SUSTAINABILITY

What is Sustainability? • Rates of use of non-renewable

Sustainable Development resources should not exceed at which
• The issue renewable substitutes are developed.
• Brought forward in view of challenges at a • Rates of pollution emissions should
scale never seen before. not exceed the assimilative capacity
• Demographic challenge: of the environment.
• Strong population growth, notably
in the developing world. • “Development”
• Resource challenge: • Development is about people, not
• An increasing usage of resources, necessarily the economy.
renewable and non-renewable alike. • Development is a process.
• Raw materials. • Improvement of the welfare of the
• Energy. population:
• Food. • Create an enabling environment for
• Environmental challenge: people.
• Higher levels of • Often forgotten in the immediate
environmental impacts of concern with the accumulation of
human activities. commodities and wealth.
• The capacity of this world to sustain its • Finding ways to satisfy and improve
population is compromised. human needs

• “Sustainable” • Conditions:
• The process or the activity can be • Appropriate social, political, legal and
maintained without exhaustion or collapse. economic conditions.
• Intra and Inter-generational issue. • Outcomes
• Capacity of a system to accommodate • Improvement of the physical and human
changes: capital.
• Rates of use of renewable resources • Human capital:
should not exceed their rates or • Improved health or knowledge.
regeneration. • Improved opportunities for people
to use their acquired capabilities.
• Improved work or leisure conditions.
 • Physical capital: • Promotion of efficiency and recycling.
• Improved private infrastructures. • Source materials mainly recycled
• Improved collective infrastructures materials.
• Reduce wastes in production, packaging,
Sustainable Society and distribution.
• Three “E”s • Economy like an ecosystem.
• Economics. • Dematerialization of the economy.
• Ecology / Environment. • Spatial forms
• Equity (social). • Rational use of space (market forces).
• Population • Dense and compact cities.
• Lessen population growth and stabilize it • Multifamily dwellings.
(preferably). • Alternative transportation modes:
• Stop subsidizing reproduction. • Leaning on mass transit, cycling,
• Access to contraception and family and walking
planning (freedom of choice). • Social forms
• Basic material needs satisfied (social • Material sufficiency and frugality:
obligation?). • Replacing consumerism and
• Political and gender equity. materialism (unlikely).
• Access to information and education • Living according to one’s means.
• Self-worth and social status:
• Ecology • Not measured primarily by
• Restore the biological base (soils, forests, possession (unlikely).
atmosphere, and hydrosphere). • Balance between individual rights and
• Agriculture supporting ecosystems obligations:
(diversity and organic recycling). • End of social welfare and the
• Energy irresponsibility it creates?
• Minimize and abolish fossil fuels (market • Governance
forces are likely to do so). • Less government and more individual
• Shift to natural gas as an interim measure. initiative.
• Move to renewable energy sources • Global governance (common policies for
(hydrogen, solar, wind, geothermal, common causes).
biomass, and hydroelectric) • Regional autonomy (regional issues and
cultural/political differences).
• Economy
 • Avoid socialism and fascism (especially 7) To ensure environmental sustainability
“world improvers”) 8) To develop a global partnership for
development
Global Sustainability
• Sustain economic growth 1. MDGs & SDGs/SDGs
• Maximize profit - At the United Nations Sustainable Development
• Expand markets Summit on 25/09/15, world leaders adopted the
• Externalize costs 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
• Respect carrying capacity which includes a set of 17 Sustainable
• Conserve and recycle resources Development Goals (SDGs) to end poverty, fight
• Reduce waste inequality and injustice, and tackle climate
• Satisfy needs change by 2030.
• Increase self-reliance Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) improved nutrition and promote sustainable
1. MDGs & SDGs/MDGs agriculture
- The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote
were the eight international development goals for well-being for all at all ages
the year 2015 that had been established following Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in education and promote lifelong learning
2000, following the adoption of the United Nations opportunities for all
Millennium Declaration. All 189 United Nations Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all
member states at the time (there are 193 women and girls
currently), and at least 23 international Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable
organizations, committed to help achieve the management of water and sanitation for all (6.a,
following Millennium Development Goals by 2015: 6.b)
1) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
2) To achieve universal primary education sustainable and modern energy for all
3) To promote gender equality and empower Goal 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and
women sustainable economic growth, full and productive
4) To reduce child mortality employment and decent work for all
5) To improve maternal health Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote
6) To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
diseases foster innovation
Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among
countries The Global Goals for Sustainable Development
Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements 17 Goals 169 Targets 304 Indicators
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 1. No Poverty
Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and 2. Zero Hunger
production patterns 3. Good Health and Well-being
Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate 4. Quality Education
change and its impacts 5. Gender Equality
Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, 6. Clean Water and Sanitation
seas and marine resources for sustainable 7. Affordable and Clean Energy
development 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable 9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage 10. Reduced Inequality
forests, combat desertification, and halt and 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 12. Responsible Consumption and Production
Goal 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies 13. Climate Action
for sustainable development, provide access to 14. Life Below Water
justice for all and build effective, accountable and 15. Life on Land
inclusive institutions at all levels 16. Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
Goal 17 Strengthen the means of implementation 17. Partnership for the Goals
and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development Questions:
1. What is the target year for the Sustainable
MDGs & SDGs/Comparison Development Goals? 2030
2015 Millenium Development Goals 2. Which of the following is not considered a
8 Goals 21 Targets 60 Indicators harmful emission? Hydrogen
-Develop a global partnership for development 3. Select the statements that show the
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger importance of sustainable transport.
- Achieve universal primary education Ensuring the sustainability of the
- Ensure environmental sustainability world and its people
- Promote gender equality and empower women Ensuring the safety and security of
- Combat HIV/Aids, malaria and other diseases the people
- Improve Maternal Health Ensuring the good quality of life for
- Reduce child mortality present and future generations
4. Which of the following is not an example of consider the elements below except Fossil
zero-emissions vehicle? Steam engines Fuel Dependent
5. The three major objectives of the SDGs are: 19. What number SDG is Clean Water and
end extreme poverty, fight inequality, Sanitation? SDG 6
tackle climate change 20. Sustainable Decision making is planning
6. Which of these is Goal 4? Quality Education that considers goals an impact regardless of
7. Select the more Sustainable option. Taking how difficult they are to be measured. True
the MRT train in a city.
8. Select the correct priority for mode of
transport (from highest priority to lowest
priority) walk, bicycle, MRT train, bus, car
9. The name of SDG3 is: Good Health and
Wellbeing
10. Choose the sustainable option. Sidewalks
for biking and walking
11. Which of the following does not contribute
to a more sustainable transport system
within a city? Higher Speed Limit
12. ‘Sustainable’ means causing little or no
damage to the environment and therefore
able to continue for a long time. True
13. When were the Sustainable Development
Goals introduced? 2015
14. Which of the following is not an example of
a key feature of SDG3? Achieve Gender
Equality
15. Goal 5 is: Gender Equality
16. Who developed the Sustainable
Development Goals? The United Nations
17. Goal 13 works towards which area of
importance: Protecting the Planet
18. In order to build a sustainable city,
transportation planning officials must
 LESSON 12

