NCERT Solutions for Class-11

Mathematics
Chapter 13 – Limits and Derivatives

1. Evaluate the Given limit: lim x3

x 3

Ans: lim x 3  33  6

x 3

2. Evaluate the Given limit: lim  x  

22
x z
 7 

Ans: lim  x 
22   22 
    
x z
 7   7 

3. Evaluate the Given limit: lim  r2

r 1

Ans: lim  r 2   12   

4x  3
4. Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x 1 x2

4 x  3 4(4)  3 16  3 19
Ans: lim   
x 1 x2 42 2 2

x10  x5  1
5. Evaluate the Given limit: xlim
1 x 1

x10  x5  1 (1)10  (1)5  1 1  1  1 1

Ans: xlim   
1 x 1 1  1 2 2

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 1

 ( x  1)5  1
6. Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x 0 x

( x  1)5  1
Ans: lim
x 0 x

Put x  1  yso that y  1 as x  0

( x  1)5  1 ( y )5  1
Accordingly, lim  lim
x 0 x x 1 y 1

 xn  an 
5. 151 lim
x a x  a
 nd n 1   5
 

( x  1)5  1
 lim 5
x 0 x

3 x 2  x  10
7. Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x2 x2  4

0
Ans: At x  2 , the value of the given rational function takes the form
0

3x 2  x  10 ( x  2)(3x  5)
lim  lim
x 2 x 4
2 x 2 ( x  2)( x  2)

3x  5
lim
x 2 x2

3(2)  5

22

11

4

x 4  81
8. Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x 3 2x2  5x  3

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 2

 0
Ans: At x  2 , the value of the given rational function takes the form
0

lim
x 4  81
 lim

( x  3)( x  3) x 2  9 
x 3 2 x 2  5 x  3 x 3 ( x  3)(2 x  1)

lim

( x  3) x 2  9 
x 3 (2 x  1)



(3  3) 32  9 
2(3)  1

6  18

7

108

7

ax  b
9. Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x 0 cx  1

Ans:
ax  b a(0)  b
lim  b
x 0 cx  1 d (0)  1

1
1
10. Evaluate the Given limit: lim 33
z1 1
1
26
1
z 3 1
Ans: lim
z 1 1
1
z6
1
0
At z  1, the value of the given function takes the form Put z 6  x so that z  1
0
as x  1 .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 3

 1
1
e x2 1
Accordingly, lim 1  lim
x 1 x 1 x  1
z t 1

x2 1
 lim
x 1 x 1

21  xn  an 
 2.1 lim  nd n 1 
x a x  a
 

2
1
z 3 1
lim 2
x 1 1
1
t6

ax 2  bx  c
11. Evaluate the Given limit: lim ,a b  c  0
x 1 cx 2  bx  a

ax 2  bx  c a(1) 2  b(1)  c
Ans: lim 
x 1 cx 2  bx  a c(1) 2  b(1)  a

abc

abc

1

[a  b  c  0]

1 1

12. Evaluate the given limit: lim x 2
x 2 x  2

1 1

Ans: lim x 2
x 2 x  2

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 4

 0
At x  2 , the value of the given function takes the form
0

1 1  2 x 
  
Now, lim x 2  lim  2 x 
x 2 x  2 x 2 x  2

1
lim
x 2 2 x

1 1

2(2) 4

sin ax
13. Evaluate the given limit: lim
x 0 bx

sin ax
Ans: lim
x 0 bx

0
At x  0 , the value of the given function takes the form
0

sin ax sin ax ax
Now, lim  lim 
x 0 bx x 0 ax bx

 sin ax  a
 lim  
x 0
 ax  b
a  sin ax 
lim   [ x  0  ax  0]
b ax 0  ax 
a
 1
b
  sin y  
 lim  
  y 
x 0

a

b

sin ax
14. Evaluate the given limit: lim , a, b  0
x 0 sin bx

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 5

 sin ax
Ans: lim , a, b  0
x 0 sin bx

0
At x  0, the value of the given function takes the form
0

 sin ax 
 ax   ax
Now, lim
sin ax
 lim  
x 0 sin bx x 0   sin bx 
  ax   bx
 

 sin ax 
a ax0  ax 
lim 
 
b  sin bx 
lim  
bx  0
 ax 

x  0  ax  0

and x  0  bx  0

a 1

b 1

  sin y  
lim
x 0
   1
  y  

a

b

sin(  x)
15. Evaluate the given limit: lim
x z  (  x)

sin(  x)
Ans: lim
x z  (  x)

It is seen that x    (  x)  0

 sin ax  a
 lim  
x 0
 ax  b

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 6

a  sin ax 
lim   [ x  0  ax  0]
b ax  0
 ax 

a
 1
b

  sin y  
lim  
  y 
x 0

a

b

cos x
16. Evaluate the given limit: lim
x 0  x

cos x cos 0 1
Ans: lim  
x 0   x  0 

cos 2 x  1
17. Evaluate the given limit: lim
x 0 cos x  1

cos 2 x  1
Ans: lim
x 0 cos x  1

0
At x  0, the value of the given function takes the form
0

cos 2 x  1 1  2sin 2 x  1
Now, lim  lim
x 0 cos x  1 x 0 x
1  2sin 2  1
2

 x
cos x  1  2sin
2

2 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 7

  sin 2 x  2
 2  x
sin 2 x
 lim 
x 
 lim
x x 0 
x
x 0
sin 2  sin 2  2
2
 2  x
  x 2  4
  
 2 

 sin 2 x 
lim  2 
x 0
4  x 
 x
 sin 2 
lim  2
x 0 
 x 
2

  
 2 
2
 sin 2 x 
 lim 
 x 0 x2 
4 2
 x
 sin 
 lim 2
 x  0
x 
2

   
 2 

 x 
 x  0  2  0 

12  sin y 
4 lim  1
12  y 0 y 

8

ax  x cos x
18. Evaluate the given limit: lim
x 0 b sin x

ax  x cos x
Ans: lim
x 0 b sin x

0
At x  0 , the value of the given function takes the form
0

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 8

 ax  x cos x 1 x(a  cos x)
Now, lim  lim
x 0 b sin x b x 0 sin x

 x 
lim    lim( a  cos x)

b 0 sin x
 x 0

 
1  1 
   lim(a  cos x)
b  sin x   x0
 lim  
 x 0  x  

1  sin x 
 (a  cos 0) lim  1
b  y  0 x 

a 1

b

19. Evaluate the given limit: lim

x 0
x sec x

x 0 0
Ans: lim x sec x  lim   0
x 0 x 0 cos x cos 0 1

sin ax  bx
20. Evaluate the given limit: lim a, b, a  b  0
x 0 ax  sin bx

0 sin ax  bx
Ans: At x  0 , the value of the given function takes the form Now, lim
0 x  0 ax  sin bx

 sin ax 
  ax  bx
 lim  ax 
x 0  sin bx 
ax  bx  
 bx 

 sin ax 
 lim   lim(ax)  lim( bx)
  x 0 ax  x0 x 0
[ As x  0  ax  0 and bx  0]
 sin bx 
lim ax  lim bx  lim 
x 0 x 0
 x0 bx 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 9

 lim(ax)  lim bx
 x 0 x 0
lim ax  lim bx
x 0 x 0

 sin x 
lim  1
y 0 x 

lim(ax  bx)
 x 0
lim(ax  bx)
x 0

 lim(1)
x 0

1

21. Evaluate the given limit: lim(cosec x  cot x)

x 0

Ans: At x  0 , the value of the given function takes the form    Now,
lim(cosec x  cot x)
x 0

