PSY 301 ITP 1ST SEM

SCOPE AND MEANING OF  Belongs to behavioral sciences

 PSYCHOLOGY
Young science
 Scientific because it is research based/
systematic observation
 Etiologically came from greek word
 Touches every aspects of our lives
o Psyche- "soul"
 The science of psychology deals with actual
o Logos-"study"
behavior. It is different from common-sense
 Deals with actual behavior hunches because it is systematic in
 Makes "hypotheses" about behavior observations.
 Reasons why men behave the way they did  It makes guesses, or hypotheses about
"A SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HUMAN behavior, then experimentally checks out the
BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESS" hypotheses.
 
 
  EARLY PROPONENTS OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY
  PSYCHOLOGY
 Saint Augustine  Study of behavior of an organism and the
o precursor of modern psychology way it adjusts, socially and biologically to
o introspection the world around it.
o Behavior of infants and of crowds  WILHELM WUNDT - Father of Modern
on chariot races Psychology
 Aristotle - established the first
o Peri Psyches laboratory of experimental
o We are govern by laws and rules psychology 
 
 Democritus
o Free will or choice SCIENTIFIC
o External stimulation (tell me who
your friends are and I'll tell you
METHODOLOGY
 Objectivity - not subjective
who you are)
Socrates  Explicit Behavior - right procedure

o "Know thyself"  Recording - changes that happens
o We are creating something out of
reality (illusions) BEHAVIOR
 Descartes
 Activities that can be observed objectively
o Animals are machines
 Pattern of responses
o Reflect actions --->
 Includes internal process that can be inferred
external/internal factors
as external behaviors
o Ready your body so your mind can
 
focus
 TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 Philip Melanchton
OF BEHAVIOR
o First to use the term psychology o Overt/Extrinsic behavior - what
(Psychologia) we show society
 Charles Bonnet o Covert/Intrinsic Behavior - what
o We think we are sick
we keep ourselves
 
ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY PHILIPPINE
PSYCHOLOGY 
 Philosophy - how we describe
ourselves/situations  Psychology is born on 1880's
 Medicine  Science of consciousness
 Biology  Process are not observable
 Zoology  An American established psychology in the
  Philippines (1900's)
o DR. VIRGILIO G. ERIQUEZ -
WHY PSYCHOLOGY IS  1961
Father of Filipino Psychology

SCIENCE?
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o Was the founding of the Philippine FOUR BETTER-KNOWN PSYCHOLOGIST

Psychological corporation (20TH CENTURY)
 1963  Willian James
o The first association exclusively for  G. Stanley Hall
psychologist, was founded  James Cattell
o Psychological Association of the  Edward Titchener
Philippines (PAP)
 1974
o University of the Philippines began SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS
its Ph.D. (experimental, social, or  
clinical psychology)  STRUCTURALISM
 2013 o Our brain is equivalent to different
o First Psychology Board Exam kind of thinking
  o Discovery of structures of mind
o Wilhelm Wundt and Edward
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF Titchener
 
PSYCOLOGY  FUNCTIONALISM
 
FACULTY PSYCHOLOGY o Regardless of what the brain thinks
 The mind has few distinct independent it depends on the action or behavior
faculties or mental agencies ---> thinking, o Purpose of human consciousness
feeling, willing and behavior
 Inherited aspects of behavior  
 BEHAVIORISM
ASSOCIATION PSYCHOLOGY o Turned away from looking at
 Ideas that enter by the way of senses internal influences on behavior
o 7 Senses o Sought to make psychology the
 Smell study of observable behaviors
 Sight  
 Hearing  PSYCHOANALYSIS
 Touch o How unconscious mind impacted
 Taste human behavior
 Kinetic/ movement o Shadow of the real conscious mind
 Distributor/ balance o SIGMUN FREUD THEORY
 Explained all mental activity through the  Conscious - we are aware
association of ideas  Pre conscious- we are
 Environment is the determine of behavior aware at the same time we
  are not
 Unconscious - we are not
HIERARCHY OF aware
 
NEEDS  HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
 Physiological needs o Importance of personal growth and
 Safety needs self actualization
 Love and belonging needs  
 Esteem needs
 Self- actualization needs  COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
  o Investigation of internal mental
  processes
o Memory or thinking 
ID - Pleasure Principle
EGO - Reality Principle THEORETICAL
SUPEREGO - Moralistic/ Idealistic Principle   PERSPECTIVES
   PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
TABULA RASA o All mental process and behavior
 Blank tablet reflect constant and often
 