Did you ever wonder how the simple word (2014) think of sustainability as the practice of
"sustain" has become significant in the present maintaining processes of productivity indefinitely,
time, especially, in discussions concerning the whether natural or man-made, by replacing the
future of mankind? The dictionary offers various resources used with resources of equal or greater
meanings for the word sustain but should be value without degrading or endangering natural
understood in this context as keeping something in biotic systems.
operation. Thus, the interrelated terms Another view explains sustainability as a
"sustainability" and "sustainable development" science. As such, it is considered as the "study of
both suggest that the essential things in this world how natural systems function, remain diverse and
need to be maintained, particularly the natural produce everything it needs for the ecology to
resources, despite being used by people remain in balance" (Mason, n.d.). When viewed this
continuously. The discussions below will enlighten way, sustainability takes the form of a broad
us about the complex natures of sustainability and discipline connected with environmental science
sustainable development. but draws on political science, economics,
philosophy, and other social sciences as well as the
What is sustainability? hard sciences. As such, it gives the students and
policymakers insights about the relationships of
The term sustainability has no commonly the natural environment with business,
agreed definition. Following the literature on government, science and technology, society,
sustainability, there are many different views on agriculture, health and others. At the core of this
what its nature is and the means to achieve it. Most view is the understanding of the need to keep a
definitions of sustainability point out that the term balance between modern living, which highlights
is interwoven with activities pertaining to human consumption of the finite natural resources,
globalization and economic development since and the maintenance of the natural environment.
they emphasize the need for everyone to have an
awareness on conserving the natural environment The varying definitions of sustainability can
as well as the need for countries to act in also be formed from the perspective of ordinary
concerted fashion in order to address global individuals or from the formal level of the
environmental issues and the destructive effect government. According to the website of Global
that the production of material goods and their Footprints organization, "sustainability is
consumption by humans can have on the natural something everyone can work towards... whether it
surroundings. For instance, Kahle and Gurel-Atay is picking up garbage you see on the street or
boycotting a company that practices entitled Our Common Future, commonly referred to
environmentally harmful business methods, we all as the Brundtland Report, by the United Nations
can make a difference" ("What is sustainability?", World Commission on Environment and
2009). Mundane activities by individuals such as Development. One of the earliest recognized
garbage segregation and recycling can have a definitions of sustainable development is found in
positive long-term impact on the environment the Brundtland Report (41), which states:
when they are taken as a whole.
On the other hand, at the governmental Sustainable development is a development that
level, the United States Environmental Protection meets the needs of the present without
Agency (EPA) explains that the enactment of the compromising the ability of future generations to
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 meet their own needs. It contains within it two key
articulates the US government's definition of concepts:
sustainability, which is the creation and 1. The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential
maintenance of "conditions under which humans needs of the world's poor, to which overriding
and nature can exist in productive harmony, that priority should be given; and
permit fulfilling the social, economic and other
requirements of present and future generations" 2. The idea of limitations imposed by the state of
("Why is sustainability important?", 2016). The technology and social organization on the
United States Environmental Protection Agency environment's ability to meet present and future
elaborates that sustainability is taken from a needs.
simple principle, that is, everything that we need
for our survival and well-being depends, either By showing concern on the needs of the
directly or indirectly, on our natural environment. present and the impact it may bring on the needs
In both definitions, sustainability consists of of the future generations, the initial definition of
actions done at the individual or governmental sustainable development is formed from an
level that are motivated by the common goal of intergenerational framework. Discussions
protecting the natural environment for the benefit surrounding this definition usually involve the
of future generation. sense of responsibility and sense of justice that the
present generation should have considering the
Sustainable development consequences that their actions will bring upon the
next generations.
The concept of sustainable development was
officially introduced to the international From the notion of an intergenerational
community in 1987 with the release of the report framework in 1987, sustainable development has
evolved into a concept that stresses inclusivity in UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, the UN General
the attainment of environmentally sustainable Assembly announced the adoption of the United
economic growth (Sachs, 2015). The Earth Charter, Nations Millennium Declaration, which called for a
outlining the building of a just, sustainable, and global partnership to primarily reduce extreme
peaceful global society in the 21st century, was poverty. The UN Millennium Declaration was
published in 1992 following the UN Conference on historic since it is the first ever global strategy with
Environment and Development, widely known as quantifiable targets agreed upon by all UN
the Earth Summit. This important development member states as well as the major international
paved the way for the action plan called Agenda 21 development institutions (Woodbridge, 2015;
for sustainable development. It specifically Sachs, 2012). Accompanying the UN Millennium
mentions information, integration, and Declaration were the eight (8) objectives, which
participation as key building blocks to help would be known as the Millennium Development
countries achieve development. Moreover, Agenda Goals. The accomplishment of the eight (8)
21 emphasizes that broad public participation in objectives had a deadline that was set in 2015.
making decisions is an essential prerequisite to Listed below are the eight (8) Millennium
attain sustainable development. Development Goals, as follows:

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

ECONOMY 2. Achieve universal primary education.
ENVIRONMENT 3. Promote gender equality and empower women.
SOCIAL COMMUNITY 4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
The United Nations Millennium Development 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Goals (MDGs) 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
In the present time, discussions about 8. Develop a global partnership for development
sustainable development should not miss the
United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals Eventually, assessments were made
(SDGs). But, before the United Nations Sustainable concerning the success in achieving the
Development Goals, there were the Millennium above-enumerated eight (8) MDGs after the
Development Goals (MDGs). What were the MDGs deadline set in 2015. Some international
and how did they evolve into SDGs? development groups and scholars were critical in
their evaluation of the success of the MDGS citing
During the UN Millennium Summit in lack of consultation with the stakeholders
September 2000, under the leadership of former (underdeveloped countries) (Woodbridge, 2015)
and "operational failure" (Sachs, 2012) as some of
the shortfalls of the MDCs. Despite the criticisms 5. In developing countries, the number of under
hurled at the MDGs, the United Nations remains five child-deaths declined from around 13 million in
proud of its remarkable achievements which are 1990 to 6 million in 2015. From 1990 to 2015 the
stated in the United Nations Development speed of progress more than tripled.
Programme (UNDP)publication entitled "From the
MDGs to Sustainable Development for All: Lessons 6. New HIV infections dropped by 40 percent
from 15 years of Practice (2016) Below are some of between 2000 and 2013. In 2014, over 13 million
the highlights of the UNDP's publication (13-14): people living with HIV received antiretroviral
therapy, compared with just 800,000 in 2003.
1. The world met and exceeded its first MDG target,
reducing the number of people living in extreme 7. Between 2000 and 2013, tuberculosis
poverty by more than half, from 1.9 billion people interventions saved an estimated 37 million lives.
in 1990 to 836 million in 2012. Most of the progress
occurred after 2000. The implications were 8. In 2015, 91 percent of the global population had
significant: in 1990, nearly half of all people in the an improved source of drinking water, compared to
developing world lived in extreme poverty; by 2015, 76 percent in 1990. Over half the population can
14 percent did. now access piped drinking water on premises.

