A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INSET

FEED PATCH ANTENNA USING S-BAND FOR
NARROW BAND APPLICATIONS

A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED
BY

V.ROHAN (167R1A04C0)
M.VIVEK REDDY (167R1A0491)
S. SHIVA KUMAR (177R5A0413)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. T. NAGARJUNA (M.Tech)
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CMR TECHNICAL CAMPUS
Academic Year 2019-20
 DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
CMR TECHNICAL CAMPUS
UGC AUTONOMOUS
Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’ Grade
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and JNTU, Hyderabad

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled “Design

and Implementation of Inset Feed Patch Antenna using S-Band for Narrow Band
Applications” being submitted by V. Rohan bearing Roll No.167R1A04C0, M. Vivek
Reddy bearing Roll no.167R1A0491, S. Shiva Kumar bearing Roll no.177R5A0413, in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering of JNTU,
Hyderabad during the academic year 2019 – 2020. Certified further, to the best of our
knowledge that the work reported is not a part of any other project on the basis of which a
degree or an award has been given on an earlier occasion to any other candidate. The results
have been verified and found to be satisfactory.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Mr. T. Nagarjuna (M.Tech) Mr. G. Srikanth(Ph.D)

Assistant Professor Professor, HOD

External Examiner Director

Dr. A. Raji Reddy

Kandlakoya (V), Medchal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana - 501 401

Ph.No: 9247033440/41; www.cmrtc.ac.in; [email protected]
 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

It gives immense pleasure in bringing out this synopsis of the project entitled

“DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INSET FEED PATCH ANTENNA

USING S-BAND FOR NARROW BAND APPLICATIONS”

We have taken a lot of effort in completing this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organization. We would like
to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.

We are highly indebted to Mr. T. Nagarjuna sir, Assistant Professor, for his guidance
and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project.

We thankful to our project coordinator Dr. Sudha Chandrika madam, Professor for her
support towards the completion of the project.

We are also grateful to Prof. G. Srikanth sir, Head of the Electronics and
Communication Engineering department for providing us resources for the project and also
environment in the college which supported us to carry out our project.

We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to Dr. A. Raji Reddy sir,
Director of CMR Technical campus, for giving all his attention and time in support of students.

With sincere thanks,

V. ROHAN (167R1A04C0)
M.VIVEKREDDY (167R1A0491)
S. SHIVA KUMAR (177R1A0413)

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 ABSTRACT

Abstract: In the recent years the development in communication systems requires the
development of low cost, minimal weight, low profile antennas that are capable of maintaining
high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused
much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this project, the rectangular micro
strip patch antenna is designed for operating frequency of 2.45 GHZ and the substrate used is
FR4 epoxy having low dielectric constant of 4.4, dielectric loss tangent of 0.02 and the substrate
thickness is 3.6mm.This design is simulated by HFSS and used to obtain the most suitable
configuration in terms of desired values of Return Loss (RL),Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
(VSWR), and bandwidth by using 4.4 dielectric constant and varying the length inset feed. We
get the RL is –31.29dB, VSWR is 0.4736 this indicates there is no losses, the gain is 4.884dB,
the directivity is 6.780dB and the polarization is 2.4307dB.

Keywords: Micro-strip antenna, FR4 epoxy, HFSS, Return-loss, VSWR, Radiation

pattern, 3D Polar plot, Gain, Directivity, Polarization.

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 CONTENTS

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

List of Figures vii

List of Tables xi

Abbreviations xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-20

1.1: Objectives 1

1.2: Theoretical Background 1-21

1.2.1: Fundamental Concept 2

1.2.2: Antenna Parameters 3

1.2.3: Types of Antenna 9

1.2.4: Micro-strip Antenna 12

1.2.5: Excitation techniques 14

1.2.6: Methods of Analysis 19

1.3: Literature Survey 23

1.4: Thesis outline 30

CHAPTER 2: EXISTING METHOD 31-35

2.1: Theoretical Background 31

2.2: Introduction to Existing Method 32

2.3: Physical Representation of Existing Antenna 33

2.4: Standard Formulae to Design Micro Strip Antenna 33

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 2.5: Proposed Method 34

CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED 36-43

METHOD

3.1: Introduction to Proposed Method 36

3.2: Physical Design of Proposed Method 36

3.3: Standard formulae to design Patch Antenna 37

3.4: Implementation of the Proposed Method 38

CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 4: SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 44-62

4.1: Introduction to HFSS 44

4.2: Procedure followed in HFSS for simulating any Antenna 45

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS 63-76

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 77-79

6.1: Conclusion 77

6.2: Future Scope 77

REFERENCES 80-82

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 LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 : RL Curve of an Antenna 8

1.2 : ScienTech Antenna Trainer 9

1.3 : TV fixed with Wire Antenna 10

1.4 : Wire Antenna 10

1.5 : Base station with Aperture Antenna 11

1.6 : Aperture Antenna 11

1.7 : Reflector Antenna 11

1.8 : Micro-strip Antenna 11

1.9 : Practical Array Antenna 12

1.10 : Array Antenna 12

1.11 : Array and Wire Antenna 12

1.12 : Micro-strip Antenna Configuration 13

1.13 : Shapes of Patch 13

1.14 : Micro-strip line feed 15

1.14a : Inset Feed 16

1.15 : Coaxial probe fed Rectangular Micro-strip Antenna 17

1.16 : Aperture Coupled 17

1.17 : Proximity Coupled feed 18

2.1: Physical structure of Existing Antenna 33

3.1: Physical structure of Proposed Antenna 37

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3.2: Ground 38

3.3: Substrate 39

3.4: Patch 39

3.5: Micro-strip line 40

3.6: Excitation at lumped port 40

3.7: Air box 41

3.8: Finite conductor-1 41

3.9: Finite conductor-2 42

3.10: Boundary condition to the Air box 42

3.11: Validation Check 43

4.1: Getting started with HFSS 45

4.2: Process of Simulation in HFSS 45

4.3: Ansoft desktop 46

4.4: Project Manager Window 46

4.5: Axis 47

4.6: Solution type Setting 47

4.7: Model units Setting 48

4.8a: Drawing Box procedure 48

4.8b: Drawing box 49

4.9: Create box window 49

4.10: Properties window 50

4.11: Selecting faces 50

4.12: Selection of Definition Window 51

viii
4.13: Assigning Boundaries 51

4.14: Select face 52

4.15: Assigning finite conductivity 52

4.16: Perfect Boundary Selection 53

4.17: Assigning ports 54

4.18: Selection of number of modes 54

4.19: Port edit dialog box 55

4.20: Adaptive solution setup 56

4.21: Solution frequency setup 57

4.22a: Analysis Setup 57

4.22b: Select Add frequency 57

4.23: Select sweep type 58

4.24: Validation check up 58

4.25: Representation of validation and analysis 59

4.26: Selecting Results 59

4.27: Solution data window 60

4.28: S parameters 61

4.29: Trace setup 62

5.1: VSWR 63

5.2: Directivity 64

5.3: Gain 64

5.4: Smith chart 65

5.5: Radiation pattern 65

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5.6: Return loss 66

5.7: 3D Polar plot 66

5.8: 3D Polar plot on Design 67

5.9: Electric field 67

5.10: Current distribution 68

5.11: Magnetic field line distribution 68

5.12: E_Field(complexmag_E1) 69

5.13: E_Field(mag_E1) 69

5.14: E_Field(vector_E1) 70

5.15: H_Field(complexmag_H1) 70

5.16: H_Field(mag_H1) 71

5.17: H_Field(vector_H1) 71

5.18: E_Field(complexmag_E1) 72

5.18: E_Field(complexmag_E1) 72

5.20: E_Field(vector_E1) 73

5.21: H_Field(complexmag_H1) 73

5.22: H_Field(mag_H1) 74
5.23: H_Field(vector_H1)
74

x
 LIST OF TABLES
1.1: Dependency of Ku on length units 6

2.1: Physical values of Existing Antenna 34

3.1: Physical values of Proposed Antenna 38

5.1: Results of Proposed Antenna 75

5.2: Antenna Parameters 75

5.3: Maximum field data 76

xi
 ABBREVIATIONS
MSA- Micro-Strip Antenna

HFSS- High Frequency Structure Simulator

MoM- Method of Moments

WLAN- Wireless Local Area Network

RF- Radio Frequency

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Design and Implementation of Inset Feed Patch Antenna Using S-Band for Narrow Band Applications

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVES:
• To design a micro-strip line fed rectangular micro-strip antenna at 2.45GHz for
narrow band implementation using HFSS.
• To calculate the physical parameters required to design all the necessary elements
of antenna using standard formulae.
• To show the electromagnetic waves are trapped in the substrate, these trapped
electromagnetic energy leads to the development of surface waves
• To obtain the results like VSWR, Smith Chart, Gain, Radiation pattern, 3D-polar
plot, Return-loss, Directivity, Band-width.

