Science Technology & Technology

(BSN 1 - A - 21) BATCH 2021 COLLEGE OF NURSING - OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
NAME: BC SANTOS REFERENCE: PPT / VIDEO RECORDED LECTURE
LECTURER: MARK LESTHER REYES FINALS LECTURE / WEEK 16-17/ VIDEO RECORDE

THE NANO WORLD HOW TO VIEW NANOMATERIALS

o Scientific researchers have developed new o Scientists use special types of microscopes to
technological tools that greatly improve different view minute nanomaterial. During the early
aspects of our lives. The use of nanoscale is our 1930s, scientists used electron microscopes and
important interdisciplinary area generate by field microscope to look at the nanoscale. The
advancement in science and technology. scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force
Scientist and engineers were able to build microscope are just among the modern and
materials with innovative properties as they remarkable advancements in microscopy.
manipulate nanomaterials. Indeed, research ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
and application of knowledge on nanomaterials o German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
will continue to bring widespread implications in built the first electron microscope during the
various areas of society, especially health care, 1930s. This type of microscope utilizes a particle
environment, energy, food, water and beam of electrons to light up a specimen and
agriculture. develop a well magnified image Electron
o Nanotechnology refers to the science, microscope produce higher and better
engineering, and technology conducted at the resolution than older light microscopes because
nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. they can magnify objects up to a million times
Nanoscience and nanotechnology employ the while conventional light microscopes can
study and application of exceptionally small magnify objects up to 1,500 times only
things in other areas of science including
materials science, engineering, physics, biology, ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (AFM)
and chemistry. o It was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin
o The concepts of nanotechnology and Quate, and Christoph Gerber in 1986. It makes
nanoscience started in December 29, 1959 when use of a mechanical probe that gathers
Physicist Richard Feynman discussed a method information from the surface of material.
in which scientists can direct and control
individual atoms and molecules in his talk
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” during
the American Physical Society meeting at
California Institute of Technology. The term
“nanotechnology” was coined by Professor Norio
Taniguchi a decade after the dawn of the use of
ultraprecision machining
HOW SMALL IS AN NANOSCALE
A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10-9 of a meter. SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE
o This special type of microscope enables
scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale
particles, atoms, and small molecules. In 1986,
Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer won the Noble
Prize in Physics because of this invention.
NANOTECHNOLOGIES
⟶ Carbon Nanotube
• Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon
o Manipulation of nanomaterials needs an adept • with a cylindrical nanostructure.
understanding of their types and dimensions. The • They have length-to-diameter ratio of up to
various type of nanomaterials is classified • 132,000,000:1.
according to their individual shapes and sizes. • Nanotubes are members of the fullerene
They may be particles, tube, wire, films, flakes, or structural family. Their name is derived from
shells that have one or more nanometer-sized their long, hollow structure with the walls formed
dimensions. One should be able to view and by one-atom- thick sheets of carbon, called
manipulate them so that we can take advantage graphene.
of their exceptional characteristics.
Properties ⟶Nanotechnology in Drugs (Cancer)
• Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in creating • Provide new options for drug delivery and drug
fight weight spacecrafts, therapies.
• Easily penetrate membranes such as cell walls. • Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right
Helps in cancer treatment. location in the body and release drug doses on a
• Electrical resistance changes significantly when predetermined schedule for optimal treatment
other molecules attach themselves to the carbon • Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
atoms. Helps in developing sensors that can • They become localized at the disease site, i.e. cancer
detect chemical vapors, tumor
• . Then they release medicine that kills the tumor.
Application • Current treatment is through radiotherapy or
• Easton-Bell Sports, Inc. using CNT in making chemotherapy.
bicycle component. • Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.
• Zyvex Technologies using CNT for manufacturing
of light weight boats. ⟶ Nanotechnology in Fabrics
• Replacing transistors from the silicon chips as • The properties of familiar materials are being
they are small and emits less heat. changed by manufacturers who are adding nano-
• In electric cables and wires sized components to conventional materials to
• In solar cells improve performance.
• In fabrics • For example, some clothing manufacturers are
making water and stain repellent clothing using
⟶Nanorods (quantum dots) nano-sized whiskers in the fabric that cause water
• Nanorods are morphology of nanoscale objects. to beat up on the surface.
• Dimensions range from 1-100 nm. • In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
• They may be synthesized from metals or • Making spill & dirt resistant, antimicrobial,
semiconducting materials. antibacterial fabrics.
• A combination of ligands act as shape control
agents and bond to different facets of the ⟶ Nanotechnology in Mobile
nanorod with different strengths. This allows • Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed
different faces of the nanorod to grow at different by Nokia Research Center (NRC) and the University
rates, producing an elongated object. of Cambridge (UK).
USES: • The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it
• In display technologies, because the reflectivity of extremely dirt repellent.
the rods can be changed by changing their • It will be able to charge itself from available light
orientation with an applied electric field, sources using photovoltaic nanowire grass covering
• In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) its surface.
• In cancer therapeutics. • Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia
envisage that a nanoscale mesh of fibers will allow
⟶ Nanobots our mobile devices to be bent, stretched and folded
• Close to the scale of 10-9 into any number of conceivable shapes.
• Largely in R&d phase.
• Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across, capable ⟶ Nanotechnology in Electronics
• of counting specific molecules in a chemical • Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat panel
sample. displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current
• Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it flat panel displays.
would probably be necessary for very large • Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips.
numbers of them to work together to perform • The transistors are made of nanowires, that are
microscopic and macroscopic tasks. assembled on glass or thin films of flexible plastic.
• Capable of replication using environmental • E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on car
resources. windshields.

