - 0.6 + 0.7
Wall – D - 0.6 - 0.1 Wind from left:
Note: Here H = 10m, z = 10m & L = 10/tan 150 =
*: Since the pressure coefficients are given only 37.32
for buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer
buildings i.e. l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are k3 = 1 + C. s
being used.
for  = 150 , C = 1.2(z/L) = 1.2 (10/37.32) = 0.321
These will be combined with internal pressure {from C-2}
coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.5
for  = 010 , C = 1.2(z/L) = 1.2 (00/37.32) = 0.00
Cpnet for Walls A or B = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2, {from C-2}
pressure
= -0.5 – (+0.5) = -1.0, suction factor ‘s’ is obtained from C-2.1 and figure 14for
Cpnet for Walls C or D = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2, crest position
pressure
= -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1, suction H/Le = (10/37.32) = 0.268 ==== s = 0.6
Therefore k3 = 1 + 0.321 0.6 = 1.193, wind from
Local pressure coefficients for the design of
claddings and fasteners left &
Refer Table 6 of IS-875 for Roof Angle = 150 1 + 0.00  0.6 = 1.000, wind from right
Local Cpe for eaves portion in end zone:NA
Local Cpe for eaves portion in mid zone:NA Using k3 = 1.193, being the critical one.
Local Cpe for ridge portion: -1.2
Local Cpe for gable edges: -1.2
Local Cpe for corners of walls: -1.0
Figure 13-2 - Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
For End Zone E/G; 0o wind incidence
0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9
=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=

0.5 0.5

For End Zone E/G; 90o wind incidence

0.75 0.75 1.25 1.25

=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.75 0.75 0.25 0.25
=

0.5 0.5

For Mid Zone F/H; 0o wind incidence

0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9

=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=

0.5 0.5

For Mid Zone F/H; 90o wind incidence

0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1

=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1
=

0.5 0.5
Example 14 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Building on Slope of A Ridge or Hill: Pitched Roof
Problem Statement:
What difference will occur if the building in Example12 is situated in the middle of the upwind slope of a
hill 50m high, upwind and downwind slopes being 180 and 100 respectively, as shown in figure 14.1?

10o

=0o
50 m

25 m
18o
Fig. – 14.1

Solution:
Wind Data: Permeability of the Building:
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) Area of all the walls = 5 (210 + 230) + 2 
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) 6.7 = 413.4m2
2. Terrain category: Category 2 for the Area of all the openings = 161.51.5 =36 m2
moderately developed area. % opening area =8.71 %, between 5% and 20%
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) Hence the building is of medium permeability.
Design Factors: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) Design Wind Pressure
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.00 Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 =
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) 471.01.01.1271.0 = 52.97 m/s
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.127* (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1 & App. ‘C’) pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (52.97)2 = 1683.5 N/m2
* : see calculations of k3 at the end. (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 =1.00 pd = pZ KdKa = 1.68350.90.867 = 1.313
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) kN/m2 (short wall)
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’ = 0.90
= 1.68350.90.8 = 1.212 kN/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
(long wall & roof)
Area Averaging factor Ka= 0.867, for short walls
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
= 0.80, for long walls & roofs
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
Refer note below Sec. 5.3 of IS:875-pt.3 for
Tributary area for columns = 5 x 5 = 25 m2 =
buildings less than 10m height, while making
0.9
stability calculations and design of the frame.
Tributary area for Trusses = 2 x 5.176 x 5 =
51.76m2 = 0.864
Wind Load Calculations:
Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4 x 5 = 7.0 m2=
F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd
1.0
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
Tributary area of short walls for design of wind
braces in plan Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi =  0.5
= 50 + 6.7 = 56.7 m2 = 0.858 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
Note: buildings shall be analysed once for
pressure of 0.5 from inside and then for a suction
of –0.5 from inside (refer Sec 6.3.2.2) along-with Local Cpe for eaves portion in end zone:NA
external pressure coefficient Local Cpe for eaves portion in mid zone:NA
Local Cpe for ridge portion: -1.2
External Pressure Coefficients Local Cpe for gable edges: -1.2
Using the IS:875-pt.3, Table 6 with roof angle 15o Max. local Cpnet for roof at the edges and the ridge
For h/w = 0.5, pressure coefficients are tabulated = -1.2 – (+0.5) = -1.7
in Table 14-1. (refer figure Table 6 of code)
Zone of local coefficients = 0.1510 = 1.5m, at
Table 14-1 ridges, eaves and gable ends. In this region the
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle cladding and fasteners shall be checked for
0o 90o increased force.
E -0.8 -0.75 (IS:875-pt.3, Table 6)
F -0.8 -0.6 However, for the use of the local pressure
G -0.4 -0.75 coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
H -0.4 -0.6 computed with Ka = 1. Therefore pd = 1.6835 0.9
= 1.515 kN/m2.
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof:
Calculations for Topography Factor k3
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof (Refer IS:875-pt.3, Appendix-C)
while negative internal pressure will be away
from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be
added to –ve external pressure coefficient and 50 m
18o 25 m
vice-a-versa. The combinations will have to be 10o
made separately for zones E, F, G, H etc., as For wind from left to right: Z = 50m H = 25m
given in figure 14-2.
Le = Z/0.3 = 50/0.3 = 166.67m for  = 180 , C =
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls: 0.36 and {from C-2}

Refer Table 5 of code: h/w = 0.5, and l/w = 5 factor ‘s’ is obtained from C-2.1 and IS:875-pt.3,
therefore Cpe for walls* are given in Table 14-2. Figure 15 for upwind position

Table 14-2 H/Le = (25/166.67) = 0.15 & X/Le = -(77/166.67)

Angle of Incidence 0o 90 o
= -0.462 == s = 0.3
Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5
Wall – B - 0.25 - 0.5 k3 = 1 + C. s = 1 + 0.36 .3 = 1.108
Wall – C - 0.6 + 0.7 For wind from right to left: Z = 50m H = 25m
Wall – D - 0.6 - 0.1 0
Le = L = 50/tan 10 = 283.56m
*: Since the pressure coefficients are given only for
buildings with l/w ratio up to 4, for longer buildings
for  = 100 , C = 1.2(Z/L) = 1.2 (50/283.56) =
i.e. l/w > 4, at present values up to 4 are being used . 0.2116

These will be combined with internal pressure factor ‘s’ is obtained from C-2.1 and IS:875-pt.3,
Figure 15 for downwind position
coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.5
H/Le = (25/283.56) = 0.09 & X/Le = (77/283.56)
= 0.271 == s = 0.6
Cpnet for Walls A or B = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
pressure Therefore k3 = 1 + 0.2116 0.6 = 1.127
= -0.5 – (+0.5) = -1.0, suction Using k3 = 1.127, being the critical one.
Cpnet for Walls C or D = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
pressure
= -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1, suction

Local pressure coefficients for the design of

claddings and fasteners
Refer Table 6 of IS-875 for Roof Angle = 150
Figure 14-2 - Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
For End Zone E/G; 0o wind incidence
0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9
=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=

0.5 0.5

For End Zone E/G; 90o wind incidence

0.75 0.75 1.25 1.25

=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.75 0.75 0.25 0.25
=
0.5 0.5
o
For Mid Zone F/H; 0 wind incidence

0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9

=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=

0.5 0.5

For Mid Zone F/H; 90o wind incidence

0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1

=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1
=

0.5 0.5
Example 15 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Building: Hipped Roof
Problem Statement:
Calculate wind pressures and design forces on walls and roof of a rectangular clad building with hipped roof,
having plan dimensions 10m20m and height 5m, as shown in figure-15.1. The building is situated in Jaipur
on a fairly level topography. Walls of building have 20 openings of 1.5m1.5m size. The roof is of GC
sheeting & the roof angle  is 150. Calculate also the local wind pressures on roof & wall cladding. The
columns & trusses are at 5m c/c longitudinally, purlins are at 1.4m c/c and columns at Gable ends are at 5m
c/c.

 = 0o

10 m 5m

20 m
Fig. – 15.1

Solution:
Wind Data: Area of all the walls =5 (210 +
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s)----- 220) + 6.7= 306.7 m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) Area of all the openings = 201.51.5 = 45 m2
% opening area = 14.67 %, between 5% and 20%
2. Terrain category: Terrain Category 2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) Hence the building is of medium permeability.
Design Factors: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2)
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) Design Wind Pressure
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.00 Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) =471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) pZ = 0.6 (VZ) = 0.6 (47.00)2 = 1325.4 N/m2
2
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 =1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4)
pd = pZ KdKa = 1.32540.9Ka = 1.193 Ka
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’ = 0.90
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
For various members and components use proper
Area Averaging factor Ka:
value of Ka, as above
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
Tributary area for columns = 5 5 = 25 m2 Refer note below Sec. 5.3 for buildings less than
==== 0.9 10m height, while making stability calculations
Tributary area for Trusses = 5.176 5  2 = 51.76 and design of the frame.
m2 ===== 0.864
Tributary area for Purlins = 1.4 5 = 7.0 m2 Wind Load Calculations:
====== 1.0
Tributary area of short walls = 10 5 = 50 m2 F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd
===== 0.867 for design of wind braces in plan (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
Permeability of the Building:
Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi =  0.5 These will be combined with internal pressure
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2) coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.5
Note: buildings shall be analysed once for pressure of
0.5 from inside and then for a suction of –0.5 from Cpnet for Walls A or B = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
inside (refer Sec 6.3.2.1) along-with external pressure pressure
coefficient = -0.5 – (+0.5) = -1.0, suction
Cpnet for Walls C or D = 0.7 – (-0.5) = +1.2,
External Pressure Coefficients pressure
Using the Table 6 with roof angle 15o = -0.6 – (+0.5) = -1.1, suction
For h/w = 0.5, pressure coefficients are tabulated
in Table 15-1. (refer figure below Table 6 of Local pressure coefficients for the design of
code) claddings and fasteners
Refer Table 6 of IS-875 for Roof Angle = 150
Table 15-1 Local Cpe for eaves portion in end zone: NA
Portion of roof* Wind Incidence Angle Local Cpe for eaves portion in mid zone: NA
0o 90o Local Cpe for ridge portion: -1.2
E -0.8 -0.75 Local Cpe for gable edges (hipped part): -1.2x0.8
F -0.8 -0.6 = -0.96
G -0.4 -0.75
H -0.4 -0.6 Local Cpe for corners of walls: -1.0
** **
Hipped slope, M,N -0.75 -0.8 (windward) (IS:875-pt.3, Table 5)
-0.4** (leeward)
* See Figure 15.2.
Therefore Max. local Cpnet for roof at the edges
** These values may be reduced by 20% as per
and the ridge = -1.2 – (+0.5) = -1.7
IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.3.2, note 3.
Likewise at the wall edges = -1.0 – (+0.5) = -1.5
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof:
However, for the use of the local pressure
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof
coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
while negative internal pressure will be away
computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.32540.9
from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be
= 1.193 kN/m2
added to –ve external pressure coefficient and
vice-a-versa. The combinations will have to be
made separately for zones E, F, G, H etc., as Zone of local coefficients = 0.1510 = 1.5m, at
given on figure 15.3. ridges, eaves and gable ends & 0.2510 = 2.5m
for wall corners. In this region the cladding and
Hipped slopes shall be subjected to a net pressure fasteners shall be checked for increased force
coefficient of
-0.8 – (+0.5) = -1.3 or Calculations of Force due to Frictional Drag:
–0.4 – (-0.5) = +0.1 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec6.4.1)
but all the elements of roof in hipped slope shall
be designed for a reduced pressure of 80%. This will act in the longitudinal direction of the
building along the wind. Here h<b, therefore, first
equation will be used & Cf’ = 0.02. This will be
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls:
Refer Table 5 of code: h/w = 0.5, and l/w = 2 added to the wind force on gable walls. Ka for
roof and walls is 0.8, as area is more than 100m2.
therefore Cpe for walls* are given in Table 15-2.