2. Although the world narrowly missed the MDG 9. After stagnating, official development assistance
target, the proportion of chronically rose by an unprecedented 66 percent between
undernourished people in developing countries fell 2000 and 2014.
from around 23 percent in 1990 to under 13 percent
today. 10. The resources developing countries diverted to
pay off external debts fell from an average 12
3. The world met its education target, reducing the percent of export revenue in 2000, to 3 percent in
number of out-of-school children of primary school 2013.
age from 100 million in 2000 to 57 million in 2015.
Sub-Saharan Africa made the largest jump, The United Nations Millennium Development
achieving a 20 percent rise in net enrolment. Goals (MDGs)
As the deadline set for the MDGs was
4. Women worldwide now make up 41 percent of approaching, the United Nations took the lead in
paid workers outside the agricultural sector, an defining the future global development framework
increase from 35 percent in 1990. that would succeed the MDGs. It did so through a
process it called the Post-2015 Development They show an understanding that the environment
Agenda which began in 2012 and ended in 2015. On is not a mere add-on to or against sustainable
September 25, 2015, all members of the UN development, but rather the base that underpins all
General Assembly agreed to adopt the 2030 other goals (Woodbridge, 2015). Consequently,
Development Agenda entitled "Transforming our while the MDGs focused on poverty reduction, the
world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable SDGs include new themes which reflect an
Development ("Chapter 1: Getting to know the approach that sees the environment, economy and
Sustainable Development Goals," 2015). This 2030 society as embedded systems rather than separate
Development Agenda contains 92 paragraphs. incompatible pillars. Thus, urban areas, water and
sanitation, energy, and climate change are all
Paragraph 51 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable prominently featured.
Development outlines the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals and the associated 169 targets, Just a Quick Recap!
as follows: ✓ Sustainable development is a development that
GOAL 1: No Poverty meets the needs of the present without
GOAL 2: Zero Hunger compromising the ability of future generations to
GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being meet their own needs.
GOAL 4: Quality Education
GOAL 5: Gender Equality ✓ The concept of sustainable development was
GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation officially introduced to the international
GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy community in 1987 with the release of the report
COAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth entitled Our Common Future, commonly referred to
GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure as the Brundtland Report, by the United Nations
GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality World Commission on Environment and
GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities Development.
GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
GOAL 13: Climate Action ✔The UN has taken the lead in ensuring that
GOAL 14: Life Below Water Sustainability can be obtained thru the SDG's or
GOAL 15: Life on Land Sustainable Development Goals.
GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

Unlike the MDGs, the SDGs are described as a

mixture of global development and sustainability.
 TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE WORLD

The Futures of Humanity • Barbarization

• Conventional Worlds Breakdown
Conventional Development scenario • Neo-Malthusian perspective.
• Situation left as it is. • Case of destructive anarchy.
• Solution led to market mechanisms. • Governmental and social failures.
• Little or no collective efforts. • “Mad Max” scenario.
• Limited success of birth control policies. • Consequences
• Generation of wealth, but unfair • Environmental and social deterioration:
distribution. • Scarcity, violence, and massive
• Consequences migration.
• Growth of inequalities and environmental • Unchecked population growth.
degradation. • Economic collapse:
• Potential instability and environmental • Drastic fall in global population
collapse levels.
• Loss of institutions, productive
• Balanced Growth capacity, and technology.
• Legislation and policy intervention:
• Strengthen management systems. Barbarization
• Ensure widespread use of better • Fortress World
technology. • Authoritarian “solution”.
• Provide greater social equity and • Conflicts between the rich and the poor:
environment protection. • A minority of the elite in privileged
• Same patterns of production and enclaves.
consumption. • Protect their way of life by forcibly
• Notions of global governance. imposing limits and social controls on
• Consequences the impoverished majority.
• Less demographic growth and • Seizing control of critical natural
environmental damage. resources for exclusive use.
• May not be enough to curb major global • Restricting access to information
environmental issues. and technology.
• Socialism • Consequences
• Unchecked demographic growth.
 • Social stratification. • High-quality environment.
• Instability of a “Fortress” system may push • Well-distributed welfare with economic
the world into a “Breakdown” situation. activities oriented towards services.

Great Transitions Conclusion

• Eco-communalism • Which Future?
• Deep green utopian vision. • In light of the current situation around the
• Strong collective efforts towards world, which scenario is the most likely?
small-scale. • What are the alternatives?
• Emphasis: • Population, resources and the environment
• Bio-regionalism. • The absolute bottom line.
• Localism and face-to-face • Will shape the fate of humanity in the 21st
democracy. century.
• Small technology and economic • Period of strong demographic growth
autarky. (demographic transition).
• Consequences • Population policy and family planning.
• Population and economic scales diminish. • Migration and urbanization.
• Environmental conditions improve • Consumption of resources (commodities
dramatically. and energy).
• Socialism/communism • The environmental challenge

Great Transitions
•New Sustainability Paradigm
• Change the industrial civilization.
• Achieving sustainability at the global level:
• Every activity must demonstrate
sustainability.
• More equitable global civilization rather
than to retreat into localism.
• Consequences
• Dramatic decrease of per capita material
flows:
• Through behavioral changes and
technology improvements.
 1. Rising Food Price and Poverty
Global Food Security 2. Population Growth and Urbanization
• The absence of food security is qualified 3. Climate Change
by the presence of hunger and
malnourishment.
• The concept of food security of not
confined to hunger and malnourishment
alone.
•World Food Conference defines it as the
availability, at all times, of adequate world
food supplies, of foodstuffs to sustain a
steady expansion of food consumption and
to offset fluctuations in production and
prices.

• Maxwell’s Three paradigm Shift on Food Security:

1. First Shift (1970’s and 1980’s
- when the academic and policy discourse
on food security veered away from the
restrictive notion of food availability and
supply as the core concern of food security.
2. Second Shift stressed the importance of
livelihood security as a key household priority and
component of food security.
3. Third Shift moved away from a purely
calorie-counting approach to food security, to one
that incorporates subjective measures of what it
means to be food secure, including access to food
that is preferable.
- Some of the Criticisms
* disregard for power relation
* emphasis on a trade-based approach