 1 cos x 
lim   

x 0 sin x sin x 

 1  cos x 
lim  
x 0
 sin x 

 1  cos x 
 
 lim  x 
x 0  sin x 
 
 x 

1  cos x
lim
x 0 x

sin x
lim
x 0 x

0

1

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 10

 1  cos x sin x 
lim  0 and lim  1
y 0 x y  0 x 

0

tan 2 x
22. Evaluate the given limit: limx

x
2 x
2

tan 2 x
Ans: limz

x
2 x
2

 0
At x  , the value of the given function takes the form Now, put So that
2 0
 
x  y so that x  ,y0
2 2

 
tan 2  y  
 lim
tan 2 x
 lim  2
  y  0 y
2 x
x
2

tan(  2 y )
lim
y 0 y

tan 2 y
 lim
y 0 y

[tan(  2 y)  tan 2 y]

sin 2 y
 lim
y 0 y cos 2 y

 sin 2 y 2 
lim   
y 0
 2y cos 2 y 

 sin 2 y   2 
  lim   lim   
 y 0 2 y  y 0  cos 2 y 

[ y  0  2 y  0]

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 11

 2  sin x 
1 lim
   1
cos 0 0 x 

2
 1
1

2

2 x  3, x  0
23. Find lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) , where f ( x)  
x 0 x 1
3( x  1), x  0

Ans: The given function is

2 x  3, x  0
f ( x)  
3( x  1), x  0

lim f ( x)  lim[2 x  3]  2(0)  3  3

x 0 x 0

lim f ( x)  lim 3( x  1)  3(0  1)  3

v  0 x 0

 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  3

x 0 x 0 x 0

lim f ( x)  lim( x  1)  3(1  1)  6

x  x 1

 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  6

x  x 1 x 1

 x 2  1,x 1
24. Find lim f ( x) , when f ( x)  
x 1
 x  1, x  1

Ans: The given function is

 x 2  1, x  1
f ( x)  
 x  1, x  1

 lim f ( x)  lim  x 2  1  12  1  1  1  0

x T x 1

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 12

It is observed that lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .
x  x 1

Hence, lim f ( x) does not exist.

| x |
 , x0
25. Evaluate lim f ( x) , where f ( x)   x
x 0

0, x0

| x |
, x0
Ans: The given function is f ( x)   x

0, x0

| x | 
lim f ( x)  lim  
x 0 x 0  x 

 x 
 lim  
x 0
 x 

[When x is negative, | x | x]

 lim(1)
x0

1

| x | 
lim f ( x)  lim  
x  0 x 0  x 

 x
 lim  
 
x 0 x

[When x is positive, | x |  x]

 lim(1)
x 0

1

It is observed that lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .

x  x  0

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 13

Hence, lim
x 0
f ( x) does not exist.

 x
, x0
26. Find lim f ( x)   | x |
x 0
0, x0


Ans: The given function is

 x 
lim f ( x)  lim  
x 0
 
x 0 | x |

 x 
 lim  
x 0  x
 

[When x  0,| x |  x]

 lim(1)
x0

 1

 x 
lim f ( x)  lim  
x  0 x 0
| x | 

 x
 lim  
 
x 0 x

[ When x  0,| x | x]

 lim(1)
x 0

1

It is observed that lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .

x  x  0

Hence, lim
x 0
f ( x) does not exist.

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 14

27. Find lim f ( x) , where f ( x) | x | 5
x 5

Ans: The given function is f ( x) | x | 5

lim f ( x)  lim(| x | 5)

y  5 x 5

 lim( x  5)
x 5

[When x  0,| x |  x]

5  5

0

lim f ( x)  lim(| x | 5)

x x 5

 lim( x  5)
x 5

[ When x  0,| x |  x]

5  5

0

lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  0
x 5 x 5

Hence, lim f ( x)  0
x 5

a  bx, x  0

28. Suppose f ( x)  4, x  1 and if lim f ( x)  f (1) what are possible values of
x 1
b  ax, x  1

a and b?
Ans: The given function is

a  bx, x  0

f ( x)  4, x 1
b  ax, x  1


Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 15

lim f ( x)  lim(a  bx)  a  b
 x 1

lim f ( x)  lim(b  ax)  b  a

x ,1 x 1

f (1)  4

It is given that lim f ( x)  f (1) .

x 1

 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  f (1)

x  x 1 x 1

 a  b  4 and b  a  4

On solving these two equations, we obtain a  0 and b  4 . Thus, the respective

possible values of a and b are 0 and 4 .

29. Let a1 , a2 ,, an be fixed real numbers and define a function

f ( x)   x  a1  x  a2 ..  x  an 

What is lim f ( x)? For some a  a1 , a2 ,, an . Compute lim

xa
f ( x) .

Ans: The given function is f ( x)   x  a1  x  a2 ..( x  a )

lim f ( x)  lim  x  a1  x  a2 ..  x  an  
x 3 x a

  a1  a1  a1  a2 ..  a1  an   0

 lim f ( x)  0
x 3

Now, lim f ( x)  lim  x  a1  x  a2 ..  x  an  

x a x a

  a  a1  a  a2 ..(a  a )

 lim f ( x)   a  a1  a  a2  (a  a)

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 16

 | x | 1, x  0

30. If f ( x)  0, x  0 For what value (s) does lim f ( x) exists?
x 3
| x | 1, x  1


Ans: The given function is

| x | 1, x  0
If f ( x)   .
0, x0

When a  0
lim f ( x)  lim (| x | 1)
x  0 x 0

 lim( x  1)
x 0

[ If x  0,| x |  x]

 0 1

1

lim f ( x)  lim (| x | 1)

x  0 x 0

 lim( x  1)
x 0

[ If x  0,| x |  x]

 0 1

 1

Here, it is observed that lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .

x  x  0

 lim f ( x) does not exist.

x 0

When a  0 lim f ( x)  lim (| x | 1)

x  xa

 lim( x  1)
xa

[ x  a  0 | x |   x]

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 17

 a  1

lim f ( x)  lim(| x | 1)

x t x 

 lim( x  1)
xa

[a  x  0 | x |   x]

 a

1

 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  a  1
x d xa

Thus, limit of f ( x) exists at x  a , where a  0 . When a  0

lim f ( x)  lim(| x | 1)

x xa

 lim( x  1)
xa

[0  x  a | x |  x]

 a 1

lim2 f ( x)  lim(| x | 1)

x x 

 lim( x  1)
xa

[0  x  a | x | x]

 a 1

 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  a  1
x  x

Thus, limit of f ( x) exists at x  a , where a  0 Thus, lim

xa
f ( x) exists for all a  0 .

f ( x)  2
31. If the function f ( x) satisfies, lim   , evaluate lim f ( x)
x 1 x2 1 x 1

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 18

 f ( x)  2
Ans: lim 
x 1 x2 1

lim( f ( x)  2)
 x 1


lim x 2  1
x 1

 lim( f ( x)  2)   lim x 2  1
x 1 x 1
 
 lim( f ( x)  2)   12  1
x 1
 
 lim( f ( x)  2)  0
x 1

 lim f ( x)  lim 2  0
x 1 x 1

 lim f ( x)  2  0
x 1

 lim f ( x)  2
x 1

mx 2  n, x  0

32. If f ( x)  nx  m, 0  x  1
nx3  m, x  1


For what integers m and n does lim

x 0
f ( x) and lim f ( x) exist?
x 1

mx 2  n, x  0

Ans: f ( x)  nx  m, 0  x  1.
nx 3  m, x  1


lim f ( x)  lim mx 2  n
x 0 x 0
 
 m(0)2  n

n

 n(0)  m

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 19

m

Thus, lim f ( x) exists if m  n .

x  0

lim f ( x)  lim(nx  m)
x  x 1

 n(1)  m

 mn

lim f ( x)  lim nx3  m

x 1 x 1
 
 n(1)3  m

 mn

 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x).

x x  x 1

Thus, lim
u 1
f ( x) exists for any internal value of m and n .