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unconscious struggles within a  BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

person o How biological processes influence
 BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE the mind and behavior
o Role of external environment o Linked to neuroscience and utilizes
o Pattern for rewards and punishment tools to look at brain injury or brain
 COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE abnormalities
o Humans as rational problem-  
solvers  CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
o Actions are governed by conscious o Assessment, diagnosis, and
thought and planning treatment of mental disorders
 HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES  
o Humans are motivated by the  COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
tendency of growth and o Study of human thought processes
development of their potential and o Attention, memory, perception
"self-actualization"  
   COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
  o Study of animal behavior
 BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE  
o Attempts to understand human  DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
thought and emotion in terms of o Area that looks at human growth
physical processes which takes and development over the lifespan
place in the body o Morality abilities, identity
 
GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
 
   FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
TO DESCRIBE o Psychological research and

o Enable researchers to develop principles in the legal and criminal
general laws of human behavior justice systems
   
 TO EXPLAIN  INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL
o How or why this trend occurs PSYCHOLOGY
o Enhance work performance and
o Propose theories which can explain
select employees
the behavior
 
 
 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
 TO PREDICT
o How personality develops
o Be able to predict future behavior
o Patterns of thoughts, behaviors, and
from the findings of empirical
research characteristics that make each
o If the prediction is not confirmed, individual unique
 
then the explanation it is based on
 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
should be revised
o Focuses on group behavior
 
 TO CHANGE
USES or controlling a behavior
o Changing
can be attempted  
 
   The most obvious application for
  TYPES OFisPSYCHOLOGY
psychology in the field of mental health
where psychologists use principles, research,
 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY and clinical findings to help clients manage
o Study of abnormal behavior and and overcome symptoms of mental distress
psychopathology and psychological illness
o Research and treatment of a variety  
of mental disorder  • Developing educational programs
o Linked to psychotherapy and  • Ergonomics
clinical psychology  • Informing public policy
   • Mental health treatment

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 • Performance enhancement  Areas that are responsible for perception and

 • Personal health and well-being discrimination of odors, if damage can cause
 • Psychological research inability to smell.
 • Self-help  Areas that are responsible for motivational
 • Social program design and emotional aspects of the behavior
 • Understanding child development  
    THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL
IMPACTIMPACTS
OF PSYCHOLOGY BASIS OF PSYCHOLOGY
 Psychology is both an applied and academic
field that benefits both individuals and Our perception, experience and behaviors are based
society as a whole. on the activation of our nervous system.
 A large part of psychology is devoted to the  
diagnosis and treatment of mental health Rene Descartes
issues, but that's just the tip of the iceberg  proposed that all animals and human action
when it comes to the impact of psychology. was a mechanical response to an external
  stimulus.
 Improving our understanding of why people  It is our soul that chooses a particular
behave as they do as well response from a set of pattern of responses.
 Understanding the different factors that can  MIND BODY DUALISM - the mind exist
impact the human mind and behavior separately from the physical body, yet it can
 Understanding issues that impact health, influence each other.
daily life, and well-being  Charles Darwin
 Improving ergonomics to improve product o he mentioned already the “disgust
design face”
 Creating safer and more efficient o who described the gape, the tongue
workspaces extension, the nose wrinkle, and the
 Helping motivate people to achieve their dropping of the mouth corners as a
goals response that would prevent food
 Improving productivity from entering the mouth, or
  encourage its discharge.
Oliver Sacks - a neurologist that inspired many Nausea
students of human brain  the physiological state that might
Stephen D. - a young medical student who accompany disgust.
experience a dramatical change on his sense of smell  
   
 Melancholia Neurons - communicate with one another
o a desire to go to a long-forgotten biochemically
Study of biological basis of behavior- involves
place
consideration about evolution
 Olfaction
 
o sense of smell
Evolutionary Biology: PRE ADAPTATION
 Hyperosmia (Mayr)
o increased ability smell  It allows for the development of a new
 Anosmia function
o inability to smell Evolution of the voicing system- mouth, teeth and
  tongue gained function in producing sounds.
 
