Karnough Maps

(K - Maps) & Tabular

Method
Mrs. Chami Muthugamage
B.Sc.(Hons) in MIS, MBA
Consultant/ Lecturer NIBM
Minterm

⚫ Product of Each Input Variable

ഥ
ഥ 𝐂 + 𝐀𝐁𝑪
Z= 𝑨𝑩𝑪 + 𝑨𝑩
Minterm

⚫ Product of Each Input Variable

ഥ
ഥ 𝐂 + 𝐀𝐁𝑪
Z= 𝑨𝑩𝑪 + 𝑨𝑩
Minterm

⚫ Product of Each Input Variable

ഥ
ഥ 𝐂 + 𝐀𝐁𝑪
Z= 𝑨𝑩𝑪 + 𝑨𝑩
Minterm

⚫ Product of Each Input Variable

ഥ
ഥ 𝐂 + 𝐀𝐁𝑪
Z= 𝑨𝑩𝑪 + 𝑨𝑩

Minterm
Minterm

⚫ Product of Each Input Variable

ഥ
ഥ 𝐂 + 𝐀𝐁𝑪
Z= 𝑨𝑩𝑪 + 𝑨𝑩

Sum of Product
SOP
Maxterm
⚫ Sum of each input value

ഥ)
𝒁 = (𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪)(𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪
Maxterm
⚫ Sum of each input value

ഥ)
𝒁 = (𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪)(𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪
Maxterm
⚫ Sum of each input value

ഥ)
𝒁 = (𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪)(𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪
Maxterm
⚫ Sum of each input value

ഥ)
𝒁 = (𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪)(𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪

Maxterm
Maxterm
⚫ Sum of each input value

ഥ)
𝒁 = (𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪)(𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪

Product Of Sum
POS
Karnough Maps
(K - Maps)
Karnough Maps (K - Maps)
⚫ A Boolean expression can be represented by
graphically using a K - map
K – Map for 2 variable
Expression

X
A
B 0 1

1
K – Map for 2 variable
Expression

X
A
B 0 1
0 2
0

1 3
1
K – Map for 2 variable
Expression

X
A A = 0 → 𝐴ҧ
B 0 1 A=1→A
0 2
0 ഥ𝑩
𝑨 ഥ ഥ
A𝑩

1 3
1 ഥ𝐁
𝑨 AB
 ഥ 𝑩+ A𝑩
Example : z = 𝑨 ഥ

Z
A
B 0 1
0 2
0 ഥ𝑩
𝑨 ഥ ഥ
A𝑩

1 3
1 ഥ𝐁
𝑨 AB
Example : z = 𝑨ഥ 𝑩+ A𝑩
ഥ

Z
A
B 0 1
0 2
0 0 1

1 3
1 1 0
K – Map for 3 variable Expression

AB
C 00 01 11 10

1
K – Map for 3 variable Expression

AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 2 6 4
0

1 3 7 5
1
K – Map for 3 variable Expression

AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 2 6 4
0 ഥ𝑩
𝑨 ഥ
ഥ𝑪 ഥ𝑩
𝑨 ഥ𝑪 ഥ
𝑨𝑩𝑪 ഥ
𝑨𝑩𝑪

1 3 7 5
1 ഥ𝑩
𝑨 ഥC ഥ 𝑩𝑪
𝑨 ABC ഥC
A𝑩
 ഥ𝑩
Example:𝑨 ഥ C+ ABC
 ഥ𝑩
Example: 𝑨 ഥ C+ ABC

AB
C 00 01 11 10
0 2 6 4
0

1 3 7 5
1
K – Map for 4 variable Expression

X
AB
CD
K – Map for 4 variable Expression
X
AB
CD
00 01 11 10

00

01

11

10
K – Map for 4 variable Expression

X
AB
CD
00 01 11 10
0 4 12 8
00

1 5 13 9
01

3 7 15 11
11

2 6 14 10
10
K – Map for 4 variable Expression
X
AB
CD
00 01 11 10
0
00 ഥ𝑩 ഥ𝑫
ഥ𝑪 ഥ
𝑨

01

11

10
 ഥ𝑩
Example: 𝑨 ഥ 𝑪𝑫 + 𝐀𝑩
ഥ 𝑪𝑫
ഥ + ABCD
Questions
⚫ Draw K- Maps for the following SOP
expressions
⚫ ҧ 𝐶ҧ + ABC
𝑍 = 𝐴B
⚫ 𝑍 = 𝐴ҧ𝐵ത 𝐶ҧ 𝐷 ҧ 𝐷
ഥ + 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ഥ + 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
ത
Questions
⚫ Draw K- Maps for the following SOP
expressions
⚫ ҧ + 𝐴𝐵ത
Z = 𝐴𝐶
⚫ Z= B + 𝐴ҧ𝐵𝐶ത
⚫ Z = 𝐴ҧ𝐶ҧ 𝐷
ഥ + BC
⚫ Z = A + 𝐵ത 𝐶ҧ 𝐷
ഥ
⚫ If you have 2 variables in 3 variable
expression, we have to mark 2 cells
⚫ If you have 1 variable mark 4 cells
⚫ 4 variable expression
⚫ 3→2
⚫ 2→4
⚫ 1→8
Simplification of Boolean Expressions
⚫ Sub Cube
⚫ A set of 2n adjacent cells is referred to as a sub
cube
⚫ Maximal Sub Cube
⚫ It is the largest possible sub cube for a cell
⚫ Minimal Map
⚫ Map with minimum number of maximal sub
cubes that cover all minterms of the given
expression
Example:
X=𝑨ഥ BC + A𝑩
ഥ C+ A𝑩
ഥ𝑪ഥ + ABC

