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Java Classes
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Java is an object-oriented programming language.
Everything in Java is associated with classes and objects, along with its attributes and methods. For
example: in real life, a car is an object. The car has attributes, such as weight and color, and methods,
such as drive and brake. FEATURED POST
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A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a template or blueprint from which
objects are created. It is a logical entity. It can't be physical.

Declaring a class

You can declare a class by writing the name of the next to the class keyword, followed by the flower
braces. Within these, you need to define the body (contents) of the class i.e. fields and methods.
To make the class accessible to all (classes) you need to make it public.
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Whenever we use new keyword to create an instance of a class, the constructor is invoked and the TOPIC)
object of the class is returned. Since constructor can only return the object to class, it’s implicitly
 December 10, 2022
done by java runtime and we are not supposed to add a return type to it.

public Employee() {
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System.out.println("Employee Constructor");
}
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public Employee Employee() {  8051 PROGRAMMING

System.out.println("Employee Method");
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return new Employee();
}  HR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Argument Passing
Pass-by-Value PAGES

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variables which are copies of each other. Any changes to one variable don't modify the other.
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It means that while calling a method, parameters passed to the callee method will be clones of
original parameters. Any modification done in callee method will have no effect on the original
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Pass-by-Reference
 
When a parameter is pass-by-reference, the caller and the callee operate on the same object.
It means that when a variable is pass-by-reference, the unique identifier of the object is sent to the
method. 

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What is the use of static keyword with example?

ABOUT
The static variable can be used to referUS
to the common property of all objects (which is not unique FOLLOW US
for each object), for example, We
theare
company
Group ofname of employees,
Members college
team to update nameEngineering
various of students, etc. The
Study
static variable gets memory only once in
materials the class
& other area at the
Engineering timeUpdates.
Related of class loading. 
Java Inner Classes (Nested Classes)
Java inner class or nested class is a class that is declared inside the class or interface.
We use inner
Design classesTemplates
by - Blogger to logically group classes
| Distributed and interfaces in one place to be more readable and Home About Contact us Privacy Policy Disclamer
by BloggerTemplate.org
maintainable.

Method overloading

Method Overloading allows different methods to have the same name, but different signatures
where the signature can differ by the number of input parameters or type of input parameters, or a
mixture of both. 

Different Ways of Method Overloading in Java

1. Changing the Number of Parameters.

2. Changing Data Types of the Arguments.
3. Changing the Order of the Parameters of Methods

1. Changing the Number of Parameters

Method overloading can be achieved by changing the number of parameters while passing to
different methods.

2. Changing Data Types of the Arguments

In many cases, methods can be considered Overloaded if they have the same name but have
different parameter types, methods are considered to be overloaded.

3. Changing the Order of the Parameters of Methods

Method overloading can also be implemented by rearranging the parameters of two or more
overloaded methods

Usage of Java super Keyword

super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.
super can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.
super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

Method Overriding in Java

If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known as method
overriding in Java.

In other words, If a subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that has been
declared by one of its parent class, it is known as method overriding.

Rules for Java Method Overriding

1. The method must have the same name as in the parent class
2. The method must have the same parameter as in the parent class.
3. There must be an IS-A relationship (inheritance).

Abstract class in Java

A class which is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. It can have abstract and non-
abstract methods. It needs to be extended and its method implemented. It cannot be instantiated.

Points to Remember

1. An abstract class must be declared with an abstract keyword.

2. It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
3. It cannot be instantiated.
4. Dynamic Method Dispatch or Runtime Polymorphism in Java

Dynamic method dispatch

Dynamic method dispatch is the mechanism in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at
run time instead of compile time.

Advantages of dynamic method dispatch

1. It allows Java to support overriding of methods, which are important for run-time
polymorphism.
2. It allows a class to define methods that will be shared by all its derived classes, while also
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y
allowing these sub-classes to define their specific implementation of a few or all of those methods.

What is the use of final keyword in java answer?

In Java, we can use final keyword with variables, methods, and classes. When the final keyword is
used with a variable of primitive data types such as int, float, etc), the value of the variable cannot be
changed.

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Exceptions in Java TOPIC)  December 10, 2022

Exception Handling in Java is one of the effective means to handle the runtime errors so that the
Show More
regular flow of the application can be preserved. Exception is an unwanted or unexpected event,
which occurs during the execution of a program, i.e. at run time, that disrupts the normal flow of the
program’s instructions. 
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1. Invalid user input

2. Device failure
3. Loss of network connection
4. Physical limitations (out of disk memory)
5. Code errors

Blocks & Keywords used for exception handling 

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(MAKAUT SYLLABUS)
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2. catch: The catch block is used to handle the uncertain condition of a try block. A try block is always TOPIC)
followed by a catch block, which handles the exception that occurs in the associated try block.
 December 10, 2022

3. throw: The throw keyword is used to transfer control from the try block to the catch block. 

