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Engineering Go, change the world

RV College of
Engineering
Dept of Mech. Engg.

Thermal Engineering – I
Unit 2, Chapter 1 - Heat and Work

Dr. Anjaneya G
Assistant professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Dr ANJANEYA G, RVCE RVCE, Bengaluru
 RV College of
Engineering Unit 2 – Heat and Work Go, change the world

Introduction, Thermodynamic definition of a work,

Displacement or boundary work or Pdv work, Types of
thermodynamic work, Heat, Similarities and Dis-
similarities between heat and work, Numericals

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Engineering Thermodynamic work

Work in Mechanics When a force is exerted on an object, energy is transferred to the object.
The amount of energy transferred is called the work done on the object.

Mathematically work done is defined as the scalar product of force and displacement, thus it is
a scalar quantity.

Work done is proportional to the force applied (F)

and the distance travelled (s)

Thermodynamic definition of work: Positive work is done by a system when the sole effect external to
the system could be reduced to the rise of a weight.

A rising piston, a rotating shaft, and an electric wire crossing the system boundaries are all
associated with work interactions Dr ANJANEYA G, RVCE
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Engineering

The word ‘sole effect’ indicates that the raising of weight should be the only interaction between
the system and surroundings in order to say that there is work interaction between the system
and the surroundings.

The phrase ‘external to the system’ indicates that the work is a boundary phenomenon. The
magnitude of work interaction depends upon the system boundary. This is illustrated with an
example.

The word ‘could be reduced to’ indicates that it is not necessary that weights should actually be
raised in order to say that there is work interaction between the system and the surroundings.

It is just sufficient to have an effect which is equivalent to the raising of weight.

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Engineering Thermodynamic definition of work - Example

System1: Equivalence of Current Work Interaction between the System and the Surroundings

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RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Thermodynamic definition of work - Example

Example of work crossing the

Dr ANJANEYA boundary of a system.
G, RVCE
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Engineering Examples of work
In system A, a gas is stirred by a paddle wheel.
The paddle wheel does work on the gas. In principle,
the work could be evaluated in terms of the forces and
motions at the boundary between the paddle wheel and
the gas.
System B, includes only the battery. At the boundary
forces and motions are not evident. There is an electric
current i due to potential difference between a and b.
We can imagine the current is supplied to a
hypothetical electric motor that lifts a weight in the
surroundings.
Examples of work transfer
Work is a means for transferring energy. Accordingly, the
term work does not refer to what is being transferred
between systems or to what is stored within systems.
Dr ANJANEYA G, RVCE
Energy is transferred and stored when work is done.
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Engineering Thermodynamic work explained with an example
Electrical storage battery constitutes system 1 whose terminals are connected to an electrical
resistance coil through a switch. The circuit external to the battery constitutes the
surroundings.
When the switch is closed, the current flows through the coil, and the resistance (surroundings)
become warmer and the charge of the battery (system) decreases. Obviously there has been
interaction between the system and the surroundings.
According to mechanics this interaction cannot be classified as work because their has been
no action of force through a distance or of torque through an angle.
As per thermodynamics, the battery (system) does work as electrical energy crosses system
boundary. Electrical resistance can be replaced with motor pulley arrangement which can wind
a string and thereby raising suspended weight. The sole effect, external to the system, is
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raising of a weight. As such interaction of battery with resistance coil is a work.
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Engineering No work interaction between system and surroundings

For system (2) which includes motor, weights etc., along

System2: System Comprising of
with the battery, the work interaction is zero.
Battery, Switch & Resistance Coil

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 RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering
Examples of work Transfer

The work (electrical) done on an adiabatic system Shaft work done on an adiabatic system is

is equal to the increase in the energy of the system equal to increase in energy of the system

Dr ANJANEYA G, RVCE
 RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Formal sign convention for work
Work done by a system is positive;

Work done on a system is negative

Unit of work is N-m or Joule.

Rate at which work is done by, or upon, the system is
known as power. Unit of power is J/s or watt.
Work is one of the forms in which system and its
surroundings can interact with each other. Wb is positive  for expansion
There are various types of work transfer. Wb is negative  for compression

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Engineering Characteristics of Thermodynamic work

It is a transient phenomenon

It can be recognised only when a system is undergoing a process

It is a boundary phenomenon - magnitude of work transfer depends on the system boundary

that we prescribe

Work is a path function

W = W or 1W2 or W1-2 not W2 – W1 (Wrong)

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Engineering

Displacement or Moving Boundary or P dv work (Quasi-equilibrium process)

Moving boundary work - (P dV work):

The expansion and compression work in a piston-cylinder device.

A gas does a differential amount of work Wb as it forces the piston to move by a
differential amount ds

Wb is positive  for expansion work associated with a moving

Wb is negative  for compression boundary is called
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boundary work
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Engineering P dV work or Boundary work

Area under the curve in P-V diagram is equal, in

magnitude, to work done during a quasi-equilibrium
expansion or compression process of a closed system.