Exercise 13.2

1. Find the derivative of x2  2 at x  10 .

f (10  h)  f (10)
Ans: Let f ( x)  x2  2. Accordingly. f  (10)  lim
h 0 h

 lim

(10  h)2  2   102  2 
h 0 h

102  2 10  h  h 2  2  102  2

 lim
h 0 h

20h  h 2
 lim
h 0 h

 lim(20  h)  20  0  20
h 0

Thus, the derivative of x2  2 at x 10 is 20 .

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 20

2. Find the derivative of 99x at x 100 .
Ans: Let f ( x)  99x . Accordingly,

f (100  h)  f (100)
f  (100)  lim
h 0 h

99(100  h)  99(100)
 lim
n 0 h

99 100  99h  99 100

 lim
h 0 h

99h
 lim
h 0 h

 lim(99)  99
h 0

Thus, the derivative of 99 x at x  100 is 99 .

3. Find the derivative of x at x  1 .

Ans: Let f ( x)  x. Accordingly.

f (1  h)  f (1)
f  (1)  lim
n 0 h

(1  h)  1
 lim
h 0 h

h
 lim
h 0 h

 lim(1)  1
h0

Thus, the derivative of x at x  1 is 1 .

4: Find the derivative of the following functions from first principles.

(i) x3  27

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 21

(ii) ( x 1)( x  2)

1
(iii)
x2

x 1
(iv)
x 1

Ans: (i) Let f ( x)  x3  27 . Aocordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

 lim
( x  h)3  27   x3  27  
h 0 h

x3  h3  3x 2 h  3xt 2  x3
 lim
h 0 h

h3  3x 2 h  3xh 2
 lim
h 0 h


 lim h3  3x 2 h  3xh 2
h 0

 0  3x 2  0  3 x 2

(ii) Let f ( x)  ( x 1)( x  2) . Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

( x  h  1)( x  h  2)  ( x  1)( x  2)
 lim
h 0 h

 lim
x 2
 
 hx  2 x  hx  t 2  2h  x  h  2  x 2  2 x  x  2 
n 0 h

 lim
 hx  hx  h 2
 2h  h 
h 0 h

2hx  h 2  3h
 lim
h 0 h

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 22

 lim(2 x  h  3)
n 0

2 x  3

1
(iii) Let f (x)  . Accordingly, from the first principle,
x2

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

1 1
 2
( x  h) 2
x
 lim
h 0 h

1  x 2  ( x  h) 2 
 lim  2 2 
h 0 h
 x ( x  h) 

1  x 2  x 2  2hx  h 2 
 lim  
h 0 h
 x 2 ( x  h) 2 

1   A  2hx 
 lim  2
n 0 h x ( x  h ) 2 
 

 h 2  2 x 
 lim  2 
h 0 x ( x  h) 2
 

0  2x 2
  3
x ( x  0)
2 2
x

x 1
(iv) Let f ( x)  . Accordingly, from the first principle,
x 1

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

 x  h 1 x 1 
  
 x  h 1 x 1 
 lim
h 0 h

1  ( x  1)( x  h  1)  ( x  1)( x  h  1) 
 lim  
n 0 h
 ( x  1)( x  h  1) 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 23

 lim 
  
1  x  hx  x  x  h  1  x  hx  x  x  h  1
2 2
 
n 0 h
 ( x  1)( x  h  1) 

1 2h 
 lim 
n 0 h ( x  1)( x  h  1) 
 

 2 
 lim 
n 0 ( x  1)( x  h  1) 
 

2 2
 
( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1) 2

x10 x59 x2
5. For the function F ( x)      x 1
100 99 2

Prove that f (1)  100 f  (0)

Ans: The given function is

x m x59 x2
F ( x)      x 1
100 99 2

d d  x1m x m x2 
f ( x)       x  1
dx dx 100 99 2 

d d  x100  d  x99  d  x2  d d
f ( x)          ( x)  (1)
dx dx  100  dx  99  dx  2  dx dx

On using theorem
d n
dx
 
x  nx n 1 , we obtain

d 100 x99 99 x88 2x

f ( x)     1 0
dx 100 99 2

 x99  x88   x 1

 f  ( x)  x99  x18   x 1

At x  0

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 24

 f  (0)  1

At x  1 ,

Thus, f (1)  100f (0)

6. Find the derivative of xn  axn1  a2 xn2   an1  an for some fixed real
number a.
Ans: Let f ( x)  xn  axn1  a2 xn2   an1x  an

d
dx
f ( x) 
d n
dx

x  ax n 1  a 2 x n 2   a n 1 x  d n 


d n
dx
 
x a
d n 1
dx
x  a2 
dx
x
d n2
    a n 1
d
dx
d
( x)  a n (1)
dx

On using theorem
d n
dx
 
x  n n 1 , we obtain

f  ( x)  nxn1  a(n 1) xn2  a2 (n  2) xn3   a n1  a n (0)

 f  ( x)  nxn1  a(n 1) xn2  a 2 (n  2) xn3   a n1

7. For some constants a and b , find the derivative of

(i) ( x  a)( x  b)

(ii)  ax 2  b 
2

xa
(iii)
x b

Ans: (i) Let f ( x)  ( x  a)( x  b)

 f ( x)  x2  (a  b) x  ab

 f  ( x) 
dx

d 2
x  (a  b) x  ab 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 25


d 2
dx
  d d
x  (a  b) ( x)  (ab)
dx dx

On using theorem
d n
dx
 
x  nx n 1 , we obtain

f  ( x)  2 x  (a  b)  0

 2x  a  b

(ii) Let f ( x)   ax 2  b 
2

 f ( x)  a 2 x4  2abx 2  b2

 f ( x) 
d 2 4
dx

a x  2abx 2  b 2 

 a2
d 4
dx
 
x  2ab
d 2
dx
d
x  b2
dx
 

On using theorem
d n
dx
 
x  nx n 1 , we obtain

 
f  ( x)  a 2 4 x 3  2ab(2 x)  b 2 (0)

 4a 2 x3  4abx


 4ax ax 2  b 
xa
(iii) Let f ( x) 
xb

d  xa
 f  ( x)   
dx  x  b 

By quotient rule,
d d
( x  b) ( x  a )  ( x  a ) ( x  b)
f  ( x)  dx dx
( x  b) 2

( x  b)(1)  ( x  a)(1)

( x  b) 2

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 26

 x b x  a

( x  b) 2

a b

( x  b) 2

xn  an
8. Find the derivative of for some constant a.
xa

xn  d n
Ans: Let f ( x) 
xa

d  xn  an 
 f  ( x)   
dx  x  a 

( x  a)
dx

d n
 
x  an  xn  an 
d
dx
( x  a)
By quotient rule, f  ( x) 
( x  a)2


  
( x  a) nx n 1  0  x n  a n 
( x  a) 2

nx n  anx n 1  x n  a n

( x  a)2

9: Find the derivative of

3
(i) 2 x 
4

(ii)  5 x3  3x  1 ( x  1)

(iii) x3 (5  3x)

(iv) x5  3  6 x 9 

(v) x 4  3  4 x 5 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 27

 2 x2
(vi) 
x  1 3x  1

3
Ans: (i) Let f ( x)  2 x 
4

d  3
f  ( x)   2x  
dx  4

d d 3
2 ( x)   
dx dx  4 

2  0

(ii) Let . f ( x)   5 x3  3x  1 ( x  1)

By Leibnitz product rule,


f  ( x)  5 x 3  3 x  1  dxd ( x  1)  ( x  1) dxd 5x 3

 3x  1

  
 5 x3  3x  1 (1)  ( x  1) 5.3x 2  3  0 
  
 5 x3  3x  1  ( x  1) 15 x 2  3 
5x3  3x  1  15x3  3x  15x2  3

 20 x3 15x2  6 x  4

(iii) Let f ( x)  x3 (5  3x)