1.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:

1.2.1 Fundamental concept:

Antennas are an indispensable part of any wireless communication system. In

today’s scenario, although, antenna as a device is not new to common man, but
understanding the background concept involved in the working of this device will
certainly help in designing new versatile antennas, in order to meet the stringent
requirements of wireless communication engineers.
In any wireless communication system, after a radio frequency (RF) signal has
been generated in a transmitter, some means must be used to radiate this signal
through space to a receiver. The device that does this job is the antenna. The
transmitter signal energy is sent into space by a transmitting antenna, the RF signal is
then picked up from space by a receiving antenna.
The RF energy is transmitted into space in the form of an electromagnetic field.
As the travelling electromagnetic field arrives at the receiving antenna, a voltage is
induced into the antenna (usually a conductor). The RF voltages induced into the
receiving antenna are then passed into the receiver and converted back into the
transmitted RF information
So, antennas can be thought of as a “transducer” that converts radio waves into

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electrical currents and voltages and vice versa. More specifically, these are devices
designed to radiate or receive electromagnetic energy efficiently in a prescribed
manner.
A thicker substrate increases the gain to some extent, but may lead to undesired
effects like surface wave excitation: surface waves decrease efficiency and perturb
the radiation pattern.
The ground plane should extend beyond the edges of the patch by at least 2 to 3
times the board thickness for proper operation. A ground plane that is too small will
result in a reduced front to back ratio.
Making the ground plane larger also increases the gain, but as the ground plane
size increases, diffraction near the edges plays less of a role and increasing the size of
an already “large” ground plane has very little effect on gain.
The center conductor of a coaxial line serves as the feed probe to couple
electromagnetic energy in and/or out of the patch. A thicker substrate leads to a longer
feed probe, a larger feed probe inductance and a degradation of impedance matching.
A half wave long patch operates in what we call the fundamental mode: the
electric field is zero at the center of the patch, maximum (positive) on one side, and
minimum (negative) on the opposite side. These minima and maxima continuously
change side like the phase of the RF signal.
The electric field does not stop abruptly near the patch's edges like it would in a
cavity: the field extends beyond the outer periphery. These field extensions are known
as fringing fields and cause the patch to radiate. Some popular analytic modeling
techniques for patch antennas are based on this leaky-cavity concept and the
fundamental mode of a rectangular patch is often denoted using cavity theory like the
TM10 mode.

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1.2.2 Antenna Parameters:

a. Antenna Gain:

Gain [1] is a measure of the ability of the antenna to direct the input power into
radiation in a particular direction and is measured at the peak radiation intensity.
Consider the power density radiated by an isotropic antenna with input power P0 at a
distance R which is given by

S = P0/4πR2.

An isotropic antenna radiates equally in all directions, and its radiated power
density S is found by dividing the radiated power by the area of the sphere 4πR2. An
isotropic radiator is considered to be 100% efficient. The gain of an actual antenna
increases the power density in the direction of the peak radiation

(Equation 1.1)

(Equation 1.2)

b. Antenna Efficiency:
The surface integral of the radiation intensity over the radiation sphere divided by
the input power P0 is a measure of the relative power radiated by the antenna, or the
antenna efficiency [1].

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(Equation 1.3)

Where Pr is the radiated power. Material losses in the antenna or reflected power due to
poor impedance match reduce the radiated power.

c. Effective Area:
Antennas capture power from passing waves and deliver some of it to the terminals.
Given the power density of the incident wave and the effective area [1] of the antenna, the
power delivered to the terminals is the product.

(Equation 1.4)
For an aperture antenna such as a horn, parabolic reflector, or flat-plate array,
effective area is physical area multiplied by aperture efficiency. In general, losses due to
material, distribution, and mismatch reduce the ratio of the effective area to the physical
area. Typical estimated aperture efficiency for a parabolic reflector is 55%. Even antennas
with infinitesimal physical areas, such as dipoles, have effective areas because they remove
power from passing waves.

d. Directivity:
Directivity [1] is a measure of the concentration of radiation in the direction of the
maximum.

(Equation 1.5)

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Directivity and gain differ only by the efficiency, but directivity is easily estimated
from patterns. Gain directivity times efficiency must be measured. The average radiation
can be found from a surface integral of radiation sphere of radiation intensity divided by
4П, the area

(Equation 1.6)

This is the radiated power divided by the area of a unit sphere. The radiation
intensity U(θ,φ) separates into a sum of co- and cross-polarization components:

(Equation 1.7)

Both co- and cross-polarization directivities can be

(Equation 1.8)

e. Path Loss:
We combine the gain of the transmitting antenna with the effective area of the
receiving antenna to determine delivered power and path loss. The power density at the
receiving antenna is given by equation 1.2 and the received power is given by equation
1.4. By combining the two, we obtain the path loss [1] as given below.

Antenna 1 transmits, and antenna 2 receives. If the materials in the antennas are
linear and isotropic, the transmitting and receiving patterns are identical. When we consider
antenna 2 as the transmitting antenna and antenna 1 as the receiving antenna, the path loss

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(Equation1.9)

We make quick evaluations of path loss for various units of distance R and for
frequency f in megahertz using the formula

(Equation 1.10)

(Equation 1.11)
Table 1.1 dependency of Ku on length units

where KU depends on the length units as shown in table 1.1

f. Input Impedance:

The input impedance [1] of an antenna is defined as “the impedance presented by

an antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the voltage to the current at the pair of terminals
or the ratio of the appropriate components of the electric to magnetic fields at a point”.
Hence the impedance of the antenna can be written as given below.

(Equation 1.12)

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The imaginary part, Xin of the input impedance represents the power stored in the
near field of the antenna. The resistive part, Rin of the input impedance consists of two
components, the radiation resistance Rr and the loss resistance RL. The power associated
with the radiation resistance is the power actually radiated by the antenna, while the power
dissipated in the loss resistance is lost as heat in the antenna itself due to dielectric or
conducting losses.

g. Antenna Factor
The engineering community uses an antenna connected to a receiver such as a
spectrum analyzer, a network analyzer, or an RF voltmeter to measure field strength E.
Most of the time these devices have a load resistor ZL that matches the antenna impedance.
The incident field strength Ei equals antenna factor AF times the received voltage Vrec.

We relate this to the antenna effective height:

(Equation 1.12)

AF has units meter−1 but is often given as dB(m−1). Sometimes, antenna factor [1]
is referred to the open-circuit voltage and it would be one-half the value given by equation

(Equation 1.14)

1.12. We assume that the antenna is aligned with the electric field; in other words, the
antenna polarization is the electric field component

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This measurement may be corrupted by a poor impedance match to the receiver and any
cable loss between the antenna and receiver that reduces the voltage and reduces the
calculated field strength.

h. Return Loss:
It is a parameter which indicates the amount of power that is “lost” to the load and
does not return as a reflection. Hence the RL is a parameter to indicate how well the
matching between the transmitter and antenna has taken place. Simply put it is the S11 of
an antenna. A graph of S11 of an antenna vs frequency is called its return loss [1] curve. For
optimum working such a graph must show a dip at the operating frequency and have a
minimum dB value at this frequency. This parameter was found to be of crucial importance
to our project as we sought to adjust the antenna dimensions for a fixed operating frequency
(say 1.9 GHz). A simple RL curve is shown in figure 1.1

Figure 1.1 – RL curve of an antenna

i. Radiation Pattern:
The radiation pattern [1] of an antenna is a plot of the far-field radiation properties
of an antenna as a function of the spatial co-ordinates which are specified by the elevation
angle (θ) and the azimuth angle (φ).

More specifically it is a plot of the power radiated from an antenna per unit solid
angle which is nothing but the radiation intensity. It can be plotted as a 3D graph or as a
2D polar or Cartesian slice of this 3D graph. It is an extremely parameter as it shows the

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antenna’s directivity as well as gain at various points in space. It serves as the signature
of an antenna and one look at it is often enough to realize the antenna that produced it.

Because this parameter was so important to our software simulations we needed to

understand it completely. For this purpose we obtained the 2D polar plots of radiation
patterns for a few antennas in our lab using a ScienTech antenna trainer kit shown in figure
1.2

Figure 1.2 – ScienTech Antenna Trainer

1.2.3 Types of Antenna:

Wire antennas [2]: (Fig. 1.3, 1.4 and Fig. 1.11)

• Dipole, Monopole, Loop and Helix [4]
• Usually used in personal applications, automobiles, buildings, ships, aircrafts
and space-crafts [2]

Aperture antennas [2]: (Fig. 1.5, 1.6)

• Horn antennas, waveguide opening [4]
• Usually used in aircrafts and space crafts, because these antennas can be
flush-mounted [2]

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Reflector antennas [2]: (Fig. 1.7)

• parabolic reflectors, corner reflectors [4]
• These are high gain antennas usually used in radio astronomy, microwave
communication and satellite tracking [2].
Lens antennas [2]:
• convex-plane, convex-convex, convex-concave and concave-plane lenses [4]
• These antennas are usually used for high frequency applications [2]

Micro-strip antennas [2]: (Fig. 1.8)

• rectangular, circular etc. shaped metallic patch above a ground plane [4]
• Used in aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, missiles, cars, mobile phones etc [2]

Array antennas [2]: (Fig. 1.9, 1.10, and 1.11)

• Yagi-Uda antenna, micro-strip patch array, aperture array, slotted waveguide

array [4].
• Used for very high gain applications with added advantage, such as,
controllable radiation pattern [2].

Fig 1.3 TV fixed with wire antenna [3] Fig 1.4 wire antenna [3]

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Fig 1.5 Base station with Aperture antenna [3] Fig 1.6 Aperture antenna [3]

Fig 1.7 reflector antenna [3] Fig 1.8 Micro-strip antenna [3]

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Fig 1.9 Practical Array antenna [3] Fig 1.10 Array antenna [3]

Fig 1.11 Array and wire antenna [3]

1.2.4 Micro-strip Antenna

a. Introduction

Micro-strip Antenna (MSA) in its simplest configuration (fig. 1.12) consists of a

radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate (εr= 10 ), and has a ground plane on the
other side. The patch conductor is normally of copper or gold. The dielectric constant of
the substrate should be low ( εr =2.5 ), so as to enhance the fringe fields which account for
the radiation [9]

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Fig. 1.12 Micro-strip antenna Configuration

Different types(shapes) of patches [10]:

Fig. 1.13: shapes of patch

b. Advantages of micro-strip antenna:

Micro-strip antenna has several advantages [8] compared to conventional

microwave antennas. These antennas are used in m any applications over the broad
frequency range from 100MHz o 50GHz.
Some of the principal advantages to these antennas are:

• Low weight, low cost, low profile and conformal

• Easy to fabricate and can be integrated with other micro-strip components in

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monolithic application like RFIC and MMIC.

c. Disadvantages:

• Narrow bandwidth [8].