4. throws: The throws keyword is used for exception handling without try & catch block. It specifies TAGS
the exceptions that a method can throw to the caller and does not handle itself. 
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5. finally: It is executed after the catch block. We use it to put some common code (to be executed  programming  data structure
irrespective of whether an exception has occurred or not ) when there are multiple catch blocks. 
Exception types
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Built-in Exceptions:Built-in exceptions are the exceptions that are available in Java libraries.
ArithmeticException: It is thrown when an exceptional condition has occurred in an arithmetic  HR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

operation.
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: It is thrown to indicate that an array has been accessed with
an illegal index. The index is either negative or greater than or equal to the size of the array.
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Checked Exceptions
These are the exceptions that are checked at compile time. If some code within a method throws a
checked exception, then the method must either handle the exception or it must specify the SOCIAL PLUGIN

exception using the throws keyword.

Unchecked Exceptions   
These are the exceptions that are not checked at compile time. In C++, all exceptions are unchecked,
so it is not forced by the compiler to either handle or specify the exception. It is up to the
programmers to be civilized, and specify or catch the exceptions. In Java, exceptions under Error and
RuntimeException classes are unchecked exceptions, everything else under throwable is checked.
How to Create User-Defined Exceptions in Java?
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To create a custom exception in java, we have to create a class by extending it with an Exception
class from the java.lang package.
It's always a good practice to add comments and follow naming conventions to easily identify and
recognize the benefit of our exception class. 

user-defined exception in java

public class SimpleCustomException extends Exception{

  }

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What is string and StringBuffer class?
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String is an immutable class and its object can't be modified after it is created. String buffer is
mutable classes which can be used to do operation on string object. 
Constructor in Java
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object of the class is returned. Since constructor can only return the object to class, it’s implicitly
done by java runtime and we are not supposed to add a return type to it. If we add a return type to a
constructor, then it will become a method of the class.

String Character Extraction Methods

charAt()
getChars()
getBytes()
toCharArray() OE-EC704A Web Technology
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constant and cannot be changed once created.
 December 10, 2022
Using String.equals() :In Java, string equals() method compares the two given strings based on the
data/content of the string. If all the contents of both the strings are same then it returns true. If any
character does not match, then it returns false. TAGS

String Modifying Methods Overview  aptitude  Current Affairs

As we know that objects are immutable, whenever you want to modify a String, you must either copy  programming  data structure

it into a StringBuffer or StringBuilder, or use a String method that constructs a new copy of the string  8051 PROGRAMMING
with your modifications complete. A sampling of these methods are described in this post.
 C PROGRAMMING QUIZ
In this post, we will discuss below methods for modifying a String objects.
substring()  HR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
concat()
replace()
replaceAll()
replaceFirst() PAGES
trim()
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Java String valueOf()
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The valueOf() method returns the string representation of the argument passed.

class Main {
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  public static void main(String[] args) {

    double interest = 923.234d;  

    // convert double to string
    System.out.println(String.valueOf(interest));

}
 }
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// Output: 923.234

String Buffer operations

The StringBuffer class is used for storing the mutable sequence of different datatypes which means
we can update the sequence of the StringBuffer class very easily and efficiently without creating a
new sequence in memory.
1) append() method

The append() method concatenates the given argument with this string.

2) insert() method

The insert() method inserts the given string with this string at the given position.

3) replace() method

The replace() method replaces the given string from the specified beginIndex and endIndex-1.

4) delete() method

The delete() method of StringBuffer class deletes the string from the specified beginIndex to
endIndex-1.
 5) reverse() method

The reverse() method of StringBuilder class reverses the current string.

6) capacity() method

The capacity() method of StringBuffer class returns the current capacity of the buffer. The default
capacity of the buffer is 16. If the number of character increases from its current capacity, it
increases the capacity by (oldcapacity*2)+2.
For example if your current capacity is 16, it will be (16*2)+2=34.

