Electrical motors are designed to operate with high efficiency within some variation in the electric power supplied.

voltage variation should not exceed +/- 10% frequency variation should not exceed +/- 5% combined arithmetic sum of voltage and frequency variation should not exceed 10% voltage imbalance between phases should not exceed 1% Some common three phase power equations can be expressed as Real Power Wapplied = 31/2 V I PF / 1000 (1) where Wapplied = real power (Kilowatts) V = voltage (volts) I = current (Amps) PF = power factor - 0.7 - 0.95 Total Power W = 31/2 V I / 1000 (2)

Brake Horsepower WBHP = 31/2 V I PF / 746 (3) where WBHP = brake horse power (hp) = device efficiency

Ampere - A The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7Newton per meter of length. Coulomb - C The standard unit of quantity in electrical measurements. It is the quantity of electricity conveyed in one second by the current produced by an electro-motive force of one volt acting in a circuit having a resistance of one ohm, or the quantity transferred by one ampere in one second. Farad - F The farad is the standard unit of capacitance. Reduced to base SI units one farad is the equivalent of one second to the fourth power ampere squared per kilogram per meter squared (s4 A2/kg m2). When the voltage across a 1 F capacitor changes at a rate of one volt per second (1 V/s) a current flow of 1 A results. A capacitance of 1 F produces 1 V of potential difference for an electric charge of one coulomb (1 C).

In common electrical and electronic circuits units of microfarads F (1 F = 10-6 F) and Pico farads pF (1 pF = 10-12 F) are used.

Ohm - The derived SI unit of electrical resistance - the resistance between two points on a conductor when a constant potential difference of 1 volt between them produces a current of 1 ampere. Henry - H The Henry is the unit of inductance. Reduced to base SI units one henry is the equivalent of one kilogram meter squared per second squared per ampere squared (kg m2 s-2 A-2). Inductance An inductor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. The standard unit of inductance is the henry abbreviated H. This is a large unit and more commonly used units are themicrohenry abbreviated H (1 H =10-6H) and the millihenry abbreviated mH (1 mH =10-3 H). Occasionally, the nanohenryabbreviated nH (1 nH = 10-9 H) is used. Joule - J The unit of energy work or quantity of heat done when a force of one Newton is applied over a displacement of one meter. One joule is the equivalent of one watt of power radiated or dissipated for one second. In imperial units the British Thermal Unit (Btu) is used to express energy. One Btu is equivalent to approximately 1,055 joules. Siemens - S The unit of electrical conductance S = A / V
Watt

The watt is used to specify the rate at which electrical energy is dissipated, or the rate at which electromagnetic energy is radiated, absorbed, or dissipated. The unit of power W or Joule/second Weber - Wb The unit of magnetic flux. The flux that when linking a circuit of one turn, produces an Electro Motive Force - EMF - of 1 volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second. 1 Weber is equivalent to 108 Maxwells Tesla - T The unit of magnetic flux density the Tesla is equal to 1 Weber per square meter of circuit area. Volt

The Volt - V - is the Standard International (SI) unit of electric potential or electromotive force. A potential of one volt appears across a resistance of one ohm when a current of one ampere flows through that resistance. Reduced to SI base units, 1 (V) = 1 (kg m2 / s3 A)

Speed (RPM) Poles 2 4 6 8 Frequency 50 Hz Synchronous 3,000 1,500 1,000 750 Full Load 2,850 1,425 950 700 Frequency 60 Hz Synchronous 3,600 1,800 1,200 900 Full Load 3,450 1,725 1,150 850

Horsepower rating compared to electric motor ampere rating - 115 VAC and 230 VAC - are indicated below:
Ampere Rating (amps) Power Rating (hp) 1/4 1/3 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/2 2 5 115 VAC Efficiency (%) 50 3.2 4.3 9.7 13.0 13.0 19.5 25.9 64.9 70 2.3 3.1 7.0 9.3 9.3 13.9 18.5 46.3 50 1.6 2.2 3.2 4.9 6.5 9.7 13.0 32.4 70 1.2 1.5 2.3 3.5 4.6 7.0 9.3 23.2 230 VAC

Total electrical power consumption depends on real power electrical energy consumption, and reactive power - imaginary power consumption, and can be expressed (power triangle or Pythagorean relationship) as

Wapparent = ( Wtrue applied2 + Wreactive2 )1/2 (1) where Wapparent = apparent total power (Kilovolt Amps) Wtrue applied = true applied power (Kilowatts)

Wreactive = reactive inductive power (Kilovolt Amps reactive)

Kirchhoff's Current Law Also called Kirchhoff's first law, Kirchhoff's point rule, Kirchhoff's junction rule (or nodal rule) or Kirchhoff's first rule.

At any junction in an electric circuit the total current flowing towards the junction is equal to the total current flowing away from the junction. Kirchhoff's Current Law can be expressed as I = I1 + I2 + .. + In =0 (1) Where I = currents (Amps) As a question of convenience - current toward the junction is positive and current flowing away from the junction is negative. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

Also called Kirchhoff's second law, Kirchhoff's loop (or mesh) rule, or Kirchhoff's second rule. In a closed loop in a network the sum of the voltage drops or potential differences around the loop is zero. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law can be expressed as V = V1 + V2 +... + Vn =0 (0) Where V= voltage drop or potential difference (Volts) In a schematic diagram voltage can be measured positive clockwise or anticlockwise.

EDDY CURRENTS After reading this section you will be able to do the following:

Explain what an Eddy Current is. Discuss the one requirement necessary for a current to be induced into an object.

In the discussion on the previous page you learned learned about electromagnetic induction. You learned that anytime a conductor was placed in a changing magnetic field that electrical current was generated in the conductor. We talked about the conductor being a piece of wire that is often wrapped into a coil, but the conductor does not need to be in the shape of a coil and does not even need to be wire. It could be a piece of flat steel, aluminium plate, or any other conductive object. The only requirement is that the object must be able to conduct electrical current. http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/voltage.htm