Table 15-2
Angle of Incidence 0o 90o
Wall – A +0.7 - 0.5
Wall – B - 0.25 - 0.5
Wall – C - 0.6 + 0.7
Wall – D - 0.6 - 0.1
 N G
E

F H

Figure-15.2 : Plan of the building. M,N are hipped slopes

Figure 15.3 –Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations

For End Zone E/G; 0o wind incidence

0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9

=
0.5 0.5
OR
0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=
0.5 0.5

For End Zone E/G; 90o wind incidence

0.75 0.75 1.25 1.25

=
0.5 0.5
OR
0.75 0.75 0.25 0.25
=
0.5 0.5

For Mid Zone F/H; 0o wind incidence

0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9

=
0.5 0.5
OR
 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1
=
0.5 0.5

For Mid Zone F/H; 90o wind incidence

0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1

=

0.5 0.5
OR
0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1
=

0.5 0.5

For hipped slopes M,N : 0o wind incidence

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

For hipped slopes M,N : 90o wind incidence

0.64
0.32

0.5
0.5
M
0.32 N
0.64

0.5 0.5
Example 16 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a free standing duo-
pitch roof of an unclad parking shed
Problem Statement:
Calculate wind pressure and design forces on a free standing duo-pitch roof of an unclad parking shed
having dimensions 10m50m and height of 5m up to eaves. The roof of shed is bent down, as in figure 16.1.
The shed is located at Bareilly (UP) in the Transport Nagar area. A facia of 1m has been provided at both the
longitudinal walls. The roof angle  is 150. Assume that full obstruction can occur on one side i.e. the
solidity ratio  may vary from 0 to 1.0.

 = 0o

=15o

10 m 5m

50 m
Fig. – 16.1

Solution:
Wind Data: Design Wind Pressure
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 =
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) 471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s
Note: Bareilly is situated in Zone IV. (IS:875.pt.3, Sec 5.3)
2. Terrain category: Category 2 pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (47.00)2 = 1325.4 N/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
pd = pZ KdKa =1.32540.9 Ka = (1.193 Ka)
Design Factors: kN/m2
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00 (IS:875.pt.3, Sec6.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) Refer note below Sec. 5.3 of IS:875-pt.3 for
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.00 buildings less than 10m height, while making
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) stability calculations and design of the frame.
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) Wind Load Calculations:
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 =1.00 F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’ = 0.90
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) Net Pressure Coefficients
Area Averaging factor ‘Ka’ = 0.80*, for Roof (IS:875-pt.3, Table 9)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4) Roof angle +15o: h/w = 0.5 & L/w = 5
* The value of Ka is dependent on the tributary area.
Max. +ve roof pressure, for  = 0 = +0.4
Thus, Ka may be computed by working out the Max. -ve roof pressure, for  = 0 = -0.8
tributary area for different elements, and using Table 4 Max. +ve roof pressure, for  = 1 = +0.4
of IS:875-pt.3, as illustrated in some of the previous Max. -ve roof pressure, for  = 1 = -1.2
examples. (IS:875-pt.3, Sec. 6.3.3.3)
Force coefficient on facia = +1.3
Calculating solidity ratio: Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.3.3) while negative internal pressure will be away
 = area of obstruction perpendicular to wind / from the roof. As per note below Table 9, each
min. area under canopy perpendicular to wind slope of the duo pitch canopy should be able to
withstand forces using both the max. and min.
Now depending on position as upwind or coefficients, and the whole canopy should be able
downwind, effect is to be considered. Only for to support forces using one slope at the max.
downwind obstruction  is to be considered. For coefficient with the other slope at the min.
upwind blockage  = 0 is to be used
Hence, the design roof pressure combinations
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: would be as given in figure 16.2.

Local pressure coefficients for the design of claddings and fasteners

Table 16-1
mid zone gable ends eaves zone ridges
 = 0, +ve +0.9 +1.9 +1.4 +0.4
 = 0, -ve -0.9 -1.7 -1.4 -1.8
 = 1, +ve +0.9 +1.9 +1.4 +0.4
 = 1, -ve -1.5 -2.2 -1.9 -2.8

Therefore, the fasteners shall be designed for computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.3254 
increased force as per Cpnet = –2.8 to –1.7, 0.9 = 1.193 kN/m2
according to . The spacing in all end zones,
extending upto L/10 = 5m at gable ends and w/10 Force on facia shall be used for the design of truss
= 1 m at eaves and ridges shall be reduced and columns.
appropriately.

However, for the use of the local pressure

coefficients, the design pressure pd will be

Figure 16-2: Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations
Both slopes at –ve pressure coefficients and  = 0 (case 1)

0.8 0.8

1.3

Both slopes at +ve pressure coefficients and  = 0 (case 2)

0.4 0.4

1.3
Both slopes at –ve pressure coefficients and  = 1 (case 3)

1.2 1.2

1.3

Both slopes at +ve pressure coefficients and  = 1 (case 4)

0.4 0.4

1.3

One slope at –ve and other at +ve pressure coefficient and  = 0 (case 5)

0.8 0.4

1.3

One slope at -ve and other at +ve pressure coefficient and  = 1 (case 6)

1.2 0.4

1.3

Case 1, 2 and 5 need not be analysed.

Example 17 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a free-standing duo-
pitch roof of an unclad parking shed: Bent up
Problem Statement:
What difference will occur if the roof of Example16 is bent up, as in figure 17.1. The roof angle  is 15o and
there is no facia. The roof is used at a railway yard where goods trains 3m high may stand by the side?
Height at the eaves is 5m.

 = 0o
 = 15o

5m
5m

5m

50 m
Fig. – 17.1

Solution:
Wind Data: pd = pZ KdKa =1.32540.9 0.8 = (0.9544)
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) kN/m2, for roof
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) (IS:875.pt.3, Sec 6.2)
2. Terrain category: Category 2
Refer note below Sec. 5.3 of IS:875-pt.3 for
Design Factors: buildings less than 10m height, while making
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00 stability calculations and design of the frame.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1)
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.00 Wind Load Calculations:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1)
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 =1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) Net Pressure Coefficients
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’ = 0.90
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) With roof angle 15o : h/w = 0.5 & L/w = 5
Area Averaging factor ‘Ka’ = 0.80*, for Roof (IS:875-pt.3, Table 9)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4) Max. +ve roof pressure, for  = 0 = +0.5
* The value of Ka is dependent on the tributary area.
Thus, Ka may be computed by working out the
Max. -ve roof pressure, for  = 0 = -0.6
tributary area for different elements, and using Table 4 Max. +ve roof pressure, for  = 0.82* =+0.5
of IS:875-pt.3, as illustrated in some of the previous Max. -ve roof pressure, for  = 0.82* =-0.76
examples.
Calculating solidity ratio, :
Design Wind Pressure (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.3.3)
Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 = = area of obstruction perpendicular to wind / min.
471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s area under canopy perpendicular to wind
(IS:875.pt.3, Sec 5.3) = {3/(5-5  tan 15o) = 3/3.66 = 0.82. Assuming
pZ = 0.6 (VZ) = 0.6 (47.00)2 = 1325.4 N/m2
2
3m height blockage. For upwind blockage  = 0 is
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2) to be used.
Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: Hence, the design roof pressure combinations
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof would be as shown in Fig. 17.2.
while negative internal pressure will be away
from the roof. As per note below Table 9, each Local Pressure Coefficients :
slope of the duo pitch canopy should be able to Local pressure coefficients for design of cladding
withstand forces using both the max. and min. and fasteners obtained from IS:875-pt.3, Table 9
coefficients, and the whole canopy should be able are given below:
to support forces using one slope at the max.
coefficient with the other slope at the min.