 
DISGUST FACE 2 COMPELLING EXAMPLES
 Development of Moral Disgust
OLFACTORY  Development of our response to social
exclusion
INFORMATION  
 is transmitted to different places of the brain  Mentioned already by Darwin
through different pathways.  Described gape, the tongue extension, nose
  wrinkle, and the dropping of the mouth
prevents us from ingesting poisonous food

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PAUL ROZIN (Dr. Disgust)
 Proposes that moral disgust could develop NERVOUS SYSTEM
because of existence of a disaster and
disgust system is created by evolution to
protect us from digesting poisonous food.
   all neural tissue
NAUSEA  
 physiological state that might accompany  CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - brain
disgust and spinal cord
  o Afferent Nerves - body to the CNS
o Efferent Nerves - CNS to the body
Disgust response  PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM -
 is associated with brain activation (as well as remainder of all neural tissue
basal ganglia) o Somatic system- carries messages
  to and from the sensory receptors
Moral Offenses - for conscious sensory
 elicit an emotional response that is similar to and voluntary motor
the basic disgust response. function
   Autonomic System- connects internal organs
*Learning what is morally offensive and disgusting is and glands
part of an individuals socialization. - Autonomic and
  involuntary
Pre Adaptation model function
 our response to be socially excluded Sensory Nerves
   transmit information about external
Social Exclusion stimulation from the skin muscle to
 poses a threat to an individuals physical and central nervous system
emotional health Motor Nerves
 Influence how an individual response to  Carry impulses from the central nervous
physical pain. system to the muscle
   
Increase the pain threshold Researchers have proposed that some human
 A healthy reaction to a painful stimulus functions (such as moral disgust and our response to
 meaning that pain sensitivity is reduced. social exclusion) could develop through a process of
  pre-adaptation, by co-opting (‘hijacking’) existing
  systems (in these cases, the systems for physical
DeWall & Baumeister, 2006 disgust and physical pain).
 Human beings respond to social exclusion  
by becoming indifferent and numb to
emotional pain. 5 TIPS TO KEEP YOUR BRAIN
Evolutionary older system
HEALTHY
 The system that allowed for responses to
physical pain there are some things you can do to help

Pain Threshold
slow any decline in memory and lower your
 Pain sensitivity is reduced risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease or
  other dementias.
Pre Adaptation model  
 according to this the physiological system
 EXERCISE REGULARLY
that respond to physical pain evolved to
o people who are physically active
accrete the function of responding to social
pain. are less likely to experience a
  decline in their mental function and
Pain tolerance have a lower risk of developing
Alzheimer’s disease.
 the ability to withstand pain
o Increased blood flow to our brain
Human behavior
during exercise
 the response to be morally offensive
behavior and to social exclusion

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o Aim to exercise several times  Receive neural impulses from the other
per week for 30–60 minutes neuron
   
AXON
 GET PLENTY OF SLEEP
o  Slender tube that extends from the soma
helps clear abnormal proteins in
your brain and consolidates  Transmits these messages to other neurons
memories, which boosts your  
overall memory and brain health. SYNAPTIC TERMINALS OR TERMINAL
o BUTTONS
try to get seven to eight consecutive
 The axon is divided into number of tiny
hours of sleep per night
  branches that end in small swelling
 Do not actually touch the adjacent neuron
1. EAT A MEDITERRANEAN  
DIET SYNAPSE
o determine which parts of the diet  The junction of the slight gab between the
have the biggest impact on your terminal button and the cell body or
brain function dendrites of the receiving neuron
o omega fatty acids found in  
o extra-virgin olive oil and other
healthy fats are vital for your cells SYNAPTIC GAP
to function correctly  Gap between the terminal button and cell
body or dendrites
   
2. STAY MENTALLY ACTIVE  When a neural impulse travels down the
o Your brain is similar to a muscle — axon and arrives at the terminal buttons, it
you need to use it or you triggers the secretion of a neurotransmitter
lose it.  |---> a chemical that diffuses across
  the synaptic gap and stimulates the
3. REMAIN SOCIALLY next neuron.
INVOLVED  |---> transmitting the impulse from
o Social interaction helps ward off one neuron to the next
depression and stress, both of  
which can contribute to memory  The axons from a great many neurons form
loss. synapses on the dendrites and cell body of a
o There is research that links solitary single neuron.
confinement to brain atrophy, so
remaining socially active may have 3 CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON
the opposite effect and strengthen
the health of your brain.
FUNCTION
   
  NEURONS, THE BUILDING
  BLOCKS OF THE NERVOUS
1. SENSORY NEURONS
SYSTEM
 Transmits impulses received by receptors to
NEURON the CNS
 Basic unit of the nervous system
 Specialized cell that transmits neural
 RECEPTORS
impulses to other neurons, glands and
        - A specialized cell in a sense
muscles
organs , muscles etc that detect physical
 Holds the secret of how the brain works
or chemical change and translates this
 
events into impulses that travels to
SOMA - cell body
sensory neurons
 
 
DENDRITES
 Number of short branches from the cell body 1. MOTOR NEURONS
 Carry outgoing signals from the CNS to the
muscles and glands

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2. INTERNEURONS An electric jolt makes the sacs merge with the
Connect sensory (afferent) and motor outer membrane, and the neurotransmitter is

released into the synapse.
(efferent) neurons
The molecules diffuse across the synaptic gap
 Found only in the CNS and the eyes
and bind receptors (specialized protein) on
 
the adjacent neuron.
 