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Java I/O Streams
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In Java, streams are the sequence of data that are read from the source and written to the
destination.
An input stream is used to read data from the source. And, an output stream is used to write data to
the destination. FEATURED POST
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class HelloWorld {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        System.out.println("Hello, World!"); 

  }

} OE-EC704A Web Technology

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For example, in our first Hello World example, we have used System.out to print a string. Here, the MODULE - 10(IMPORTANT
System.out is a type of output stream. TOPIC)
 December 10, 2022
Similarly, there are input streams to take input.

What is Byte Stream in Java? TAGS

Byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes. They are used to read bytes from
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the input stream and write bytes to the output stream. Mostly, they are used to read or write raw
binary data.  programming  data structure

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In Java, the byte streams have a 3 phase mechanism:
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Split- The input data source is split into a stream by a spliterator. Java Spliterator interface is an
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internal iterator that breaks the stream into smaller parts for traversing over them.
Apply- The elements in the stream are processed.
Combine- After the elements are processed, they are again combined together to create a single
result. PAGES
FileInputStream- This class is used to read data from a file/source. The FileInputStream class has
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What is a character stream in Java?
In Java, characters are stored using Unicode conventions. Character stream automatically allows us
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streams used to read from the source and write to the destination.
 Reading console input
 
1.Using Buffered Reader Class

This is the Java classical method to take input, Introduced in JDK1.0. This method is used by wrapping
the System.in (standard input stream)
2.Design
Usingby
Scanner Class
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 This is probably the most preferred method to take input. The main purpose of the Scanner class is
to parse primitive types and strings using regular expressions

3. Using Console Class

 It has been becoming a preferred way for reading user’s input from the command line. 
Writing console output using print() and println() methods
The PrintStream is a bult-in class that provides two methods print() and println() to write console
output. The print() and println() methods are the most widely used methods for console output.
Both print() and println() methods are used with System.out stream.
Reading and writing files 
Reader, InputStreamReader, FileReader and BufferedReader
Reader is the abstract class for reading character streams. It implements the following fundamental
methods:

read(): reads a single character.

read(char[]): reads an array of characters.
skip(long): skips some characters.
close(): closes the stream.
InputStreamReader is a bridge from byte streams to character streams. It converts bytes into
characters using a specified charset. The charset can be default character encoding of the operating
system, or can be specified explicitly when creating an InputStreamReader.

FileReader is a convenient class for reading text files using the default character encoding of the
operating system.

BufferedReader reads text from a character stream with efficiency (characters are buffered to avoid
frequently reading from the underlying stream) and provides a convenient method for reading a line
of text readLine().

Writer, OutputStreamWriter, FileWriter and BufferedWriter

Writer is the abstract class for writing character streams. It implements the following fundamental
methods:

write(int): writes a single character.

write(char[]): writes an array of characters.
write(String): writes a string.
close(): closes the stream.
OutputStreamWriter is a bridge from byte streams to character streams. Characters are encoded
into bytes using a specified charset. The charset can be default character encoding of the operating
system, or can be specified explicitly when creating an OutputStreamWriter.

FileWriter is a convenient class for writing text files using the default character encoding of the
operating system.

BufferedWriter writes text to a character stream with efficiency (characters, arrays and strings are
buffered to avoid frequently writing to the underlying stream) and provides a convenient method for
writing a line separator: newLine().

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Collections in Java
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The Collection in Java is a framework that provides an architecture to store and manipulate the
group of objects.Java Collections can achieve all the operations that you perform on a data such as
searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation, and deletion.
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Java Collection means a single unit of objects. Java Collection framework provides many interfaces
(Set, List, Queue, Deque) and classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, PriorityQueue, HashSet,
LinkedHashSet, TreeSet).

Java Collection Interface

The Collection interface is the root interface of the Java collections framework.
There is no direct implementation of this interface. However, it is implemented through its
subinterfaces like List, Set, and Queue.
ArrayList
The ArrayList class extends AbstractList and implements the List interface. ArrayList supports
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LinkedList  TOPIC)
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implementation of the LinkedList data structure which is a linear data structure where the elements
are not stored in contiguous locations and every element is a separate object with a data part and
address part.
TAGS
Accessing a Java Collection via a Iterator
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Step - 1: Create an object of the Iterator by calling collection.itertor( ) method.
Step - 2: Use the method hasNext( ) to access to check does the collection has the next element. (Use  programming  data structure
a loop).
 8051 PROGRAMMING
Step - 3: Use the method next( ) to access each element from the collection. (use inside the loop).
 C PROGRAMMING QUIZ
 Using for-Each loop − Use a foreach loop and access the array using object.  Using Iterator −   Use a
foreach loop and access the array using object.  HR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

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MODULE - 9(IMPORTANT TOPIC)
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Applet class TOPIC)  December 10, 2022

Java Applet is a special type of small Java program embedded in the webpage to generate dynamic Show More
content .