Trends and Challenges to Global Food Security

 LESSON 13

Food Security Maxwell (1996) argues that in the decades of

If the Millennium Development Goals and 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s three (3) paradigm shifts
Sustainable Development Goals are an took place that shaped the discourse and
enumeration of the worlds' most urgent concerns, international agenda on food security. The first
food security prominently figure in both. The shift took place through the late 1970s and early
concern with food security is articulated in MDG's 1980s, when the academic and policy discourse on
goal number 1, which states "Eradicate extreme food security veered away from the restrictive
poverty and hunger", and SDG goal number 2, notion of food availability and supply as the core
which declares "No Hunger." concerns of food security. Amartya Sen's seminal
work, Poverty and Famines. An Essay on
Following the MDGs and SDGs, is it correct Entitlement and Deprivation (1981) in which he
to equate food security with hunger? This question repudiated the common belief that some of the
brings in another question, what is food security? most devastating famines of the past century were
In general, the absence of food security is caused by lack of food availability, but instead was
qualified by the presence of hunger and caused by lack of access to food through decline in
malnourishment (Barthwal- Datta, 2014). However, entitlements (Devereux, 2001, quoted in
as explained by scholars, the concept of food Barthwal-Datta, 2014). The second paradigm shift
security is not confined to hunger and stressed the importance of livelihood security as a
malnourishment alone. The initial notion of food key household priority and component of food
security was shaped by the famines in the early security. Lastly, the third shift moved away from
1970s "precipitated by adverse weather events: the a purely calorie counting approach to food
(Ibid: 386). After experiencing the global food price security, to one that incorporates subjective
crisis in 1972-1973, the delegates to the 1974 UN measures of what it means to be food-secure,
World Food Conference defined food security as including access to food that is preferable
"the availability of at all times of adequate world (Maxwell, 1988, 1996, quoted in Barthwal-Datta,
food supplies of foodstuffs to sustain a steady 2014).
expansion of food consumption and to offset
fluctuations in production and prices" (FAO, All these conceptual adjustments that food security
2003:27) The definition conveys the people's fear of went through for decades did not spare it from
lack of food supplies in times of crises criticisms. It has been criticized for several reasons
but the most devastating of all is its disregard for
the power relations embedded in food systems and
for its emphasis on a trade-based approach to to those farming households that are net
resolve hunger. Patel (2009) points out that the consumers of food and rely on the market to fulfill
official food security approach does not their food security needs. Besides reducing their
adequately consider the wider social and political food intakeso as to cope with soaring food prices,
contexts within which its objectives of eliminating those households also often resort to selling their
hunger and malnourishment are pursued. In other valuable assets like selling household belongings,
words, it fails to tackle "questions about the mortgaging lands, signing on high interest loans,
relations of power that characterize decisions and cutting back on education and health care
about how food security should be attained" (Ibid: expenses. In the long run, this has an impact on
665). For example, it does not take into account the their ability to lift themselves out of poverty
fact that the large scale mono cropping of crops (Narayan, 2011: 14-15).
for export, such as oil palm, rubber, and soybean, Food prices in the world market began to
requires huge tracts of land, which is anti-poor soar in the mid-2000s and in the 12 months leading
farmers because it favors the consolidation of land up to July 2008, the Food and Agriculture
in the hands of rich farmers and landowners and Organization (FAO) food price index increased to
large private agribusiness companies. In the 51%. The prices of staples such as wheat, rice,
process, the poor, small farmers are forced off their maize and soybean as well as edible oils all soared,
lands, and traditional framing practices and local which precipitated civil unrest in the form of
food systems are disrupted. Critics argue that the protests and riots in the affected countries.
push for agricultural trade liberalization and the Although food prices in the world market went
emergence of the market-led corporate global down in the immediate aftermath of the crisis to
food regime, based on industrial agriculture, has pre-crisis level, they rose sharply once again in late
seen those groups that are poorest and most 2010, reaching a historic peak in February 2011
vulnerable to hunger and malnourishment (Barthwal-Datta, 2014). It is estimated that the
(particularly the small land holders and farmers 2007-2008 global food price crisis may have forced
and marginalized communities around the world) as many as 100 million people deeper into poverty,
most adversely affected (Barthwal-Datta, 2014). while the more recent global food price increase in
2010-2011 may have sent an additional P44 million
Trends and Challenges to Global Food Security around the globe to a poverty level (Rastello and
1. Rising food prices and poverty Pugh, 2011).
The abrupt increases in food prices greatly
affect the small farmers and peasants, who can 2. Population growth and urbanization
hardly respond to price increases in time to be able By the middle of Le 21 century, the world's
to take advantage of them. They are also harmful population is set to reach over 9 billion, thus,
doubling the demand for food, feed, and fiber Africa and Asia (UNFPA, 2912: 8). Urban
(FAO, 2009) Most of the increase in demand will populations and the numbers of slum dwellers in
come from the developing countries, particularly in these regions are set to double by 2030
Asia and Africa. India alone is expected to have (UN-HABITAT, 2007). As urban population expand
almost 1.7 billion people, overtaking China's further, the pressure on food systems in terms of
population as early as 2025. At the same time, the increased demand for land and water, and
dramatic improvements in health have led to sharp environmental degradation and pollution fro urban
declines in mortality rates and boosts in life and industrial waste, are set to intensify further.
expectancy (Barthwal-Datta, 2014: 890). The
steady rise in population is coupled by another 3. Climate Change
trend, which is the mass movement of people Studies show that the impacts of climate
migrating from rural to urban areas in recent change will be mixed and uneven across regions
decades, especially by younger men. In China, for (IPCC, 2007). Current trends suggest that in the
instance, approximately 150 million people have next four (4) decades or so, average global
migrated from rural to urban areas over the past temperatures will rise by 2-3 degrees Celsius
two (2) decades and it is expected that another (Stern, 2016: 56). In mid- to high latitude regions,
300 million will do the same over the next few such a rise in local average temperatures is
decades. expected to be beneficial for the productivity of
some crops, while for countries located at lower
These demographic trends in Asia will have latitudes, however, the IPCC warns that the
serious implications for food systems in the region productivity of major crops, such as rice, wheat
as well as in the other parts of the world. As more and maize is projected to drop with even small
people, especially amongst the youth, transfer increases in local average temperature (1-2
from rural to urban areas in search for greener degrees Celsius). This is particularly the case for
pastures, there are fewer people of working age countries located in seasonally dry and tropical
left behind to produce the quantity of food regions (IPCC, 2007).
required to meet the rising demand in the urban
areas (Ibid), Worse, the mass movement of people The geographic location of most poor,
from rural to urban areas has also been developing countries around the world and their
accompanied by a rapid and ongoing expansion of continuing dependence on agriculture as the single
cities and slums in parts of Asia. At the moment, most important source of livelihoods, means that
more than half of the global population lives in climate change will bring them high costs and few
urban areas and by 2030 this number will swell to benefits (Stern, 2006). Lowincome developing
almost 5 billion, with urban growth concentrated in countries tend to lack adequate infrastructure for
health care, and large chunks of the population
often do not have access to basic amenities such
as clean drinking water and sanitation. In many
developing countries, the availability of
agricultural resources is already threatened by
widespread environmental degradation such as
due to deforestation, land and water pollution from
industrial, agricultural and urban effluents. The
impacts of climate change may further damage
their agricultural resource base by shrinking the
availability of suitable land for crop production and
freshwater resources (Barthwal-Datta, 2014).
 Global Citizenship

Citizen- is a person who, by either birth or •Has an understanding of how the world
naturalization, is a member of political works.
community, owing allegiance to the •Is outraged by social injustice.
community, and being entitled to enjoy all its civil • Participates in the community at a range
rights and protection. of levels, from the local to the global.
Is there such a person as a global citizen? •Is willing to make the world a more
Discussion of various definitions of global citizen: equitable and sustainable place; and
1. Joe McCarthy, www.globalcitizen.org • Takes responsibility for his actions.
2. Ronald Israel, www.kosmosjournal.org
3. Oxfam Education, www.Oxfam.org.uk
- Two basic assumptions of these definitions
(Israel, 2012) are, first, that there is an emerging
world community, second, such community has a
nascent set of values and practices.
- The significance of the advent of modern
information and communication technology
-What values are promoted by the world
Community?
•Global Citizenship is a way of living that
recognizes our world in an increasingly complex
web connections and interdependencies.
•It nurture personal respect and respect for others,
wherever they live.
•It encourages individuals to think deeply and
critically about what is equitable and just and what
will minimize harm to our planet.

A Global Citizen is someone who:

•Is aware of the wider world and has a sense
of his own role as a world citizen.
• Respects and values diversity.
 LESSON 13.5

What is global citizenship?