By Leibnitz product rule,

f  ( x)  x 3
d
dx
(5  3x)  (5  3 x)
d 3
dx
x  

 x 3 (0  3)  (5  3 x) 3 x 31 

 x 3 (3)  (5  3 x) 3 x 4 
 3x3  15x4  9 x3

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 28

 6 x3  15x4

 5
 3x 3  2  
 x

3x 3
 (2 x  5)
x

3
 (5  2 x)
x4

(iv) Let f ( x)  x5  3  6 x 9 

By Leibnitz product rule,

f  ( x)  x5
d
dx
  
3  6 x9  3  6 x 9
d 5
dx
x   
  
 x5 0  6(9) x 21  3  6 x9 5 x 4  
 
 x 5 54 x 10  15 x 4  30 x 5

 54 x5  15x4  30 x5

 24 x5  15x4

24
 15x 4 
x5

(v) Let f ( x)  x 4  3  4 x5 

By Leibnitz product rule,

f  ( x)  x 4
d
dx
  
3  4 x 5  3  4 x 5
d 4
dx
x   
  
 x 4 0  4(5) x 51  3  4 x5 (4) x 41 
  
 x 1 20 x 6  3  4 x5  4 x  5

 20 x10 12 x5  16 x0

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 29

 36 x10 12 x6

12 36
 
x5 x 20

2 x2
(vi) Let f ( x)  
x  1 3x  1

d  2  d  x2 
f  ( x)     
dx  x  1  dx  3x  1 

By quotient rule,

   

d
dx
d
( x  1) (2)  2 ( x  1)   (3 x  1)
dx dx
 
d 2 d
x  x 2 (3 x  1) 
dx
f  ( x)    
 ( x  1) 2
  (3 x  1) 2

   

 ( x  1)(0)  2(0)   (3 x  1)(2 x)  x 2 (3) 

  
 ( x  1) 2   (3x  1) 2 

2  6 x 2  2 x  3x 2 
  
( x  1) 2  (3x  1) 2 

2  3x 2  2 x 2 
   
( x  1)2  (3x  1) 2 

2 x(3 x  2)
 
( x  1) 2
(3 x  1) 2

10. Find the derivative of cos x from first principle.

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
Ans: Let f (x)  cos x . Accordingly, from the first principle, f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

 cos( x  h)  cos( x) 
 lim  
n 0
 h

 cos x cos h  sin x sin h  cos x 

 lim  
n 0
 h

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 30

   cos x(1  cos h)  sin x sin h 
 lim  
n 0
 h h

  1  cos h     sin h  
  cos x lim     sin x lim  
 n 0  h   n 0  h  

 1  cos h sin h 
  cos x(0)  sin x(1) lim  0 and lim  1
 n 0 h n 0 h 

 f  ( x)   sin x

11: Find the derivative of the following functions:

(i) sin x cos x

(ii) sec x

(iii) 5sec x  4cos x

(iv) cosec x
(v) 3cot x  5cosec x

(vi) 5sin x  6cos x  7

(vii) 2 tan x  7sec x
Ans: (i) Let f ( x)  sin x cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

sin( x  h) cos( x  h)  sin x cos x

 lim
n 0 h

1
 lim [2sin( x  h) cos( x  h)  2sin x cos x]
h 0 2h

1
 lim [sin 2( x  h)  sin 2 x]
n 0 2h

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 31

 1  2 x  2h  2 x 2 x  2h  2 x 
 lim  2 cos  sin 
h 0 2h  2 2

1  4 x  2h 2h 
 lim  2 cos  sin 
h 0 2h
 2 2

1
 lim [cos(2 x  h) sin h]
n 0 2h

sin h
 lim cos(2 x  h)  lim
n 0 n 0 h

 cos(2 x  h) 1

 cos 2x

(ii) Let f ( x)  sec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

sec( x  h)  sec x
 lim
n 0 h

1 1 1 
 lim  
h 0 h cos( x  h)
 cos x 

1  cos x  cos( x  h) 
 lim  
n 0 h
 cos x cos( x  h) 

  x  x  h   x  x h 
 2sin   sin  

1 1
 lim   2   2 
cos x n0 h  cos( x  h) 
 

  2 x  h   h  
 2sin   sin  
1 1  2   2 
  lim  
cos x h0 h  cos( x  h) 
 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 32

  h  
sin   
 2x  h   2 
2sin   
 2  h 
  
1 1 2 
  lim
cos x h0 2h cos( x  h)

h  2x  h 
sin   sin  

1
 lim  2   lim  2 
cos x i 0  h  i 0 cos( x  h)
 
2

1 sin x
 1 
cos x cos x

 sec x tan x

(iii) Let f ( x)  5sec x  4cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
h 0 h

5sec( x  h)  4 cos( x  h)  [5sec x  4 cos x]

 lim
n 0 h

[sec( x  h)  sec x] [cos( x  h)  cos x]

 5lim  4 lim
n 0 h n 0 h

1 1 1  1
 5lim     4 lim [cos( x  h)  cos x]
n 0 h cos( x  h)
 cos x  n 0 h

1  cos x  cos( x  h)  1
 5lim    4 lim [cos x cos h  sin x sin h  cos x]
n 0 h
 cos x cos( x  h)  n 0 h

  2 x  h   h  
 2sin   sin  
5 1  2   2   (1  cos x) sin h 
  lim    4   cos x lim  sin x lim
cos x h0 h  cos( x  h)   h 0 h h 0 h 
 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 33

  h  
sin   
 2x  h   2 
sin   
 2  h 
  
5 2 
  lim  4[ cos x(0)  sin x(1)]
cos x h0 cos( x  h)

 h  2x  h  
 sin   sin  
2 
 lim    lim 
5 2
   4sin x
cos x  n0  h  n0 cos( x  h) 
   
2

5 sin x
  1  4sin x
cos x cos x

 5sec x tan x  4sin x

(iv) Let f ( x)  cosec x. Accordingly, from the first principle.

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

1
 lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec x]
n 0 h

1 1 1 
 lim  
n 0 h sin( x  h)
 sin x 

1  sin x  sin( x  h) 
 lim  
n 0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 

  xxh  x  x h 
 2 cos    sin  
 lim 
1  2   2 
h 0 h
 sin x sin( x  h ) 
 

  2x  h   h  
 2 cos    sin   
 lim 
1  2   2 
h 0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 
 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 34

  h  
sin   
 2x  h   2 
 cos   
 2  h 
  
2 
 lim
h 0 sin x sin( x  h)

  2x  h   h
  cos  2   sin  
 lim      lim 2
h 0  sin x sin( x  h)  h
0  h 
  2  
  2

  cos x 
  1
 sin x sin x 

  cosec x cot x

(v) Let f ( x)  3cot x  5cosec x . Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

1
 lim [3cot( x  h)  5cosec( x  h)  3cot x  5cosec x]
n 0 h

1 1
 3lim [cot( x  h)  cot x]  5lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec x]
n 0 h n 0 h

.