• Radiation efficiency deteriorates as frequency and antenna array size increases

due to an increase in the feeding network losses.
• Lower power handling capacity

• Poor isolation between the feed and the radiating elements

In recent years, with the advancement of technology, efforts have been made to
minimize these effects dramatically.

d. Applications of MSA
For many practical designs, the advantages of MSA far outweigh their disadvantages.
With continuous research and development, the micro-strip antennas have been applied in
many different and successful applications. Now- a- days it is the most popular antenna in
the wireless communication market. We can find applications of MSA in many various
fields of high-tech technology which includes [8]:
• Satellite communications
• Mobile communications
• Missile telemetry
• Bio-medical radiator
• Radar system
1.2.5 Excitation techniques:
Micro-strip antennas have radiating elements on one side of a dielectric substrate,
and thus the RF power may be fed directly to the radiating patch using a connecting
element, such as micro-strip line or co-axial probe [7]. Matching is usually required
between the feed line and the antenna, because the antenna input impedance differs from
the customary 50 ohm line impedance. Matching may be achieved by properly electing the
location of the feed line.
In an another approach the micro-strip antenna can be excited by coupling the
electromagnetic wave to transfer power between the micro-strip line and the radiating

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patch, without actually contacting the radiator. Such techniques are the aperture coupling
and proximity coupling techniques [7].
a. Micro-strip Line Feed
In this type of feeding technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the
edge of the micro-strip patch as shown in Figure 1.14.
The conducting strip is smaller in width as compared to the patch and this kind of feed
arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be etched on the same substrate to provide
a planar structure.

Fig 1.14 Micro-strip Line Feed

For impedance matching between the antenna input point and the feed line,
sometimes a cut is made at the feeding edge of the antenna.The purpose of inset cut in the
patch is to match the impedance of the feed line to the patch without the need of any
additional matching element. This is achieved by properly controlling the inset position.
Hence this is easy feeding scheme, since it provides ease of fabrication and simplicity in
modeling as well as impedance matching.
However the thickness of the dielectric substrate which is used, increases surface
waves and spurious radiations also increases, which hampers the bandwidth of the antenna.
The feed radiation also leads to undesired cross polarized radiation.
i. Inset Feed:
An inset feed microstrip patch antenna is designed to increase the bandwidth and
return loss. FR4 with dielectric constant of 4.4 is used as a substrate for the proposed
antenna. FR4 has a low dielectric constant and can reduce the dielectric losses associated

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with microstrip patch antenna. The inset feed and slot improves the impedance
matching and return loss. This typically yields high input impedance. Since the current is
low at the ends of a half wave patch and increases in magnitude toward the center, the input
impedance could be reduced if the patch was fed closer to the center [8]. One method of
doing this is by using an inset feed (a distance R from the end) as shown in the figure 1.17a.
Since the current has a Sinusoidal distributions, moving in a distance R from the end will
increase the current by cos (π*R/L) - this is just nothing that the wavelength is 2*L, and so
the phase difference is 2*π*R/ (2*L) =π*R/L.

Fig 1.14a: Inset Feed

b. Coaxial Feed:
The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common technique used for feeding micro-
strip patch antennas. As shown in Figure 1.15, the inner conductor of the coaxial connector
extends through the dielectric and is soldered to the radiating patch, while the

outer conductor is connected to the ground plane.

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Fig 1.15 Coaxial/Probe fed Rectangular Micro-strip antenna

The main advantage of this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at
any desired location on the patch in order to match with its input impedance. This feed
method is easy to fabricate and has low spurious radiation. However, its major
disadvantage is that it provides narrow bandwidth and is difficult to model since a hole has
to be drilled in the substrate and the connector protrudes outside the ground plane, thus not
making it completely planar for t- hick substrate s ( h > 0.02λ0 ).
c. Aperture Coupled Feed
In this type of feeding technique, the radiating patch and the micro-strip feed line
are separated by the ground plane as shown in Figure 1.16. Coupling between the patch
and the feed line is achieved through a slot or an aperture in the ground plane.

Fig 1.16 Aperture coupled

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The coupling aperture is usually centered around the patch, leading to lower cross
polarization due to symmetry of configuration. The amount of coupling from the feed line
to patch is determined by its shape, size and location of the aperture. Since the ground plane
separates the patch and the feed line, spurious radiation is minimum. Generally a high
dielectric material is used for the bottom substrate and a thick low dielectric constant
material is used for the top substrate to optimize radiation from the patch. The major
disadvantage of this feed technique is that it is difficult to fabricate due to multiple layers
which also increases antenna thickness. The feeding scheme also provides narrow
bandwidth.

d. Proximity coupled feed:

This type of feed technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling scheme
as shown in the figure 1.17 two dielectric substrates are used such that the feed line is in
between the two substrates and the radiating patch is on the top of the upper substrate. The
main advantage of this feed technique is that it eliminates spurious feed radiation and
provides very high bandwidth, due an overall increase in the thickness of the micro-strip
antenna. This scheme also provides choice between two different dielectric media, one for
the patch and one for the feed line to optimize the individual performances

Fig 1.17: Proximity-coupled Feed

Matching can be achieved by controlling the length of the feed line and the width-
to-line ratio of the patch. The major disadvantage of his feed scheme is that it is difficult
to fabricate because of the two dielectric layers which need proper alignment. Also, there
is an increase in the overall thickness of the substrate.

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1.2.6 Methods of analysis:

There are many methods of analysis [15] for micro-strip antennas. The most popular
models are:
1.2.6.1 Transmission-line model
1.2.6.2 Cavity model
1.2.6.3 FDTD method
1.2.6.4 Finite element method
1.2.6.5 Method of moments
The transmission-line model is the easiest of all, it gives good physical insight,
but is less accurate and it is more difficult to model coupling. Compared to the
transmission-line model, the cavity model is more accurate but at the same time more
complex. However, it also gives good physical insight and is rather difficult to model
coupling, although it has been used successfully.
In general when applied properly, the full-wave models (which include primarily
integral equations/Moment Method) are very accurate, very versatile, and can treat single
elements, finite and infinite arrays, stacked elements, arbitrary shaped elements, and
coupling. However they are the most complex models and usually give less physical
insight.
Method of moments:
In statistics, the method of moments [15] is a method of estimation of population
parameters. One starts with deriving equations that relate the population moments
(i.e., the expected values of powers of the random variable under consideration) to the
parameters of interest. Then a sample is drawn and the population moments are estimated
from the sample. The equations are then solved for the parameters of interest, using the
sample moments in place of the (unknown) population moments. This results in estimates
of those parameters.

Suppose that the problem is to estimate k unknown parameters θ1, θ2………θk

characterizing the distribution fW(w; θ) of the random variable W. suppose the first k
moments of the true distribution can be expressed as function of the θs:

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Suppose a sample of size n is drawn, resulting in the values w1…..wn. For j=1…..k, let

Be the jth sample moment an estimate of µj. The method of moments estimator for θ1,

θ2………θk denoted by is defined as the solution to the equations:

Advantages and disadvantages of MoM:

The method of moments [15] is fairly simple and yields consistent estimators
(under very weak assumptions), though these estimators are often biased.

In some respects, when estimating parameters of a known family of probability

distributions, this method was superseded by Fisher's method of maximum likelihood,
because maximum likelihood estimators have higher probability of being close to the
quantities to be estimated and are more often unbiased.

However, in some cases the likelihood equations may be intractable without

computers, whereas the method-of-moments estimators can be quickly and easily
calculated by hand.

Estimates by the method of moments may be used as the first approximation to the
solutions of the likelihood equations, and successive improved approximations may

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then be found by the Newton-Raphson method. In this way the method of moments can
assist in finding maximum likelihood estimates.

In some cases, infrequent with large samples but not so infrequent with small
samples, the estimates given by the method of moments are outside of the parameter space;
it does not make sense to rely on them then. That problem never arises in the method of
maximum likelihood. Also, estimates by the method of moments are not necessarily
sufficient statistics, i.e., they sometimes fail to take into account all relevant information in
the sample.

When estimating other structural parameters (e.g., parameters of a utility function,

instead of parameters of a known probability distribution), appropriate probability
distributions may not be known, and moment-based estimates may be preferred to
maximum likelihood estimation.

Transmission line Models:

This model represents the microstrip antenna by two slots of width W and height
L, separated by a transmission line of length L. The microstrip is essentially a non
homogeneous line of two dielectrics, typically the substrate and air. Hence, most of the
electric field lines reside in the substrate and parts of some lines in air. As a result, this
transmission line cannot support pure transverse-electric-magnetic (TEM) mode of
transmission, since the phase velocities would be different in the air and the substrate.
Instead, the dominant mode of propagation would be the quasi-TEM mode. Hence, an
effective dielectric constant (𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ) must be obtained in order to account for the fringing
and the wave propagation in the line. The value of 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 is slightly less than 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 because the
fringing fields around the periphery of the patch are not confined in the dielectric substrate
but are also spread in air.

