𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 − 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐬

◈ ◈ ◈

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝟏𝟑: Find Fourier series of the following function of period = 2𝜋:

𝑥, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜋 − 𝑥, 𝜋>𝑥>0

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

The Fourier series for periodic fuction 𝑓(𝑡) having period 𝑇 is written as
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ )
1 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝜔 = )
𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇

For period 𝑇 = 2𝜋, 𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇 = 1 above reduces to

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝑥 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝑥 + ⋯ ) [1]
1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (to be determined)
2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋

Evaluation of integrals (will be used for deternining Fourier coefficients):

𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛2
𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
∫(𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − − + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛2
𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − + + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛2
𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥
∫(𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − + − + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛2

Evaluaton of Fourier coefficients:

1 𝜋 1 0 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 )
2𝜋 −𝜋 2𝜋 −𝜋 0
0 𝜋
1
= (∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 )
2𝜋 −𝜋 0
0 𝜋
1 𝑥2 (𝜋 − 𝑥)2
= ( | − | )
2𝜋 2 −𝜋 2 0
1 𝜋2 𝜋2
= (− + )
2𝜋 2 2
=0

1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 0 1 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0
1 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 0 cos 𝑛𝑥 0 1 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= ( | + 2
| )+ ( | − | − | )
𝜋 𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛 −𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 0 𝑛 0 𝑛2 0
1 1 − cos 𝑛𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1
= [(0 + ) + (0 − 0 − )]
𝜋 𝑛2 𝑛2
2(1 − cos 𝑛𝜋)
=
𝑛2 𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
0 𝜋
1
= (∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )
𝜋 −𝜋 0
1 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 0 sin 𝑛𝑥 0 1 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= (− | − | ) + (− | + | − | )
𝜋 𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛2 −𝜋 𝜋 𝑛 0 𝑛 0 𝑛2 0
1 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 1 𝜋(cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1) 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋
= (− − 0) + (− + + 0)
𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
 1 − cos 𝑛𝜋
=
𝑛
To summarise:
2(1 − cos 𝑛𝜋) 1 − cos 𝑛𝜋
𝑎0 = 0, 𝑎𝑛 = , 𝑏𝑛 =
𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛
4 4 4
⟹ 𝑎1 = , 𝑎3 = , 𝑎5 = , …; 𝑎2 = 𝑎4 = 𝑎6 = ⋯ = 0,
𝜋 9𝜋 25𝜋
2 2
𝑏1 = 2, 𝑏3 = , 𝑏5 = − , …; 𝑏0 = 𝑏2 = 𝑏4 = ⋯ = 0
4 5
We plug above values in [1] and get the required Fourier series as
4 cos 3𝑥 cos 5𝑥 sin 3𝑥 sin 5𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = (cos 𝑥 + + + ⋯ ) + 2 (sin 𝑥 + + + ⋯)
𝜋 9 25 3 5
◈ ◈ ◈

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝟏𝟓: Find Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0; 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝜋)

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

The Fourier series for periodic fuction 𝑓(𝑡) having period 𝑇 is written as
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ )
1 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝜔 = )
𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇

For period, 𝑇 = 2𝜋, 𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇 = 1 above reduces to

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝑥 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝑥 + ⋯ ) [1]
1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (to be determined)
2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋

Evaluation of integrals (will be used for deternining Fourier coefficients):

𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 2
∫ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 2 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
= − (− +∫ 𝑑𝑥)
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2
= + − 2 ∫ cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛
2
𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥
= + − + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 2
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − + ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛
2
𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑛
=− + ( −∫ 𝑑𝑥)
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2
=− + − 2 ∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
=− + + + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3
Evaluaton of Fourier coefficients:
2𝜋
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋 2 1 𝑥3 4𝜋 3
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙ | =
2𝜋 0 2𝜋 0 2𝜋 3 0 3

1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2𝜋
1 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= ( | + | − | )
𝜋 𝑛 0
𝑛2 0 𝑛3 0
1 4𝜋 cos 2𝑛𝜋
= (0 + − 0)
𝜋 𝑛2
4
= 2
𝑛
 2𝜋
1 2𝜋 1 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (− | + | + | )
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝑛 0
𝑛2 0 𝑛3 0
1 4𝜋 2 cos 2𝑛𝑥 cos 2𝑛𝜋 − 1
= (− +0+ )
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3
4𝜋
=−
𝑛
To summarise:
4𝜋 3 4 4𝜋
𝑎0 = , 𝑎𝑛 = 2 , 𝑏𝑛 = −
3 𝑛 𝑛
4 4 4
⟹ 𝑎1 = , 𝑎2 = , 𝑎3 = , …
1 4 9
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
𝑏1 = − , 𝑏2 = − , 𝑏3 = − , …
1 2 3
We plug above values in [1] and get the required Fourier series as
4𝜋 3 cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + 4 (cos 𝑥 + + + ⋯ ) + 4𝜋 (sin 𝑥 + + +⋯)
3 4 9 2 3
◈ ◈ ◈