1 1  cos( x  h) cos x 
Now, lim [cot( x  h)  cot x]  lim  
n 0 h n 0 h sin( x  h)
 sin x 

1  cos( x  h)sin x  cos x sin( x  h) 

 lim  
n 0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 

1  sin( x  x  h) 
 lim 
n 0 h sin x sin( x  h) 
 

1  sin(h) 
 lim 
n 0 h sin x sin( x  h) 
 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 35

 sin h  1 
 lim  lim  
h 0 h n  0
 sin x sin( x  h) 

1 1
 1    cosec2 x .(2)
sin x sin( x  h) sin x
2

1 1 1 1 
lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec x]  lim  
n 0 h n 0 h sin( x  h)
 sin x 

1  sin x  sin( x  h) 
 lim  
n 0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 

  xxh  x  x h 
 2 cos    sin  
 lim 
1  2   2 
h 0 h
 sin x sin( x  h ) 
 

  2x  h   h  
 2 cos    sin   
 lim 
1  2   2 
h 0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 
 

 h 
sin  
 2x  h   2 
 cos  
 2  h
 
 lim 2
h 0 sin x sin( x  h)

  2x  h   h
  cos  2   sin  
 lim      lim 2
h 0  sin x sin( x  h)  n 0 h
   
  2

  cos x 
  1
 sin x sin x 

  cosec x cot x

From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

f  ( x)  3cosec2 x  5cosec x cot x

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 36

(vi) Let f (x)  5sin x  6cos x  7 . Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

1
 lim [5sin( x  h)  6 cos( x  h)  7  5sin x  6 cos x  7]
h 0 h

1 1
 5lim [sin( x  h)  sin x]  6 lim [cos( x  h)  cos x]
n 0 h n 0 h

1  xh x  x  h  x  cos x cos h  sin x sinh  cos x

 5lim  2 cos    sin     6 lim
n 0 h
  2   2  n 0 h

1  2x  h   h    cos x(1  cos h)  sin x sin h 

 5lim  2 cos    sin     6 lim 
n 0 h
  2   2  n 0
 h 

  h 
 sin   
 2x  h    cos x(1  cos h) sin x sin h 
     6 lim 
1 2
 5lim cos   
n 0 h
  2  h  n 0
 h h 
  
 2  

  h 
 sin   
  2 x  h    1  cos h   sin h  
lim     6   cos x  lim
2
 5 lim cos      sin x  lim 
 n 0  2    h 0  h     n 0 h   n 0 h  
   
2 

 5cos x 1  6[( cos x)  (0)  sin x 1]

 5cos x  6sin x

(vii) Let f ( x)  2 tan x  7sec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

1
 lim [2 tan( x  h)  7 sec( x  h)  2 tan x  7 sec x]
n 0 h

1 1
 2 lim [tan( x  h)  tan x]  7 lim [sec( x  h)  sec x]
n 0 h n 0 h

1  sin( x  h) sin x  1 1 1 
 2 lim     7 lim  
h 0 h cos( x  h)
 cos x  n 0 h cosec( x  h)
 cosec x 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 37

 1  cos x sin( x  h)  sin x cos( x  h)  1  cos x  cos( x  h) 
 2 lim    7 lim 
n 0 h
 cos x cos( x  h)  n  0 h  cos x cos( x  h) 

  x  x  h   x  x  h 
 2sin   sin  
1  sin x  h  x  1  2   2 
 2 lim    7 lim 
h 0 h cos x cos( x  h) cos x cos( x  h)
  n 0 h
 
 

  2 x  h   h  
 2sin   sin  
  sin h  1  1  2   2 
 2 lim     7 lim  
 n0  h  cos x cos( x  h)  n 0 h
 cos x cos( x  h) 
 

  h    2x  h  
 sin    sin   
 sin h   1   2   lim  2  
 2  lim  lim   7  lim
 h0 h   h0 cos x cos( x  h)   h0 h  h0 cos x cos( x  h) 
 2  
  

1  sin x 
 2 1 1  7 1 
cos x cos x  cos x cos x 

 2sec2 x  7sec x tan x

Miscellaneous Exercise
1: Find the derivative of the following functions from first principle:
(i) -x

(ii) ( x) 1

(iii) sin( x  1)


(iv) cos  x  
 8 

Ans: (i) Let f ( x)   x . Accordingly, f ( x  h)  ( x  h)

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
By first principle, f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 38

 ( x  h)  (  x )
 lim
h 0 h

x  h  x
 lim
n 0 h

h
 lim
n 0 h

 lim(1)  1
h 0

1 1 1
(ii) Let f ( x)  ( x)1   . Accordingly, f ( x  h) 
x x ( x  h)

By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

1  1  1  
 lim    
h 0 h ( x  h )
  x 

1   x  ( x  h) 
 lim  
n 0 h
 x ( x  h) 

1 h 
 lim 
h 0 h x ( x  h ) 
 

1
 lim
n 0 x ( x  h)

1 1
  2
x X x

(iii) Let f ( x)  sin( x  1) . Accordingly, f ( x  h)  sin( x  h  1)

By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

1
 lim [sin( x  h  1)  sin( x  1)]
n 0 h

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 39

 1  x  h  1  x  1   x  h  1  x  1 
 lim  2 cos   sin  
n 0 h
  2   2 

1  2 x  h  2   h 
 lim  2 cos   sin   
n 0 h
  2   2 

  h 
  2 x  h  2  sin  2  
 lim cos     
n 0
  2  h 
   
2 

h
sin  
1  2x  h  2  2 h  h 
 lim cos    lim  As h  0  2  0 
n 0 h
 2  2 b h h

2

 2x  0  2   sin x 
 cos   1 lim  1
 2   h 0 x 

 cos( x  1)

   
(iv) Let f ( x)  cos  x   . Accordingly, f ( x  h)  cos  x  h  
 8  8

By first principle,

f ( x  f )  f ( x)
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

1     
 lim cos  x  h    cos  x   
h 0 h
  8  8 

    
  xh  x   xh x
8  
 lim  2sin 
1 8 8 8
sin  
n 0 h
 2  2 
   

    
  2x  h    h 
1 4
 lim  2sin   sin   
  2 
n 0 h 2
 
   

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 40

     sin  h  
  2x  h  4   2  
 lim   sin   
   h  
n 0 2

    2  

    h 
 2x  h  4
sin   
    2  [Ash  0  h  0 
 lim   sin     lim
  2 0  h 

n 0
  2 2 
     
2 

  
 2x  0  4 
  sin   1
 2 
 

 
  sin  x  
 8

2. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,

b, c, d. p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
( x  a)

Ans: Let f ( x)  x  a . Accordingly. f ( x  h)  x  h  a By first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

xhaxa
lim
n 0 h

h
lim  
 
n 0 h

 lim(1)
n 0

1

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 41

3. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c. d, p, q, r and s are fixed non- zero constants and m and n are integers):
r 
( px  q )   s 
x 

Ans: Let f ( x)  ( px  q)   s 
r
x  

By Leibnitz product rule.


r  r 

f ( x)  ( px  q)   s     s  ( px  q)
 x   x 

r 
 

( px  q) rx 1  s    s  ( p )
x 

r 
 
( px  q) nx 2    s  p
x 

 r   r 
 ( px  q)  2     s  p
x  x 

 px qr pr
  2  ps
x x x

qr
ps 
x2

4. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,

b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
(ax  b)(cx  d )2

Ans: Let f  ( x)  (ax  b)(cx  d )2

By Leibnitz product rule,

d d
f  ( x)  (ax  b) (cx  d ) 2 (ax  b)
dx dx

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 42

(ax  b)
d 2 2
dx
  d
c x  2cdx 2  (cx  d ) 2 (ax  b)
dx

d 2 2  d d 
(ax  b) 
 dx
d
  d
c x  (2cdx)  d 2   (cx  d ) 2  ax  b 
dx dx   dx dx 

 
 (ax  b) 2c 2 x  2cd  (cx  d ) 2 a

2c(ax  b)(cx  d )  a(cx  d )2

5. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,

b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers):
ax  b
cx  d

ax  b
Ans: Let f ( x) 
cx  d

By quotient rule,
d d
(cx  d ) (ax  b)  (ax  b) (cx  d )
f ( x)  dx dx
(cx  d ) 2