The expression for 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 is given by

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Where:

𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 : Effective dielectric constant

𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 : Dielectric constant of substrate

h : Height of dielectric substrate

W : Width of the patch

The lowest order mode TM01 resonates when the effective length of the rectangular
patch is half wavelength. Radiation occurs from the fringing fields. For the principal E-
plane, the dimensions of the patch along its length have been extended on each end by
atance ∆L, which is a function of the effective dielectric constant and the width-to-height
ratio (W/h). The extension of length is given by

The actual length L of the patch is given as

Hence the effective length of the patch is now

The width of the patch is given as

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1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY:

[1]. C.A. Balanis, “Antenna theory analysis and design”, third edition, Wiley, New
Jersey:
This could help us with the entire fundamental concept related to antenna
and its parameters were also drawn from the same. A true basic version of a Micro-
strip Antenna has been explained in this book which formed as a basis to design
our Antenna with several modifications in its physical and fundamental elements.
[2]. www.tutorialpoint.com:
This particular site assisted us with the types of antenna its applications
which was very satisfactory and was represented in a very clear way. Many
applications of antenna have been explained here from which we could draw the
necessary content for our particular project’s application which is nothing but for
narrow band communication. All the wireless communication applications are
explained here from which a theory based on satellite communications was taken.
[3]. www.pinterest.com:
It helped us with best possible images of all the different antennas. All the
related images of different antenna are available in this site from which basic model
of micro-strip antenna is shown from which we could construct a rough idea about
the physical representation of the Antenna models. So that we those would help us
in analyzing our’s.
[4]. www.quora.com:
This site provided us with the examples of different types of antenna. All
the categories and sub-categories related to Antenna and different examples of each
Antenna are listed here which made to analyze different Antennas and come back
to our Antenna with numerous examples and their applications as well.

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[5]. www.wikipedia.com:
This provided us with the basics of dielectric material FR4. This site
consisted of all the required data related to the different substrate materials required
for constructing an Antenna and properties of each substrate are explained in detail.
Among all these theory on FR4 is explained with each and every minute detail about
it.
[6]. www.edaboard.com:
This provided us with the characteristics of the dielectric material FR4
which is used in the design of antenna. Advantages, Disadvantages of FR4 are also
drawn from this particular site.
[7]. Amit kumar, Jaspreeth kaur, Rajinder singh, “Performance analysis of different
feeding techniques”, in “International Journal of Emerging Technology and
Advanced Engineering”, Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2015:
This paper describes the performance analysis of different feeding
techniques for wireless micro-strip antenna. In this paper four types of feeding
techniques i.e. Micro-strip line feed, Coaxial probe feed, Aperture coupled,
Proximity coupled. Paper describes and gives a better understanding of design
parameters of an antenna and their effect on return loss, bandwidth, VSWR,
resonant frequency.
[8]. www.antennaworld.com:
This provided with basics related to the micro-strip antenna its advantages,
disadvantages as well.
[9]. www.electronicsforu.com:
This gave a detailed description about applications of the micro-strip
antenna.
[10]. Sumanpreet kaur Sidhu, Jagtar Singh Sivia, “Comparison of different types of
micro-strip antenna” in “International journal of computer applications (0975-
8887)”, 2016.
This helped us with the different shapes of patch of antenna. In this paper,
micro-strip antenna with six different shapes i.e. rectangular, circular, square,
elliptical, pentagonal and hexagonal are implemented using HFSS. Antennas are

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designed using Rogers RT/duroid 5880 material with dielectric constant 2.2 and
thickness 3.2 mm. The operating frequency taken here is 7.5 GHz. The antenna is
fed with probe feed.
[11]. www.pasternack.com:
This site gave all the details related to mathematical formulae required to
calculate the dimensions of elements of antenna.
[12]. www.ansys.com:
This site is very beneficial to the learners as it provides a detailed and clear
explanation about HFSS software. It gives the explanation about the performance
of the HFSS tool. It also provides analysis on all the details like its level of
simulation, accuracy etc.
[13]. www.researchgate.com:
This site helped us with advantages, disadvantages of HFSS software.
Comparison with other software is also shown in this site. Each and every software
is analyzed separately.
[14]. www.slideshare.com:
This site provided us with the procedure to be followed to design the
proposed antenna using HFSS software. Steps to be followed, in every software are
clearly listed out.
[15]. www.statisticshowto.com:
This site helped us with the entire content related to method of moments
(MoM) including the mathematical formulae of it, advantages, disadvantages as
well. All the methods of analysis like FDTD, Finite moments are also analyzed
here. Comparison among all the methods had been carried out
[16]. www.scribd.com:
This helped us with the future work of the proposed antenna up-to certain
extent.
[17]. www.shodhganga.com:
This helped with the future scope of the antenna completely along with its
application.

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[18]. Rashid A. Saeed, Sabira khatun, “Design of Micro-strip Antenna for WLAN” in
“Journal of applied sciences”, 2015:
This formed as an initial basis for us to prepare with the technical content
related to the design. This study presents theoretical investigation and simulation
of Input Impedance behavior of nearly square single fed aperture coupled micro-
strip antenna that can satisfy the narrowband WLAN applications with 2.4 GHz
band with 80 MHz bandwidth.
[19]. A. Elrashidi, K. Elleithy, Hassan Bajwa, “the fringing field and resonance
frequency of cylindrical micro-strip printed antenna as a function of curvature” in
“CiteSeerX.ist.psu.edu”, May 2017:
This made us understand the concept behind the radiation of micro-strip
antenna i.e. “fringing fields effect” can be understood from this. The main reason
behind the virtual length extension of patch is due to fringing fields.
[20]. Neha Ahuja, Rajesh Khanna, Jaswinder kaur, “Design of single band rectangular
patch antenna for WLAN application” in “International conference on recent
advances and future trends in Information technology”, 2015:
This provided us the advanced and standard knowledge on the micro-strip
antenna and HFSS tool as well. In this paper, micro-strip antenna for WLAN
application is proposed. The antenna has a frequency bandwidth of 196 MHz (5103
MHz to 5300 MHz). The basic theory and design are analyzed and simulation using
CST Microwave studio commercial software is employed to optimize the antenna
properties.
[21]. Sayed Salim Sayeed, Ashish Singh, Kamakshi, Mohd. Aneesh, J.A. Ansari, “
Analysis of C-shaped compact micro-strip line fed rectangular patch antenna for
dual band operation” in “Journal of Electrical Engineering”, September 2016.
This base paper formed as a referral to the advanced knowledge on the
feeding technique i.e. micro-strip line feed. Design specifications of the micro- strip
line feed is available in it. In this paper, analysis of micro-strip line fed compact C-
shaped rectangular patch antenna is proposed. The proposed antenna shows dual
band operations which depend on notch dimensions as well as length and width of
micro-strip line. The frequency of operation is 4 GHz.

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[22]. Ch. Sulakshana and L. Anjaneyulu, “A coplanar waveguide fed Rectangular

Reconfigurable patch antenna with Switchable strips for polarization diversity” in
“Defence Science Journal”, Volume 64, January 2015: This is the most preferred
base paper by us due to its clarity and detailed description of the proposed method.
This is closely related to our base paper and the our proposed structure nearly looks
like the one designed in this base paper. A compact single feed rectangular patch
antenna with reconfigurable circular polarization has been proposed in this paper.
Substrate used is FR4 with thickness of 3mm. Two rectangular strips are connected
through switches at sideways of the main patch to get polarization diversity.

[23]. Effects of dielectric permittivity on radiation characteristics of co-axially feed

rectangular patch antenna:

In this paper author discuss about various dielectric materials and its effects on
radiation characteristics of rectangular patch antenna such as resonance frequency,
bandwidth, gain, return loss, input impedance, radiation pattern and current
distributions are investigated. And the dielectric material selected here having zero
loss tangent. Here there is only small space between radiating element and ground
plane main power is radiated towards broad size co-axial probe feed is used here
outer conductor is connected to ground plane and the inner conductor of co-axial
connector is extends through dielectric and soldered to patch. Inner conductor of
co-axial cable transfers the power from strip line to microstrip antenna from slot in
the ground plane. Here different substrates used to compare the return loss.

[24]. Design of compact microstrip antenna using ceramic substrate:

Here, the proposed idea is to model the microstrip antenna with new material for
substrate having very high dielectric constant. The basic idea of this paper is to get
the desired functioning of microstrip patch antenna with less size with respect to
height and width of the substrate as well as the patch with the use of ceramic
substrate. The substrate used in this design is belongs to ceramic family which is
named by forsterite. By using this ceramic family substrate efficient and concise
antenna is designed. It gave the effect on the radiations and bandwidth of the
antenna. This substrate (forsterite) has the dielectric constant 6.2. this substrate has
low microwave loss, good insulation at high temperatures, and as smooth surface.
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This ceramic substrate has high coefficient of thermal expansion, it bonds easily
with metals and glass. Its resonant frequency is equals to 1.80GHz with the help of
this substrate the dimensions of the antenna are greatly reduced. The bandwidth
efficiency and directivity of this suggested model is also enhanced at low cost.
Moreover, due to such a high dielectric constant material reduces the robustness
and mechanical stability of the antenna.

[25]. Patch antenna design analysis for wireless communication:

A simulation of sixteen (hexadecimal) faced microstrip patch antenna design using

slot on the edge is discussed here. Here probe fed model is used. The simulated
results of the antenna achieve the radiation parameters such as s-parameter radiation
pattern and VSWR. In s-parameter. The parameter value reaches less than -10dB
for the resonant frequencies 0.9GHz, 0.87GHz to 0.90GHz and VSWR value is
obtained as less than 2 for that same frequency. This antenna will be useful for
900MHz band in wireless communication application.