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 1

BC
Z

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 1

BC ഥ
A𝑩
Simplify the following K- Maps
Question 1

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 1 1
Question 2

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 1
Question 3

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 1
Question 4

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 1
Question 5
X
AB
CD
00 01 11 10

00 1 0 0 1

01 0 1 1 1

11 0 1 1 1

10 1 0 0 1
Question 6
X
AB
CD
00 01 11 10

00 0 0 0 0

01 0 0 1 1

11 1 0 0 1

10 1 0 0 1
Question 7
X
AB
CD
00 01 11 10

00 0 0 0 0

01 0 0 1 1

11 1 1 1 1

10 1 1 1 1
To get the simplified POS
Expression
⚫ Draw the K map for X
⚫ ഥ (cover all 0’s)
Get the minimal map for the X
⚫ ഥ in SOP form
Get X
⚫ Complement both sides
Example

Y
ഥ𝑪
Y=A𝑩 ഥ BC + ABC
ഥ+𝑨

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0
Question 1

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 0
Question 2
X
AB
CD
00 01 11 10

00 0 0 0 0

01 0 1 1 0

11 1 1 0 1

10 1 1 1 1
 ABC XYZ
⚫ Simplify X, Y, 000 100
Z given by 001 100
the following 010 011
truth table
011 011
using K -
Maps 100 001
101 111
110 110
111 101
EXAMPLE 1
⚫ Z = ∑ m (1, 3, 6, 7)
Z is a function of A, B, C
Question 1
⚫ Z = ∑ m (3, 9, 11, 13, 15)
Z is a function of A, B, C, D
Incompletely specified Boolean
Functions (Don’t cares)
A B C Y

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 X
Don’t care
1 0 1 X

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1
Incompletely specified Boolean
Functions (Don’t cares)

⚫ The value of the function at “don’t care”

condition, is either or not significant or those
A, B, C values will never occur. Therefore
don’t cares can be either included or
excluded in a maximal sub cube so as to get
the minimal map
Z

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0 x

1 0 0 1 x
 ഥ𝑪
Z=𝑨 ഥ + AC

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0 x

1 0 0 1 x
Z Excluded from
Maximal sub cube

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0 x

1 0 0 1 x
Z Included from
Maximal sub cube

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 1 1 0 x

1 0 0 1 x
Question 1

AB
C 00 01 11 10

0 x 0 1 0

1 1 1 x 0
Question 2
X
AB
CD
00 01 11 10

00 0 0 0 1

01 0 x 1 1

11 0 1 x 0

10 x 0 0 0
Question 3
X
AB
CD
00 01 11 10

00 1 0 0 x

01 1 x 0 0

11 X 0 1 x

10 1 0 0 1
Get the simplified POS expression
X
AB
CD
00 01 11 10

00 0 1 X 0

01 0 1 X 0

11 0 0 X 0

10 1 1 X 1
Question 1
Z= f (A, B, C, D)

⚫ Z=1 for the minterms 3, 6, 8,12,13 and 14

⚫ Z= Don’t care for the minterms 2, 7 and 9
⚫ Z = 0 for the remaining minterms

Simplify Z using K map method

Question 2
Z = f (A, B, C, D)

⚫ Z =1 for the minterms (7,8,9,10,14,15)

⚫ Z= don’t care for the minterms (6,12)
⚫ Z = 0 for the remaining minterms.

Simplify Z using K map method

Question 3
Z = f (A, B, C, D)

⚫ Z =1 for the minterms (4,6,8,11,13,15)

⚫ Z= don’t care for the minterms (9,10)
⚫ Z = 0 for the remaining minterms.

Simplify Z using K map method

Question 4
Z = f (A, B, C, D)

⚫ Z =1 for the minterms (0,2,5,8,12,14)

⚫ Z= don’t care for the minterms (11,15)
⚫ Z = 0 for the remaining minterms.

Simplify Z using K map method

K – Map for 2 variable POS
Expression

X
A
B 0 1
0 2
0 A+B ഥ+B
𝑨

1 3
1 ഥ
A+𝑩 ഥ+𝑩
𝑨 ഥ
 ഥ + B)(A + B)
Z = (𝑨

X
A
B 0 1
0 2
0 0 0

1 3
1 1 1
Minterms and Maxterms
Y = ∑ m (3, 4) Y = π M(3, 4)
 Minterm → 𝑨ഥ BC – 3  Maxterm → A + 𝑩 ഥ
ഥ +𝑪
ഥ+B+C
 Maxterm → 𝑨
 Minterm ഥ 𝑐ҧ – 4
→ A𝑩

Note: Maxterm
If the value of variable is zero write the variable as it is
If the value of the variable is logic one complement it and
write
EXAMPLE 1

ഥ +C)(𝑨
Y = (A+B+C)(A + 𝑩 ഥ)
ഥ + B+ 𝑪
EXAMPLE 2
⚫Z = π M (0, 3, 5)
Z is a function of A, B, C
Question 2
⚫Z = π M (0, 2, 8,13, 15)
Z is a function of P, Q, R, S