(cx  d )(a)  (ax  d )(c)


(cx  d ) 2

acx  ad  acx  bc
(cx  d ) 2

ad  bc
(cx  d )2

6. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,

b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
1
1
x
1
1
x

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 43

 1 x 1
1
x 1
Ans: Let f ( x)  x  x  , where x  0
1 x 1 x 1
1
x x

d d
( x  1) ( x  1)  ( x  1) ( x  1)
By quotient rule, f  ( x)  dx dx , x  0,1
( x  1)2

( x  1)(1)  ( x  1)(1)
 , x  0,1
( x  1)2

x 1 x 1
, x  0,1
( x  1) 2

2
, x  0,1
( x  1) 2

7. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,

b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and.m and n are integers)
1
:
ax  bx  c
2

1
Ans: Let f ( x) 
ax  bx  c
2

By quotient rule,


 ax 2
 bx  c  dxd (1)  dxd  ax 2
 bx  c 
f ( x) 
 ax  bx  c 
2
2

 ax 2

 bx  c (0)  (2ax  b)

 ax 
2
2
 bx  c

(2ax  b)
 ax 
2
2
 bx  c

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 44

8: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, rand s are fixed non-zero constants and m and.n are integers
ax  b
px  qx  r
2

ax  b
Ans: Let f ( x) 
px  qx  r
2

By quotient rule,


 px 2
 qx  r  dxd (ax  b)  (ax  b) dxd  px 2
 qx  r 
f ( x) 
 px  qx  r 
2
2


 px 2

 qx  r (a)  (ax  b)(2 px  q)

 px 
2
2
 qx  r

apx 2  aqx  ar  aqx  2npx  bq


 px 
2
2
 qx  r

apx 2  2bpx  ar  bq
 px 
2
2
 qx  r

9: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,

b, c. d, p , q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
px 2  qx  r
ax  b

px 2  qx  r
Ans: Let f ( x) 
ax  b

By quotient rule,

(ax  b)
d
dx

px 2  qx    px 2  qx  r
d
 
dx
(ax  b) 
f ( x) 
(ax  b)2

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 45

  
(ax  b)(2 px  q)  px 2  qx  r (a )
(ax  b) 2

2apx 2  aqx  2bpx  bq  aqx 2  aqx  ar


(ax  b)2

apx 2  2bpx  bq  ar
(ax  b) 2

10: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p , q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
a b
  cos x
x4 x2

a b
Ans: Let f ( x)    cos x
x4 x2

d  a  d  a  d
f  ( x)        (cos x)
dx  x 4  dx  x 2  dx

a
d 4
dx
 
x b
d 2
dx
d
 
x  (cos x)
dx

d n 
   
a 4 x 5  b 2 x3  ( sin x) 
 dx
 
x  nx n 1 and
d
dx
(cos x)   sin x 


4a 2b
 3  sin x
x5 x

11: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed nonzero constants and m and n are integers):
4 x 2

Ans: Let f ( x)  4 x  2

d d d
f  ( x)  (4 x  2)  (4 x )  (2)
dx dx dx

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 46

 d  12   1 12 
4  
x  0  4  x 
dx   2 

  12  2
  2x  
  x

12. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
(ax  b)n

Ans: Let f ( x)  (ax  b) n . Accordingly, f ( x  h)  {a( x  h)  b}n  (ax  ah  b)n

By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

(ax  ah  b)  (ax  b) n
 lim
h 0 h
n
 ah 
(ax  b)n 1    (ax  b)
n

 lim  ax  b 
h 0 h

1    ah  n(n  1)  ah   
2

 (ax  b) lim  1  n 
n
      1 (using binomial theorem)
n 0 h
   ax  b  2  ax  b   

1  ah  n(n  1)a 2 h 2
 (ax  b)n lim    (Terms containing higher degrees of h  
 ax  b  2(ax  b)
n 0 h 2

 na n(n  1) 7 h 2 
 (ax  b) lim 
n
  
n 0 ( ax  b) 2(ax  b) 2
 

 na 
 (ax  b)n   0
 (ax  b) 

(ax  b) n
 na
ax  b

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 47

na(ax  b)n1

13. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
(ax  b)n (cx  d )m

Ans: Let f ( x)  (ax  b)n (cx  d )m

By Leibnitz product rule,

d d
f  ( x)  (ax  b) n (cx  d ) m  (cx  d ) m (ax  b) n
dx dx

Now let f1 ( x)  (cx  d )m

f1 ( x  h)  (cx  ch  d ) m

f1 ( x  h)  f1 ( x)
f1 ( x)  lim
n 0 h

(cx  ch  d )m  (cx  d )m
 lim
n 0 h

1  
m
ch 
 (cx  d ) m lim 1    1
n 0 h
 cx  d  

1  
m
mch m(m  1) c 2 h 2 
 (cx  d ) lim 1 
m
    1
h 0 h
 (cx  d ) 2 (cx  d )2  

1  mch m(m  1)c 2 h 2

 (cx  d )m lim 
n 0 h (cx  d )
  (Terms containing higher degree oh h  
 2(cx  d ) 2

 mc m(m  1)c 2 h 2 
 (cx  d )m lim    
h 0 (cx  d ) 2(cx  d ) 2
 

 mch 
 (Cx  a) m   0
 (cx  d ) 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 48

 mc(cx  d ) m

(cx  d )

 mc(cx  d )m1

d
(cx  d ) m  md ( x  d ) m 1
dx

d
Similarly, (ax  b) n  na(ax  b) n 1
dx

... (3)

Therefore, from (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

  
f  ( x)  (ax  b) n mc(cx  d ) m 1  (c  d ) m na (ax  b) n 1 
 (ax  b)n1 (cx  d )m1[mc(ax  b)  na(cx  d )]

14. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
sin( x  a)

Ans: Let, f ( x)  sin( x  a)

f ( x  h)  sin( x  h  a)

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
By first principle, f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

sin( x  h  a)  sin( x  a)
 lim
n 0 h

1  x  h  a  x  a   x  h  a  x  a 
 lim  2 cos   sin  
n 0 h
  2   2 

1  2 x  2a  h   h  
 lim  2 cos   sin   
n 0 h
  2   2 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 49

    h  
    sin  2   
 2 x 2 a h   
 lim cos    h 
h 0 
 2    
 
  2   
 

  h 
 2 x  2a  h   sin  2   
    As h
 lim cos    lim h0  0
h 0
 2  2 0   h  
h
2 
  2  

 2 x  2a   sin x 
 cos   1 lim  1
 2   n 0 x 

 cos( x  a)

15: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
cosec x cot x

Ans: Let f ( x)  cosec x cot x

By Leibnitz product rule,

f  ( x)  cosec x(cot x)  cot x(cosec x) .(1)

Let f1 ( x)  cot x. Accordingly, f1 ( x  h)  cot( x  h)

By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

cot( x  h)  cot( x)
 lim
h 0 h

1  cos( x  h) cos( x) 
 lim   
h 0 h sin( x  h)
 sin x 

1  sin x cos( x  h)  cos x sin( x  h) 

 lim  
n 0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 50

 1  sin( x  x  h) 
 lim  
h 0 h sin x sin( x  h)
 

1 1  sin(h) 
 lim 
sin x n 0 h
h  sin( x  h) 

1  sin h   1 
  lim   lim 
sin x  n  0 h  n  0 sin( x  h) 

1  1 
 1  lim 
sin x  n  0 sin( x  0) 

1

sin 2 x

  cosec2 x

(cot x)   cosec2 x  (2)