In seeking an answer for the question "what At first glance, the term global citizen strikes
is global citizenship?", it will be helpful if we us as an oxymoron because of the combination of
approach it by recalling the meaning of the word two (2) words with contradictory meanings.
citizen. Black's Law Dictionary (2009: 278) defines a However, as a concept. the term global citizen
citizen as "a person who, by either birth or possesses a clear and definite meaning Consider
naturalization, is a member of a political the various definitions of global citizen found
community, owing allegiance to the community below:
and being entitled to enjoy all its civil rights and
protection." This definition denotes the existence of "Being a global citizen means thinking about
a legal relationship between the individual and the more than yourself… realizing that we're all
state. The state is expected to provide its citizens connected to one another in this emerging global
protection from physical harm within its national community...protecting the environment, uplifting
borders and protection in the exercise of his human the vulnerable and advocating for equality".
rights, while the citizen is bound to show allegiance -Joe McCarthy, www.globalcitizen.org
to the state and obey its laws. Clearly, the
relationship referred to here is limited to an "A global citizen is someone who identifies
individual and a national state. It does not extend with being part of an emerging world community
this relationship to another entity like the global and whose actions contribute to building this
society. community's values and practices."
-Ronald Israel, www.kosmosjournal.org
Can a relationship between an individual
and the global society emerge in the same manner "A global citizen is someone who is aware of
that we have learned that the concept of a citizen and understands the wider world and their place it.
speaks of a relationship between an individual and They take an active role in their community, and
a state? In other words, is there such person as a work with others to make our planet more equal,
global citizen? We often encounter this term fair and sustainable."
whenever we chance upon the campaign activities -Oxfam Education, www.oxfam.org.uk
of international activists who exhort us to support
their advocacies and read the studies of All these definitions convey the idea that the
globalization scholars, but can we really identify a individual who considers himself a global citizen
real-life global citizen? has transcended the geographical limitations
imposed by being a citizen of a certain state and would be known as the Arab Spring which toppled
that he thinks of himself as a member of a larger down some of the autocratic regimes across the
community, that is, the global community, whose Middle East and North Africa. This was made
values he is willing to uphold and whose interests possible by modern information and
he is willing to promote. communication technology, particularly the
internet, and the overflowing expressions of anger
According to Israel (2012), the validity of the from all over the world toward the repressive
above-mentioned definitions is contingent on autocratic regimes in North Africa and the Middle
proving their basic assumptions: East.
As individuals who have turned global
1. that there is such a thing as an emerging world citizens, they feel responsible for their fellows living
community with which people can identify; and in other part of the world who experience various
forms of oppression. What values are promoted by
2. that such a community has a nascent set of the world community? Israel (2102) explains they
values and practices (Ibid: 79). are the same values that world leaders have been
advocating for the past 70 years that include
He explains that the forces of globalization human rights, environmental protection, religious
have instilled in the minds and hearts of people an pluralism, gender equity, sustainable worldwide
identity based on a growing sense of belonging to economic growth, poverty alleviation, prevention
a world community. The advent of modern of conflicts between countries, elimination of
information and communication technology has weapons of mass destruction, humanitarian
given them the power to see in an instant the assistance and preservation of cultural diversity.
miserable conditions of their fellow individuals In sum, Global citizenship is a way of living
from across the world and express, with the same that recognizes our world is an
speed, empathy for those people.
increasingly complex web of connections
The new technology brought in by and interdependencies. One in which our choices
globalization has ushered in a new era in the and actions may have repercussions for people
history of political participation- that it can be and communities locally, nationally or
undertaken in a geographical space, either internationally. Global citizenship nurtures personal
throughout a region or the entire world. Who would respect and respect for others, wherever they live.
have thought that a video posted on Facebook It encourages individuals to think deeply and
back in 2010 showing a man who killed himself in critically about what is equitable and just, and
public through self-immolation would spark what what will minimize harm to our planet. Exploring
global citizenship themes help learners grow more
confident in standing up for their beliefs, and more
skilled in evaluating the ethics and impact of their
decisions.
A Global Citizen is someone who:
1. is aware of the wider world and has a
sense of their own role as a world citizen;
2. respects and values diversity;
3. has an understanding of how the world
works;
4. is outraged by social injustice;
5. participates in the community at a range
of levels, from the local to the global;
6. is willing to act to make the world a more
equitable and sustainable
7. takes responsibility for their actions.

Just a Quick Recap!

✓ Food Security remains to be a top goal for the
both the MDG's and the SDG's.
✓ There are various threats and concerns in Food
security.
✓ A global citizen is someone who identifies with
being part of an emerging world community and
whose actions contribute to building this
community's values and practices."
✓ Being a Global citizen should be the aim of
every individual in this highly globalized world.
 Global governance and food security

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the and disease eradication refers to agricultural
United Nations defines food security as “a production.
situation that exists when all people, at all times, Name some examples/situations (national and
have physical, social and economic access to international) on how knowledge is disseminated
sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their among producers i.e. farm techniques, and modern
dietary needs and food preferences for an active methods in farming.
and healthy life” (FAO 2001). What is the importance of varied research and or
What are the factors that determine the physical, scientific studies in this area?
social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and
nutritious food for people? • FAO/Food Agriculture and Organization
--------its main task is to assist its member states to
•Global governance adopt and implement the right to food into
-------refers to the set of norms, rules, national law and institutions.
organizations, actors, and practices that govern an •What are the roles of the different international
issue area across global to local scales (Rosenau organizations in sustaining global food security?
1995; Dingworth and Pattberg 2006). --United Nations, NGOs, GO’
What is needed to facilitate these? How shall these
be facilitated? Roles of international organizations
• Institutional capacities
• Global food security governance ---------is defined as the range and depth of
is an understudied domain of inter-organizational resources (i.e., financial, human, and political), and
relations and there is no established body of specialized knowledge and practices that
literature in this field as compared to security or international organizations deploy to achieve their
climate change because of irregular attention from goals and objectives.
international relations scholars.
What is required in this context? • informational exchanges/program delivery
-----Inter-organizational cooperation ranges from
• Agricultural production technical forms of cooperation such as
----One of the broad activity issues existing in the informational exchanges and program delivery.
global governance of food security focused on the • Expertise and the production of “neutral”
production and dissemination of knowledge on information are key characteristics of international
techniques and applied research in plant breeding organizations
Hindrances in sustaining the roles of IO • Program design
The lack of inter-organizational coordination for • Capacities
food security may result in rivalry. Institutional capacities are defined as the range
•Variedperspectives/ideologies/methods/strategie and depth of resources (i.e., financial, human, and
s about agricultural development political), and specialized knowledge and practices
-----mainly by the FAO and WB. that international organizations deploy to achieve
their goals and objectives
Global governance of food security is mapped out
by 7 issue areas/policy fields with the Current trends
corresponding international organizations. Measuring food insecurity plays an important role
• Nutrition--international standard-setting on in signaling to the international community relative
nutritional, public health policy-making changes and trends that can be instrumental in
• Agricultural production—knowledge, and research generating political commitment for action.
about food policy The recent trend in the global governance of food
• Agricultural trade-- customs and tariffs national security is the creation of informal networks to
support programs, technical barriers to trade, manage inter-organizational cooperation.
intellectual property rights, and settling of
international disputes. A more recent development in inter-organizational
• Food safety--transnational standard setting on cooperation in the global governance of food
food safety and health security is the autonomous decision.
•Human right to food--international and national
level and monitoring of state action. Recommendations (Gaps)
•Agriculture and development--policy interventions 1. Inter-organizational cooperation and rivalry
for the improvement of rural peoples and peasants appear more pronounced during periods of crisis
in developing countries (there are an estimated and institutional proliferation.
2.5-3 billion people whose livelihoods are linked to 2. Global governance of food security shows that
agriculture). inter-organizational rivalry is more likely the
•Agriculture and climate change--improvements in population of organizations vary with respect to
knowledge about the linkages between agricultural their missions, mandates, norms, and respective
production and a changing climate. policy paradigms and preferences.
Institutional Characteristics of the Global 3. Creation of informal networks to manage
Governance of Food Security inter-organizational cooperation instead of formal
Factors: coordinating intra-organizations structures.
• Mandates/laws
4. Provide analysis of the dynamics of consistent with recent Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
inter-organizational in the global governance of (BSP) data that households without savings and
food security over long time horizons. thus completely dependent on immediate earnings
or debt increased to 74.8% (18.7 million) of
FOOD SECURITY/INSECURITY and POVERTY in households in the third quarter of 2021 from 71.4%
the PHILIPPINES (17.8 million) in the previous quarter. This is
significantly more than the 62.2% (15.4 million)
IBON FOUNDATION-OCT. 16, 2021 without savings in the first quarter of 2020 at the
Officially reported unemployment grew by onset of the pandemic.
1.5 million to a high 3.9 million in August 2021 from Even before the pandemic, the Philippines
pre-pandemic January 2020. IBON estimates that had among the worst food insecurity of Southeast
over 19 million or more than two in five jobs are Asian countries. According to a Food and
now informal work including self-employment, Agriculture Organization (FAO) report, 46.1 million
small family farms or business, domestic help, or or 42.7% of the country’s total population
unpaid family workers. This does not yet include experience moderate or severe food insecurity,
millions more in informal wage work hired by based on a 3-year average (2018-2020). This
private establishments. The number of part-time worsened from the 41.2% (42.1 million) in
workers also spiked by a huge 2.7 million to 16.1 2014-2016. The prevalence of severe food
million. insecurity alone worsened from 3.2% (3.3 million) to
In its latest East Asia Pacific Economic 4% (4.3 million) in the same period.
Update, the World Bank reported that the • IBON proposes that each household
Philippines, Cambodia and Myanmar had the receive Php10,000 per month for at least 2-3
sharpest declines in employment in the region from months.
2019 to 2020, and that workers are moving from •IBON said that Congress can also approve
urban formal jobs to rural informal jobs. As a result, the Makabayan bloc’s proposed amendments to
it projects that less people in the region will escape the 2022 budget for economic stimulus which
poverty in 2021, and that more than 90% of those includes Php240 billion for Php10,000 cash
who will stay poor will come from the Philippines, assistance to families and Php100 billion for
Indonesia and Myanmar. unemployment subsidies and direct financial
• IBON said that loss of livelihoods means assistance.
families having much less money to buy food. • December 2019 --Philippine Daily Inquirer
IBON estimates that the poorest 70% of families declared poverty rate in the archipelago had fallen
(about 17.3 million) lost an average of to 16.6 percent.
Php13,000-32,000 since March 2020. This is
 •It decreased from 23.3 percent in 2015.
difference between the poverty incidence of the
Philippines and the subsistence incidence. The
subsistence incidence is the proportion of Filipino
families whose incomes fall below the food
threshold. For the Philippines, the per capita food
threshold was P1,505.6 per month in 2018. The
poverty threshold was P2,145.36 per month for an
individual or P10,726.79 for a family of five.
 Sociological Theories of War