Local pressure coefficients for the design of claddings and fasteners

Table 17-1
mid zone gable ends eaves zone ridges
 = 0, +ve +0.6 +1.5 +0.7 +1.4
 = 0, -ve -0.8 -1.3 -1.6 -0.6
 = .82, +ve +0.6 +1.5 +0.7 +1.4
 = .82, -ve -1.05 -1.63 -1.85 -1.09

Therefore, the fasteners shall be designed for Cpnet However, for the use of the local pressure
= 1.85. The spacing in all end zones, extending coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
up to L/10 = 5m at gable ends and w/10 = 1m at computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.3254 
eaves and ridges, shall be reduced accordingly. 0.9 = 1.193 kN/m2
Fig. 17.2 Net Roof Pressure Coefficients for different zones and combinations

Both slopes at –ve pressure coefficients and  = 0 (case 1)

0.6 0.6

Both slopes at +ve pressure coefficients and  = 0 (case 2)

0.5 0.5

Both slopes at –ve pressure coefficients and  = 0.82 (case 3)

0.76 0.76

Both slopes at +ve pressure coefficients and  = 0.82 (case 4)

0.5 0.5

One slope at –ve and other at +ve pressure coefficients and  = 0 (case 5)
0.6 0.5

One slope at -ve and other at +ve pressure coefficients and  = 0.82 (case 6)
0.76 0.5

Case 1, 2 and 5 need not be analysed.

Example 18 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Free Standing Mono-
slope Roof
Problem Statement:
Calculate wind pressure and design forces on a freestanding mono-slope roof of a canopy having dimensions
5m20m and height of 3m up to lower eaves. The canopy is located at Agra (UP) near the city center. The
roof angle  is 100. See figure 18.1.
5m

 = 0o

20 m

10o

3m

Fig. – 18.1

Solution:
Wind Data: Area Averaging factor ‘Ka’ = 0.80*, for Roof
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
(IS:875.pt.3, Sec 5.2) * The value of Ka is dependent on the tributary area.
2. Terrain category: The structure is located near Thus, Ka may be computed by working out the
to city center where there will be numerous tributary area for different elements, and using Table 4
structures of medium height. This corresponds to of IS:875-pt.3, as illustrated in some of the previous
examples.
the Terrain Category 3.
Depending on the type of development, an
intermediate condition between category 2 and 3 Design Wind Pressure
may also be selected and factor ‘k2’ may be taken Design Wind Speed = VZ =Vbk1k2k3k4 =
as mean-value. 471.00.911.01.0 = 42.77 m/s
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (42.77)2 = 1097.56 N/m2
Design Factors: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00 pd = pZ KdKa =1.0970.90.8 = 0.79
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) kN/m2 , for roof
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 0.91 IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) Refer note below IS:875-pt.3, Sec. 5.3 for
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00 buildings less than 10m height, while making
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) stability calculations and frame designing.
Importance factor for Cyclonic Region ‘k4’=1.00 Wind Load Calculations:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’=0.90 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
Net Pressure Coefficients
Using the IS:875-pt.3, Table 8 with roof angle 10o Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof:
and solidity ratio  = 0 Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof
while negative internal pressure will be away
For h/w = 3.9/5 = 0.78, and L/w = 20/5 = 4, from the roof. Net design pressure coefficient
pressure coefficients are tabulated below (though shall be either +0.5 or –0.9. For cladding and
values are only given for L/w up to 3. fasteners, -1.5 shall be used. In end zones, spacing
of fasteners shall be reduced to account for larger
Max. (largest +ve) overall coefficient = +0.5 local pressures. For cladding design, value of +2.4
should be used.
Max. (largest -ve) overall coefficient = -0.9
Local coefficients: However, for the use of the local pressure
At eaves, up to 0.10  w = 0.10  5 = 0.5 m coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
= +1.6 or –2.1 computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.097  0.9
At ends, up to 0.10  L = 0.10  20 = 2.0 m = 0.987 kN/m2
= +2.4 or –2.0
In mid zone
= +1.2 or –1.5
 Example 19 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Rectangular Clad
Building: Multi-span Saw-tooth Roof
Problem Statement:
Calculate wind pressures and design forces on the walls and roof of a multi-span saw tooth (North light) roof
building having 5 bays of 10m each. The building is 100m long and height to eaves is 10m, as shown in
figure 19.1. The building is situated in Bokaro (WB) in an industrial area 500m inside open land on a fairly
level topography. Walls of building have 40 openings of 1.5m1.5m size. The roof is of GC sheeting & the
roof angle  is 150. Calculate also the local wind pressures on roof & wall cladding. The columns & trusses
are at 5m c/c longitudinally, purlins are at 1.4m c/c and columns at Gable ends are at 5m c/c.

 = 0o

10 m

10 m
15o
10 m
10 m
10 m
10 m

100 m
Fig. – 19.1

Solution:
Wind Data: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2)
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00
(IS:875.pt.3, Sec 5.2) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1)
Importance factor for Cyclonic Region ‘k4’= 1.00
2. Terrain category: Category 2 (IS:875-pr.3, Sec 5.3.4)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’=0.90
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
Note: A combined wind speed profile is to be worked Area Averaging factor ‘Ka’ = 0.80, Short walls,
out as per Appendix – B (Sec 5.3.2.4) but since height for Long walls & Roof*
of boundary layer developed after 500m fetch length is (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
more than building height of 12.68m, only effects due
Area of short (gable) walls = 5 2 
to Terrain Category 2 are to be considered. A
combined profile would be needed in case of tall (10+12.68) 0.5 10 = 1134 m2
structures. Area of long walls = 100 12.68 + 100 10
= 2268 m2
Design Factors: Area of roof = 100 10.35 = 1035 m2
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) * The value of Ka is dependent on the tributary area.
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.00 for walls, 1.03 Thus, Ka may be computed by working out the
for roofs tributary area for different elements, and using Table 4
of IS:875-pt.3, as illustrated in some of the previous =1.40610.90.8 = 1.0124 kN/m2 (for Roof)
examples.
Wind Load Calculations:
Permeability of the Building: F = (Cpe-Cpi) A pd
Area of all the walls = 1134+ 2268 = 3402 m2 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.1)
Area of all the openings =201.51.5 2= 90 m2
% Opening area = 2.65 %, less than 5% Internal Pressure Coefficient Cpi = 0.2
Hence the building is of low permeability. (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.1)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.2.2) Note: buildings shall be analysed once for
pressure of 0.2 from inside and then for a suction
Design Wind Pressure of –0.2 from inside (refer note 2 Sec 6.3.1) along-
Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 = with external pressure coefficient.
471.01.01.01.0 = 47.00 m/s, for walls
471.01.031.01.0 = 48.41 m/s, for roof External Pressure Coefficients
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3) Using Tables 5, 6 and 11 (with values in table 11
to take precedence).
hav / w = 11.34/50 = 0.227 & l/w = 100/50 = 2.0
pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (47.00)2 = 1325.4 N/m2, for
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.3.4)
walls
= 0.6 (48.41)2 = 1406.1 N/m2, for roof
Pressure coefficients for roof are tabulated in
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
Table 19-1.
pd = pZ KdKa =1.32540.90.8
= 0.9543 kN/m2 (for walls)
IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)

Table 19-1
Portion of roof Wind Incidence Angle
0o 90o** 180o
A +0.7 -0.5 -0.2
B -0.9 -0.2/0.2
C -0.9 -0.3
+
D -0.5/0.2 End -1.0 -0.2/0.2
Zones
M -0.5/0.5 Mid -0.5+ -0.4
Zones
N -0.5/0.3 -0.4
W -0.3/0.5 -0.7
X -0.4 -0.3
Y -0.2 -0.5 +0.7
Note: As there is no mention of l/w ratio & extent of End zones, at ends, these can be considered up to width of one
bay i.e. 10 m in this case.

**: Values are from IS:875-pt.3, Table 5 & 7. (=10m) from Gable ends. However, local pressure
+ : Additional values of {-0.05(n-1)}, with n=4 is coefficients are to be considered above these.
applicable in zone E/G for a distance equal to h

Cpe for walls is taken from table 5 for h/w < 0.5
and l/w = 2 and from Table 11. This is as follows:
 Table 19-2
Wind angle Short Wall 50 m wide Long wall 100m long
0o -0.6 +0.7/-0.2
90o +0.7/-0.1 -0.5

Design Pressure Coefficients for Roof: added to –ve external pressure coefficient and
vice-a-versa. The combinations will have to be
Positive internal pressure will act towards the roof made separately for all the surfaces, as under:
while negative internal pressure will be away
from the roof. Hence +ve internal pressure will be

B C D M N M N W X
A

B C D M N W X
o
0 wind, Cpi = +0.2 -1.1 -1.1 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.5 -0.6
0o wind, Cpi = -0.2 -0.7 -0.7 +0.4 +0.7 +0.5 +0.7 -0.2
180o wind, Cpi = +0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 -0.9 -0.5
180o wind, Cpi = -0.2 +0.4 -0.1 +0.4 -0.2 -0.2 -0.5 -0.1
90o wind, Cpi = +0.2 ================= -1.2 =====================
(end zones)
90o wind, Cpi = -0.2 ================= -0.8 =====================
(end zones)
90o wind, Cpi = +0.2 ================= -0.8 =====================
(mid zones)
90o wind, Cpi = -0.2 ================= -0.4 =====================
(mid zones)

Analysis of truss is to be done for all above 100 = 10.0m on ends & 0.1 x 10m = 1.0m at
combinations. ridges towards sloping side of roof. In this region
the fasteners shall be designed to carry increased
Design Pressure Coefficients for Walls: force calculated with Cpnet = -2.0 – (+0.2) = -2.2

Cpe will be combined with internal pressure However, for the use of the local pressure
coefficients as earlier, equal to Cpi =  0.2 coefficients, the design pressure pd will be
Cpnet for Walls A or Y = +0.7 – (-0.2) = computed with Ka = 1. Therefore, pd = 1.4061 
+0.9, pressure 0.9 = 1.2655 kN/m2
= -0.5 – (+0.2) = -0.7, suction
Cpnet for Gable Walls = +0.7 – (-0.2) = +0.9,
pressure

= -0.6 – (+0.2) = -0.8, suction

Local coefficients for roof: Maximum of all the

values given, in Table 7 & 11, i.e. –2.0 up to 0.1 x
Example 20 - Wind Forces on a Free Standing Framed Compound
Wall with Barbed Wire Fencing at Top

Problem Statement:
Calculate wind pressure and design forces on a continuous compound wall 2.1m high in RC frame and
masonry construction with barbed wire fencing over it, as shown in figure 20.1, and located in Indore (MP)
to enclose a land piece near the Airport.