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝟏𝟕: Find Fourier series of for the function of period = 2𝜋 given below
𝜋 + 𝑥, 0<𝑥<𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜋 − 𝑥, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

The Fourier series for periodic fuction 𝑓(𝑡) having period 𝑇 is written as
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ )
1 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝜔 = )
𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇

For period, 𝑇 = 2𝜋, 𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇 = 1 above reduces to

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝑥 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝑥 + ⋯ ) [1]
1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (to be determined)
2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋

Evaluation of integral (will be used for deternining Fourier coefficients):

∫(𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥
= −( −∫ 𝑑𝑥)
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 1
= − + ∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
= − − + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛2
Evaluaton of Fourier coefficients:
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) is an even funciton)
2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0
1 𝜋
= ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝜋
1 𝜋 𝑥2
= ( 𝜋𝑥⌋0 − ⌋ )
𝜋 2 0
1 2 𝑥2
= (𝜋 − )
𝜋 2
𝜋
=
2
1 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 is an even funciton)
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0
2 𝜋
= ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
 2 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= ( | − | − | )
𝜋 𝑛 0 𝑛 0 𝑛2 0
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= (0 − 0 − | )
𝜋 𝑛2 0
2(cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1)
=
𝑛2 𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 is an odd funciton)
𝜋 −𝜋

To summarise:
𝜋 2(cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1)
𝑎0 = , 𝑎𝑛 = , 𝑏𝑛 = 0
2 𝑛2 𝜋
4 4 4
⟹ 𝑎1 = − , 𝑎3 = − , 𝑎5 = − , …; 𝑎2 = 𝑎4 = 𝑎6 = ⋯ = 0,
𝜋 9𝜋 25𝜋
𝑏1 = 𝑏2 = 𝑏3 = ⋯ = 0

We plug above values in [1] and get the required Fourier series as
𝜋 cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = − 4 (cos 𝑥 + + + ⋯)
2 4 9
◈ ◈ ◈

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝟏𝟗: Find Fourier series of for the function of period = 2𝜋 given below
𝑥, 0<𝑥<𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

The Fourier series for periodic fuction 𝑓(𝑡) having period 𝑇 is written as
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ )
1 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝜔 = )
𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇

For period, 𝑇 = 2𝜋, 𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇 = 1 above reduces to

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝑥 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝑥 + ⋯ ) [1]
1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (to be determined)
2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋

Evaluation of integrals (will be used for deternining Fourier coefficients):

𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛2
𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − + + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛2

Evaluaton of Fourier coefficients:

1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) = 0, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0)
2𝜋 −𝜋 2𝜋 0
𝜋
1 𝑥2
= ∙ ⌋
2𝜋 2 0
𝜋
=
4
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) = 0, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0)
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0
1 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= ( | + | )
𝜋 𝑛 0 𝑛2 0
1 cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1
= (0 + )
𝜋 𝑛2
1 − cos 𝑛𝜋
=−
𝑛2 𝜋
 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) = 0, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0)
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0
1 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
1 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= (− | + | )
𝜋 𝑛 0 𝑛2 0
1 𝜋(1 − cos 𝑛𝜋)
= ( + 0)
𝜋 𝑛
cos 𝑛𝜋
=−
𝑛
To summarise:
𝜋 1 − cos 𝑛𝜋 1 − cos 𝑛𝜋
𝑎0 = , 𝑎𝑛 = − , 𝑏𝑛 =
4 𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛
2 2 2
⟹ 𝑎1 = − , 𝑎3 = − , 𝑎5 = − , …; 𝑎2 = 𝑎4 = 𝑎6 = ⋯ = 0,
𝜋 9𝜋 25𝜋
1 1
𝑏1 = 1, 𝑏2 = − , 𝑏5 = , …
2 3
We plug above values in [1] and get the required Fourier series as
𝜋 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 5𝑥 sin 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = − (cos 𝑥 + + + ⋯ ) + (sin 𝑥 − + +⋯)
4 𝜋 9 25 3 3
◈ ◈ ◈