Structural-Functionalist Perspective preparing proposals for new weapons as overhead

•Gives members a “common cause” and a common on their Department of Defense contracts.
enemy. • Also, Pentagon contracts often guarantee a profit
•In short term, war increases employment and to the developing corporations. Even if the project’s
stimulates economy. cost exceeds initial estimates, called a cost
•Inspires developments that are useful to civilians overrun, the corporation still receives the
•As structural functionalists argue, a major agreed-on profit.
function of war is that it produces unity among • Military-Industrial Complex: A term used by
societal members. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to connote the
•War provides a common cause and a common close association between the military and defense
identity industries.
• Societal members feel a sense of cohesion, and • Finally, feminists and many other analysts often
they worked together to defeat the enemy note the overwhelming association between war
• The U.S. Department of Commerce regulates the and gender.
export of parts produced for use on commercial • Feminists emphasize the social construction of
airlines whereas the Department of State imposes aggressive masculine identities and their
stricter controls on parts produced for military manipulation by elites as important reasons for the
aircraft to prevent sales to countries at odds with association between masculinity and militarized
U.S. foreign policy objectives. violence.
•Dual-Use Technologies: Defense funded
technological innovations with commercial and Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
civilian use. • Meanings and definitions influence attitudes and
behaviors regarding conflict and war.
Conflict Perspective •Attitudes and behaviors that support war develop
• War is the result of antagonisms that emerge in childhood.
when two or more groups struggle for control of • Most world governments preach peace through
resources. strength, rather than strength through peace.
• War benefits corporate, military, and political
elites. Causes of War
• Under the Pentagon’s bid-and-proposal program, Conflict over Land and Other Natural Resources
for example, corporations can charge the cost of
•Nations often go to war in an attempt to acquire Defense against Hostile Attacks
or maintain control over natural resources, such as • Security Dilemma
land, water, and oil. • A characteristic of the international state
•Water is another valuable resource that has led to system that gives rise to unstable relations
wars. Unlike other resources, water is universally between states.
required for survival. • As State A secures its borders and
•Despite such predictions, tensions in the Middle interests, its behavior may decrease the
East have erupted into fighting repeatedly in security of other states and cause them to
recent years—but not over water. engage in behavior that decrease A’s
security.
Conflict over Values and Ideologies
•World War II was largely a war over democracy Revolutions and Civil Wars
versus fascism. • Revolutions and civil wars involve citizens warring
• Cold War largely involved conflict over capitalism against their own government and often result in
versus communism. significant political, economic, and social change.
•Wars over differing religious beliefs have led to • The difference between a revolution and a civil
some of the worst episodes of bloodshed in history. war is not always easy to determine. Scholars
generally agree that revolutions involve sweeping
Racial, Ethnic, and Religious Hostilities changes that fundamentally alter the distribution
• Racial, ethnic, and religious groups vary in of power in society.
their cultural beliefs, values, and traditions. • Civil wars may result in a different government or
• Constructivist Explanations: a new set of leaders but do not necessarily lead to
• Explanations that emphasize the role of such large-scale social change.
leaders of ethnic groups in stirring up hatred
toward others external to one’s group. Nationalism
• Primordial Explanations: • Some countries engage in war in an effort to
• Explanations that emphasize the existence maintain or restore their national pride.
of “ancient hatreds” rooted in deep • Two Examples:
psychological or cultural differences • World War II – Germany
between ethnic groups, often involving a • Iran in the early 80s
history of grievance and victimization, real
or imagined, by the enemy group.
 Terrorism