Area under the curve = Magnitude of boundary work

during expansion or compression process of a closed
system

The area under the process curve on a P-V diagram represents the boundary work
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Engineering Work is a path function

The boundary work done during a process Net work done during the cycle is the
depends on the path followed as well as the end difference between the work done by the
states. Area under the curve 1A2 >1B2 >1C2 system and the work done on the system.
Thus WA > WB > WC Dr ANJANEYA G, RVCE
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Engineering

Expression for Displacement work in Quasi-Static Processes (p dV work)

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Engineering Constant pressure process (Isobaric pressure)

2. Constant pressure process: (Isobaric process) - For closed system undergoing

constant pressure process from state 1 (V1 and p1) to state 2 (V2).

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 Isothermal Process – (Hyperbolic process)
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Engineering

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Engineering Polytropic process

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Engineering Other types of work transfer

Energy transmission through

rotating shafts is commonly
encountered in practice.

A shaft work of 8 kJ input to

the system.
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RV College of
Engineering ‘ Go, change the world

Dr ANJANEYA G, RVCE
 RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Numericals on Work

A gas in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which the

relationship between pressure and volume is given by pVn = constant. Initial pressure is 3
bar, initial volume is 0.1 m3, and final volume is 0.2 m3. Find work for the process, in kJ, If
(a) n = 1.5, (b) n = 1.0, and (c) n = 0.

Engineering model

1. The gas is a closed system

2. The moving boundary is the only work mode.
3. The expansion is a polytropic process.

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Engineering Energy transfer by heat

Heat: The form of energy that is transferred between two systems (or a system and its
surroundings) by virtue of a temperature difference.

Temperature difference is the driving force

Energy can cross the boundary of a closed for heat transfer.
system in the form of heat and work
The larger the temperature difference,
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greater the rate of heat transfer
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Engineering Sign Convention of Heat and Work

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Engineering Examples of Heat Transfer

Energy is recognized as heat transfer only as it crosses the

system boundary

Heat transfer per unit mass

Amount of heat transfer when heat transfer rate is constant

Amount of heat transfer when heat transfer rate changes with time
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Engineering

Heat transfer mechanisms

Conduction: The transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a

substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interaction between
particles.

Convection: The transfer of energy between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid
that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.

Radiation: The transfer of energy due to the emission of electromagnetic waves (or
photons).

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Engineering Heat vs. Work

Heat and Work are Boundary phenomena.

Systems possess energy, but not heat or work.
Both are associated with a process, not a state.
Unlike properties, heat or work has no meaning at a state.
Both are path functions (i.e., their magnitudes depend on
the path followed during a process as well as the end

Properties are point functions have exact differentials (d ).

Path functions have inexact differentials ( )

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 RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering

Dissimilarities between Heat and Work

Heat is energy interaction due to temperature difference only; work is by
reasons other than temperature difference.

The sole effect external to the system could be reduced to rise of a weight
(work) but in the case of a heat transfer other effects are also observed.

Heat is a low grade energy whereas work is a high grade energy.

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 RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering

Similarities between Heat and Work Dissimilarities between heat and work
Both are path functions and inexact differentials. Heat is energy interaction due to
temperature difference only; work is by
reasons other than temperature difference.
Both are boundary phenomena i.e., both are In a stable system, there cannot be work
recognized at the boundaries of the system transfer; however there is no restriction for
the transfer of heat.
Both represent transient phenomena; Energy The sole effect external to the system could
interactions occur only when system undergoes be reduced to rise of a weight but in the
change of state i.e., both are associated with case of a heat transfer other effects are also
process, not a state. Unlike properties, work or observed.
heat has no meaning at a state.
A system possesses energy, but not work or heat. Heat is a low grade energy whereas work is
a high grade energy.
Concepts of heat & work associated with process
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 RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering An example of difference between heat and work

Gas is contained in a rigid vessel. Resistance coils are wound around the vessel. When
current flows through the resistance coils, the temperature of the gas increases.
Identification of heat and work transfer depends on boundary chosen
In Fig (a) we consider only the gas as the system. The energy crosses the boundary of the
system because the temperature of the walls is higher than the temperature of the gas.
This is recognised as heat, crossing the boundary of the system.
In Fig (b) the system includes the vessel and the resistance heater. Electricity crosses the
boundary of the system and, this indicates work transfer.
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 RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering Theory questions
1.Explain work as defined in mechanics and thermodynamics with suitable examples.
2.Derive p.dv or displacement work for the following non-flow processes.
i. Isobaric process ii. Iso-thermal process iii. Polytropic process iii. Reversible adiabatic
process
3. What is P.dv work or boundary work or displacement work. What is its significance in
thermodynamics.
4. Explain the following types of works with examples.
i. shaft work ii. Spring work iii. Stirring work iv. Spring work v. electric work vi.
Magnetic work vii. Work in stretching of a film viii. work of deformation
5. What is significance of P-v diagram in thermodynamics.
6. Prove that heat and work are path functions
7. What is heat and how does it is different from work.
8. Write the similarities and dis-similarities between heat and work.
Dr ANJANEYA G, RVCE