            
            
            

2.1 m

3.0 m
Fig. – 20.1

Solution:
Wind Data: Design Wind Pressure
1. Wind Zone: Zone II (Vb= 39m/s)
(IS:875.pt.3, Fig. 1, Sec 5.2) Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 =
470.921.051.01.0 = 45.402 m/s
2. Terrain category:Category 1 (open land) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1)
pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (45.402)2 = 1236.805 N/m2
Design Factors: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 0.92* pd = pZ KdKa =1.23680.91.00 =1.113 kN/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2)
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.05 These are to be reduced by 20% as the wall is less
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2) than 10m high, as per note below section 5.3.
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00 Hence pd = 1.113 0.8 = 0.8905 kN/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1)
Importance factor for Cyclonic Region ‘k4’=1.00 Wind Load Calculations:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) F = Cf  A  pd
Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’=0.90 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
Area Averaging factor ‘Ka’ = 1.0** Wind Force on Barbed wire fencing:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4) Assuming the solidity ratio of wire fencing and
angles = 0.1
* : though table 1 mentions boundary walls to be Ae = 0.1 1.0 0.6 = 0.06m2, taking 1m length of
designed for 5 yrs. life, but considering 25 years wall.
of period for framed walls. Cf = 1.9, for flat sided single member frames
** : considering tributary area = 3  2.1 = 6.3m2, (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4.3.3, Table 31)
for the design of columns Force on wire fencing per m length = 1.9  0.06
0.8905 = 0.1015 kN
acting at 2.1 + 0.3 = 2.4m above ground.
Reduction factor K = 1 is taken Design Wind Force on walls, therefore
F = 1.55 1.0 0.8905 2.1 = 2.90 kN acting at
Wind Force on wall: 1.05m from ground.
Oblique wind effects as per 6.4.2.3 and now
Since the length of wall is more than 100m, b/h = considered necessary as the wall has l >> b.
100/2.1 = 47.62 and the wall is from ground, Cf =
1.55, after linear interpolation
(IS:875-pt.3, Table 26)
Example 21 - Wind Forces on a Sign Board Hoarding
Problem Statement:
Calculate wind pressure and design forces on a hoarding 10m long and 5m high, to be fixed at the roof of a
24m high building near Cannaught Place area in New Delhi. The base of the hoarding board is 2.0m above
the roof level. See figure 21.1.

5m
10 m

2m

1m

 = 0o

24 m

Fig. – 21.1

Solution:
Wind Data: Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1)
(IS:875.pt.3, Fig. 1, Sec 5.2) Importance factor for Cyclonic Region ‘k4=1.00
2. Terrain category: Category 3 (near City Center) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’=0.90
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
Design Factors: Area Averaging factor ‘Ka’ = 1.0***
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 0.71* (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) * : considering design life of 5 yrs.
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’ = 1.05** **: For average height of the hoarding, 28.5 m
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2, Table-2)
*** : considering tributary area = 5 2.0 = Design Wind Force on hoarding, therefore
10.0m2, for the design of Frame supports F = 1.2 1.0  0.6633  5.0 = 3.98 kN acting at (2
+ 2.5) = 4.5m above roof
Design Wind Pressure
To allow for oblique winds, force coefficients of
Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 = 1.7 and 0.44 are to be taken at two ends, as per
470.711.051.01.0 = 35.04 m/s section 6.4.2.3.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
Accordingly, 3.98  1.7/1.2 = 5.64 kN at
windward edge and
pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 = 0.6 (35.04)2 = 736.62 N/m2 3.98 0.44/1.2 = 1.46 kN at leeward edge shall be
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2) considered, per meter width of hoarding.
pd = pZ KdKa =0.7370.91.00 =0.6633 kN/m2
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2) Pressure distribution
In vertical direction the wind force may be
Wind Load Calculations: considered constant over the height.
F = Cf  A  pd
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4) The hoarding sheet will be designed for a force of
5.64/5 = 1.128 kN/m2
Wind Force on Hoarding:
The frame of hoarding will be designed for
Since the length of hoarding is 10m, b/h = 10/5 = average pressure intensity depending on the
2.0 and the hoarding is 2m above roof, Cf = 1.2 spacing of vertical frames.
(IS:875-pt.3, Table 26)
Example 22: Wind Pressure and Forces on an Overhead Intze Type
RCC Water Tank on Framed Staging
Problem Statement:
Calculate design wind pressure on a circular overhead water tank of Intze type, supported on a 12-column
staging 12m high, as shown in figure-22.1. The columns are 40 cm dia and the braces 20 cm  40 cm. The
tank is proposed to be constructed in a residential locality of New Delhi.

1.5 m

12m 4m

2m

Bottom ring beam

400  600

12 m

8m

Fig. 22.1
Solution:
Wind Data: Design Wind Pressure
1.Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s)
Design Wind Speed` = VZ = Vb*k1*k2*k3*k4
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2, Fig. 1)
2.Terrain Category: A residential locality = 47*1.07* k2*1.0*1.0 = (50.3* k2) m/s
corresponds to Terrain Category 3, as defined in IS-
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
875
pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 & pd = pZ *Kd*Ka
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.4 & Sec 6.2)
Design Factors:
Wind Load Calculations:
Risk Coefficient Factor k1 =1.07
External pressure coefficients for roof and bottom of
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1)
tank:
Terrain & Height Factor k2 , varies with height and
(z/H) – 1 = (19.5/7.5) – 1 = 1.6
is given in Table 22.1.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.3.8, Table 20)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2,Table-2)
Therefore, Cpe = -0.75 for roof and –0.6 for bottom.
Topography Factor k3 = 1.00
Eccentricity of force at roof
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1)
= 0.1 x D = 0.1 x 12 = 1.2m
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4)
Total force acting on the roof of structure
Wind Directionality Factor Kd =1.00
P = 0.785 x D2 x (pi - Cpe x pd)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
= 0.785 x 122 x {0-(-.75) x 1.082}
Area Averaging Factor Ka =1.00, for Staging
= 91.732 kN acting upwards at 1.2m from center
= 0.842*, for tank portion
of dome
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.3.8)
* : area of tank (cylindrical and conical part) = 12 x
4 + 10 x 2 = 68 m2
Note: pi, the internal pressure inside the tank may be = 0.955 kN/m2 at bottom
due to any liquid stored or for water tanks where This being a very small difference, higher value may
there is no pressure due to stored water, internal be taken.
pressure will be generated due to small permeability
which may exist due to openings at roof level e.g. in Fconicaldome = 0.7 x 10 x 1.173
steel tanks. If no openings exist, as in RCC water = 8.211 kN/m height
tanks, pi = 0.
Staging:
Roof pressure will be used with Gravity loads for pd = 1.257 x 1 x 1 = 1.257 kN/m2 up to 10m
design of dome. = 1.324 x 1 x 1 = 1.324 kN/m2 above 10m height.

Overall Horizontal Force on the Tank: In order to calculate the wind force on columns,
F = Cf x Ae x pd each column is considered as an individual member
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4.2.2, table 25) and no shielding
No horizontal force will act on top dome. The effect effect is considered on leeward columns, as the
of wind pressure on dome has been included in the columns are placed far apart on periphery only .
net vertical force, as above, associated with an
eccentricity. Therefore, for one column:
Vz x b = 42.96x0.4 = 17.2 > 6
Cylindrical portion: h/b = 11.4/0.4 = 28.5 > 20
Vz (avg) = (46.276+44.16)/2 = 45.218 m/s Therefore, Cf = 1.2, from table 25 for rough surface
Vz x b = 45.218x12 = 542 > 6, finish.
h/b = 4/12 = 0.333 < 2 Fcolumn = 1.2 x 0.4 x 1.257
= 0.603 kN/m height, up to 10m height
Therefore, Cf = 0.7, from table 25(rough) & Fcolumn = 1.2 x 0.4 x 1.324
pd = 1.50 x 1.0 x 0.842 = 0.6355 kN/m height, above10m height
= 1.263 kN/m2 at top & Fbracings =1.0 x {2 x (8.0-7x.4)} x 1.257
= 1.393 x 1.0 x 0.842 =13.072 kN/m height, acting at two brace
= 1.173 kN/m2 at bottom levels, 4m and 8m. This is calculated considering it
as an individual member and using table 25 with h/b
This being a very small difference, higher value may ratio < 2. (Assuming 0.2x0.4m size braces)
be taken.
Fcylinder = 0.7 x 12 x 1.263 Fringbeam = 1.0 x 8.0 x 1.324
= 10.61 kN/m height = 10.592 kN/m height, as above.

Conical bottom: Note: Cf values taken from Table 25 are for members of
Vz (avg) = (44.16+42.96)/2 = 43.56 m/s infinite length. Reduction factors for finite length of
Vz x b = 43.56x10 = 435 > 6, container, columns and other members can be taken from
h/b = 2/10 = 0.2 < 2 Table 29, which will further reduce wind forces.

****************************
Therefore, Cf = 0.7, from table 20 &
pd = 1.393 x 1.0 x 0.842
= 1.173 kN/m2 at top &
= 1.324 x 1.0 x 0.842
Table 22-1: Calculations of Variation in Design Wind Speed & Pressure with Height

Height from k2 * VZ pZ pd
Ground, m m/s kN/m2 kN/m2

Up to 10m 0.91 45.773 1.257 1.257

12m 0.854 46.98 1.324 1.324 (for staging
0.955 (For Tank)
14m 0.878 48.187 1.393 1.173
18m 0.92 50.00 1.50 1.263
* : k2 values are linearly interpolated.