Types of Terrorism The Roots of Terrorism

• Premeditated use, or threatened use, of violence • In 2003, a panel of terrorist experts came
to gain a political or social objective. together in Oslo, Norway, to address the causes of
• Transnational terrorism occurs when a terrorist terrorism.
act in one country involves victims, targets, • Although not an exhaustive list, several causes
institutions, governments, or citizens of another emerged from the conference:
country. • A failed or weak state, which is unable to
•Domestic terrorism is exemplified by the 1995 control terrorist operations
truck bombing of a nine-story federal office • Rapid modernization, when, for example, a
building in Oklahoma City, resulting in 168 deaths country’s sudden wealth leads to rapid
and the injury of more than 200 people. social change
• Extreme ideologies—religious or secular
Patterns of Global Terrorism • A history of political violence, civil wars,
• A report by the National Counterterrorism Center and revolutions
(2011) described patterns of terrorism around the • Repression by a foreign occupation (i.e.,
world. In 2010: invaders to the inhabitants)
• There were approximately 11,500 domestic • Large-scale racial or ethnic discrimination
and international terrorist attacks recorded • The presence of a charismatic leader
in 72 countries around the world.
• Over 13,200 people lost their lives as a Social Problems Associated with Conflict, War,
result of these attacks. and Terrorism Death and Disability
• More than 75 percent of the world’s • Many American lives have been lost in wars,
terrorist attacks and resulting deaths including 53,000 in World War I, 292,000 in World
occurred in the Near East or South Asia. War II, 34,000 in Korea, and 47,000 in Vietnam.
• Attacks in Afghanistan and Iraq were • In Iraq, between March 2003 and July 2011, over
higher in 2010 than in 2009. 32,000 U.S. troops were wounded and nearly 4,500
• About 42 percent of those killed lived in were killed.
South Asia, and 30 percent lived in the • Many of those who survive war incur disabling
Middle East. injuries or contract diseases.
• The killing of unarmed civilians is also likely to
undermine the credibility of armed forces and
make their goals more difficult to defend.
Rape, Forced Prostitution, and Displacement of • The predicted result of a thermonuclear war
Women and Children whereby thick clouds of radioactive dust and
• Before and during WWII, the Japanese military particles would block out vital sunlight, lower
forced 100,000 to 200,000 women and girls into temperature in the Northern Hemisphere, and lead
prostitution as military “comfort women”. to the death of most living things on earth.
• Refugee women and female children are
vulnerable to sexual abuse and exploitation. Strategies for Action: In Search of Global Peace
• Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Redistribution of Economic Resources
• Symptoms include recurring nightmares, •Inequality in economic resources contributes to
flashbacks, poor concentration. conflict and war because the increasing disparity
• Associated with family violence, in wealth and resources between rich and poor
alcoholism, divorce, and suicide. nations fuels hostilities and resentment.
• Estimate 30% of male veterans of the • Finally, former United Nations Secretary General
Vietnam war have experienced PTSD, and Kofi Annan, in an address to the United Nations,
about 15% continue to experience it. observed that it is not poverty per se that leads to
conflict but rather the “inequality among domestic
Diversion of Economic Resources social groups.
•In 2010, worldwide military expenditures totaled
more than $1.63 trillion. The United Nations
• Money that is spent for military purposes could be • Founded in 1945 after the devastation of World
allocated to social programs. War II, the United Nations (UN) today includes 193
• Proposed expenditures for the 2012 fiscal year member states and is the principal organ of world
include more money for national defense than for governance.
justice, transportation, veterans’ benefits, and • In 2011, the UN was involved in overseeing 15
natural resources and the environment combined. multinational peacekeeping forces in Afghanistan,
Bosnia, East Timor, Sudan, Cyprus, Haiti, Liberia,
Destruction of the Environment and Kosovo.
• The environmental damage that occurs during • As a result of ongoing criticisms, outgoing UN
war devastates human populations long after war Secretary General Kofi Annan called on the
ends. member states of the UN to approve the most
• Combatants often intentionally exploit natural far-reaching changes in the 60-year history of the
resources to fuel their efforts. organization. One of the most controversial
• The ultimate environmental catastrophe facing recommendations concerns the composition of the
the planet is thermonuclear war.
Security Council, the most important States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom,
decision-making body of the organization. France, and China) to nonnuclear countries.
• The NPT was renewed in 2000, and is subject to
Mediation and Arbitration review every five years. Currently, 189 countries
• Most conflicts are resolved through nonviolent have adopted it. The NPT holds that countries
means. Mediation and arbitration are just two of without nuclear weapons will not try to get them; in
the nonviolent strategies used to resolve conflicts exchange, the countries with nuclear weapons
and to stop or prevent war. agree that they will not provide nuclear weapons
• In mediation, a neutral third party intervenes and to countries that do not have them.
facilitates negotiation between representatives or
leaders of conflicting groups. The Problem of Small Arms
•Arbitration also involves a neutral third party who •Although the devastation caused by even one
listens to evidence and arguments presented by nuclear war could affect millions, the easy
conflicting groups. availability of conventional weapons fuels many
active wars around the world.
Arms Control and Disarmament • Small arms and light weapons include handguns,
• In the 1960s, the United States and the Soviet submachine guns and automatic weapons,
Union led the world in a nuclear arms race, with grenades, mortars, land mines, and light missiles.
each competing to build a larger and more • The Small Arms Survey estimated that, in 2006,
destructive arsenal of nuclear weapons than its 639 million firearms were in circulation, with about
adversary. 59 percent of them being owned legally.
• The principle of mutually assured destruction
(MAD) that developed from nuclear weapons Understanding Conflict, War, and Terrorism
capabilities transformed war from a win-lose • The September 11 attacks on the World Trade
proposition to a lose-lose scenario. Center and the Pentagon and the aftermath -
• The focus on arms control shifted toward nuclear battle against terrorism, the wars in Iraq and
nonproliferation, i.e., the prevention of the spread Afghanistan - changed the world Americans live in.
of nuclear technology to nonnuclear states. • For some theorists, these events were inevitable.
Political scientist Samuel P. Huntington argued that
• Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: such conflict represents a clash of civilizations.
• The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) was • Clash of Civilizations: A hypothesis that the
signed in 1970, and was the first treaty governing primary source of conflict in the 21st century has
the spread of nuclear weapons technology from shifted away from social class and economic issues
the original nuclear weapons states (i.e., the United and toward conflict between religious and cultural
groups, especially those between large-scale
civilizations such as the peoples of Western
Christianity and Muslim and Orthodox peoples.
 Conflict, War , and Terrorism

WAR • In the postindustrial information age, computer

•War, the most violent form of conflict, refers to technology has not only revolutionized the nature
organized armed violence aimed at a social group of warfare, it has made societies more vulnerable
in pursuit of an objective. to external attacks.
•Whether war is just or unjust, defensive or
offensive, it involves the most horrendous atrocities War and Social Change
known to humankind. A soldier prepares an unmanned Predator
drone for a mission. In the 20th century,
The Global Context: Conflict in a Changing industrialization spurred techonological
World innovations that transformed warfare more rapidly
• War and the development of civilization than at any other time in human history.
• War resulted in small groups and villages
becoming incorporated into larger political The Economics of Military Spending
chiefdoms. • he increasing sophistication of military
• Centuries of war between chiefdoms technology has commanded a large share of
culminated in the development of the state. resources, totaling $1.63 trillion worldwide in 2010,
or about 2.6 percent of the total global domestic
The Global Context: Conflict in a Changing World product.
War and Social Change •Global military spending has been increasing since
• State: An apparatus of power, a set of 1998, with dramatic increases between 2002 and
institutions—the central government, the armed 2008, as a consequence of expenditures for
forces, the regulatory and police agencies—whose U.S.-led operations after September 11.
most important functions involve the use of force, • Cold War: The state of military tension and
the control of territory and the maintenance of political rivalry that existed between the United
internal order. States and the former Soviet Union from the 1950s
• War contributed indirectly to the industrialization through the late 1980s.
and technological sophistication that characterize • Today, military spending has nearly returned to
the modern world. the levels during the Cold War. In 2010, the United
• Although industrialization may decrease a States accounted for 43 percent of the world’s
society’s propensity to war, it also increases the military spending, the largest single percentage of
potential destruction of war. any nation.
 Peace Studies