When sufficient neurotransmitter has been
NUCLEI/NUCLEUS
absorbed, the receptors release molecules,
 A group of cell bodies of neurons IN the which are then broken down or reabsorbed
brain and spinal cord by the first neuron and stored for later use.
 
GANGLIA
 Group of cell bodies from OUTSIDE the
brain and spinal cord
 
  THE ANATOMY OF
   NEURONS
Neuron structure
 Cell body, dendrites, axon, synaptic cleft
 
 
Neurotransmitters  
 Chemicals released from axon of one nerve  
cell that transmit the impulse to the receptors
of another nerve cell
  Prozac enhances serotonin's effect by preventing
 There are multiple neurotransmitter it from being absorbed
currents (brain circuits) in the brain Redux and fenfluramine (antiobesity drugs)
  cause the release of extra serotonin into the
 Drugs can influence neurotransmitters as: synapse
 Agonists  
 Increase the activity of a  
neurotransmitter
 Antagonists RECEPTOR VARIATION
 Decrease or block There are at least 15 different serotonin
 Inverse Agonists receptors, each is associated with different
 Effects opposite to effects function
of a neurotransmitter  
  ACETYLCHOLINE
Is particularly prevalent in an area of the
forebrain called the hippocampus (prevents
Alzheimer's Disease)
Plays a key role in the formation of new
memories (Eichenbaum, 2000)
Plays a prominent role in Alzheimer's Disease
 a devastating disorder that affects
many older people by causing
 
impairment of memory and other
cognitive functions.
HOW  
NEUROTRANSMITTER GLUTAMATE
  WORKS Excitatory transmitter that "turns on" many
different neurons, leading to action.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Present in more neurons of the central nervous
Are stored tiny sacs at the end of the neuron
system than any other transmitter.

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It depolarizes neurons upon which it is released.  Release of dopamine in certain areas of the
  brain produces intense feelings of pleasure,
o NMDA receptor - is thought to affect and current research is investigating the role
learning and memory. It is named for the of dopamine in the development of
chemical (N-methyl-D-aspartate) that is addictions.
used to detect it.  Depression and Addiction
   
 Neurons in the hippocampus are particularly
rich in NMDA receptors, and this area
seems to be critical in the formation of new IMPLICATIONS FOR
memories
 Disruptions in glutamate neurotransmission PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
have been implicated in schizophrenia  genetic contributions may lead to patterns of
(caused by too much dopamine in some neurotransmitter activity that influence
areas of the brain) personality
   

HOW SEROTONIN DRUG

SEROTONIN WORKS
 Mainly inhibitory
   psychological treatment can influence neural
 Regulated moods, thought processes, circuits directly (e.g. OCD)
regulation of eating, sexual and aggressive  
behavior  extreme abuse severely impedes intellectual,
  emotional, and social growth
 Extremely low activity levels of serotonin  
are associated with less inhibition and with  psychosocial factors changes activity levels
instability, impulsivity, and the tendency to of neurotransmitters (e.g. sense of control
overreact to situations. and reaction to GABA antagonist)
   
 Redux (anti-obesity)and Prozac  
(antidepressant)   SYNAPSE (LECTURE VIDEO
  2)
GAMMA - AMINOBUTYRIC SYNAPSE
ACID (GABA)  The meeting point between two neurons
 Came form the greek word "to clasp or join"
 Inhibit or regulate the transmission of
formation and action potentials  Able to change and adapt in response to
Reduces anxiety, overall arousal and neuron firing patterns

emotion responses  Allows you to learn and remember
 IN THEIR NATURAL, HEALTHY
  STATE, YOUR SYNAPSES KNOW
NOREPINEPHRINE WHEN TO EXCITE, WHEN TO INHIBIT,
WHEN TO USE ELECTRICITY AND
 Controls heat rate, blood pressure and
WHEN TO DISPATCH THE CHEMICAL
respiration
MESSENGERS.
 Triggers your fight or flight responses  
 Contributes to the panic attacks, anxiety  If your neurons form the structure of your
and mood disorders (beta - blockers) nervous system, then your synapses - the
 Influence the emergency reaction or alarm tiny communication links between them -
responses are what turn that structure into an actual
  system
DOPAMINE  
 Makes you feel awsome  
 Activates other neurotransmitters ACTION POTENTIALS
 Aids in exploratory and pleasure - seeking  an electrochemical impulse that travels from
behaviors the cell body down to the end of the axon.
 

