Heat Transfer

References

F.P. Incropera and D.P. DeWitt.

“Fundamental of Heat and Mass Transfer
“ 7th . Ed. New York: Jone Wiley & Sons,
2011.

Yunus A. Cengle. “Heat Transfer- A

Practical Approach” International. Ed.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014.
Chapter 1 A,
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Prepared by
Dr. Eng. ELSaeed Saad ELSihy
Assistant Professor at Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Helwan
University, Egypt

Email : [email protected]
Chapter 1
Basics of Heat Transfer

➢ What is heat transfer?

Its simple answer is the definition of heat or heat energy.
Heat is a form of energy in transit due to temperature
difference .
➢ Steady and Unsteady State Heat Transfer
• In case of steady state heat transfer, the temperature at
any location on the system does not vary with time.
• The temperature is function of space coordinates
• For rectangular coordinates T = f (x,y,z)

• In unsteady state heat transfer, the temperature varies

with time as well as position.
• The temperature is a function of time and space
coordinates.
• For rectangular coordinates T = f (x,y,z,t)
➢ How is Heat transferred?
➢ How is Heat transferred? (cont.)
➢ Motivation for studying Heat Transfer
◼ Heat transfer is commonly encountered in engineering systems
➢ The human body
➢ Household appliances
▪ Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems,
▪ Refrigerator and Freezer,
▪ Water Heaters
▪ Energy-Efficient homes are designed on the basis of minimizing
heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer.
➢ Heat transfer plays a major role in the design of many other
devices, such as
▪ Solar Collectors
▪ Heat exchangers,
▪ Boilers, Condensers,
▪ Radiators, Heaters, Furnaces,
▪The successful operation of equipment component such a turbine blades, the walls of
combustion chambers etc. depends on the cooling rate, in order to avoid their
metallurgical failure.
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Conduction➢
Convection➢
Radiation➢

⚫ Mechanisms of heat loss from the

human body and relative magnitudes
for a resting person,
➢ Different Applications of Heat Transfer
Cooling of Electronic Components
Window Air Conditioning
A gas-to-liquid compact heat exchanger
for air-conditioning system
Car Radiator
Internal Combustion Engine
Internal Combustion Engine with Cooling System
➢ Water Tube Boiler
 Condenser, Shell and Tube heat Exchanger

Th,I =Tsat
Nocondensable
gas (air)

Tc,i

m cond
Tc,o Th,o =Tast
Condenser, Shell and Tube heat Exchanger
Nuclear Power Plant has Many Heat Exchanger Equipment
The pipes of solar heaters are painted black to absorb most heat.

The pipes of solar heaters are painted black to

absorb most heat.
Chapter 1
Basics of Heat Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction: Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or

liquid) due to the random motion of its constituent atoms,
molecules and /or electrons.

Convection: Heat transfer due to the combined influence of

bulk and random motion for fluid flow over a surface.
Or convection is flow of heat carried by moving gas or liquid

Radiation: Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in

the electron configurations of its atoms or molecules and is
transported as electromagnetic waves (or photons).
Or radiation is flow of heat without need intervening medium,
typically inferred or light
1.3.1) Heat Conduction;
Conduction can take place in solids, liquids or gases.

In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and

diffusion of the molecules during their random motion. (Figure
1.3a)
In solids, conduction due to combination of vibration of
molecules in a lattice and energy transport by free electrons.
The Mechanisms of Heat Conduction in different phase
of a substance
Conduction of Heat
Through a Material
 Heat Transfer Rates
1.). Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction;
Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction across a
plane wall or cooper rod of constant thermal conductivity:

Fourier’s Law dT
q = −k A
dx
The minus sign is a consequence of the fact that heat is transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature.
where;
q = heat flow rate, (Watt)
A = area of wall normal to heat flow (m2)
dT/dx = the temperature gradient ( C/m)
k = a property of the conduction material known as thermal
conductivity of wall material (W/m K)
To determine the rate of heat transfer q for; steady-state (i.e. T 
function in time  ) one-dimensional (T = function in x only)
k & A are constant. L T2
 q  dx = − k A  dT
0 T1
q L = − k A (T2 − T1 )
kA
q = (T1 − T2 ) (Watt )
L
(T1 − T2 ) T
or q = =
L Rth
kA
where;
L
Rth = = Thermal resistance (K/W)
kA
W
Also q = q  . A ( x m 2 ) = Watt
m2
q  = heat flux (or rate of heat transfer per unit area q/A (W/m2)

q T1 − T2 T
q = = = 2
(W / m )
A L 
Rth
k
1.3.1b Analogy Between Heat Conduction, and Electrical
Systems :

Electrical system;

V V1 − V 2
Ohm-law I= =  amp
R R

Where; I = Current (amp)

V = Voltage difference (Volt)

R = Electrical resistance (Ohm)

Heat Conduction System;