Table 22-2: Summary of forces and total loads on tank

Element Force per unit Height of Total horiz-ontal CG of force from

height element force ground
Cylindrical portion 10.61 kN 4.0m 42.44 kN 16.00m
Conical Dome 8.211 kN 2.0m 16.422 kN 13.067m
Top Ring Beam 10.592 kN 0.6m 6.355 kN 11.7m
All Columns above 0.6355 kN 1.4m 10.676 kN 10.7m
10m x 12 = 7.626 kN
All Columns up to 10m 0.603 kN 10m 72.36 kN 5.0m
x 12 = 7.236 kN
Braces, upper level 13.072 kN 0.4m 5.229 kN 8.0m
Braces, lower level 13.072 kN 0.4m 5.229 kN 4.0m

**********************
Example 23: Wind Pressure and Forces on a Square Overhead
RCC Water Tank on Framed Staging
Problem Statement:
Calculate design wind pressure on a square overhead RCC water tank of size 12m x 12m supported on a
16-column framed staging 12m high, as shown in figure-23.1. The columns are 400mm square and the
braces 20 cm  40 cm. The tank is proposed to be constructed in a residential locality of New Delhi.

12m
4m

12 m

Plan of framed staging

Fig. 23.1
Solution:
Wind Data: = 0.87*, for tank portion
1.Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2, Fig. 1) *: exposed area of tank container =12 x 4= 48m2
2.Terrain Category: A residential locality
corresponds to Terrain Category 3, as defined in Design Wind Pressure
IS-875 Design Wind Speed` = VZ = Vb*k1*k2*k3*k4
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1)
= 47*1.07* k2*1.0*1.0 = (50.3* k2) m/s
Design Factors: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
Risk Coefficient Factor k1 =1.07 pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 & pd = pZ *Kd*Ka
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2 & Sec 6.2)
Terrain & Height Factor k2 , varies with height
and is given in Table 23.1. Wind Load Calculations:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2,Table-2) External pressure coefficients for roof and
Topography Factor k3 = 1.00 bottom of tank:*
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) (z/H) – 1 = (16/4.0) – 1 = 3.0
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00 H/D = 4/12 = 0.333
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec6.3.3.8, Table 20)
Wind Directionality Factor Kd =0.9 *: as there is no direct mention about square or
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) rectangular tanks, parameters from different clauses
Area Averaging Factor Ka =1.00, for Staging of code are to be taken.
Therefore, Cpe = –0.65 for roof & –0.6 for Solidity ratio of one frame = (4 x 0.4 x 12 + 10.4
bottom. x 0.4 x 2)/ (12 x 12) = 0.19
Eccentricity of force at roof = 0.1 x D = Cf = 1.8, for windward frame members.
= 0.1 x 12 = 1.2m
Shielding Effect on leeward frame:
The total force acting on the roof of the tank Frame- spacing ratio = 4.0/0.4 = 10 =  = 1.0
= Ae x (pi – Cpe x pd) = 12x12x {0-(-0.65)x1.35} Hence no shielding occurs.
= 126.36 kN acting upwards at 1.2 m from
center. Alternatively considering each column/bracing
Note: pi, the internal pressure inside the tank may be as an individual member, for columns:
due to any liquid stored or for water tanks where Vz x b = 42.96x0.4 = 17.2 > 10
there is no pressure due to stored water, internal h/b = 12/0.4 = 30 > 20
pressure will be generated due to small permeability
Therefore, Cf = 1.2, from table 25 for rough
which may exist due to openings at roof level e.g. in
steel tanks. If no openings exist, as in RCC water
surface finish. The higher value of Cf i.e. 1.8 is
tanks, pi = 0. used

Roof pressure will be used with Gravity loads Fcolumn = 1.8 x 0.4 x 1.131
for design of slab. = 0.814 kN/m height, up to 10m height
Fcolumn = 1.8 x 0.4 x 1.192
Overall Horizontal Force on the Tank: = 0.858 kN/m height, above10m height
F = Cf x Ae x pd
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4, 6.4.2.2) for Bracings:
Vz x b = 42.96x0.4 = 17.2
Container portion: h/b = 0.4/3.466 = 0.155 < 2
b/d = 1, Vz x b = 49.19 x 12 = 590>10, H/b=0.33 Therefore, Cf = 1.0, from table 25 for rough
Cf = 0.5, from table 25. surface finish.

Fcontainer =0.5 x 12 x 1.137 Fbracings = 1.0 x {3(12.0-4x0.4)} x 1.131

= 6.822 kN/m height = 35.29 kN/m height, acting at two
brace levels, 4m and 8m.
Staging:
pd = 1.131 x 1 x 0.9 = 1.018 kN/m2 up to 10m
= 1.192 x 1 x 0.9 = 1.073 kN/m2 above 10m
height.

The staging is multiple bay framed type and

cl.6.4.3.3 with table 26 and cl.6.4.3.4 with
table 32 are therefore applied.
Table 23-1: Calculations of Variation in Design Wind Speed & Pressure with Height

Height from k2 * VZ pZ pd
Ground, m m/s kN/m2 kN/m2
Up to 10m 0.91 45.774 1.257 1.131 (for staging)
12m 0.934 46.98 1.324 1.192 (for staging)
1.037 (for tank)
16m 0.978 49.19 1.451 1.137 (for tank)
k2 values are linearly interpolated.

Table 23-2: Summary of forces and total loads on tank

Element Force per unit Height of Total horiz-ontal CG of force from
height element force ground
Container portion 6.822 kN 4.0m 27.288 kN 14.0m
All Columns above 0.858 kN 2.0m 27.456 kN 11.0m
10m x 16 = 13.728kN
All Columns up to 10m 0.814 kN 10m 130.24 kN 5.0m
x 16 = 13.024 kN
Braces, upper level 35.29 kN 0.4m 14.116 kN 8.0m
Braces, lower level 35.29 kN 0.4m 14.116 kN 4.0m

**********************
Example 24: Wind Pressure and Forces on an Overhead Intze Type
RCC Water Tank on Shaft Staging
Problem Statement:
Calculate design wind pressures on a circular overhead water tank of Intze type, supported on an RC shaft
staging 12m high, as shown in figure 24.1. The tank is proposed to be constructed in a residential locality of
New Delhi.

1.5 m
12 m
4m

2m

RCC Shaft

8m (o/o)
12 m

Fig. - 24.1

Solution:
Wind Data: Design Wind Pressure
1.Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vb*k1*k2*k3*k4
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2 Fig. 1) = 47*1.07* k2*1.0*1.0 = (50.3* k2) m/s
2.Terrain Category: A residential locality (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
corresponds to Terrain Category 3. pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 & pd = pZ *Kd*Ka
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2 & Sec 6.2)
Design Factors:
Risk Coefficient Factor k1 =1.07 Wind Load Calculations:
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) External pressure coefficients for roof of tank:
Terrain & Height Factor k2 = Varies with height, (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.3.8)
and is given in Table 23.1 (z/H) – 1 = (19.5/7.5) – 1 = 1.6
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.2,Table-2) (IS:875-pt.3, Table 20)
Topography Factor k3 = 1.00 Therefore, Cpe = -0.75 for roof
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) Eccentricity of force at roof
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00 = 0.1 x D = 0.1 x 12 = 1.2m
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4)
Wind Directionality Factor Kd =1.00 Total vertical force acting on the roof of structure
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) P = 0.785 x D2 x (pi - Cpe x pd)
Area Averaging Factor Ka =0.805*, for Staging = 0.785 x 122 x {0-(-.75) x 1.082}
= 0.842**, for tank = 91.732 kN acting upwards at 1.2m from center
portion (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4) of dome
* : area of shaft = 12.0m x 8.0m = 96m2 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3.3.8)
** : area of tank (cylindrical and conical part) Note: pi, the internal pressure inside the tank may be due
=12 x 4 + 10 x 2 = 68 m2 to any liquid stored or for water tanks where there is no
pressure due to stored water, internal pressure will be Conical bottom:
generated due to small permeability which may exist due Vz (avg) = (44.16+42.96)/2 = 43.56 m/s
to openings at roof level e.g. in steel tanks. If no Vz x b = 43.56x10 = 435 > 6,
openings exist, as in RCC water tanks, pi = 0. h/b = 2/10 = 0.2 < 2
Therefore, Cf = 0.7, from table 25, for rough
Roof pressure will be used with Gravity loads for surface &
design of dome. pd = 1.393 x 1.0 x 0.842
= 1.173 kN/m2 at top &
Overall Horizontal Force on the Tank: = 1.324 x 1.0 x 0.842
F = Cf x Ae x pd = 1.115 kN/m2 at bottom
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.4,6.4.2.2) This being a very small difference, higher value
No horizontal force will act on top dome. The may be taken.
effect of wind pressure on dome has been included Fconicaldome = 0.7 x 10 x 1.173
in the net vertical force, as above, associated with = 8.211 kN/m height
an eccentricity. Staging:
Cylindrical portion: Shaft is considered as circular member with rough
Vz (avg) = (46.276+44.16)/2 = 45.218 m/s roughness at surface for which
Vz x b = 45.218x12 = 542 > 6, Vz x b = 42.96 x 8.0 = 343 > 6,
h/b = 4/12 = 0.333 < 2 h/b = 12.0/8.0 = 1.5 < 2
Therefore, Cf = 0.7, from table 25, for rough Therefore, Cf = 0.7, from table 25, for rough
surface & surface
pd = 1.50 x 1.0 x 0.842 Fshaft = 0.7 x 8.0 x 1.257 x 0.805
= 1.263 kN/m2 at top & = 5.67 kN/m height, up to 10m height
= 1.393 x 1.0 x 0.842
= 1.173 kN/m2 at bottom Fshaft = 0.7 x 8.0 x 1.324 x 0.805 = 5.97 kN/m
This being a very small difference, higher value height, above10m height
may be taken.
Note: Cf values taken from Table 25 are for members of
Fcylinder = 0.7 x 12 x 1.263 infinite length. Reduction factors for finite length of
= 10.61 kN/m height container, columns and other members can be taken
from Table 25, which will further reduce wind forces.