“Of all the enemies to public liberty war is, • Non-Combatants must be immune from
perhaps, the most to be dreaded because it attack.
comprises and develops the germ of every other. Catechism of the Catholic Church on War
War is the parent of armies; from these proceed 2327 Because of the evils and injustices that all war
debts and taxes … known instruments for bringing brings with it, we must do everything reasonably
the many under the domination of the few.… No possible to avoid it. The Church prays: "From
nation could preserve its freedom in the midst of famine, pestilence, and war, O Lord, deliver us."
continual warfare.” 2328 The Church and human reason assert the
James Madison, Political Observations, 1795 permanent validity of the moral law during armed
conflicts. Practices deliberately contrary to the law
• When is a War Just? of nations and to its universal principles are crimes.
For almost 2000 years the question of when 2329 "The arms race is one of the greatest curses
Christians should go to war has been hotly on the human race and the harm it inflicts on the
debated. Since the taking of human life is so poor is more than can be endured" (GS 81 § 3).
seriously opposed to Gospel values, warfare has 2330 "Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall
always presented a serious moral dilemma. In the be called sons of God" (Mt 5:9).
Middle Ages St. Thomas Aquinas developed the
“Just War Theory” not to justify war but to limit its War –The Real Cost?
scope and methods. • In the year 2010 total world military spending
came to $1600billion (or $236 for each person on
• The criteria set out for the just war include: the planet) a 50% increase in the 10 year period
• The cause must be just. since 2001.
• It must be undertaken by a legitimate
authority Increased spending before and even during
• The intention must be right. Global Economic Crisis
• It must be a last resort. • The global financial and economic crisis has
• There must be a declaration of war. resulted in many nations cutting back on all sorts
• There must be reasonable hope of success. of public spending (often against the criticism of
• The good that it hopes to achieve must targeting sectors that were not responsible for the
outweigh the evil produced (the criteria of crisis), and yet military spending seems to be
proportionality). increasing.
• How is that justified?
 • In armed conflicts since 1945, 90% of casualties
Spending for Peace VS Spending for War have been civilians, compared to 50% in the
“There is a large gap between what countries are Second World War and 10% in the First.
prepared to allocate for military means to provide • There are 250,000 licensed firearms dealers in the
security and maintain their global and regional US alone.
power status, on the one hand, and to alleviate
poverty and promote economic development, on THE U.N.
the other.” • The U.N. was created after World War II with
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute leading efforts by the United States and key allies.
• The U.N. was set up to be committed to
The Human Cost of War preserving peace through international
• Imagine what the conflict in Libya or another cooperation and collective security.
country in conflict is causing for the ordinary • Yet, the U.N.’s entire budget is just a tiny fraction
people who live in the country. of the world’s military expenditure, approximately
• Crops, land and environment are destroyed. 1.8%
• Destruction of food stores, shops and property. • While the U.N. is not perfect and has many
• Inflation increases dramatically at times of internal issues that need addressing, it is revealing
conflict leading to poverty for most of the that the world can spend so much on their military
population. but contribute so little to the goals of global
• People are forced to flee and become refugees or security, international cooperation and peace.
internally displaced.
• Much trade and small business ceases. Peace Studies
• Governments stop spending on social needs and •At the current level of spending (for 2010), it would
divert funds to military hardware. take just a handful of years for the world’s donor
• Roads and means of travel are often dangerous. countries to cover their entire aid shortfall, of over
• It can be difficult to get access for emergency $4 trillion in promised official aid since 1970, more
relief. than 40 years ago.
• Young people are forced to become soldiers •Unfortunately, however poverty fuels violence and
defense spending has a tendency to rise during
Interesting Facts: times of economic hardship.
• The US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan has cost • The global financial crisis is potentially ushering
over 1,000 billion dollars. in enormous economic hardship around the world.
• The arms trade is the second biggest trade in the • At a time when a deep economic recession is
world (after illegal drugs!). causing much turbulence in the civilian world …
defense giants such as Boeing and EADS, or
Finmeccanica and Northrop Grumman, are
enjoying a reliable and growing revenue stream
from countries eager to increase their military
might.
•Both geopolitical hostilities and domestic violence
tend to flare up during downturns.
• Shareholders and employees in the aerospace
and defense industry are clearly the ones who
benefit most from growing defense spending.
•Defense companies, whose main task is to aid
governments’ efforts to defend or acquire territory,
routinely highlight their capacity to contribute to
economic growth and to provide employment.
•Military might delivers geopolitical supremacy, but
peace delivers economic prosperity and stability.
— Jorn Madslien, The purchasing power of peace ,
BBC, June 3, 2009

War versus Poverty

• The $1600 billion spent in the year 2011 on the
arms industry could have tackled some of the
greatest needs of our world.
• Providing basic health care to those currently
without - $20 billion per annum.
• Providing shelter to those without it - $21 billion
per annum.
• Provide literacy for all - $5 billion per annum.
• Eliminate starvation and malnourishment - $25
billion per annum.
• Provide safe clean water for all - $50 billion per
annum.
• Total cost - $129 billion per annum.
 QUIZZES

1) Which of the following can describe climate - SDG 4

change mitigation?
- It's about developing new habits to eliminate 10) Goal focuses on good health...?
wasted energy - SDG 3

2) Which of the following is not renewable energy? 11) Goal focuses on immunization...?
(Biomass, Geothermal, Oil, Hydropower) - SDG 3
- Oil
12) Affordable and clean energy to all people of the
3) Goal focuses on climate action...? world as states in the UN 17 Sustainable
- SDG 13 Development Goals...?
- SDG 7
4) The average temperature has increased globally
in the last 100 years...? 13) Goal focuses on clean water and sanitation...?
- 1.0 degrees Fahrenheit - SDG 6

5) The kind of ecosystems will be the most affected 14) This human activity increases the concentration
by droughts and floods...? of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere...?
- Agricultural Ecosystem - Burning of fossil fuels

6) A source of energy that cannot be exhausted 15) Goal focuses on no poverty...?

and could be found anywhere in the world...? - SDG 1
- Renewable Energy
16) Which of the following is not a non-renewable
7) Goal focuses on affordable clean energy...? energy? (Coal, Natural Gas, Oil, Geothermal)
- SDG 7 - Geothermal Energy

8 ) Which of the following is not a non-renewable

energy? (Oil, Geothermal, Natural Gas, Coal)
- Geothermal Energy

9) Goal focuses on free education for all...?

LOCOMOTOR alternately.
1. Walking - Sliding helps develop the vestibular system,
• shifting one’s weight from one foot to the other therefore their sense of balance. It also
- Maintain a healthy weight and lose body fat. develops the proprioceptive system, which is
Prevent or manage various conditions, our system of tendons, muscles and joints.
including heart disease, stroke, high blood 8. Galloping
pressure, cancer and type 2 diabetes. • stepping on one foot and cutting the other,
Improve cardiovascular fitness. Strengthen either sideward or forward.
your bones and muscles.
2. Running NON-LOCOMOTOR SKILLS
• moving with longer strides and in faster speed 1. Bending or Flexing
than walking • is moving the muscles around a joint where two
- help to build strong bones, as it is a weight body parts meet
bearing exercise. strengthen muscles. - Relaxing your muscles can improve mental
improve cardiovascular fitness. burn plenty health, digestion, control stress, and anxiety
of kilojoules. and reduce symptoms of some types of
3. Skipping chronic pain. Muscle flexing can also
• done with a step and a hop using the same improve blood circulation.
foot 2. Lifting or raising
- The benefits of skipping are plentiful, from • elevating a part of the body, usually for the arms
improving your cardiovascular endurance, and legs
promoting good heart health, to even - raising your arms above can change blood
reducing breakouts. flow. That is because, as you raise your
4. Jumping arms, the blood will start to rush down. So,
• springing on one foot or both feet and landing your heart will try to pump the blood with
on both feet. (on landing, always bend knees extra effort to work its way up. Some of the
slightly) key benefits include improved blood flow,
- It is a coordinated, heavy work activity that reduced inflammation, and lower pressure in
promotes motor planning, balance, muscle the veins.
development, coordination and improves 3. Twisting
bone density • moving a part of the body around a long axis,
5. Sliding usually for the head and body
• done by gliding on the floor, sideward or - increase the circulation and energy to these
forward using the right and left foot areas. The spine twists and regular twisting
 is essential to keep the vertebrae in the
spine strong, and the muscles and tissues
around the spine supple. So if there's
stiffness, the twists will increase motion, and
decrease pain and discomfort.
4. Swinging
is a pendular movement below an axis
- Swinging increases spatial awareness.
Swinging helps develop gross motor
skills—pumping legs, running, jumping.
Swinging helps develop fine motor
skills—grip strength, hand, arm and finger
coordination. Swinging develops a child's
core muscles and helps with the
development of balance.
5. Swaying
is a pendular movement above an axis
- This exercise helps build better stability in
your lower body, while developing more
flexibility between your upper and lower
body.