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 The message from the action potential hits a The receiving cell POST SYNAPTIC
synapse that then translates, or converts it, NEURON accepts the neurotransmitters in
into a different type of signal and flings it its receptor region, which is usually on the
over to other neuron DENDRITE or just on the cell body itself
   These two neuron never actually touch but
still communicates
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
TWO MAIN SETTINGS  A gap between the pre synaptic terminal and
the post synaptic neuron
FOR COMMUNICATING
OF NEURONS HOW
  NEUROTRANSMITTER
ELECTRICAL   WORKS
 The immediate group-text  When an action potential races along the
 Send and Ion current flowing directly from axon of a neuron, activating sodium and
the cytoplasm of one nerve cell to another, potassium channels in a wave, it eventually
through small windows called gap junctions comes down to the presynaptic terminal and
 They are super fast and the signal is activates the voltage- gated calcium (Ca2+)
never converted from its pure channels there to open and release the
electrical state to other kind of calcium into the neuron cytoplasm.
signal  
CHEMICAL  This flow of positively-charged ions causes
 Controlled, slower and more personal text all those tiny synaptic vesicles to fuse with
 Precise and selective in the messages they the cell membrane. And it's there
sent where neurotransmitters that act like couriers
 An action potential in one neuron will diffusing across the synaptic gap and
generate an action potential in the other cells binding to receptor sites on the post synaptic
across the synapse neuron.
Convert signals to steps (chemical<--  

>electrical<-->chemical)  The first neuron has managed to convert the
 At the synapse that signal can be modifies,
amplified, inhibited, or split

electrical signal into a chemical one, but in

order for it to become an action potential
again in the receiving neuron it has to be
converted back to electrical. And that
 2 PRINCIPLE PARTS: happens once a neurotransmitter bind to a
receptor. Because that's what causes the ion
 PRESYNAPTIC NEURON channels to open.
 The cell that's sending the  
signal  And depending on which particular
 PRESYNAPTIC neurotransmitter binds to which receptor, the
TERMINAL( Axon Terminal) neuron might either get exited or inhibited.
 Where the signal transmits  
through EXCITATORY
 A knoblike structure NEUROTRANSMITTERS
 Holds a whole bunch of
tiny synaptic sacs
 

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 Post synaptic potentials, graded potentials supply, making you feel terrible in a number
that push the neuron closer to the threshold, of ways.
and make an action potential more likely.  Cocaine and other drugs that target
 Depolarize the postsynaptic neuron by neurotransmitters trick the brain and
making the inside of it more positive and prolonged use may cause it to adapt, as all
bringing it closer to its action potential, those synapses remember how great those
making it more likely to fire that message to extra chemical feels
the next neuron

THE MAIN PROCESSING UNIT

OF THE BODY (CPU)
BRAIN
 Magnificent and complex
 Made up of many parts, each with specific
and important function.
 Controls our ability to balance, walk, talk
and eat.
 Coordinates and regulates our breathing,
blood circulation, and the heart rate

 Responsible for our ability to speak, to
 
process and remember information, make
INHIBITORY decisions, and feel emotions.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS  Every brain is unique, ever-changing,
 Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic neuron by extremely sensitive to its environment.
making the inside more negative  

  DIVISION BASED ON
 Any region of a single neuron may have
hundredsLOCATION
of synapses, each with different
inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter.  
 The likelihood of that post synaptic neuron THREE MAIN REGIONS BASED
depends on the sum of all excitations and
inhibitions in that area ON LOCATION
  Hindbrain
 REUPTAKE  Includes all the structures located in
 After they deliver their message, the hind (posterior) part of the brain
they just sort of pop back out and  Midbrain
then either degrade or get recycled  Closest to the spinal cord
 Some kinds diffuse back across the  Located in the middle of the brain
synapse and are immediately re  Forebrain
absorbed by sending the neuron  Includes all structures located in the
front (anterior) part of the brain
 
THREE CONCENTRIC LAYERS (Paul
MacLean, 1973)
 
 Cocaine blocks the reuptake, especially the
dopamine HOW COCAINE WORKS
 These allows these powerful chemicals to
 CENTRAL CORE(Brain stem)
float around and accumulate- making the
user feel euphoric for a time but also  Regulates our most primitive
paranoid and jittery behaviors
 And because you have limited supply of  Which are under voluntary
these neurotransmitters, and your body control such as breathing,
needs time to brew more, flooding your vomiting, sleeping, etc.
synapses like this eventually deletes your