Now, let f2 ( x)  cosec x. Accordingly, f2 ( x  h)  cosec( x  h)

f 2 ( x  h)  f 2 ( x )
By first principle, f 2 ( x)  lim
n 0 h

1
 lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec( x)]
h 0 h

1 1 1 
 lim   
n 0 h sin( x  h)
 sin x 

1  sin x  sin( x  h) 
 lim  
n 0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 

  x  x  h   x  x h 
 2 cos   sin  

1 1
 lim   2   2 
sin x h0 h  sin( x  h) 
 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 51

   2 x  h   h  
 2 cos   sin  
1 1  2   2 
  lim  
sin x n0 h  sin( x  h) 
 

 h  2x  h  
  sin   cos  

1
 lim  2  2 
sin x h0   h  sin( x  h) 
  2  

h  2x  h 
sin   cos  
1  2  2 
  lim  lim
sin x h0  h  n0 sin( x  h)
 
2

 2x  h 
cos  
1  2 
 1 
sin x sin( x  0)

1 cos x
 
sin x sin x

  cosec x  cot x

 (cosec x)   cosec x  cot x

From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

 
f  ( x)  cosec x  cosec 2 x  cot x( cosec x cot x)

  cosec3 x  cot 2 x cosec x

16. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
cos x
1  sin x

cos x
Ans: Let f ( x) 
1  sin x

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 52

By quotient rule,
d d
(1  sin x) (cos x)  (cos x) (1  sin x)
f  ( x)  dx dx
(1  sin x) 2

(1  sin x)( sin x)  (cos x)(cos x)


(1  sin x) 2

 sin x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x


(1  sin x) 2



 sin x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x 
(1  sin x) 2

 sin x  1

(1  sin x) 2

(1  sin x)

(1  sin x) 2

1

(1  sin x) 2

17. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers):
sin x  cos x
sin x  cos x

sin x  cos x
Ans: Let f ( x) 
sin x  cos x

By quotient rule,
d d
(sin x  cos x) (sin x  cos x)  (sin x  cos x) (sin x  cos x)
f  ( x)  dx dx
(sin x  cos x) 2

(sin x  cos x)(cos x  sin x)  (sin x  cos x)(cos x  sin x)


(sin x  cos x) 2

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 53

 (sin x  cos x) 2  (sin x  cos x) 2

(sin x  cos x) 2

 sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x 


(sin x  cos x)2

[1  1]

(sin x  cos x) 2

2

(sin x  cos x) 2

18. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d. p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
sec x  1
sec x  1

sec x  1
Ans: Let f ( x) 
sec x  1

1
1
1  cos x
f ( x)  cos x 
 1 1  cos x
1
cos x

By quotient rule,
d d
(1  cos x) (1  cos x)  (1  cos x) (1  cos x)
f  ( x)  dx dx
(1  cos x) 2

(1  cos x)(sin x)  (1  cos x)(  sin x)


(1  cos x) 2

sin x  cos x sin x  sin x  sin x cos x


(1  cos x) 2

2sin x

(1  cos x) 2

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 54

 2sin x 2sin x
 
 1 
2
(sec x  1)2
1   sec2 x
 sec x 

2sin x sec 2 x

(sec x  1) 2

2sin x
sec x
 cos x
(sec x  1) 2

2sec x tan x

(sec x  1) 2

19. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d. p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
sin n x

Ans: Let y  sin n x

Accordingly, for n  1, y  sin x

dy d
  cos x , i.e., sin x  cos x
dx dx

For n  2, y  sin 2 x .

dy d
  (sin x sin x)
dx dx


 (sin x) sin x  sin x(sin x) [By Leibnitz product rule]

 cos x sin x  sin x cos x

 2sin x cos x

.(1)

For n  3, y  sin3 x

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 55


dy d

dx dx

sin x sin 2 x 
 (sin x) sin 2 x  sin x(sin x)

[By Leibnitz product rule]

 cos x sin 2 x  sin x(2sin x cos x) [ Using (1)]

 cos x sin 2 x  sin 2 x cos x

 3sin 2 x cos x

We assert that
d
dx
 
sin n x  n sin ( n 1) x cos x

Let our assertion be true for n  k .

i.e.,
d
dx
 
sin k x  k sin ( k 1) x cos x . (2)

Consider
d
dx

sin k 1 x 
d
dx
 
sin x sin ( k ) x 

 
n
 (sin x) sin k x  sin x sin k x

[By Leibnitz product rule]


 cos x sin k x  sin x k sin k 1 cos x  [ Using (2)]

 cos x sin k x  2sin k x cos x

(k  1)sin k x cos x

Thus, our assertion is true for n  k  1 .

Hence, by mathematical induction,

d
dx
 
sin n x  n sin ( n 1) x cos x

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 56

20. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
a  b sin x
c  d cos x

a  b sin x
Ans: Let f ( x) 
c  d cos x

By quotient rule,
d d
(c  d cos x) (a  b sin x)  (a  b sin x) (c  d cos x)
f  ( x)  dx dx
(c  d cos x) 2

(c  d cos x)(b cos x)  (a  b sin x)(d sin x)


(c  d cos x) 2

cb cos x  bd cos 2 x  ad sin x  bd sin 2 x


(c  d cos x) 2



bc cos x  ad sin x  bd cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
(C  d cos x) 2

bc cos x  ad sin x  bd

(c  d cos x)2

21: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
sin( x  a)
cos x

sin( x  a)
Ans: Let f ( x) 
cos x

By quotient rule,
d d
cos x [sin( x  a)]  sin( x  a) cos x
f  ( x)  dx dx
2
cos x

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 57

 d d
cos x [sin( x  a)]  sin( x  a) ( sin x)
f  ( x)  dx dx
cos 2 x

Let g ( x)  sin( x  a). Accordingly, g ( x  h)  sin( x  h  a)

By first principle,
g ( x  h)  g ( x )
g  ( x)  lim
h 0 h

1
 lim [sin( x  h  a)  sin( x  a)]
n 0 h

1  x  h  a  x  a   x  h  a  x  a 
 lim  2 cos   sin  
n 0 h
  2   2 

1  2 x  2a  h   h  
 lim  2 cos   sin   
n 0 h
  2   2 

   h  
    sin  2  
 2 x 2 a h   
 lim cos    h 
n 0 
 h    



  2  

  h 
 2 x  2a  h   sin  2   
 
 lim cos    lim    As h0
h
 0
    h   
n 0 h n  0 2
  2  

 2 x  2a   sin h 
  cos  1 lim  1
 2   n 0 h 

 cos( x  a)  (ii)

cos x cos( x  a)  sin x sin( x  a)

From (i) and (ii), we obtain f  ( x) 
cos 2 x

cos( x  a  x)

cos 2 x

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 58

 cos a

cos 2 x

22: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d. p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers)
: x4 (5sin x  3cos x)

Ans: Let f ( x)  x4 (5sin x  3cos x)

By product rule.

f  ( x)  x 4
d
dx
(5sin x  3cos x)  (5sin x  3cos x)
d 4
dx
x  
 d 
 dx
d
 x 4 5 (sin x)  3 (cos x)   (5sin x  3cos x)
dx 
d 4
dx
x  
 x 4 [5cos x  3( sin x)]  (5sin x  3cos x) 4 x 3  
 x3[5x cos x  3x sin x  20sin x 12cos x]

23. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
x 2

 1 cos x

Ans: Let f ( x)   x 2  1 cos x

By product rule.


f  ( x)  x 2  1  dxd (cos x)  cos x dxd  x 2

1

 
 x 2  1 ( sin x)  cos x(2 x)

  x2 sin x  sin x  2 x cos x

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 59

24 Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
 ax 2

 sin x ( p  q ) cosX)

Ans: Let f ( x)   ax 2  sin x  ( p  q cos x)

By product rule.


