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3.6.1 Stokes Theorem

The document discusses Stokes' theorem, which relates the line integral around a closed curve C to a surface integral over any surface S bounded by C. Specifically, it states that the line integral of a vector field F around C equals the surface integral of the curl of F over S. The document provides examples of applying Stokes' theorem to calculate various line and surface integrals. It also discusses setting up the integrals based on whether the question asks to evaluate the line integral or surface integral form of Stokes' theorem.

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104 views4 pages

3.6.1 Stokes Theorem

The document discusses Stokes' theorem, which relates the line integral around a closed curve C to a surface integral over any surface S bounded by C. Specifically, it states that the line integral of a vector field F around C equals the surface integral of the curl of F over S. The document provides examples of applying Stokes' theorem to calculate various line and surface integrals. It also discusses setting up the integrals based on whether the question asks to evaluate the line integral or surface integral form of Stokes' theorem.

Uploaded by

SyafiyatulMunawarah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

6 Integral Theorem

3.6.1 Stokes Theorem

⃗ , bounded
Let S be a surface with normal vector 𝑛
by closed curve C. If 𝐹
⃗⃗⃗ is a vector field on region
containing S and C, then,

⃗⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑟
∮𝐶 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ )• 𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∬ (∇ × 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆
𝑆

Curl ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹

But, 𝐹 • 𝑑𝑟
∮𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is actually finding line integral along C (ie. work done)
𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑟 = ∮𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑧

LHS RHS
Use Stokes Theorem to
𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑟 = ∮ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑧 𝐹 )• 𝑛
∬ (∇ × ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆
evaluate: 𝐶 𝐶 𝑆

Note:
If asked to evaluate RHS, then use the LHS formula.
If asked to evaluate LHS, then use the RHS formula.

Example:
1. Use Stokes Theorem to evaluate∬𝑆 curl ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹• 𝑛⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆 where 𝐹
⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 ⃗𝑗 + 𝑦 2 𝑘⃗ and S is
the surface of paraboloid 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , and C is the trace of S in xy plane.

Question is asking to evaluate ∬𝑆 curl ⃗⃗⃗


𝐹• 𝑛⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆, therefore
use ∮𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑟 .
𝐹 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑟
∮𝐶 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∮ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑧
𝐶

= ∮𝐶 2𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧

integrating along C, hence 𝑧 = 0 → 𝑑𝑧 = 0,

= ∮𝐶 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

convert to polar coordinates, x= r cos  , y= r sin  , dy= r cos  d ,

but along C, 𝑟 = 2, so x= 2 cos  , y= 2 sin  , dy= 2 cos  d ,


= ∫ 2 cos 𝜃 . 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
= ∫0 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 cos 2𝜃+1
= ∫0 4 ( 2
) 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
= 2 ∫0 1 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
sin 2𝜃 2𝜋
= 2 [𝜃 + ]
2 0
sin 4𝜋 sin 0
= 2 [(2𝜋 + 2
)− (0 + 2
)] = 4𝜋

2. Use Stokes Theorem to evaluate ∮𝐶 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 where C is the rim of the


cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, where the plane 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 cut it as shown in the diagram.

Question is asking to evaluate ∮𝐶 𝐹 𝑑𝑟 , therefore use ∬𝑆 curl ⃗⃗⃗


⃗⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹• 𝑛⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆.

𝐹 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐶 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∮𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑟

Hence, ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥⃗𝑗 + 𝑦⃗⃗⃗𝑘

Curl 𝐹
⃗⃗⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∇  𝐹
⃗⃗⃗

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘⃗
= |∂ ∂ ∂
|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= 𝑖 |𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧| − 𝑗 |𝜕𝑥 + 𝑘⃗ |𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧| 𝜕𝑦|
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥
= 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘⃗ = < 1,1,1 >
𝑆 =𝑦+𝑧−2
∇𝑆 =< 𝑆𝑥 , 𝑆𝑦 , 𝑆𝑧 >
=< 0, 1, 1 >
∇𝑆 <0,1,1> <0,1,1>
𝑛⃗ = |∇𝑆| = =
√02 +12 +12 √2
<0,1,1> 2
𝐹•𝑛
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ =< 1,1,1 > . =
√2 √2