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 Controls involuntary behaviors o All the sense receptors have nerve fibers
such as coughing, sneezing and feed into the reticular system which act as a
gagging filter
 Also includes all the structures of o Allows some sensory messages to pass to
the midbrain and hindbrain, and the the cerebral cortex (that is to conscious
two structures of the forebrain; awareness) while blocking others.
hypothalamus and the thalamus.  
 LIMBIC SYSTEM CEREBELLUM
 Controls our emotions  Slightly above the medulla
 CEREBRUM  Concerned primarily with the coordination
 Regulated our higher intellectual of movements
processes  Damage to it might result to uncoordinated
  movements
  THE
 ORGANIZATION
Important for learning newOFmotorTHE
responses
 

BRAIN
Direct neural connection between the
cerebellum and frontal parts of the brain are
HINDBRAIN involved in language, planning and
o Sits on top of the spinal cord, and it is reasoning (Middleton& Strick, 1994)
crucial for basic life functions
MEDULLA o This connecting circuits are much
 First slight enlargement of the larger in human beings than in
spinal cord as it enters the skull monkeys and other animals.
 A narrow structure that controls  
breathing and some reflexes that o Cerebellum may play a role in the
help maintain upright posture control and coordination of
PONS higher mental functions as well as
 Above medulla in the coordination of movements
 Control of attentiveness and timing  

 
of sleep
MIDBRAIN
o Found just above the pons and
 The major nerve tracts coming up from
surrounded by the forebrain
the spinal cord cross over so that the
 
right side of the brain is connected to
the left side of the body, and the left
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR
side of the brain is connected to the COLLICULUS
o Two small structures of the
right side of the body.
  midbrain
o Important for relaying sensory
RETICULAR FORMATION information to the brain and for
 Network of neural circuits that movement control( eye
extends from the lower brainstem movements)
up to the thalamus in the forebrain,  
and traversing some of the other
central core structures.
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
o A crucial part of the dopamine-
 Control arousal
  containing pathway (also referred
as the 'reward-pathway').
 When an electric current of a certain voltage
o Deteriorates in Parkinson's disease
is sent through electrodes implanted in the
reticular formation of a cat or dog, the  
animal goes to sleep; stimulation by a
current with a more rapidly changing
THE FOREBRAIN
waveform awakens the sleeping animal.
CEREBRUM
   Large part of the forebrain
o The reticular formation also plays a role in  Especially more highly developed
our ability to focus attention on stimuli in humans than in any other
organism
 

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CORTEX/CEREBRAL CORTEX  A set of structures that impose additional

 Outer layer of the cerebrum control over some of the instinctive
 Most important region of the brain behaviors regulated by the central core
for many psychological functions  IN FISH AND REPTILES
   Carry out activities such as feeding,
SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES: attacking, fleeing and mating by
means of stereotyped behaviors.
HYPOTHALAMUS  IN MAMMALS
o Centers in the hypothalamus  Inhibit some of these instinctive
regulate eating, drinking and sexual patterns and allow the organism to
behavior be more flexible and better able to
adapt to changes in the
o Involved maintaining homeostasis environment
by exerting control over the  Involves emotional behavior
autonomic nervous system  
HIPPOCAMPUS
o Has also an important role in the  Has a special role in memory
sensation of our emotions and in  This was discovered during the 1950s when
response to stress producing people who had the structure surgically
situations. removed to treat their epilepsy , readily
recognize old friends and recall earlier
o Mild electrical stimulation experiences, however cannot recall
produces feeling of pleasure: memories that happened a year before the
stimulation of adjacent regions incident
produces unpleasant sensations  
THALAMUS AMYGDALA
 An almond shaped structure deep within the
o Two egg-shaped groups of nerve cell nuclei brain
o Acts as a sensory relay station, directing incoming  Critical in emotion such as fear (Maren,
information information from the sense 2001)
receptors(such as vision and hearing) to the cerebrum  If damaged in animals, they exhibit
marked reduction in fear; in
HOMEOSTASIS Humans, they will be unable to
o recognize facial expressions of fear
Refers to the level of functioning that is characteristic
of a healthy organism
o Body temperature, heart rate and blood
pressure.
o When an organism is under stress, homeostasis is
disturbs, and the processes are set into motion to
correct this lack of equilibrium.
o Bothe process tend to restore normal temperature and
are controlled by the hypothalamus