[26]. Rectangular microstrip patch antenna using co-axial probe feeding tecnique to
operate in S-Band:

Here, the design of antenna is based on rectangular microstrip antenna. Its operating
frequency is from 2GHz to 2.5GHz. Substrate used here is Flame Retardant 4 with
the thickness of 1.6mm and its dielectric constant is approximately 4.4 and fed type
used here is probe-fed. The return loss of the antenna obtained is -23dB at the center
frequency of 2.25GHz. From this, it indicates that the 9.61% of power is reflected
and 90.84% of power is transmitted. The bandwidth obtained from the return loss
result is 2% which signifies 46MHz. A perfectly matched antenna would have a
VSWR of 1:1. This indicates how much power is reflected back or transferred into
a cable. VSWR obtained from this antenna design is 1.13dB which is approximately
equals to 1.1:1. This indicates that the level of mismatch is not very high.

[27]. Frequency reconfigurable microstrip circular patch antenna for wireless devices:

Here, frequency reconfigurable circular antenna design is proposed. In this, antenna

a circular patch antenna with circular slot using two pin diode at the center

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frequency 10 GHz was designed and simulated frequency reconfiguration is

achieved in the frequency range of 9.69-10.2GHz. The substrate used is FR-4 with
its permittivity of 4.54 and thickness of 1.6mm. The dimensions of the microstrip
circular patch element were calculated at the center frequency of 10GHz by
conventional design procedure. Here, electromagnetic simulation software was
used to simulate the proposed structure. Frequency reconfigurations were achieved
for three different cases. Case i) when both diodes was in off-states Case ii) when
one-diode is in on-state Case iii) when both diode is on on-state. In first case, the
return loss is -14.84dB at the resonant frequency of 9.69GHz. In second case, the
return loss is -11.87dB at the resonant frequency of 9.83GHz. Where as in third
case, the return loss is -13.84dB at the resonant frequency of 10.18GHz.

[28]. Reconfigurable microchip patch antenna using mems technology:

Here, the design of reconfigurable microchip patch antenna is based on MEMS

technology. Operating frequency is in the range of 5-8GHz for the application of
wireless communication has been designed. MEMS based switch is inserted in the
patch to control its configuration patch antenna using switchable slots shows
different resonant features with different states of the switch. Here, capacitive type
MEMS switch is used. Fed line width is 1.5564mm and fed-line length is
2.456mm.in this design return loss of -10dB is obtained and VSWR lie in the range
of 1-2 which is achieved for all frequencies. Resonant frequency of 6GHz was
designed. Different operating frequency of 5.38, 5.68, 5.75GHz were obtained
using RF MEMS switch.

[29]. Design and simulation of microstrip patch array antenna for wireless
communication at 2.4GHz:

Here, rectangular microstrip patch array antenna at 2.4GHz for wireless

communications that provides a radiation pattern along a wide angle of bean and
achieves a gain of 11.6db. In this, author designed an array of rectangular patch
antenna of the center frequency 2.4GHz sweeping between 1.2-3.6GHz. And the
substrate used here is Rogers/duroid 5880 for analyzing the antenna transmission
line model is used. The fed type used here is edge type feeding. The performance
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parameters were achieved with gain 12db and beam width 40degree in E-plane and
26 degrees in H-plane for patch array antenna.

[30]. 2.45GHz microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure for Bluetooth:

In this paper, author analyzed rectangular patch antenna with DGS (Defected
Ground Structure) for wireless application. Their antenna design simulated at
2.45GHz frequency. And their feeding technique is done by quarter transformer
feeding. This feeding is mostly used for impedance matching. Here, they used
rectangular patch antenna. This patch antenna dimension is 15mmx18mm using the
dielectric substrate having permittivity 3.2 and thickness is 0.762mm. The
dimension of quarter transformer feed which is used for a rectangular patch antenna
of the resonant frequency 5GHz are length 9.5mm and width 0.56mm and feed line
width is 1.83mm which results in a good match with 50ohm.

1.4 THESIS OUTLINE:

1. Chapter 1: This chapter discusses the objectives of the project, literature survey done
for the project, thesis outline and introduction to the topic which includes basics like
Antenna types, its applications, shapes of patch, feeding techniques, Micro-strip
antenna concept, Antenna parameters etc.

2. Chapter 2: This deals with theoretical background, existing and proposed methods done for the
project.
3. Chapter 3: Here comes the implementation of the proposed method including Algorithm,
flowchart.
4. Chapter 4: This chapter deals with software description along with the procedure to be
followed for simulation to be done using this software.
5. Chapter 5: This chapter deals with the results and output waveforms obtained
after simulation of the designed Antenna.

6. Chapter 6: This chapter contains the conclusion and future scope of proposed
method.

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CHAPTER 2

EXISTING METHOD

2.1 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND:

Microstrip antennas, in recent years, have been one of the most innovative topics
in antenna theory and design. The basic idea of microstrip antenna came from utilizing
printed circuit technology not only for the circuit component and transmission lines but
also for the radiating elements of an electronic system. They are used in wide range of
modern microwave applications because of their simplicity and compatibility with printed-
circuit technology. It is easy to manufacture and either as stand-alone elements or as
elements of arrays. A microstrip antenna in its simplest form consists of a rectangular (or
other shapes such as circular, triangular …) on top of a substrate which is backed by a
ground plane [9]. There are various types of feeding methods available for patch antennas.
In general, the microstrip antenna is fed either by strip line or coaxial line. In either case,
electromagnetic energy is first guided along the feed line to the region under patch, which
acts like a resonant cavity with open circuits on the sides. Some of the energy leaks out of
the cavity and radiates into space, resulting in antenna. There is another form of non-
contracting feed available, called aperture coupled. The aperture coupled feed eliminates
feed-line radiation and also allows thick substrate as probe reactance is not an issue.
Microstrip antennas radiate a relatively broad beam broad-side to the plane of the substrate.
Thus the microstrip antenna has very low profile, and can be fabricated using printed circuit
techniques. This implies that the antenna can be made conformable and potentially at low
cost. In microstrip antennas, linear and circular polarizations are possible with simple feed.
They can easily be used to fabricate dual-frequency and dual-polarization antennas. Some
other advantages include easy fabrication into linear or planar arrays, and easy integration
with microwave integrated circuits [10], [11]. Some of the disadvantages of microstrip
antenna configurations include narrow bandwidth, spurious feed radiation, poor
polarization purity, excitation of surface waves, limited power capacity, and tolerance
problem. In microstrip antennas, the dielectric and conductor losses can be large for thin
patches resulting in poor antenna efficiency. Sensitivity to environmental factors such as
temperature and humidity are also an issue with microstrip antennas. However, narrow

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bandwidth disadvantage of patch antenna turns out to be advantage for RFID reader as
RFID applications do not need much bandwidth because antenna rejects the signals that
are out of the band and accordingly increases the quality factor [12].

2.2 INTRODUCTION TO EXISTING METHOD:

The most preferable way to transfer information within a short range within narrow
band frequencies using wireless technology is WLAN, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Wi-Max etc. For
the wireless communication to come into existing there is a need of Antenna. The Antenna
required for this purpose is Micro-strip Antenna. A Micro-strip Antenna is booming in
recent times because of its low profile and ease of installation. The added advantage of
Micro- strip Antenna is that it supports Linear and Circular polarization as well. At the
same time there are disadvantages of Micro-strip Antenna like narrow band width, surface
wave excitation. The substrate used in the construction of Antenna is FR4 [5] which has a
very dielectric constant value 4.4 which is beneficial for applications which need to operate
in humid conditions and acts as excellent electrical insulator [6]. The only disadvantage by
using FR4 epoxy is increased losses [6]. Micro strip patch antennae can be fed by a variety
of different methods [1]. The four most popular feed techniques used for the Micro strip
patch are

• Inset feed

• Pin feed

• Aperture coupling

• Proximity coupling

This typically yields high input impedance. Since the current is low at the ends of
a half wave patch and increases in magnitude toward the center, the input impedance could
be reduced if the patch was fed closer to the center [8]. One method of doing this is by
using an inset feed (a distance R from the end) as shown in the figure 4.9. Since the current
has a sinusoidal distributions, moving in a distance R from the end will increase the current
by cos (π*R/L) - this is just nothing that the wavelength is 2*L, and so the phase difference
is 2*π*R/ (2*L) =π*R/L.

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2.3 PHYSICAL REPRESENTATION OF EXISTING ANTENNA:

The designed antenna consists of infinite Ground upon which an FR4 substrate is
fabricated whose dielectric constant is 4.4 and a finally a rectangular patch has been
fabricated on the top to produce radiation along with two switchable strips. There is a CPW
feed to give excitation to the designed structure.

Fig 2.1 Physical structure of Existing model

2.4 STANDARD FORMULAE TO DESIGN MICRO STRIP ANTENNA:

There are some standard formulae which have to be followed to calculate the
length, width, height of the elements used in the antenna design. They are as follows

Effective dielectric constant:

𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 + 1 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 − 1 ℎ
𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = + √(1 + 12 )
2 2 𝑊𝑊
Effective length of the patch: L eff = c/(2f0𝜀𝜀 reff)1/2
))
𝑊𝑊
(𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 +0.3)( + . )
ℎ 0 264
Extended length of patch: ∆L=0.412(𝜀𝜀 −0.258)( 𝑊𝑊 )
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + .
ℎ 08

Actual length (L): Leff - 2∆L

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Width of patch (W): c √2

2fr √𝜀𝜀r + 1
Length of the ground and substrate (Lg) = 6h + L

Width of the ground and substrate (Wg) = 6h + W

Length of the feed line (l): λ0

4√ εr
Tabular representation of physical values considered for the design of Antenna:
Table 2.1 Physical values of Existing Antenna
Length of the patch 10mm
Width of the patch 15mm
Length of the ground and substrate 15.3mm
Width of the ground and substrate 6mm
Height of the substrate 3mm
Dielectric constant 4.3
Length of the feed line 3.6mm
Width of the feed line 7mm
Operating frequency 4GHz
Speed of light (c) 3*108 m/sec

2.5 PROPOSED METHOD:

Microstrip patch antennas are popular due their light weight, low profile and
easy to fabrication with monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). Due to their
compact and planar structure Microstrip antennas are popular for their attractive features like:
light weight, low profile, ease of fabrication and compatibility with Monolithic Microwave
Integrated Circuits (MMICs). Due to their planar structure and compactness these antennas
are better to use for applications like satellite and wireless communications [13]. Popularity
of the wireless network has been increased to meet the need of consumer demand in today’s
advancements in wireless technology.