Table24-1: Calculations of variation in design wind speed & pressure with height
Height from k2 * VZ pZ
Ground, m m/s kN/m2
Up to 10m 0.91 45.773 1.257
12m 0.934 46.98 1.324
14m 0.958 48.187 1.393
18m 0.994 50.00 1.50
* : k2 values are linearly interpolated.

Table24-2: Summary of Forces and Total Loads on Tank

Element Force per unit Height of element Total horizontal CG of force from
height force ground
Cylindrical portion 10.61 kN 4.0m 42.44 kN 16.00m
Conical Dome 8.211 kN 2.0m 16.422 kN 13.067m
Shaft above 10m 5.97 kN 2.0m 11.94 kN 11.0m
Shaft up to 10m 5.67 kN 10.0m 56.7 kN 5.0m
Example 25 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Multistory
Commercial Complex by Force Coefficient Method
Problem Statement:
Calculate design wind forces using force coefficient method on a RCC Multistory commercial complex
12m18m51m tall situated in Mumbai. It is proposed to be constructed about 200m inside the sea front.
Take average story height as 3.0m and frames spaced 6m c/c in both directions. The building is oriented with
its smaller dimension facing the sea, i.e. in long-afterbody orientation.

51 m
Sea Front

12 m
18 m

Fig. – 25.1(a) Fig. – 25.1 (b)

Solution: This may be determined using IS:875-pt.3, Sec.

Wind Data: 5.3.2.4(b). There are two options but option (ii)
will give more rational values and therefore,
1. Wind Zone: Zone III (Vb= 44m/s) should be used.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2, Fig. 1)
2. Terrain category: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) Fetch Length x3 = 200m, developed height in
This building shares special location TC 3, h3 = 35m (IS:875-pt.3, Table 3)
characteristics. On one face, i.e. sea face, it is Therefore, up-to 35m height, k2 factor shall be as
exposed to terrain category 1 transiting into per TC 3 and above 35m it will be as per TC 1.
terrain category 3 from 200m distance. On the
other hand, other faces are exposed to terrain Design Factors:
category 4, being located in a commercially Risk Coefficient Factor k1 = 1.00
developed area with tall structures of height (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1)
exceeding 25m. Terrain & Height Factor k2 = Varies with height
and terrain category, as given in Table 25.1.
Therefore, we have to calculate a combined wind
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2, Table-2)
profile as per Appendix–B (IS:875-pt.3, Sec
5.3.2.4), transition from terrain category 1 to Topography Factor k3 = 1.00
terrain category 3, for one wind direction and (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1)
consider terrain category 4 for other three Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00
directions. (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4)
Wind Directionality Factor Kd = 0.90
Calculating combined wind profile for TC 1 to (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
TC3
Area Averaging Factor Ka Design Wind Pressure:
= 1.00*, for glazing/cladding Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4
= 0.8**, for 12m face
= 0.8**, for 18m face = 471.0 k21.01.0 = (47 k2) m/s
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
* tributary area for glazing/cladding shall be pZ = 0.6 (VZ)2 & pd = pZ *Kd*Ka
less than 10m2, depends on the supporting (IS:875-pt.3, Sec6.2 & Sec 6.2)
system.

Table 25.1 : Calculations of Variation in Design Wind Speed with Height

Height from k2* VZ (m/s)

ground, m For sea For other For sea For other
face faces face faces
Up to 9m 0.91 0.80 42.77 37.6
12m 0.934 0.80 43.90 37.6
15m 0.97 0.80 45.59 37.6
18m 0.994 0.80 46.72 37.6
21m 1.015 0.817 47.70 38.40
24m 1.03 0.87 48.41 40.80
27m 1.045 0.92 49.115 43.24
30m 1.06 0.97 49.82 45.59
33m 1.07 0.99 50.29 46.53
+
36m 1.165 1.009 54.755 47.423
39m 1.1725 1.0285 55.107 48.34
42m 1.18 1.048 55.46 49.256
45m 1.1875 1.0675 55.81 50.17
48m 1.195 1.087 56.165 51.09
51m 1.2012 1.102 56.456 51.80

* : k2 values are linearly interpolated.

+ : value for TC3 is used. Above this the effect of TC changes.
 Table 25.2: Calculations of Variation in Design Pressure with Height

Height from pZ (kN/m2) pd, for building pd, for cladding

ground, m Sea face Other face Sea face Other faces All faces*
Up to 9m 1.097 0.848 0.79 0.610 0.987
12m 1.156 0.848 0.832 0.610 1.04
15m 1.247 0.848 0.90 0.610 1.122
18m 1.310 0.848 0.943 0.610 1.178
21m 1.365 0.885 0.983 0.637 1.228
24m 1.406 1.000 1.012 0.720 1.265
27m 1.447 1.122 1.042 0.808 1.302
30m 1.489 1.247 1.072 0.898 1.34
33m 1.517 1.300 1.092 0.936 1.365
36m 1.799 1.349 1.295 0.971 1.619
39m 1.822 1.402 1.312 1.010 1.64
42m 1.845 1.456 1.328 1.048 1.66
45m 1.87 1.510 1.346 1.087 1.683
48m 1.893 1.566 1.363 1.127 1.704
51m 1.912 1.610 1.377 1.159 1.721
Notes: 1. For building faces Ka = 0.8 is used.
2. For cladding, only higher wind speed is used for all four faces. However, the designer may choose to
vary it from face to face.

Wind Load Calculations: Effective area (Ae) calculations:

Wind Induced Lateral Force on
Structure: 6.0  3.0 = 18m2, for intermediate frames
This will be calculated at every story level 3.0  3.0 = 9m2, for end frames
and separately for each wind direction, three
cases in this problem. For Cladding: depending on the spacing of
F = CfAe pd supporting structure, but the effect of
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec6.4) enhanced force at the corners and edges
should be considered for fasteners by taking
Force coefficient calculations: local coefficients from IS:875-pt.3, Table 5.
Long-afterbody orientation
a/b = 18/12 = 1.5, h/b = 51/12 = 4.25 **Area Averaging Factor :
===== Cf = 1.2 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
(IS:875-pt.3, Fig. 4)
Tributary area for calculating wind forces on
Short-afterbody orientation building frames = 51 x 6 = 306m2 in either
a/b = 12/18 = 0.667, h/b = 51/18 = 2.833 direction, being the product of height of
===== Cf = 1.35 building & frame spacing in either direction.
(IS:875-pt.3, Fig. 4)
As brought out in the commentary also, the For the calculation of wind forces along the
area averaging factor has been introduced in height, the area averaging factor for nodes
this proposed draft, in order to account for on frame-1 shall depend upon an area
loss of correlation between peaks of wind
generated force over an area. Since all peaks = height of the building 
do not occur simultaneously, the net effect  c / c dist between frame (1) & (2) 
of wind force exerted on the exposed surface  
is less than the case when whole face is  2 
considered to be acted upon by design wind
force at a time. Net wind force goes on for nodes on frame-2, it shall depend upon
reducing with increase in the net effective an area
area for the element being analysed. = height of the building 
Following example will make things more  c / c dist between frame (1) & (2) 
clear.  
2
 ,
Let us consider the face of a framed tall  c / c dist between frame (2) & (3) 
building,  2 
and so on
1 2 3
For Calculating the nodal wind force at
Beam - Column junction, tributary area
should not be considered to determine the
Brick / glazing

Area Averaging Factor because for wind

resistance the beams perpendicular to wind
direction do not participate & the whole
vertical frame (e.g. frame 1, 2, 3 etc.) only
resists the along-wind lateral force.
Respective nodal forces shall be obtained by
using the AAF for the frame by the
expression:
(Force coefficients  tributary area  design
wind pressure, obtained using AAF of
frame).
Example 26 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Multistory
Commercial Complex by Gust Factor
Approach
Problem Statement:
Calculate design wind forces using the gust factor approach on a RCC Multistory building 12m 
24m  96m tall, as in figure 26.1, situated in Mumbai. It is proposed to be constructed about
200m inside the sea front. Take average story height as 3.0m and frames spaced 6m c/c in both
directions. The building is oriented with its smaller dimension facing the sea, i.e. in long-
afterbody orientation.

