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Taliban (reprint ed.). Da Capo Press (published 2003). p. 218. ISBN 9780306812330. Retrieved 14
December 2020. Abdur Rahman had meanwhile become known as the 'Iron Emir' for his ruthless measures to
break the tribal, or feudal, system in Afghanistan as well as the power of the mullahs.
122. "Education in Afghanistan Archived 2007-02-27 at the Wayback Machine", published in Encyclopædia Iranica,
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137. Reisman, W. Michael; Norchi, Charles. "Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan" (PDF). Retrieved 7
January 2017. Charles Norchi, a Visiting Scholar at Yale Law School, directed the Independent Counsel on
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138. Kakar, Mohammed (3 March 1997). The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982. University of
California Press. ISBN 9780520208933. The Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower.
Large numbers of Afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the Soviet Union, which wished to
vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in Afghanistan.
139. Reisman, W. Michael; Norchi, Charles H. "Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan" (PDF).

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Retrieved 7 January 2017. According to widely reported accounts, substantial programmes of depopulation have
been conducted in these Afghan provinces: Ghazni, Nagarhar, Lagham, Qandahar, Zabul, Badakhshan, Lowgar,
Paktia, Paktika and Kunar...There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the
Afghan people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.
140. Lacina, Bethany; Gleditsch, Nils Petter (2005). "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle
Deaths" (PDF). European Journal of Population. 21 (2–3): 154. doi:10.1007/s10680-005-6851-6. S2CID 14344770.
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141. Klass, Rosanne (1994). The Widening Circle of Genocide. Transaction Publishers.
p. 129. ISBN 9781412839655. During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2
million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul,
and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These
were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces
seldom attacked the scattered guerillands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the
Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.
142. Goodson, Larry P. (2001). Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban.
University of Washington Press. pp. 5. ISBN 9780295980508. 2 million afghans killed soviet.
143. The War Chronicles: From Flintlocks to Machine Guns. Fair Winds. p. 393. ISBN 9781616734046. A final weapon
of terror the Soviets used against the mujahideen was the abduction of Afghan women. Soldiers flying in
helicopters would scan for women working in the fields in the absence of their men, land, and take the women
captive. Russian soldiers in the city of Kabul would also steal young women. The object was rape, although
sometimes the women were killed, as well. The women who returned home were often considered dishonored
for life.
144. Kakar, M. Hassan (1995). The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982. University of California
Press. ISBN 9780520208933. While military operations in the country were going on, women were abducted.
While flying in the country in search of mujahideen, helicopters would land in fields where women were
spotted. While Afghan women do mainly domestic chores, they also work in fields assisting their husbands or
performing tasks by themselves. The women were now exposed to the Russians, who kidnapped them with
helicopters. By November 1980 a number of such incidents had taken place in various parts of the country,
including Laghman and Kama. In the city of Kabul, too, the Russians kidnapped women, taking them away in
tanks and other vehicles, especially after dark. Such incidents happened mainly in the areas of Darul Aman and
Khair Khana, near the Soviet garrisons. At times such acts were committed even during the day. KhAD agents
also did the same. Small groups of them would pick up young women in the streets, apparently to question
them but in reality to satisfy their lust: in the name of security, they had the power to commit excesses.
145. "Refugee Admissions Program for Near East and South Asia ". Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration.
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148. Nasir, Abbas (18 August 2015). "The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 4
January 2017. His commitment to jihad – to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such
that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also
over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics. After the Soviet withdrawal
from Afghanistan, as the director-general of the Pakistan's intelligence organisation, Inter-Services Intelligence
(ISI) directorate, an impatient Gul and West wanted to establish a government of the so-called Mujahideen on
Afghan soil in order to recognise it. He then ordered an assault using mujahideen leaders on Jalalabad, the first
major urban centre across the Khyber Pass from Pakistan, with the aim capturing it and declaring it as the seat
of the new administration.
149. Neamatollah Nojumi. The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of
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157. Marcela Grad. Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader(March 1, 2009 ed.). Webster
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