T
q=
Rth
Example 1.1
The concrete slab of a furnace is 11 m long, 8 m wide, and 0.20
m thick. During the winter, temperatures are nominally 17 oC and
10 oC at the top and bottom surfaces, respectively. If the concrete
has a thermal conductivity of 1.4 W/m K, what is the rate of heat
loss through the slab? If the furnace is heated by a gas furnace
operating at an efficiency of =0.90 and natural gas is priced at Cg
= $0.01 /MJ. Determine a) the rate of heat loss and
b) the daily cost of the heat loss.
Solution
Known: Dimensions, thermal conductivity and surface
temperatures of a concrete slab. Efficiency of gas furnace
and cost of natural gas.
Find: The rate of heat loss and Daily cost of heat loss..
Schematic:

Assumptions: 1) Steady state, (2) One-dimensional

conduction, (3) Constant properties
Analysis:
The rate of heat transfer
( T1 − T2 ) T 17 − 10
 q= = = = 4312 W
L Rth 0 .2
kA 1.4( 11 x 8 )
The daily energy loss E = q x time =4312 x 3600 x 24
= 3.725x 108 Joul

Furnace energy consumption Ef = E /  f = 3.725x 108 /0.9

=4.14 x108 J= 4140 MJ

The daily cost of heat loss Cd= Cg x Ef = 0.01 x 4140

= 4.14 $/day
 1.3.1c Thermal Properties of Matter:
a. Thermal Conductivity:
Is the rate of heat transfer through a unit
thickness of material per unit area per
unit temperature difference.
qL
k= (W / m . K ) q
A ( T1 − T2 )
The large value of thermal conductivity
indicates that the material is a good heat
conductor and low value indicates that the
material is poor heat conductor or
insulator.
V I q=IV T1 T2 A L K
The range of thermal conductivity of various materials at room
temperature.

➢ The thermal conductivities of gases such as air vary by a factor of 104 from those of
pure metals such as copper. Gases can be used as insulators because they have
very low thermal conductivity.
The variation of the thermal conductivity of various solids, liquids, and
gases with temperature.
In general ksolid > kliquid > kgas
Table 1.1 the values of the thermal conductivities of some
materials at room temperature
Materials K ( W/m.K)
Crystals:
Diamond 2300
Pure Metals:
Silver 429
Copper 401
Gold 317
Aluminum 237
Iron 80.2
Metal Alloys:
Aluminum alloys
Carbon steel (0.5% carbon) 177
Stainless steel , type 304 53.6
14.9
Nonmetallic Solids:
Glass Window 0.78
Brick 0.72
Wood 0.17
White pine 0.112
Oak 0.166
Insulating Materials :
Asbestos (sheets) 0.166
Glass wool 0.037
Cork (ground) 0.043
Urethane, rigid foam 0.026
Saturated Liquids :
Water 0.613
Engine oil 0.145
Freon (Refrigerant- 12 ) 0.072
Mercury (Hg) 8.54
Gases at atm. Pressure:
Air 0.026
Helium 0.152
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0.025
Water vapor 0.0206
Thermal Conductivity: A measure of a material’s
ability to transfer thermal energy by conduction.
b. Insulation Systems
Covering of a surface with another material of low thermal
conductivity (fiber-, powder-, and flake type insulation) in order to
prevent excess heat transfer to the surroundings is termed as
insulation (see Table A.3).

Commonly known insulators are:

glass-wool, window glass, sawdust, boards and sheets of
asbestos, cardboard, cork, silica-aerogel, felt, hair and wool.

For hot and cold pipes use→ Urethane foam

For insulators boilers, tanks and heat exchangers use → fiber-

glass boards or glass wool
Variation of Thermal Conductivity k With Temperature (i.e. T = f (T) ):

a) Thermal Conductivity of Solids:

The solids are classified into two groups:

(i) Metals and (ii) Non-metals

Thermal energy may be conducted in Metals by two modes:

➢ Lattice vibration
➢ Transport by free electrons

 k = k lattice + k electrons

k = k L + ke
For pure metals kL > ke, and
For metal alloys kL < ke
(See Table A.1 metallic solids and Tables A. 2 and A. 3
nonmetallic solids.)
For pure metals kL > ke,
and
For metal alloys kL < ke
(ii) Non-metals. Due to absence
of free electrons in non-metals,
the heat conduction is only due to
lattice vibration.
As temperature increases, the
number of collisions per unit time
increases ; hence, the rate of heat
flow increases in non-metals.
Thus the thermal conductivity of
non-metals increases with
increase in the temperature.
b) Thermal Conductivity of Fluids (liquid and gases):
In liquids and gases , conduction is due to:
➢ Molecular collisions
➢ Molecular diffusion
(See Table A. 4 for gases and Tables A. 5 and A. 6 for
liquids).
Thermal conductivity of selected liquids
c) Thermal Diffusivity:
Another material property the appears in the transient heat
conduction analysis is the thermal diffusivity, ,

It is the ratio of thermal conductivity k of the medium to heat

capacity ρ C. It is denoted by , and measured in m2/s.

Heat conducted k
= = 2
(m / s)
Heat stored  Cp

The higher the thermal diffusivity, faster the propagation of

heat into the medium.