PITUITARY GLAND or learn new fear responses

o Most important part of a system of glands( Endocrine (Bechara et al., 1995)
system)  
o The hypothalamus controls the endocrine system and
thus the production of hormones  
   
LIMBIC SYSTEM CEREBRAL CORTEX
 Around the central core of the brain and  Each sensory systems send information to
closely interconnected with the specific areas of the cerebral cortex
hypothalamus  Motor responses, or movements of the body
parts, are controlled by specific areas of the
cortex

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 GRAY MATTER  Electrical stimulation at certain spots on the

 The cortex of a preserved brain motor cortex causes specific parts of the
appears gray because it is largely body to move.
nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated  When these spots on the motor
fibers. cortex are injured, movement is
impaired
 WHITE MATTER  The body is represented on the
 The inside of the cerebrum, beneath motor cortex in approximately
the cortex, is mostly myelinated upside-down form
axons and appears white  
  For example, movements of the toes are
controlled from an area near the top of the
ASSOCIATION AREAS head, but tongue and mouth movements are
controlled from near the bottom of the motor
 Consists the rest of the cortex area.
which is neither motor nor sensory  
 Occupy the largest portion of the  Movements on the right side of the body are
human cortex and are concerned governed by the motor cortex of the left
with memory, thought, and hemisphere; the right hemisphere governs
language movements on the left side.
   
PARIETAL LOBE
o Is at the top of the brain behind the central fissure and
that the occipital lobe is at the rear of the brain.
 
PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA
 Separated from the motor area by
the central fissure
 An area that is responsible for
sensory experience

   When this area is stimulated electrically, it

 Cortex is composed of two hemispheres on produces a sensory experience somewhere
the left and right sides of the brain that are on the opposite side of the body
connected by the corpus callosum. They are  Heat, cold, touch, pain and the sense of body
basically symmetrical, with a deep division movement are presented here
(the longitudinal fissure) between them. We  The amount of somatosensory area
therefore refer to the left and right associated with a particular part of the body
hemispheres. Each hemisphere is divided is related to its sensitivity and use.
into four lobes: the frontal, parietal,  
occipital, and temporal lobes. These are For example, among four-footed mammals,
large regions of the cerebral cortex that the dog has only a small amount of cortical
perform diverse functions. tissue representing its forepaws, whereas the
  raccoon – which makes extensive use of its
forepaws in exploring and manipulating its
FRONTAL LOBE environment – has a much larger cortical area
 Separated from the parietal lobe by the to control its forepaws, including regions for
central fissure, a groove that runs from near separate fingers. The rat, which learns a great
the top of the head sideways to the ears. deal about its environment by means of its
 The division between the parietal lobe and sensitive whiskers, has a separate cortical
the occipital lobe is less clear-cut.  area for each whisker.
   
PRIMARY MOTOR AREA
 Just in front of the central fissure OCCIPITAL LOBE
 Controls voluntary movements of
the body PRIMARY VISUAL AREA
 

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 Located at the back of each  

occipital lobe in the cortex  Mental decline is one of the most frightening
 The optic nerve fibers and neural aspects of aging, but it is not inevitable, by
pathways leading from each eye to working to improve brain health you can
the visual cortex. help maintain your memory, understanding,
  communication and quality of life.
 Notice that some of the optic fibers from the
right eye go to the right cerebral hemisphere,  
whereas others cross over at a junction   GETTING TO KNOW YOUR
called the optic chiasm and go to the  
opposite hemisphere; the same arrangement BRAIN (LECTURE VIDEO 1 )
holds true for the left eye.
 Fibers from the right sides of both eyes go to INTRODUCTION TO
the right hemisphere of the brain, and fibers
from the left sides of both eyes go to the left PHRENOLOGY
hemisphere.  Franz Joseph Gall
 As a result, the left visual field is  First phrenologist
represented in the right hemisphere, whereas  PHRENOLOGY
the right visual field is represented in the left  The detailed study of the shape and
hemisphere. size of the cranium as a supposed
 Helpful in pinpointing the location indication of character and mental
of a brain tumor or other abilities.
abnormalities  CRANIUM
   Bone that
surrounds the
TEMPORAL LOBE brain
 "DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN
PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA CONTROL SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF
 Located in the surface of the OUR BEHAVIOR"
temporal lobe at the side of each  Function in other term is localized
hemisphere  MOTOR CORTEX - arm twitch
 Involve in the analysis of complex  FRONTAL LOBES - remember memories
auditory signal -- particularly the  
temporal patterning of sound, as in HOW DO OUR BRAINS'
human speech
 Both ears are represented in the FUNCTION TIE TO THE
auditory areas on both sides of the BEHAVIOR OF THE MIND?
cortex, but connections to the  
opposite side are stronger  Central Nervous System
 The right ear send information to  Makes your bodies big decisions
the auditory area on the left side of  The command center
the brain and the opposite is true of  Peripheral Nervous System
the left ear.  Composed of scout-like sensory
  neurons that gather information and
 The brain changes throughout life, adapting report it back to the central nervous
to things we have learned and experienced. system
In a healthy brain, new connections  
continually develop, and broken ones are
repaired. As we get older, particularly from THE CURIOUS CASE OF
middle age onwards, changes can start to PHINEAS GAGE
happen within the brain so that there’s a
gradual decrease in mental capabilities. This  
is known as age-related cognitive decline,  Phineas Gage was working on a rail road,
and it typically results in people becoming when was tamping gunpowder into a hole
more forgetful and less mentally sharp. So, with an iron rod but it ignited. The explosion
although brain health is important at every caused the rod to shoot like a bullet up
age, it becomes more imperative as we grow through his left cheek and out of the top of
older. his head. But he survived, even the doctors