Despite some disadvantages like low efficiency, narrow bandwidth, less gain
because of their small size and high return loss of microstrip patch antennas these antennas

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are very popular. By making some modifications like slot cut and different shapes many
researchers have try to overcome the demerits of these antennas [18]. The return loss of
antenna is controlled by proper impedance matching of feed line and patch. The inset feeding
is one of the popular techniques for perfect matching. Impedance of patch varies with feeding
location like the coaxial probe feed patch. Various antenna performance parameters can be
controlled by proper feeding technique and location [24]. Since this typically yields a high
input impedance, we would like to modify the feed. Since the current is low at the ends of a
half-wave patch and increases in magnitude toward the center, the input impedance (Z=V/I)
could be reduced if the patch was fed closer to the center. One method of doing this is by
using an inset feed. The rectangular patch is one of the more common types of patch antennas.
This antenna is designed using a rectangular piece of electric conductor situated above a
ground plane. Note that the wavelength depends on the material situated between the ground
plane and the patch; meaning when air is between the patch and ground, the length of the
rectangle electric conductor is 1/2 of the free-space wavelength (λ). If the antenna is loaded
with different dielectrics, the length of the antenna decreases as the dielectric constant
increases. The natural input impedance of a patch antenna dependent on where within the
patch the feed is located If the feed is located closer to the edge of the patch the input
impedance will be high, if the feed is located closer to the center of the patch the impedance
will be low. Below is the standard input impedance of an inset fed patch antenna at 2.45GHz.

There are many different ways to feed a patch antenna, the inset fed patch
antenna is fed via a microstrip feed line connected to a specific point within the patch.
Through varying the location of where the microstrip connects to the patch antenna the
measured input impedance can be controlled.

The Microstrip patch antenna is a little different than many antennas, as the
structure itself does not radiate, but rather the edge gaps between the patch and the ground
plane. This can be visualized below. line is situated directly above where the patch radiates
from, this effects the pattern of the patch antenna and what applications it can be used in.

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CHAPTER 3

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED METHOD

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROPOSED METHOD:

The most preferable way to transfer information within a short range within a
narrow band frequency using wireless technology is Satellite Radio applications like XM-
radio and also for Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WLAN, Zigbee etc. For the wireless communication
to come into existing there is a need of Antenna. The Antenna required for this purpose is
Micro-strip Antenna. A Micro-strip Antenna is booming in recent times because of its low
profile and ease of installation. The added advantage of Micro- strip Antenna is that it
supports Linear and Circular polarization as well. At the same time there are disadvantages
of Micro-strip Antenna like narrow band width, surface wave excitation. The substrate used
in the construction of Antenna is FR4 which has a very dielectric constant value 4.4 which
is beneficial for applications which need to operate in humid conditions and acts as
excellent electrical insulator. The only disadvantage by using FR4 epoxy is increased
losses.

The feeding technique used for this application is Micro-strip line [21] which can
be placed at any desired location on the patch in order to match impedance. It has low
spurious radiations and low cost. The software used for the design and simulation of the
structure is HFSS MoM based electromagnetic simulator. The advantage of using HFSS is
that it can simulate complex structure with ease and unlike other tools it gives feedback on
the errors along with the details about errors. It breaks the lengthy procedure of prototyping.
The operating frequency here is 2.45GHz [18].

3.2 PHYSICAL DESIGN OF PROPOSED METHOD:

The designed antenna consists of infinite Ground upon which an FR4 substrate is
fabricated whose dielectric constant is 4.4 and a finally a rectangular patch has been
fabricated on the top to produce radiation. There is a micro-strip feed to give excitation to
the designed structure.

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Fig 3.1: Physical appearance of proposed structure

3.3 STANDARD FORMULAE TO DESIGN PATCH ANTENNA:

There are some standard formulae which have to be followed to calculate the
length, width, height of the elements used in the antenna design. They are as follows [11]

𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 +1 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 −1 ℎ
Effective dielectric constant: 𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = + √(1 + 12 )
2 2 𝑊𝑊

Effective length of the patch: Leff = c/(2f0𝜀𝜀 reff)

1/2
))
𝑊𝑊
(𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 +0.3)( + . )
ℎ 0 264
Extended length of patch: ∆L=0.412(𝜀𝜀 𝑊𝑊
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 −0.258)(ℎ+0.8)

Actual length (L): Leff - 2∆L

Width of patch (W): c √2

2fr √𝜀𝜀r + 1
Length of the ground and substrate (Lg) = 6h + L

Width of the ground and substrate (Wg) = 6h + W

Length of the feed line (l)= λ0

4√ εr
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Tabular representation of physical values considered for the design of Antenna

Table 3.1: Physical values of Proposed Antenna

Length of the ground and substrate 70mm

Width of the ground and substrate 70mm
Height of the substrate 3.6mm
Operating frequency 2.45GHz
Dielectric constant 4.4
Width of the strip-line 2.8mm
Length of the strip-line 33mm
Speed of light (c) 3*108m/sec

3.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED METHOD:

Fig 3.2 Ground

Fig 3.2 is the lowest layer in Micro-strip antenna which is called infinite ground
which forms a base for substrate, patch and strip line fabrication.

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Fig 3.3 Substrate

Fig 3.3 shows the substrate used in proposed Antenna is FR4 epoxy whose dielectric constant
value is 4.4. It acts as an excellent electrical insulator and exhibits zero water absorption
phenomenon.

Fig 3.4 Patch

Fig 3.4 is the radiating element of the Antenna i.e. it produces the output radiation
which is excited with the help a feeding technique (Micro-strip line).

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Fig 3.5: Micro-strip line feed

Fig 3.5 is the feed line which we have given for the excitation of the Antenna. This has
low spurious radiations. It is an edge feed techniques confined to planar structure of the
Antenna.

Fig 3.6: Excitation at lumped port

Fig 3.6 is giving excitation or the signal to be radiated to the lumped port which is
nothing but input port for the micro-strip line feed. It travels through strip line and
reaches the antenna.

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Fig 3.7 Air box

Fig 3.7 shows the Air box or radiation box is used to represent the extent up to which
the signal radiated by the Antenna does not undergo maximum loss or attenuation.

Fig 3.8 Finite conductor-1

Fig 3.8 is the Finite Conductor-1 given to the ground so that there won’t be any
losses due spreading of radiation outside the ground.

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Fig 3.9 Finite Conductor-2

Fig 3.9 represents the Finite Conductor-2 given to the patch to restrict any energy
leakage from the patch.

Fig 3.10 Boundary condition to the air box

Fig 3.10 is the boundary condition given to the air box for getting perfect results by
confining the air box without loss of energy from it. We can be sure while observing
outputs that this is perfect and restricted to certain Air box so there won’t be any errors.

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Fig 3.11: validation check up

Fig 3.11 makes us sure that the entire design which we have done is absolutely right.

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CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator):

ANSYS HFSS software [12] is the industry standard for simulating high- frequency
electromagnetic fields. Its gold-standard accuracy, advanced solvers and high-
performance computing technologies make it an essential tool for engineers tasked with
executing accurate and rapid design in high-frequency and high-speed electronic devices
and platforms. HFSS offers state-of the-art solver technologies based on finite element,
integral equation, asymptotic and advanced hybrid methods to solve a wide range of
microwave, RF and high-speed digital applications.

HFSS delivers 3-D full-wave accuracy for components to enable RF and high-
speed design. By leveraging advanced electromagnetic field simulators dynamically linked
to powerful harmonic-balance and transient circuit simulation, HFSS breaks the cycle of
repeated design iterations and lengthy physical prototyping. With HFSS, engineering teams
consistently achieve best-in-class design in a broad range of applications including
antennas, phased arrays, passive RF/mW components, high-speed interconnects,
connectors, IC packaging and PCBs [13].

Design sign-off accuracy is provided by HFSS through its groundbreaking and

industry-leading adaptive meshing technology. Its powerful meshing and solver
technologies enable you to design with confidence, knowing the results provided by HFSS
can be relied on. Other tools simply give answers without any feedback regarding the
accuracy of the solution, leading to uncertainty. When combined with ANSYS HPC
technologies, like domain decomposition or distributed frequencies, HFSS can simulate at
a speed and scale never before thought possible, further allowing you to more fully explore
and optimize your device’s performance. With HFSS you know your designs will deliver
on their product promise.

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4.2 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED IN HFSS FOR SIMULATING ANY ANTENNA:

• STARTING ANSOFT HFSS

Click the Microsoft Start Button, Select Programs and Select the
Ansoft>HFSS9>HFSS9 or Double click the HFSS9 icon on the desktop [14].

Fig 4.1 Getting started with HFSS

• Creating Projects:

On the File menu, click New. You specify the name of the project when you save it
using the File>Save or File>Save As. Open a previously saved project using the File>Open
command.