Applet Architecture   
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We know that java provides console based programming language environment and window based OE-EC704A

programming environment. An applet is a window based programming environment. Java applets

are essentially java window programs that can run within a web page.Applete programs are java
classes that extend that java.applet.Applet class and are enabaled by reference with HTML page. 

The Applet and there class files are distribute through standard HTTP request and therefore can be
sent across firewall with the web page data. Applete code is referenced automatically each time the
user revisit the hosting website. 

OE-EC704A Web Technology

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TAGS

APPLET SKELETON  aptitude  Current Affairs

Most applets override these four methods. These four methods forms Applet lifecycle.  programming  data structure
init() : init() is the first method to be called. This is where variable are initialized. This method is called
 8051 PROGRAMMING
only once during the runtime of applet.
start() : start() method is called after init(). This method is called to restart an applet after it has been  C PROGRAMMING QUIZ
stopped.
 HR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
stop() : stop() method is called to suspend thread that does not need to run when applet is not
visible.
destroy() : destroy() method is called when your applet needs to be removed completely from
memory. PAGES
Servlet Life Cycle Methods
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There are three life cycle methods of a Servlet :

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1. init()
2. service()
3. destroy()
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Servlet Life Cycle:

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Servlet life cycle can be defined as the stages through which the servlet passes from its creation to its
destruction.
The servlet life cycle consists these stages:

1. Servlet is borned
 1. Servlet is borned
2. Servlet is initialized
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3. Servlet is ready to service
4. Servlet is servicing
5. Servlet is not ready to service
6. Servlet is destroyed
7. setForeground() and setBachground()methods

setForeground() is used to set the foreground colour i.e the colour in which text is shown. The
background colour can be changed to any colour by setBackground() BUT no matter what colour
given inside setForegorund() the text is always black.
Which method is used to show status in applet?
Applets display status lines with the showStatus method, inherited in the JApplet class from the
Applet class

HTML Applet tag

The HTML <applet> tag specifies an applet. It is used for embedding a Java applet within an HTML
document.
How do I embed a Java applet in HTML?
To run an applet in a browser or in the JDK Applet Viewer, the applet needs to be added to an HTML
page, using the <APPLET> tag. You then specify the URL of the HTML page to your browser or the
Applet Viewer.
What is meant by getCodeBase() and getDocumentBase()
method?
- The getCodebase() method is also commonly used to establish a path to other files or folders that
are in the same location as the class being run.
- The getDocumentBase() method is used to return the URL of the directory in which the document is
resides.
How parameters are passed to an applet in Java?
Parameters passed to an applet
To pass the parameters to the Applet we need to use the param attribute of <applet> tag. To retrieve
a parameter's value, we need to use the getParameter() method of Applet class.

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SYLLABUS) MODULE - 5(IMPORTANT
TOPIC)  December 10, 2022
 What is delegation event model in Java?
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The delegation event model defines standard and consistent mechanisms to generate and process
events. Its concept is quite simple: a source generates an event and sends it to one or more
listeners. 
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Event Handling in Java OE-EC704A

An event can be defined as changing the state of an object or behavior by performing actions.
Actions can be a button click, cursor movement, keypress through keyboard or page scrolling, etc. 

The java.awt.event package can be used to provide various event classes. 

Classification of Events

Foreground Events

Background Events OE-EC704A Web Technology

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Sources of Events MODULE - 10(IMPORTANT
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EventListner interface
 December 10, 2022
It is a marker interface which every listener interface has to extend.This class is defined in java.util
package.

What Is An Adapter-Class? TAGS

In JAVA, an adapter class allows the default implementation of listener interfaces. The notion of  aptitude  Current Affairs
listener interfaces stems from the Delegation Event Model. It is one of the many techniques used to
 programming  data structure
handle events in Graphical User Interface (GUI) programming languages, such as JAVA.
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 C PROGRAMMING QUIZ

AWT Label Class  HR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Label is a passive control because it does not create any event when accessed by the user. The label
control is an object of Label. A label displays a single line of read-only text.

Button class PAGES

Button class is used to create a push button control, which can generate an ActionEvent when it is • Home • Contact us
clicked. In order to handle a button click event, ActionListener interface should be implemented.
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What is AWT TextField Java?

The object of a TextField class is a text component that allows a user to enter a single line text and
edit it.  SOCIAL PLUGIN

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