96 m

Sea Front

12 m
24 m

Fig. – 26.1

Solution: exposed to terrain category 1 transiting into

Wind Data: terrain category 3 from 200m distance. On
Since the ratio of height to least lateral the other hand, other faces are exposed to
dimension is more than 5, (96/12 = 8) terrain category 4, being located in a
dynamic analysis is needed. commercially developed area.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 8.1) Therefore, we have to calculate a combined
wind profile as per Appendix–B (IS:875-
1. Wind Zone: Zone III (Vb= 44m/s) pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.4), transition from terrain
(IS:875.pt.3, Fig. 1, Sec 5.2) category 1 to terrain category 3, for one
2. Terrain category: wind direction and consider terrain category
(S:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) 4 for other three directions.
This building shares special location Calculating combined wind profile for TC 1
characteristics. On one face, i.e. sea face it is to TC3
This may be determined using IS:875-pt.3, Wind Directionality factor ‘Kd’=0.90
sec. 5.3.2.4(b). There are two options but (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
option (ii) will give more rational values and Area Averaging factor ‘Ka’ = 1.00*, for
therefore, should be used. glazing/ cladding.
Fetch Length x3= 200m, developed height in
This will be same for the building, since the
TC3, h3 = 35m (IS:875-pt.3, Table 3)
influence of area is accounted for in the
Therefore, up to 35m heights, k2 factor shall
Dynamic Response Factor.
be as per TC 3 and above 35m it will be as
per TC 1. * : tributary area for glazing/cladding shall be
Design Factors: less than 10m2, depends on the supporting
Risk Coefficient factor ‘k1’ = 1.00 system.
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1) Design Wind Pressure
Terrain & Height factor ‘k2’= Varies with Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4
height and terrain category, as in Table 25.1
= 471.0 k21.01.0 = (47 k2) m/s
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2, Table-2)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
Topography factor ‘k3’ = 1.00
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) p Z = 0.6 (VZ)2
& pd = pZ KdKa
Cyclonic Region factor ‘k4’ = 1.00 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2, 6.2)
(IS:875-pr.3, Sec 5.3.4)
Table 26.1 : Variation in design wind speed & design pressure with height
Height from k2* VZ (m/s) pZ (kN/m2)
Ground, m sea other sea other Sea face Other face
Face faces Face faces
Up to 9m 0.91 0.80 42.77 37.6 1.097 0.848
12m 0.934 0.80 43.90 37.6 1.156 0.848
18m 0.994 0.80 46.72 37.6 1.310 0.848
24m 1.03 0.868 48.41 40.796 1.406 1.000
30m 1.06 0.97 49.82 45.59 1.489 1.247
+
36m 1.165 1.009 54.755 47.423 1.80 1.349
42m 1.18 1.048 55.46 49.256 1.845 1.456
48m 1.195 1.087 56.165 51.09 1.893 1.566
54m 1.205 1.108 56.635 52.076 1.924 1.627
60m 1.212 1.120 56.964 52.640 1.947 1.662
66m 1.220 1.132 57.340 53.204 1.973 1.698
72m 1.226 1.144 57.622 53.768 1.992 1.734
78m 1.234 1.156 57.980 54.332 2.017 1.771
84m 1.241 1.168 58.327 54.896 2.041 1.808
90m 1.248 1.180 58.656 55.460 2.064 1.845
96m 1.255 1.192 58.985 56.024 2.087 1.883
* : k2 values are linearly interpolated.
+ : Effect of terrain category changes from TC-3 to TC-1.
Wind Induced Lateral Forces on gv = 4
Structure: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec.9.2)

This will be calculated at every story level S=

and separately for each wind direction, for 1/[1+(3.5x.4x96)/34.5][1+(4x.4x24)/34.5]
the three cases in this problem. =.143
F = Cf  Ae  pd  Cdyn
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.39.1 also) N = naLh/vh =
.4x123.22/34.5 = 1.43
Force coefficient calculations: E = N / (1+70.8N2)5/6 =.0706

Long-afterbody orientation Ø =gvIh  Bs/2

a/b = 24/12 = 2.0, h/b = 96/12 = 8.0  Cf = = 4x.1018x0.71/2 = 0.172
1.25 G = 1+r[gv Bs (1+ Ø)2+(Hsxgr2xSxE)/ ]
(IS:875-pt.3, Fig. 4) =1+2x.1018x[42x.71x(1+.172)2+(1x3.8142
x.143x.0706)/.016]
Short-afterbody orientation = 2.013
a/b = 12/24 = 0.5, h/b = 96/24 = 4.0  Cf =
1.40 (ii) For floor level at mid-height (s=48m)
(IS:875-pt.3, Fig. 4)
Hs = 1+(s/h)2 = 1+(48/96)2 = 1.25
Effective area calculations: Bs = 1/ [1+0.26482+0.46242)0.5 / (123.22)]
= .807
6.0  3.0 = 18m2, for intermediate frames
3.0  3.0 = 9m2, for end frames Ø = 4x.1018x0.807 /2
= .183
For Cladding: depending on the spacing of G=1+2x.1018x[42x.807x(1+.183)2+(1.25x3
supporting structure, but the effect of .8142x.143x.0706)/.016]
enhanced force at the corners and edges = 2.11
should be considered by taking local
coefficients from IS:875-pt.3, Table 5. (iii) Top floor level (s = 96 m)

Dynamic Response Factor Calculations: Hs = 2.0, Bs = .883,

(Along-wind) Ø =gvIh  Bs/2
= 4x.1018x0.883 /2 = 0.191
A. Wind onto wider face G = 1+r[gv Bs (1+ Ø)2+(Hsxgr2xSxE)/ ]
h = 96m, boh = 24m, d = 12 m
=1+2x.1018x[42x.883x(1+.191)2+(2x3.814
Lh = 70 (96/10)0.25 =123.22 m 2
x.143x.0706)/.016]
f0 = I/T =d/.09xh= 12 /(0.09  96) = 0.40 = 2.26
Hz,  = 0.016 (IS:875-pt.3, Table 36)

(i) For base floor (s = 0) B. Wind from Sea (on smaller face)
h = 96m, d = 24m, b = 12 m, Lh =149.62 m
Bs= 1/[1+(.26962+.46 242)0.5 / ()123.22] = na= I/T = 24 /(0.09  96) = 0.567 Hz,
.71  = 0.016
Hs = 1+(0/96)2 = 1.0, Vh = 48.0 m/s at h = (IS:875-pt.3, Table 36)
96 m
gR = 2 log e (3600  0.40) = 3.814 (i) For base floor (s = 0)
Ih = .1018 for Terrain Category 4 Bs= 1/[1+.26962+.46 122)0.5 / (149.62)]
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec. 5.5) = 1.33
Hs = 1+(0/96)2 = 1.0, Vh = 60.5 m/s
gR = 2 log e (3600  0.567) = 3.904
Ih = 0.110 for Terrain Category 1
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec. 5.5)
gv = 3

S=1/[1+(3.5x.567x96)/34.5][1+(4x.567x12)/
34.5]
=.086

N =na Lh /vh
= 0.567149.62 / 34.5
= 2.46
E = N / (1+70.8N2)5/6 =.05
A. Wind onto wider face (short afterbody
Ø =gvIh  Bs/2 orientation)
= 3x.1018x1.33 /2 = 0.173 For z = h
G = 1+r[gv Bs (1+ Ø)2+(Hsxgr2xSxE)/ ] Vz
=1+2x.1018x[32x1.33x(1+.173)2+(1x3.92x Vn 
0.086x.05)/.016] f 0 b(1  g v I h )
= 1.91
(ii) Floor level at mid-height (s=48m) 48.0
  2.75
Hs = 1.25, Bs = 0.85, 0.4  24 1  3.5  0.235
Ø = 3x.1018x0.85 /2 = 0.138 Ih = 0.261 (at 2h/3 height)
G = 1+r[gv Bs (1+ Ø)2+(Hsxgr2xSxE)/ ]
=1+2x.1018x[32x0.85x(1+.138)2+(1.25x Using dashed line of IS:875-pt.3, Fig-12
3.8142x0.086x.05)/.016]
= 1.78 Log10 Cfs = -3.0 ; Cfs = 0.0010
(iii) Top floor level (s = 96 m)
Hs = 2.0, Bs = 0.95,  24 
C dyn  1.5 3.814 
1.00
11.0   0.0010
 12  1  3.5  0.261
2
Ø = 3x.1018x0.95 /2 = 0.146 0.02
G = 1+r[gv Bs (1+ Ø)2+(Hsxgr2xSxE)/ ] = 1.24
=1+2x.1018x[32x0.95x(1+.146)2+(2x However, at the base the 0.261 mode shape
3.8142x0.086x.05)/.016] deflection is zero and varies linearly with
= 1.88 height in this case as k = 1.
 Table 26.2 : Calculations of variation in design pressure with height
Height from pZ (kN/m2) pd, for building pd, for
cladding
ground, m Sea face Other face Sea face Opp. Sea face Wide faces All
faces*
Up to 9m 1.097 0.848 0.987 0.763 0.763 0.987
12m 1.156 0.848 1.040 0. 763 0. 763 1.404
18m 1.310 0.848 0.179 0. 763 0. 763 1.179
24m 1.406 0.998 1.265 0.898 0.897 1.265
30m 1.489 1.247 1.340 1.122 1.122 1.34
36m 1.80 1.349 1.62 1.214 1.214 1.62
42m 1.845 1.456 1.660 1.311 1.311 1.66
48m 1.893 1.566 1.704 1.410 1.410 1.704
54m 1.924 1.627 1.732 1.464 1.464 1.732
60m 1.947 1.662 1.752 1.496 1.496 1.752
66m 1.973 1.698 1.776 1.528 1.528 1.776
72m 1.992 1.734 1.793 1.560 1.560 1.793
78m 2.017 1.771 1.815 1.594 1.594 1.815
84m 2.041 1.808 1.837 1.627 1.627 1.837
90m 2.064 1.845 1.857 1.660 1.660 1.86
96m 2.087 1.883 1.878 1.695 1.695 1.878
Notes: For cladding, only higher wind speed is used for all four faces. However, the designer may
choose to vary it face to face.
Example 27 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Microwave Tower
by Force Coefficient Method
Problem Statement:
Calculate design wind forces using Force Coefficient method on a square Microwave Tower 21m tall,
as in figure 27.1, situated in Roorkee. It is proposed to be constructed in an open terrain with well
scattered obstructions having heights generally between 1.5 to 1.0 m. A Microwave antenna shaped in
the form of a hemispherical bowl with 1.2m diameter is to be placed at the top.