Application: ⟶ Nanotechnology in computers

• Detection of toxic components in environment. • The silicon transistors in your computer may be
• In drug delivery. replaced by transistors based on carbon nanotubes.
• Biomedical instrumentation. • A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of a hollow
cylinder with a diameter of around a nanometer
which consists of pure carbon.
 • Nanorods is an upcoming technology in the ⟶ Self-Assembly
displays techniques due to less consumption of It depicts an approach wherein a set component joins
electricity and less heat emission. together to mold an organized structure in the absence of an
• Size of the microprocessors are reduced to outside direction.
greater extend.
• Researchers at North Carolina State University ⟶ Chemical vapor deposition
says that growing arrays of magnetic It is procedure wherein chemicals act in response to form
nanoparticles, called nanodots. very pure, high- performance films.
NANOMANUFACTURING
⟶ Nanoimprint lithography
o It refers to scaled up, reliable, and cost-effective
It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by
manufacturing of nanoscale materials,
“stamping or printing” them onto a surface.
structures, devices, and systems. It also involves
research, improvement, and incorporation of
⟶ Molecular beam epitaxy
processes for the construction of materials.
It is one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin
Therefore, nanomanufacturing leads to the
films
development of new products and improved
materials. There are two fundamentals
⟶ Roll – to – roll processing
approaches to nanomanufacturing, either
it is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale
bottom-up or top-down
devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal
⟶ Bottom-up fabrication
It manufactures products by building them up from
⟶ Atomic layer epitaxy
atomic- and molecular- scale components. However, this
it is a means for laying down one atom-thick layer on a
method can be time-consuming. Scientist and engineers
surface
are still in search for effective ways of putting up together
molecular components that self-assemble and from the DISTINCT FEATURES OF NANOSCALE
bottom-up to organized structures. o Nanotechnology involves operating at a very small
dimension and it allows scientists to make use of the
⟶ Top-down fabrication exceptional optical, chemical, physical, mechanical,
It trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale. and biological qualities of materials of that small
This process needs larger amounts of material and scale.
discards excess raw materials.
1. Scale at which much biology occurs
Various activities of the cells take place at the
nanoscale. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) serves
as the genetic material of the cell and is only about 2
nanometers in diameter. Furthermore, the
hemoglobin that transports oxygen to the tissues
throughout the body is 5.5. nanometers in diameter.
2. Scale at which quantum effects dominate properties
of materials
Particles with dimensions of 1-100 nanometers have
properties that are significant discrete from particles
of bigger dimensions. Quantum effects direct the
behavior and properties of
particles in this size scale. Among the
essential properties of nanoscale that change as a
There are new approaches to the assembly of function of size include
nanomaterials-based form the application of principles in chemical reactivity, fluorescence,
top-down and bottom-up fabrication. magnetic permeability, melting point,
and electrical conductivity.
⟶ Dip pen lithography 3. Nanoscale materials have far larger surface areas
It is a method in which the tip of an atomic force than similar masses of larger-scale materials
microscope is dipped into a chemical fluid and then A we increase the surface area per
utilized to “write” on a surface. mass of a particular material, a
greater amount of the materials comes in contact
with another material and can affect its reactivity.
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY IN EXAMPLE OF AREAS POSSIBLE BENEFITS CONCERNS
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AFFECTED BY
o U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative ($1.4-1.5 NANOTECHNOLOGY
billion) Environment Improved detection and High reactivity
o European Commission removal of and toxicity
o Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute contaminants Pervasive
o Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology Development of benign distribution in
Program) industrial processes and the
o India (Nanotechnology Research and Education materials environment
Foundation No nano-specific
o China (National Center for Nanoscience and EPA regulation
Technology Health Improved medicine Ability to cross
o Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology Initiative) cell membranes
o Australia (Australian Office of Nanotechnology) and translocate
o Canada (National Institute for Nanotechnology in the body
or NINT) No FDA approval
o South Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology needed for
Initiative) cosmetics or
o Thailand (National Nanotechnology Center or supplements
NANOTEC) Economy Better products Redistribution of
o Malaysia (National Nanotechnology Initiatives or New jobs wealth Potential
NNI cost of cleanups
POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE Accessibility to
PHILIPPINES all income levels
1. ICT and semiconductors
2. Health and Medicine
SOCIAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN
3. Energy
CONDUCTING RESEARCH ON NANOTECHNOLOGY
4. Food and Agriculture
1. 5. Environment 1. Who will benefit from it?
2. For whom and what are objectives for developing your
NANOTECH ROADMAP FOR THE PHILIPPINES product?
(PCAS-TRD-DOST) 3. How will it affect social, economic, and political
1. ICT and semiconductors relationships?
2. Health and biomedical 4. What problems is your “product” trying to solve?
3. Energy 5. Who will have access to it?
4. Environment 6. Are there dangers involved with its development?
5. Agriculture and food 7. Who will own it?
6. Health and environment risk
7. Nano-metrology
8. Education and public awareness
BENEFITS AND CONCERNS OF USING
NANOTECHNOLOGY
1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it may
become pervasive
2. Nanotechnology seeks to develop new materials
with specific properties
3. Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies
and paradigm which may make some natural
resources and current practices uncompetitive
or obsolete
4. It may be complicated to detect its presence unless
one has the specialist tools of nanotechnology