Fig 4.2 Process of simulation in HFSS

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Fig 4.3 Ansoft desktop

Fig 4.4 Project manager window

To set up an HFSS design, follow this general procedure. Note that after you insert a
design, you do not need to perform the steps sequentially, but they must be completed
before a solution can be generated.

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I - Insert an HFSS design into aproject.

1) On the Project menu, click Insert HFSS Design

The new design is listed in the project tree. It is named HFSS Design by default,
where n is the order in which the design was added to the project. The 3D Modeler window
appears to the right of the Project Manager. You can now create the model geometry.

Fig 4.5 Axis

II -Selecting the Solution Type

Before you draw the model, specify the design’s solution type.

1) On the HFSS menu, click Solution Type. The Solution Type dialog box appears.

Fig 4.6 solution type setting

2) Select Driven Modal in the solution types.

We select Driven Modal as our model is a rectangular waveguide and Driven modal is used
for calculating the mode-based S-parameters of passive, high-frequency structures such as
micro-strips, waveguides, and transmission lines, which are “driven” by a source.

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III- Setting the Model’s Units of Measurement

You can then choose to display the model’s dimensions in the new units, or rescale the
model’s dimensions to the new units.

To set the model’s units of measurement:

1. On the 3D Modeler menu, click Units. The Set Model Units dialog box appears.

Fig 4.7 model units setting

2. Select the new units for the model from the Select units pull-down list.

You can select the Rescale to new units option to rescale the dimensions to the new units.
Clear the Rescale to new units option (the default) to convert the dimensions to the new
units without changing their scale

3. Click OK to apply the new units to themodel.

IV- Drawing a Model

You can create 3D objects by using HFSS’s Draw commands. Objects are drawn in the
3D-Modeler window. To draw a WR-90 Rectangular waveguide,

1. On the HFSS menu, click Draw. The Draw dialog box appears-> Select Box

Fig 4.8a drawing box procedure

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Fig 4.8b drawing box

2. Dimensions of the box can be specified while drawing the box .At the lower end of the
screen on the right is the Coordinate entry fields.

3. Enter the Initial XYZ coordinates and then enter the length in XY&Z direction in dX,
dY & dZ. For e.g to draw the box with initial point to be origin and propagation along X
axis. Since it is a WR-90 rectangular waveguide the dimensions are a=2.286cm,
b=1.016cm.

Once you draw the box the properties window opens up, you can also specify the
coordinates and size of the box here

.
Fig 4.9 Create box window
The properties window can also be obtained by

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Fig 4.10 Properties window

V- Assigning Materials

1) Right click on the 3D Modeler Window to get the 3D Modeler menu.

2) On the 3D Modeler menu, click Assign Material.

Fig 4.11 Selecting faces

3) The Select Definition window appears. By default, it lists all of the materials in
Ansoft’s global material library as well as the project’s local material library.

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Fig 4.12 Selection of definition window

4. Select a material from the list. Select Air or vacuum for the whole box as our
rectangular waveguide is not filled with any dielectric.

5. Click OK.

6. The material you chose is assigned to the object.

VI- Assigning Boundaries

Boundary conditions specify the field behavior at the edges of the problem region and
object interfaces.

Fig 4.13 Assigning boundaries

1) Right click on the 3D Modeler Window to select faces.

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Fig 4.14 Select Face

2) Click on the faces to select the faces which are to be assigned to be a perfect conductor.

3) On the HFSS menu, click Boundaries. Select Assign and choose Finite conductivity.

Fig 4.15 Assigning Finite Conductivity

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Fig 4.16 perfect boundary selection

Assign Finite conductivity to 4 faces excluding the Port 1 and Port 2

VII- Assigning Excitations

Excitations in HFSS are used to specify the sources of electromagnetic fields and charges,
currents, or voltages on objects or surfaces in the design.

Assigning excitations is a two step process

a) Assign Port

b) Assign an Integration Lines or Terminal lines separately for each modes

a) Assigning Ports

1. Select the object face to which you want to assign theport.

2. Click HFSS>Excitations>Model>Wave Port.

Wave port represents the surface through which a signal enters or exits the geometry. Hence
2 ports are required to be defined. HFSS assumes that each wave port you define is
connected to a semi-infinitely long waveguide that has the same cross-section and material
properties as the port. HFSS generates a solution by exciting each wave port individual

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Fig 4.17 Assigning ports

3. The Wave Port wizard appears.

4. Type the port’s name in the Name text box or accept the default name, and then click
Next.

1. To specify more than one mode to analyze at the port, type a new value in the Number of
Modes box, and then click Update. The mode spreadsheet is updated to include the total
number of modes

Fig 4.18 selection of number of modes

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b) Defining Integration Line

An integration line needs to be specified to define a port mode. Since we are analyzing the
WR-90 waveguide for the first 4 modes we need to specify 4 integration lines

1. Select New Line from the mode’s Integration Line list.

2. The dialog box disappears while you draw thevector

Fig 4.19 Port edit dialog box

3. Select the start point of the vector in one of the following ways

Click the point. Or Type the point’s coordinates in the X, Y, and Z boxes at the lower end
of the screen

4. Select the endpoint of the vector using the mouse or the keyboard. The endpoint
defines the direction and length of the integrationline.

5. The Wave Port or Lumped Port dialog boxreappears.

VIII- Solution Setup

a. Adaptive solution setup

b. Frequency solution setup

a. Adaptive solution setup

1. On the HFSS menu, point to Analysis Setup, and then click Add Solution Setup

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Fig 4.20 Adaptive solution setup

2. The Solution Setup dialog box appears. It is divided among the following tabs:

General - Includes general solution settings

Advanced - Includes advanced settings for initial mesh generation and adaptive analysis

Ports - (if a port was defined) Includes mesh generation options for model ports

Defaults - Enables you to save the current settings as the defaults for future
solution setups or revert the current settings to HFSS’s standard settings.

3. Click the General tab.

3a. For Driven solution type, do the following:

• Enter the Solution Frequency in the frequency units.

The minimum value for adaptive Mesh Frequency is 2/3rd of the final frequency
required .Although it is recommended to just adapt to the Final frequency. Since
we are analyzing the first 4 modes of the WR-90 waveguide the Cut-Off Frequency
of the last mode is 16 GHz. Hence the Final Frequency is a value, which is higher
than that. For e.g. 20 GHz
• Enter the Maximum Number of Passes = 10
The Maximum Number of Passes value is the maximum number of mesh
refinement cycles that you would like HFSS to perform. This value is a stopping
criterion for the adaptive solution; if the maximum number of passes has been
completed, the adaptive analysis stops. If the maximum number of passes has not

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been completed, the adaptive analysis will continue unless the convergence
criteria are reached
• Enter the Delta s = 0.002
The delta S is the change in the magnitude of the S-parameters between two
consecutive passes.

4.Click Ok

Fig 4.21 Solution frequency setup

b. Frequency Sweep setup

1. In the HFSS menu Select Analysis Setup and then select Addsweep

Fig 4.22(a) Analysis Setup Fig 4.22(b) Select Add frequency

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2. The Edit Sweep Dialog Box opens.

3. Select Discrete and enter the Start and stop Frequency. Since we are analyzing the first
4 modes of the WR-90 waveguide the Cut-Off Frequency of the last mode is 16 GHz.
Hence the Stop Frequency is a value, which is higher than that. For e.g. 20GHz

4.Click OK

Fig 4.23 select sweep type

VIII – Running a Simulation

To validate your model

1. Select HFSS menu > Validate Check

2. Click OK

Fig 4.24 Validation check

To Analyze

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1. On the HFSS menu, click Analyze

Fig 4.25 Representation of validation and analysis

While a simulation is running, you can monitor the solution’s progress in the Progress
window.

You can also view the following solution data at any time during or after the solution ¾
Convergence data-- by clicking HFSS>Analysis Setup>Convergence. ¾ Matrices
computed for the S-parameters, impedances, and propagation constants by clicking

HFSS>Analysis Setup>Profile.

Once the simulation is completed HFSS informs you in the message window.

Results:

HFSS > Results > Solution Data

Fig 4.26 Selecting Results key

The solution data window appears

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Fig 4.27 Solution data window

HFSS computes the following matrix data

¾ S, Y, and Z Parameters

¾ VSWR

¾ Excitations: - Gamma and Zo

Plotting the results

HFSS> Results> Create Report

Or you can also go to the project tree and right click on results and click create report.
The Create report window dialog box appears.

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Fig 4.28 S- parameters

1) Select the report type you want to view from the pull down list on the top of the
dialog box

2) Select the type of plot you want to create, from the display type pull down list.

3) Click OK

The Traces dialog box appears

4) In the Solution list, click the solution containing the data you want to plot.

5) In the domain list, click a domain. For modal and terminal S- parameter reports, the
domain can be frequency or time. In this case we want frequency domain.

6) Click on Add Trace, click Done

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Fig 4.29 Trace setup

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CHAPTER 5

RESULTS

In this project, the rectangular micro strip patch antenna is designed for operating
frequency of 2.45 GHZ and the substrate used is FR4 epoxy having low dielectric constant
of 4.4, dielectric loss tangent of 0.02 and the substrate thickness is 3.6mm.This design is
simulated by HFSS and used to obtain the most suitable configuration in terms of desired
values of Return Loss (RL),Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), and bandwidth by
using 4.4 dielectric constant and varying the length inset feed. We get the Return Loss is
–31.29dB, VSWR is 0.4736 this indicates there is no losses, the gain is 4.884dB, the
directivity is 6.780dB and the polarization is 2.4307dB.