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were surprised. But when he got home, he  Boarder region separating the old brain and
coughed and a tea-cup size of his brain had the newer, higher cerebral areas
gone out of his mouth. He looked okay but
his friends observed something wrong about
him. His personality had change. The old AMYGDALA
Phineas was gone, the soft spoken and mild-  Memory consolidation as well as both our
mannered Phineas was gone. He was greatest fear and hottest aggression
describes as "no longer gage".  
  HYPOTHALAMUS
 Keeps your whole body steady
BRAIN STRUCTURES  Regulating body temperatures, circadian
rhythms, and hunger
 Helps endocrine system especially the
 Messing with the brain was messing with the
pituitary gland
mind
 Feel pleasure and reward 
 We are working 10% of our brain capacity
 
 Nearly every region of the brain lights up HIPPOCAMPUS
during even simple task like walking and
 Central to learning and memory
talking
 If damaged a person may lose their ability to
 Our brain requires 20% of all the body's
retain new facts and memories
energy
 
 
GREY MATTER
 The two hemispheres of your cerebrum
OLD BRAIN make up about 85 percent of your brain
 Keep our brain system keep our basic body's weight, and oversee your ability to think
functioning running smoothly speak and perceive.
   The left and right hemispheres govern and
BRAIN STEM regulate different functions, giving us a split
 The most ancient and central core of the brain, connected by a structure called corpus
brain callosum.
 
LEFT HEMISPHERE
MEDULLA  Language production
 The old brain functions happen RIGHT HEMISPHERE
automatically without any conscious effort:  Certain creative function
the beating of hearts, breathing of lungs  
PONS  POP PSYCHOLOGY
 Perched on the medulla and it helps  A behavioral disorder in which
coordinate movements journalists and armchair
THALAMUS psychology use research showing
 Take in sensory information related to beautiful, detailed, intimately
seeing, hearing, touching and tasting connected complexities of your
RETICULAR INFORMATION brain to sell newspapers or
 Essential for arousal reinforce previously held beliefs.
 Sleeping and waling and pain perception  
CEREBELLUM
 Little brain
 Responsible for non verbal learning and CEREBRAL CORTEX
memory, the perception of time and  A thin layer of over twenty billion
modulating motions interconnected neurons
 Controls voluntary movement but also gets
impaired in the influence of alcohol
 GLIAL CELLS
 
 Provides spider web of support that
LYMBIC
LYMBIC SYSTEM
SYSTEM surround, insulate, and nourish the
 Higher functions of the brain cerebral neurons

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FRONTAL LOBES
 Involved in speaking, planning, judging,
abstract thinking and personality aspects
PAREITAL LOBES
 Sense of touch, body position
OCCIPITAL LOBES
 Information related to sight
TEMPORAL LOBES
 Comprehension, sound and speech
FISSURES
 A prominent folds that separates the four
lobes
 
EACH HEMISPHERE CONTROLS THE
OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE BODY

MOTOR CORTEX
 Controls voluntary movements and sends
messages from the brain out of the body
SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
 Processes incoming sensations
 
ASSOCIATION AREAS
 The rest of the gray matter related to higher
mental functions
 Unlike the sensory and motor cortex, you
couldn't just poke and create a neat response
 Association areas are more subtle; they deal
with things like interpreting and integrating
sensory input and linking up with memories
 Prevail throughout all our four lobes
 
BIOLOGY AND
PSYCHOLOGY ARE
INTERTWINED

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