f  ( x)  ax 2  sin x  dxd ( p  q cos x)  ( p  q cos x) dxd  ax 2
 sin x 
 
 ax 2  sin x (q sin x)  ( p  q cos x)(2ax  cos x)

 
 q sin x ax 2  sin x  ( p  q cos x )(2ax  cos x )

25 Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,

b, c, d. p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
( x  cos x)( x  tan x)

Ans: Let f ( x)  ( x  cos x)( x  tan x)

By product rule,
d d
f  ( x)  ( x  cos x) ( x  tan x)  ( x  tan x) ( x  cos x)
dx dx

d d 
 ( x  cos x)  ( x)  (tan x)   ( x  tan x)(1  sin x)
 dx dx 

 d 
 ( x  cos x) 1  (tan x)   ( x  tan x)(1  sin x)
 dx 

Let g ( x)  tan x. Accordingly, g ( x  h)  tan( x  h)

By first principle,
g ( x  h)  g ( x )
g  ( x)  lim
n 0 h

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 60

 tan( x  h)  tan( x)
 lim
h 0 h

1  sin( x  h) sin x 
 lim  
n 0 h cos( x  h)
 cos x 

1  sin( x  h) cos x  sin x cos( x  h) 

 lim  
n 0 h
 cos x cos( x  h) 

1 1  sin( x  h  x) 
 lim 
cos x n 0 h
h  cos( x  h) 

1 1  sin h 
 lim 
cos x h 0 h
h  cos( x  h) 

1  sin h   1 
  lim   lim 
cos x  n0 h   n0 cos( x  h) 

1  1 
   
cos x  cos( x  0) 

1

cos 2 x

 sec 2 x ... (ii)

Therefore, from (i) and (ii). We obtain

 
f  ( x)  ( x  cos x) 1  sec 2 x  ( x  tan x)(1  sin x)

 
 ( x  cos x)  tan 2 x  ( x  tan x)(1  sin x)

  tan 2 x( x  cos x)  ( x  tan x)(1  sin x)

26: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
4 x  5sin x
3x  7 cos x

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 61

 4 x  5sin x
Ans: Let f ( x) 
3x  7 cos x

Quotient rule,
d d
(3x  7 cos x) (4 x  5sin x)  (4 x  5sin x) (3x  7 cos x)
f  ( x)  dx dx
(3x  7 cos x) 2

 d d   d d 
(3x  7 cos x)  4 ( x)  5 (sin x)   (4 x  5sin x) 3 ( x)  7 (cos x) 
  dx dx   dx dx 
(3x  7 cos x) 2

(3x  7 cos x)[4 x  5cos x]  (4 x  5sin x)[3  7 sin x]


(3x  7 cos x) 2



12 x  15 x cos x  28 x cos x  35cos 2 x  12 x  28 x sin x  15sin x  35 cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
(3x  7 cos x) 2



15 x cos x  28cos x  28 x sin x  15sin x  35 cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
(3x  7 cos x) 2

35  15 x cos x  28cos x  28 x sin x  15sin x


(3x  7 cos x) 2

27: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
 
x 2 cos  
4
sin x

 
x 2 cos  
Ans: Let f (x)  4
sin x

 
    sin x
d 2
dx
 
d
x  x 2 (sin x) 
dx
By quotient rule, f  ( x)  cos    
 4 
2
sin x 
 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 62

     sin x(2 x)  x (cos x) 
2
 cos    
 4  sin 2 x 


x cos [2sin x  x cos x]
 4
sin 2 x

28. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c. d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
x
1  tan x

x
Ans: Let f ( x) 
1  tan x

d d
(1  tan x) ( x)  ( x) (1  tan x)
f ( x)  dx dx
(1  tan x)2

d
(1  tan x)  x (1  tan x)
f  ( x)  dx
(1  tan x) 2

Let g ( x)  1  tan x. Accordingly g ( x  h)  1  tan( x  h) .

g ( x  h)  g ( x )
By first principle, g ( x)  lim
n 0 h

1  tan( x  h)  1  tan( x) 
lim  
h 0
 h

1  sin( x  h) sin x 
lim  
n 0 h cos( x  h)
 cos x 

1  sin( x  h) cos x  sin x cos x( x  h) 

lim  
n 0 h
 cos( x  h) cos x 

1  sin( x  h  x) 
lim 
n 0 h cos( x  h) cos x 
 

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 63

 1 sinh 
lim 
h 0 h cos( x  h) cos x 
 

 sinh   1 
  lim    lim 
n 0 cos( x  h) cos x
 n 0 h
  

1
1 2
 sec2 x
cos


d
dx
 
1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

From (i) and (ii), we obtain

1  tan x  x sec2 x
f ( x) 
(1  tan x) 2

29. Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that
a, b,c , d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
( x  sec x)( x  tan x)

Ans: Let f ( x)  ( x  sec x)( x  tan x)

By product rule.
d d
f ( x)  ( x  sec x) ( x  tan x)  ( x  tan x) ( x  sec x)
dx dx

d d  d d 
( x  sec x)  ( x)  tan x   ( x  tan x)  ( x)  sec x 
 dx dx   dx dx 

 d   d 
 f ( x  sec x) 1  tan x    ( x  tan x) 1  sec x 
 dx   dx 

(i)

Let f1 ( x)  tan x, f2 ( x)  sec x

Accordingly, f1 ( x  h)  tan( x  h) and f2 ( x  h)  sec( x  h)

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 64

  f ( x  h)  f1 ( x) 
f1 ( x)  lim  1 
n 0
 h 

 tan( x  h)  tan( x) 
 lim  
h 0
 h

1  sin( x  h) sin x 
 lim  
n 0 h cos( x  h)
 cos x 

1  sin( x  h) cos x  sin x cos x( x  h) 

 lim  
n 0 h
 cos( x  h) cos x 

1  sin( x  h  x) 
 lim 
n 0 h cos( x  h) cos x 
 

1 sinh 
 lim 
n 0 h cos( x  h) cos x 
 

 sinh   1 
  lim    lim 
n 0 cos( x  h) cos x
 n 0 h
  

1
1  sec2 x
cos 2


d
dx
 
1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

 f  ( x  h)  f 2 ( x ) 
f 2 ( x)  lim  2 
n 0
 h 

 sec( x  h)  sec( x) 
 lim  
h 0
 h 

1 1 1 
 lim   
n 0 h cos( x  h)
 cos x 

1  cos x  cos( x  h) 
 lim  
n 0 h
 cos( x  h) cos x 

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   xxh  x  x h 
 2sin    sin  

1 1
lim   2   2 
cos x0 h h
 cos( x  h) 
 

  2x  h   h  
 2sin    sin   

1 1
lim   2   2 
cos x h0 h  cos( x  h) 
 

   h 
   sin  2   

 sin  2 x h   
 h 
  2    
   
1 1   2  
 lim  
cos x h0 h  cos( x  h) 
 
 
 
 

  h 
 sin   
  2 x  h   2 
lim sin     lim   
 n 0  2    2 0  h  
h
 
  2  
 sec x
lim cos( x  h)
n 0

sin x 1
 sec x 
cos x

d
 sec x  sec x tan x
dx

From (i). (ii), and (iii), we obtain

 
f  ( x)  ( x  sec x) 1  sec 2 x  ( x  tan x)(1  sec x tan x)

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 66

30: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a,
b, c, d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
x
sin n x

x
Ans: Let f (x) 
sin n x

d d
sin n x x  x sin n x
By quotient rule, f  ( x)  dx dx
2n
sin x

d
It can be easily shown that sin n x  n sin n 1 x cos x
dx

Therefore,
d d
sin n  x  x sin n x
f  ( x)  dx dx
2n
sin x



sin n x 1  x nin n 1 x cos x 
2n
sin x

sin n 1 x(sin x  nx cos x)


sin 2 n x

sin x  nx cos x

sin n 1 x

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