Solution:

Wind Data: Design Factors:

1. Wind Zone: Zone II (Vb= 39m/s) Risk Coefficient Factor k1 = 1.06
(Refer Basic Wind Speed Map (Fig. 1) (Taking design life of 100 years)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1)
2. Terrain category: Terrain Category 2 Mean Hourly Wind Speed coefficient, k2 Varies with
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) height and terrain category
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.4)
Topography Factor k3= 1.00 Wind Induced Lateral Forces on Tower
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1) This will be calculated at every panel level
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00 F = Cf  A e  p d
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4)
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.39.1 also)
Wind Directionality Factor Kd = 0.90
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1) Wind Induced Lateral Forces on Tower
This will be calculated at every panel level
Area Averaging Factor Ka = 1.0 F = Cf  Ae  p d
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
Design Wind Speed Pressure (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.39.1 also)
where,
Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4
Ae= Effective frontal area of panels (sum of surface
= 39  1.06  k2  1.0  1.0
area of the steel members facing the wind)
= (41.34 k2) m/s
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3) Cf = force coefficient (as per calculated solidity ratio
Design Wind Pressure (Φ), from Table 33
pd = 0.6 (VZ)2 x Kd x Ka
(IS:875-pt.3 Clause 6.4.3.5(a))
= 0.6 x (41.34 x k2)2 x 0.9 x 1.0
= 922.86 k22
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.2, 6.2)

Projected area of all individual members (Ae )

Solidity ratio() 
Area enclosed by boundary of the frame normal to wind direction (A g )

The calculation of solidity ratio for panel 1 and 2 are shown below:

For Panel 1
(2x3x0.2)+(2x0.065x3.35)
Φ1 =
½ (3+2.55)x3

= 0.196
For Panel 2
(2x3x0.2)+(2x0.065x3.8)+(0.065x2.55)
Φ2 =
½ (2.55+2.1)x3
= 0.26
7
Similar calculations are carried out for other panels and their respective force coefficients are
tabulated.
Table 27.1

Effective Force
Panel Solidity
Area, Coefficient,
No. Ratio,(Φ)
Ae(m2) Cf
1 1.636 0.196 3.32
2 1.859 0.267 2.965
3 1.797 0.319 2.705
4 1.739 0.407 2.286
5 0.702 0.39 2.35
6 0.702 0.39 2.35
7 0.702 0.39 2.35
8 0.702 0.39 2.35
9 0.702 0.39 2.35
10 0.762 0.423 2.254
 Table 27.2

Height Design Design

from wind wind Forces
k2
ground, speed, Pressure, F = Cf  Ae  Pd
m Vz(m/s) Pd(N/m2)
1.5 1 41.340 922.858 5.013
4.5 1 41.340 922.858 5.087
7.5 1 41.340 922.858 4.486
10.5 1.005 41.547 932.109 3.705
12.75 1.028 42.477 974.313 1.607
14.25 1.043 43.097 1002.967 1.655
15.75 1.053 43.531 1023.273 1.688
17.25 1.059 43.779 1034.967 1.707
18.75 1.065 44.027 1046.728 1.727
20.25 1.071 44.285 1059.050 1.819
21 1.075 44.441 1066.477 1.832

Forces on antenna

F = Cf x Ae x Pz
= 1.4x1.22xπ/4x1066.477
Forces on nodes
= 1.687 kN (to be distributed at 4 joints of the topmost panel)

(5.013)
F1-4 = = 0.627 kN
8
(5.013+5.087)
F5-8 = = 1.262 kN
8
(5.087+4.486)
F9-12 = = 1.197 kN
8
(4.486+3.705)
F13-16 = = 1.024 kN
8

(3.705+1.607)
F17-20 = = 0.664 kN
8

(1.607+1.655)
F21-24 = = 0.408 kN
8
(1.655+1.688)
F25-28 = = 0.418 kN
8
(1.688+1.707)
F29-32 = = 0.424 kN
8
 (1.707+1.727)
F33-36 = = 0.429 kN
8
(1.727+1.819)
F37-40 = = 0.443 kN
8

1.819 1.687
F41-44 = + = 0.649 kN
8 4
Example 28 - Wind Pressure and Forces on a Microwave Tower
by Gust Factor Method
Problem Statement:
Calculate design wind forces using the Gust factor approach on a square Microwave Tower
21m tall, as in figure 28.1, situated in Roorkee. It is proposed to be constructed in an open
terrain with well scattered obstructions having heights generally between 1.5 to 1.0 m. A
Microwave antenna shaped in the form of a hemispherical bowl with 1.2m diameter is to be
placed at the top.

Solution:

Wind Data:
1. Wind Zone: Zone II (Vb= 39m/s) (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.2)
(Refer Basic Wind Speed Map (Fig. 1)
2. Terrain category: Terrain Category 2 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1)
Design Factors:
Risk Coefficient Factor k1 = 1.06 (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1)
(Taking design life of 100 years)
Mean Hourly Wind Speed coefficient, k2,i Varies with height and terrain category
(IS: 875-pt.3, Sec 5.4)
Topography Factor k3 = 1.00 (IS: 875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1)
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00 (IS: 875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4)
Wind Directionality Factor Kd = 0.90 (IS: 875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.1)
Area Averaging Factor Ka = 1.0 (IS: 875-pt.3, Sec 6.2.2, Table-4)
Design Wind Speed Pressure
Design Wind Speed = VZ = Vbk1k2k3k4 = 39  1.06  k2  1.0  1.0 = (41.34 k2) m/s
(IS: 875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
Design Wind Pressure
pd = 0.6 (VZ)2 x Kd x Ka = 0.6 x (41.34 x k2)2 x 0.9 x 1.0 = 922.86 k22
(IS: 875-pt.3, Sec 6.2, 6.2)

Table 28.1
Height Design
Design wind
from wind
k2 Pressure,
ground, speed,
Pd(N/m2)
m Vz(m/s)
1.5 0.67 27.70 414.27

4.5 0.67 27.70 414.27

7.5 0.67 27.70 414.27

10.5 0.68 27.95 421.96

12.75 0.70 28.82 448.52

14.25 0.71 29.32 464.11

15.75 0.72 29.76 478.36

17.25 0.73 30.17 491.50

18.75 0.74 30.54 503.70

20.25 0.75 30.88 515.09

21 0.75 31.05 520.52

Wind Induced Lateral Forces on Tower

This will be calculated at every panel level

F = Cf  Ae  pd  G
(IS: 875-pt.3, Sec 6.39.1 also)
where,
Ae= Effective frontal area of panels (sum of surface area of the steel members facing the
wind)
Cf = force coefficient (as per calculated solidity ratio (φ), from Table 33
(IS: 875-pt.3 Clause 6.4.3.5(a))
 Projected area of all individual members
Solidity ratio (Φ) =
Area enclosed by boundary of the frame normal to wind direction
pd = Design wind Pressure
G = Gust Gactor
Table 28.2
Effective Force
Panel Solidity
Area, Coefficient,
No. Ratio,(Φ)
Ae(m2) Cf
1 1.636 0.196 3.32
2 1.859 0.267 2.965
3 1.797 0.319 2.705
4 1.739 0.407 2.286
5 0.702 0.39 2.35
6 0.702 0.39 2.35
7 0.702 0.39 2.35
8 0.702 0.39 2.35
9 0.702 0.39 2.35
10 0.762 0.423 2.254

Gust Factor calculations

 H g 2 SE 
G  1  r  gv2 Bs (1   )2  s R 
  
where,
r = a roughness factor which is twice the longitudinal turbulence intensity, Ih
= 2 x 0.17 = 0.34
gv = a peak factor for upwind velocity fluctuation = 3.0 for terrain category 2
Bs = background factor indicating the measure of slowly varying component of fluctuating
wind load caused by the lower frequency wind speed variations

1

 0.26(h  s ) 2  0.46bsh2 
1  
 Lh 
where,
h = 21 m
s = Levels at which action effects are calculated = 0 to 21m.
bsh = average breadth of the structure between heights s and h
Lh = measure of effective turbulence length scale at the height, h in m
0.25
h
= 85  for terrain category 1 to 3
 10 
0.25
 21 
= 85    102.323
 10 
The values of Bs is tabulated in Table 28.3
 = factor to account for the second order turbulence intensity
g v I h Bs
=
2
The values of  is tabulated in Table 28.3
Hs = height factor for resonance response
2
s
= 1  
h
The values of Hs is tabulated in Table 28.3
S = a size reduction factor given by

1

 3.5na h   4na boh 
na = first mode along wind 1   1   frequency of the structure in Hz
 Vh   Vh 

d 3
   0.916 Hz
0.09h 0.09 x 21
h = total height of the main structures of the building in meters, and
d = maximum base dimension in meters in a direction parallel to the applied wind force
b0h = average breadth of the structure between 0 and h
3  2.55  2.1  1.65  (7x1.2)
  1.61 m
11
Vh = design mean value wind speed at height, h =
31.05 m/s (from table 1)
So,
1
S=  0.265
 3.5 x 0.916 x 21   4 x 0.916 x 1.61 
1  31.05  1  31.05 
g R = peak factor for resonant response
= 2ln(3600na )   2ln(3600 x 0.916)   4.025
E = spectrum of turbulence in the approaching wind stream

N 3.141 x 3.02
=   0.0432
1  70.8 N  (1  70.8x3.02 2 ) 5/6
5/6
2

where,
na Lh 0.916 x 102.323
N = an effective reduced frequency =   3.02
Vh 31.05
β = 0.02 for bolted steel structures
 Table 28.3
Height, m Bs  Hs G Forces, kN
1.5 0.911 0.243 1.005 2.595 5.839
4.5 0.924 0.245 1.046 2.616 5.974
7.5 0.936 0.247 1.128 2.651 5.338
10.5 0.950 0.249 1.250 2.698 4.525

12.75 0.960 0.250 1.369 2.740 2.028

14.25 0.967 0.251 1.460 2.772 2.123

15.75 0.973 0.252 1.563 2.807 2.215

17.25 0.980 0.252 1.675 2.843 2.305
18.75 0.986 0.253 1.797 2.882 2.395
20.25 0.991 0.254 1.930 2.922 2.585
21 0.992 0.254 2.000 2.942 2.630

Forces on antenna
F = CfxAexPzxG
= 1.4x1.22xπ/4x520.52x2.942
= 2.423 kN (to be distributed at 4 joints of the topmost panel)

Forces on nodes

F1-4 = (5.839) = 0.730 KN

8
(5.839+5.974)
F5-8 = = 1.477 KN
8
(5.974+5.338)
F9-12 = = 1.414 KN
8
(5.338+4.525)
F13-16 = = 1.233 KN
8
(4.525+2.028)
F17-20 = = 0.819 KN
8
(2.028+2.123)
F21-24 = = 0.519 KN
8
(2.123+2.215)
F25-28 = = 0.542 KN
8
 (2.215+2.305)
F29-32 = = 0.565 KN
8
(2.305+2.395)
F33-36 = = 0.587 KN
8
(2.395+2.585)
F37-40 = = 0.622 KN
8
2.585 2.423
F41-44 = + = 0.929 kN
8 4