Fig 5.1 VSWR

Fig 5.1 the VSWR output of the proposed Antenna at frequency 2.45 GHz is 4.4dB. This
indicates how well the Antenna is impedance matched to the receiver it is connected to.

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Fig 5.2 Directivity

Fig 5.2 represents a graph plotted by taking polar angle on X-axis and directity on Y-
axis. It shows the variation of directivity .

Fig 5.3 Gain

Fig 5.3 represents a graph plotted by taking polar angle on X-axis and directity on Y-
axis. It shows the variation of directivity.
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Fig 5.4 Smith chart

Fig 5.4 shows the real and imaginary values of S11, i.e. scattering parameters which
represent the total amount of power reflected by Antenna. Higher the S11 values lower the
reflected power. It shows S11 values at different frequency values.

Fig 5.5: Radiation pattern

Fig 5.5 represents the radiation pattern at 2.45GHz resonant frequency and the curve above
900 represents signal power in desired direction and below 900 represent back power i.e.
unwanted direction.
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Fig 5.6: Return loss

Fig 5.6 represents return loss of -31.2907 dB at 2.4 GHz which indicate the amount of
power reflected back at the load due to impedance mismatch. Here bandwidth can be
noted as 15.6MHz.

Fig 5.7: 3D Polar plot

Fig 5.7 indicates the 3-dimensional representation of radiation pattern and also indicated
the total signal power in all the directions.

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Fig 5.8: 3D Polar plot on the design

Fig 5.8 represents that the outputs which we obtained after simulation are perfect since
there is no mismatch of axes of polar plot and design of proposed Antenna.

Fig 5.9: Electric field

Fig 5.9 represents the current flow in the antenna we obtained after simulation are perfect
design of proposed Antenna.
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Fig 5.10: Current distribution

Fig 5.10 represents the current flow inside the proposed Antenna after giving excitation.

Fig 5.11: Magnetic field line distribution

Fig 5.11 represents the magnetic lines inside the proposed Antenna after giving excitation.

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5.1 LINEAR OUTPUTS:

Fig 5.12: E_FIELD(COMPLEXMAG_E1)

Fig 5.12 represents the flow of electric field lines inside the antenna in complex magnitude
form.

Fig 5.13: E_FIELD(MAG_E1)

Fig 5.13 represents the flow of electric field lines inside the antenna in magnitude form.

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Fig 5.14: E_FIELD(VECTOR_E1)

Fig 5.14 represents the flow of electric field lines inside the antenna in vector form.

Fig 5.15: H_FIELD(COMPLEXMAG_H1)

Fig 5.15 represents the flow of magnetic field lines inside the antenna in complex magnitude
form.

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Fig 5.16: H_FIELD(MAG_H1)

Fig 5.16 represents the flow of magnetic field lines inside the antenna in magnitude form.

Fig 5.17: H_FIELD(VECTOR_H1)

Fig 5.17 represents the flow of magnetic field lines inside the antenna in vector form.

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5.3 LOGARITHMIC OUTPUTS:

Fig 5.18: E_FIELD(COMPLEXMAG_E1)

Fig 5.18 represents the flow of electric field lines inside the antenna in complex magnitude
form.

Fig 5.19: E_FIELD(MAG_E1)

Fig 5.19 represents the flow of electric field lines inside the antenna in magnitude form.
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Fig 5.20: E_FIELD(VECTOR_E1)

Fig 5.20 represents the flow of electric field lines inside the antenna in vector form.

Fig 5.21: H_FIELD(COMPLEXMAG_H1)

Fig 5.21 represents the flow of magnetic field lines inside the antenna in complex magnitude form.

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Fig 5.22: H_FIELD(MAG_H1)

Fig 5.22 represents the flow of magnetic field lines inside the antenna in magnitude form.

Fig 5.23: H_FIELD(VECTOR_H1)

Fig 5.23 represents the flow of magnetic field lines inside the antenna in vector form.

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TABULAR REPRESENTATION OF RESULTS:

Table 5.1: Results of Proposed Antenna

Directivity 6.780 dB

Gain 4.884 dB

Return loss -31.29 dB

VSWR 0.4736 dB

Bandwidth 15.6 MHz

ANTENNA PARAMETERS:
Table 5.2: Antenna Parameters

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Table 5.3: Max Field Data

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION:

Hence, the designed rectangular micro-strip antenna with micro-strip line feed at
resonant frequency 2.45GHz using S-Band can be implemented for satellite
communications like XM Wireless LAN(WLAN), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max application.
The use of strip-line feed can eliminate unwanted radiation. FR4 substrate used can help
the Antenna to work even in humid conditions. Their ease of mass production using printed
circuit technology leads to a low fabrication cost and easier to integrate with other
microstrip circuits. They support both linear polarization and circular polarization, and can
be realized in a very compact form, desirable for personal and mobile communication hand
held devices. Results of simulation are bandwidth of 80 MHz i.e. 1 GHz to 3 GHz [20],
Gain value is 4.884 dB, directivity is 6.780 dB, Return-loss of -31.29 dB, VSWR of 0.4736
dB and all the corresponding graphs have been plotted. Smith-chart has been plotted to
represent S11. Current distribution of the designed Antenna has also been shown.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

With the advent of fighter aircraft technologies, new approaches for the
development and integration of antenna systems need to be evolved. Advancements in the
communication, navigation, and electronics warfare systems to new cutting edge
technologies include the antenna which represents the interface between the transmitter
and receiver. Optimizing the antenna characteristics can lead to considerable improvements
in the overall system performance i.e.better accuracy, better aerodynamics, lighter weight
etc [16]. Challenges of the moment are the one regarding the antennas conforming to the
desired shape of the parent body viz. aircraft or missiles. Antennas with radiating elements
on the surface of a cylinder, sphere, or cone, may have their shape determined by a
particular electromagnetic requirement such as antenna beam shape and/or angular
coverage.

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It can also be used in 5th generation technology to provide incredible and

remarkable data capabilities, unhindered call volumes, and immeasurable data broadcast
within the latest mobile operating system. Hence, it is more intelligent technology, which
will interconnect the entire world without limits. Likewise, our world would have universal
and uninterrupted access to information, communication, and entertainment that will open
a new dimension to our lives and will change our life style meaningfully. From the
Equation of the Rectangular manual calculation of all parameter is complex. By the use of
the GUI this can be easy to calculate it. The Effect of the Changes in input parameter on
radiation pattern can be easily analyzed by the use of GUI. As mentioned in results by
changes in the material of the patch physical parameter of the Microstrip Patch is changes,
this will be help designer to determine the antenna performance and make necessary
adjustment before fabrication.
A micro- strip antenna is of particular importance in aircraft and missiles, portions
of whose bodies are conical in shape. A micro-strip antenna mounted inside or outside a
conical ground plane, can be used to modify the radiation pattern of the micro-strip antenna
in the elevation plane.
A further study can be look into the design of a microstrip patch antenna array
operating at UHF frequency. This will further improved the antenna with very directive
characteristics or very high gains to meet the demands for long distance communication as
well as providing a fixed beam of specified shape (shape beam) or a beam that scans in
response to system stimulus. One of the applications is to use a UHF microstrip antenna
array for Synthetic Aperture radar onboard an aerial platform

Applications using conical surface can relate to the nose cone of streamlined fighter
aircraft and airborne missiles. The conical surface offers wide-angle coverage and good
aerodynamic performance. A small conical angle, however, poses problems with the
installation of electronics in the tip region and the radiation performance in the forward
direction is poor. The emphasis is on antenna element characteristics when a single element
is fed, both isolated and in the array environment.

Micro-strip-patch elements on a conical surface are a configuration of great

potential interest. However, no mutual coupling data for this case have been found in the
published literature. This may be due to the complexity of analyzing the near fields on a

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Design and Implementation of Inset Feed Patch Antenna Using S-Band for Narrow Band Applications

coated cone. There are very few references in the literature in which the radiation
characteristics of micro-strip patch antennas on cones have been analyzed. The results
found were obtained using a cavity model of the patch. This antenna is used as a transceiver
and in future for mobile phones with two SIM cards which make them more bulky and
complex. But this technique will replace any number of operations in single setup making
the system compact, simpler, and thus will be a revolutionary method.

On a telephone tower there are different antennas for different operators like BSNL,
IDEA etc. there using this technique it is possible to implement the complex structure in a
single setup.

The future air crafts have ability to defend itself from rapidly changing threat
situations. The aircraft systems need to be designed were it can tackle dynamically threat
in the form of electronic Attack. In order to tackle the detection of operating frequency by
the enemy and prevent the jamming of signals it is important to design a frequency agile
microstrip antenna. Such a reconfigurable patch antenna can be designed by employing
dielectric multi layers and a cover layers and can be placed directly on the surface on
aircraft. Impedance bandwidth is one of the important factors i.e.; is improved by using
multilayer dielectric configuration thus the designed antenna may be used for high specific
performance applications. They allow for dual and triple band operations. From that type
of design we get Narrow bandwidth and lower power gain, so in future days it will be
challenged to us to design a high gain & high band width microstrip probe feed patch
antenna for better performance.

The microstrip patch antennas are associated with several advantages of being low
profile, versatile, conformal and low-cost devices. These features of microstrip antennas
make them suitable for various applications like, vehicle based satellite link antennas,
global positioning systems (GPS), radar for missiles and telemetry and mobile handheld
radios or communication devices. These technologies are having a wide scope in near
future, as these are low cost and reliable devices which can be easily made and their
implementation is also simpler as compared to other antennas.

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[20] Neha Ahuja, Rajesh Khanna, Jaswinder kaur, “Design of single band rectangular
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