CHM 256 (BASIC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY)

EXPERIMENT 2: DILUTION, CONCENTRATION

AND MOLARITY

PREPARED FOR: MADAM NURUL ‘AIN BINTI JAMION

GROUP: AS1142A1
DATE: 26TH OCTOBER 2022

NAME STUDENT ID

NUR ILLYYIN BT MOHD AMIN 2022777111

FARISHA MADIHA BT SHEIKH FIDZRAL 2022132673

QISTINA NAYLI BINTI AZIZI 2022914381

FIRZANAH ARESYA BINTI AZMI 2022335423

INTRODUCTION

A standard solution is a solution with a precisely known concentration of an element or

substance in analytical chemistry. To create a particular volume, a solute with a specified weight
is dissolved. It is prepared using a primary standard or another substance that is held to
standards. To determine the concentrations of other compounds, such as solutions in titration,
standard solutions are utilized. Using the provided formula, the solution's concentration can be
determined.

APPARATUS

Volumetric flask
Weighing balance
Weighing boat
Pipette
Beaker
Funnel
Dropper

MATERIALS

Distilled water
Pure and dry sodium carbonate
OBJECTIVE

To prepare a standard solution of 0.5 M sodium carbonate and dilute the solution to 0.1 M.

PROCEDURE

A. PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTION

1. 13.25 g of sodium carbonate was weighed using a weighing boat and then recorded.
2. In a 100 mL beaker, sodium carbonate was diluted with distilled water. The sodium
carbonate. The weighing boat was then rinsed and it was made sure that all the
solutions were diluted in a beaker.
3. The sodium carbonate solution was then transferred into a volumetric flask using a
funnel. Then, about 150 mL of distilled water was added into the volumetric flask. The
flask was then covered and inverted to make sure the solution was homogeneous.
4. Distilled water was carefully added using the dropper until the calibration mark.

B. DILUTE THE STANDARD SOLUTION

1. 50 mL of standard solution in part A was measured accurately using a pipette.

2. The solution was transferred into a 250 mL volumetric flask and distilled water was
added until about calibration mark.
3. The flask was then inverted to homogenize the solution.
4. Distilled water was added using the dropper until the calibration mark.
CALCULATION

a. Show calculation for the preparation of 0.5M Na2CO3 from the weight mass
recorded.

1. To find moles of Na2CO3 2. To find molarity of Na2CO3

Molar mass of Na2CO3 Molarity, M = Moles of solute

= 2(22.99) + 12 + 16 Liters of solution
= 105.99 g/mol
= 0.1250
Mole = mass
0.250
RMM
= 0.5 M
= 13.25
105.99

= 0.125 mol

3. To find the volume of Na2CO3 needed

Moles = MV
1000
0.125 = (0.5)(V)
1000
V = 250 mL

The calculation above proves that the mass needed to prepare 0.5M, 250mL standard
solution of Na2CO3.

b. Calculate the molarity of diluted Na2CO3 solution

M1V1 =M2V2
0.5 x 50 = M2 x 250
25 = M2 x 250
M2 = 25
250
M2 = 0.1 mol dm^3
DISCUSSION

Based on the experiment that the students have carried out, they were able to prepare 13.25g
of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 precisely by using the analytical balance. Then, they measure
100 mL of distilled water and diluted it to add into a volumetric flask. The volumetric flask is then
filled with more distilled water until the calibration mark. They inverted it to mix well and thus,
they have prepared our standard solution of Na2CO3.

A solution that has a specific concentration needed for an experiment to be carried out is
called a standard solution. In chemical analysis, it’s important to prepare a standard solution
before we proceed to the next step of the procedure. This is because other substances’
concentration can be identified by using the standard solution prepared. In this experiment, the
standard solution of Na2CO3 was prepared for the titration of HCl solution in the following
experiment 3.

Standard materials are used to prepare a standard solution. One of the apparatus used is the
volumetric flask. It has two types, one has the precision of 250cm3 and another of 500 cm3.
Thus, the diluted solution prepared by using this apparatus will always give an accurate volume
reading.

We have found that the apparatus must only be washed by distilled water in order for the
standard solution and other chemicals used in the experiment to not be contaminated.
Other than that, the weighted Na2CO3 solids that have been diluted by distilled water, was also
washed with distilled water when it is transferred into the volumetric flask through the funnel.
This measure was taken to avoid any excess of solid Na2CO3 not being transferred into the
volumetric flask. If this happens, it will affect the concentration of the standard solution that will
be prepared.

To minimize any human error, we read the meniscus with our eyes parallel to it. We also made
sure the volumetric flask was tightly closed before we inverted it to mix well. This to avoid any
solution from being spilled out of the volumetric flask.
CONCLUSION

We were able to prepare a standard solution of 0.5 M sodium carbonate , Na2CO3 by

dissolving 13.35g of solid Na2CO3 by diluting it with 250cm3 distilled water. We were also able to
dilute the concentrated Na2CO3 to a concentration of 0.1M.

QUESTIONS

A. Determine the volume of solution needed to prepare the following diluted

solutions from a concentrated solution. Preparation of 500 mL 6.0 M nitric acid
from 16 M solution.

Using the dilute formula which is M1V1 =M2V2

M1V1=M2V2

M1 (16) = (6.0) (500)

M1 = 3000
16
M1 = 187.5 mL

B. Preparation of 250mL 1.5 M NaOH from 12 M NaOH.

Using the dilute formula which is M1V1 =M2V2

M1V1=M2V2
(12)(V1) = (250)(1.5)
V1 = 375
12
V1= 31.25 mL

Procedures

1. Transfer 31.25 mL 12 M of concentrated NaOH into 250 mL volumetric flask.

2. Add distilled water until calibration mark.
3. Invert the flask several times to ensure complete mixing.
 C. Determine the molarity of 15 M H2SO4 is diluted with distilled water until the final
volume of 100 mL.

By using dilution formula : M1V1 =M2V2

M1V1=M2V2
(15)(0.5) = M2 (100)
M2 = 0.075 M

REFERENCES

1. “How To Make A Standard Solution | The Chemistry Blog.” Chemicals UK, 29

March 2022, https://www.chemicals.co.uk/blog/how-to-make-a-standard-solution.
Accessed 27 October 2022.

2. “Standard solution | Resource | RSC Education.” RSC Education,

https://edu.rsc.org/resources/standard-solution/2257.article. Accessed 28 October
2022.

3. “Volumetric Apparatus: Use & Calibration.” Lab-Training.com,

https://lab-training.com/volumetric-apparatus-use-calibration/. Accessed 28
October 2022.