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝟐𝟏: Find Fourier series of for the function of period = 2𝜋 given below
𝜋 − 𝑥, 0<𝑥<𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = {
−𝜋 − 𝑥, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

The Fourier series for periodic fuction 𝑓(𝑡) having period 𝑇 can be written as
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ )
1 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝜔 = )
𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇

For period, 𝑇 = 2𝜋, 𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇 = 1 above reduces to

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝑥 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝑥 + ⋯ ) [1]
1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
(𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 are odd functions, hence ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 )
−𝜋 −𝜋

Evaluation of integral (will be used for deternining Fourier coefficients):

𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − + + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛2

Evaluaton of Fourier coefficients:

1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
2𝜋 −𝜋

1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜋 −𝜋

1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏𝑛 (𝑓(𝑥) can also be written as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋)
𝜋 0
2𝜋 2𝜋
1
= (∫ 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
𝜋 0 0
1 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= (− | + | − | )
𝜋 𝑛 0 𝑛 0 𝑛2 0
1 2𝜋
= (−0 + − 0)
𝜋 𝑛
 2
=
𝑛
To summarise:
2
𝑎0 = 0, 𝑎𝑛 = 0, 𝑏𝑛 =
𝑛
⟹ 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = 𝑎3 = ⋯ = 0
2 2 2
𝑏1 = , 𝑏2 = , 𝑏3 = , …
1 2 3
We plug above values in [1] and get the required Fourier series as
sin 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 (sin 𝑥 + + + ⋯)
2 3
◈ ◈ ◈

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝟗𝐀: Find Fourier series of the function whose graph is shown below.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

The function can be written as

−1, 𝑡<0
𝑓(𝑡) = { , 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡 + 4), (period = 4)
1, 𝑡>0

The Fourier series for periodic fuction 𝑓(𝑡) having period 𝑇 is written as
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ ) [1]
𝑇 ⁄2 𝑇 ⁄2 𝑇 ⁄2
1 2 2 2𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝜔 = )
𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇

Evaluaton of Fourier coefficients:

1 𝑇 ⁄2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0 (𝑓(𝑡) is an odd function)
𝑇 −𝑇⁄2

2 𝑇 ⁄2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0 (𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 is an odd funciton)
𝑇 −𝑇⁄2

2 𝑇 ⁄2 4 𝑇 ⁄2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 is an even funciton)
𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 0
2
𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝜋
= ∫ sin 𝑑𝑡 (𝑓(𝑡) = 1, 𝑇 = 4, 𝜔 = )
0 2 2
2
cos(𝑛𝜋⁄2)𝑡 1 − cos 𝑛𝜋
=− | =
𝑛𝜋⁄2 0
𝑛𝜋⁄2
2(1 − cos 𝑛𝜋)
=
𝑛𝜋
4 4 4
⟹ 𝑏2 = 𝑏4 = 𝑏6 = ⋯ = 0, 𝑏1 = , 𝑏3 = , 𝑏5 = ,…
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
We plug above values in [1] and get the required Fourier series as
4 sin(𝜋𝑡 ⁄2) sin(2 𝜋𝑡 ⁄2) sin(3 𝜋𝑡 ⁄2)
𝑓(𝑡) = ( + + + ⋯)
𝜋 1 2 3

4 𝜋𝑡 1 3𝜋𝑡 1 5𝜋𝑡
Or, 𝑓(𝑡) = (sin + sin + sin + ⋯)
𝜋 2 3 2 5 2
◈ ◈ ◈
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝟏𝟏𝐀: Find Fourier series of for the periodic function 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 , −1 < 𝑡 < 𝑡, period = 2.

𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

Given function: 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 , −1 < 𝑡 < 1 (even funciton, period = 4)

The Fourier series for periodic fuction 𝑓(𝑡) having period 𝑇 can be written as
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ )
1 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝜔 = )
𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇

Because 𝑇 = 2, 𝜔 = 𝜋, 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 ,
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝜋𝑡 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝜋𝑡 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝜋𝑡 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝜋𝑡 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝜋𝑡 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝜋𝑡 + ⋯ ) [1]

1 1 1 1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑡 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑡 2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (to be determined)
2 −1 −1 −1

Evaluaton of Fourier coefficients:

1
1 1 1
𝑡3 1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = | = (𝑡 2 is even function)
2 −1 0 3 0
3

1 1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑡 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 ∫ 𝑡 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−1 0
1
𝑡 2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 2 1
= 2( | − ∫ 𝑡 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑛𝜋 0
𝑛𝜋 0
1
−4 1 𝑡 2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡
= ∫ 𝑡 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ( | = 0)
𝑛𝜋 0 𝑛𝜋 0
1
−4 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡 1 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡
= (− | +∫ 𝑑𝑡)
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 0 0 𝑛𝜋
−4 cos 𝑛𝜋 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 1
= (− + 2 2 | )
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0
4 cos 𝑛𝜋 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 1
= ( 2 2 | = 0)
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 0

4 4 4
⟹ 𝑎1 = − , 𝑎2 = , 𝑎3 = − , …
𝜋2 4𝜋 2 9𝜋 2
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑡 2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0 (𝑡 2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 is an odd function)
−1

On putting values of Fourier cofficiets obtained in [1], we get the required Fourier series as
1 4 cos 2𝜋𝑡 cos 3𝜋𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) = − 2 (cos 𝜋𝑡 − + − ⋯)
3 𝜋 4 9
◈ ◈ ◈

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝟏𝟏𝐀: Find Fourier series expansion for the function for which graph is show below.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

The function can be written as

0, 𝑡<0
𝑓(𝑡) = { , 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡 + 1), (period = 1)
𝑡, 𝑡>0

The Fourier series for periodic fuction 𝑓(𝑡) having period 𝑇 is written as
 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎3 cos 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏3 sin 3𝜔𝑡 + ⋯ )
1 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2 𝑇 ⁄2 2𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝜔 = )
𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇 −𝑇⁄2 𝑇

For the function 𝑓(𝑡) having period 𝑇 = 1, 𝜔 = 2𝜋, above reduces to

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎0 + (𝑎1 cos 2𝜋𝑡 + 𝑎2 cos 4𝜋𝑡 + 𝑎3 cos 6𝜋𝑡 + ⋯ ) + (𝑏1 sin 2𝜋𝑡 + 𝑏2 sin 4𝜋𝑡 + 𝑏3 sin 6𝜋𝑡 + ⋯ ) [1]
1⁄2 1⁄2 1⁄2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎𝑛 = 2 ∫ 𝑡 cos 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑏𝑛 = 2 ∫ 𝑡 sin 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0

Evaluaton of Fourier coefficients:

1⁄2 1⁄2
𝑡2 1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = | =
0 2 0 8

1⁄2
𝑡 sin 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 1⁄2 1⁄2
sin 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑎𝑛 = 2 ∫ 𝑡 cos 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 ( | −∫ 𝑑𝑡 )
0 2𝑛𝜋 0 0 2𝑛𝜋
cos 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 1⁄2
=0+ |
2𝑛2 𝜋 2 0
cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1
=
2𝑛2 𝜋 2
1⁄2
𝑡 cos 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 1⁄2 1⁄2
cos 2𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑏𝑛 = 2 ∫ 𝑡 sin 𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 (− | +∫ 𝑑𝑡 )
0 2𝑛𝜋 0 0 2𝑛𝜋
𝑡 cos 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 1⁄2 sin 2𝑛𝜋𝑡 1⁄2
=− | + |
𝑛𝜋 0 2𝑛2 𝜋 2 0
cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡
=−
2𝑛𝜋
To summarise:
1 cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡
𝑎0 = , 𝑎𝑛 = , 𝑏𝑛 =
8 2𝑛2 𝜋 2 2𝑛𝜋
1 1 1
⟹ 𝑎1 = 2 , 𝑎3 = , 𝑎5 = ; 𝑎2 = 𝑎4 = 𝑎6 = ⋯ = 0
𝜋 9𝜋 2 25𝜋 2
1 1 1
𝑏1 = , 𝑏2 = − , 𝑏3 = , …
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋
On putting values of Fourier cofficiets obtained in [1], we get the required Fourier series as
1 1 cos 6𝜋𝑡 cos 10𝜋𝑡 1 sin 2𝜋𝑡 sin 4𝜋𝑡 sin 6𝜋𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) = + 2 (cos 2𝜋𝑡 + + + ⋯)+ ( − + −⋯)
8 𝜋 9 25 𝜋 2 4 6
◈ ◈ ◈