Since projection is on xy plane,


<0,1,1> 1
⃗⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗
|𝑛 𝑘|= 2
. < 0,0,1 > =
√ √2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐹• 𝑛
∬𝑆 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹 )• 𝑛
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆 = ∬𝑅 (∇ × ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ . |𝑛⃗⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗𝑘 |

2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ∬𝑅 . 1
√2
√2

= ∬𝑅 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
convert to polar coordinates, 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
1
= 2 ∫ ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝜋 (D.I.Y)
0

3. Given ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑒 𝑧 ) 𝑖 + (4𝑧 − 𝑦)⃗𝑗 + (8𝑥 sin 𝑦) ⃗⃗⃗𝑘 . Let S be the surface of the
2

paraboloid 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 above the xy plane.

a) State Stokes Theorem and sketch the diagram.


𝐹 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐶
𝑑𝑟 = ∮ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑧
𝐶
⃗⃗⃗ )• ⃗⃗⃗
= ∬𝑆 (∇ × 𝐹 𝑛 . 𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⃗⃗⃗ )• 𝑛
= ∬𝑅 (∇ × 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑘 |
|𝑛

b) Use Stokes Theorem to evaluate ∬𝑆 (∇ × ⃗⃗⃗


𝐹 )• 𝑛
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆

Question is asking to evaluate ∬𝑆 curl ⃗⃗⃗


𝐹• 𝑛⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆, therefore use ∮𝐶 𝐹
⃗⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟

𝐹 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑟 = ∮𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑧
2
= ∮𝐶 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (8𝑥 sin 𝑦) 𝑑𝑧

integrating along C, hence 𝑧 = 0 → 𝑑𝑧 = 0,

= ∮𝐶 1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

convert to polar coordinates, x= r cos  , y= r sin 

but along C, 𝑟 = 2, so x= 2 cos  , y= 2 sin 

hence dx= -2 sin  d , d y= 2 cos  d


2𝜋
= ∫0 −2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 . (2 cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

u dv
let 𝑢 = 2 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑢 = 2 cos 𝜃
𝑢2 (2 sin 𝜃)2
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 2
= 2
(2 sin 𝜃)2 2𝜋
= [−2 cos 𝜃 − ]
2 0
(2 sin 2𝜋)2 (2 sin 0)2
= (−2 cos 2𝜋 − 2
)− (−2 cos 0 − 2
) =0
4. Use Stokes theorem to evaluate ∮𝐶 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ where
⃗⃗⃗ • 𝑑𝑟
⃗⃗⃗ = −3𝑦 𝑖 + 4𝑧⃗𝑗 + 6𝑥⃗⃗⃗𝑘 and C is triangle 2𝑧 = 𝑦 as shown in
𝐹 2

diagram.

Question is asking to evaluate ∮𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑟 , therefore use


𝐹 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹• 𝑛
∬𝑆 curl ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆.

Answer: 14 (D.I.Y)

5. Use Stokes Theorem to evaluate ∬𝑆 curl ⃗⃗⃗


𝐹• 𝑛⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑆 where ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 =< 𝑥𝑧, sin 𝑥𝑦𝑧, 3𝑥 >. S is
a surface of cone 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 that lies between 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 3, while C is the trace
of S on 𝑦 = 3. (diagram is not given)

Answer: 27 (D.I.Y)

6. Evaluate ∮𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑟 using Stokes Theorem where ⃗⃗⃗


𝐹 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑦 3 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧⃗𝑗 + 𝑥 2 ⃗⃗⃗𝑘 and C is
the boundary of parabolic surface 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 2 in the first octant, cut off by the plane
𝑦 = 4.
Answer: -64 (D.I.Y)

Hint:
To get the idea how the parabolic surface looks like,
sketch the graph on 2-dimensional axis.

Since y is not in the surface equation, means we need to


extend the 2D graph along the y-axis.

This is the projection of the surface on xy plane.

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