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Module 1

1) The document introduces various transfer processes including momentum, heat, and mass transfer. It discusses molecular and convective transfer and the driving forces and rate laws associated with each. 2) Key transport properties are introduced including viscosity, thermal conductivity, and mass diffusivity. Dimensionless numbers relating the transport properties like Prandtl, Schmidt, and Lewis numbers are also defined. 3) The document provides an overview of mass transfer, discussing Fick's law of diffusion and introducing the concept of chemical potential gradients as another driving force for mass transfer. It also briefly discusses turbulent mass transfer and convective mass transfer correlations.

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Robert John Gerida Cabanda
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25 views

Module 1

1) The document introduces various transfer processes including momentum, heat, and mass transfer. It discusses molecular and convective transfer and the driving forces and rate laws associated with each. 2) Key transport properties are introduced including viscosity, thermal conductivity, and mass diffusivity. Dimensionless numbers relating the transport properties like Prandtl, Schmidt, and Lewis numbers are also defined. 3) The document provides an overview of mass transfer, discussing Fick's law of diffusion and introducing the concept of chemical potential gradients as another driving force for mass transfer. It also briefly discusses turbulent mass transfer and convective mass transfer correlations.

Uploaded by

Robert John Gerida Cabanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Module 1:

μ α k ν DAB Ui Uo UD
hi ho Pr f Gr Re Le
Nu Sh Pe Sc kc Kc d
Δρ Σ Π∂ ∫

Introduction to Mass Transfer


Transfer processes
For a transfer or rate process

Rate of a quantity driving force

Rate of a quantity area for the flow of the quantity


1
Rate of a quantity Area driving force
resistance
Rate of a quantity conductance Area driving force
Flux of a quantity conductance driving force
Conductance is a transport property.

Compare the above equations with Ohm’s law of electrical


3
conductance
Transfer processes

change in the quanity


Rate of a quantity
change in time

rate of the quantity


Flux of a quantity
area for flow of the quantity

change in the quantity


Gradient of a quantity
change in distance

4
Transfer processes

In chemical engineering, we study three transfer


processes (rate processes), namely

•Momentum transfer or Fluid flow


•Heat transfer
•Mass transfer

The study of these three processes is called as


transport phenomena.
5
Transfer processes
Transfer processes are either:

• Molecular (rate of transfer is only a function


of molecular activity), or
• Convective (rate of transfer is mainly due to
fluid motion or convective currents)

Unlike momentum and mass transfer processes,


heat transfer has an added mode of transfer
called as radiation heat transfer.
6
Summary of transfer processes

Conductance Law for molecular


Rate Process Driving force
(Transport property) transfer

Momentum Viscosity Newton’s law of


Velocity gradient
transfer (Kinematic viscosity) viscosity

Temperature Thermal conductivity


Heat transfer Fourier’s law
gradient (Thermal diffusivity)

Concentration
Mass transfer gradient (chemical Mass diffusivity Fick’s law
potential gradient)

7
Molecular rate laws

Newton’s law of
viscosity (modified)

Fourier’s law of
conduction heat transfer
(modified)

Fick’s law of molecular


diffusion

8
Molecular rate laws

are concentration terms and are


momentum, heat, and mass (molar)
concentrations having SI units of
(kg·m·s‒1)/m3, J/m3, and mol/m3,
respectively.
transport properties.
transport diffusivities.
Each transport diffusivity has the SI unit of m2/s. 9
Ratios of transport diffusivities

Prandtl number is the ratio of molecular diffusivity of


momentum (kinematic viscosity) to molecular
diffusivity of heat (thermal diffusivity).

Schmidt number is the ratio of molecular diffusivity of


momentum (kinematic viscosity) to molecular
diffusivity of mass.

Lewis number is the ratio of molecular diffusivity


of heat (thermal diffusivity) to molecular
diffusivity of mass. 10
Ratios of transport diffusivities

11
Rapid and brief introduction to mass
transfer

Mass transfer is basically of two types

•Molecular mass transfer


•Convective mass transfer

Mass transfer can be within a single phase


(homogeneous) or between phases. In the latter
case it is called as “interphase mass transfer”.

12
Rapid and brief introduction to mass
transfer
Fick’s Law of mass transfer
dcA
J Az DA
dz
A more general driving force is based on chemical
potential gradient (μc)
DA d c
J Az cA
RT dz
13
Rapid and brief introduction to mass
transfer
Where,
o
c RT ln c A
μo is the chemical potential at the standard state.

Apart from difference in concentration, a chemical


potential gradient can also be obtained by
temperature difference (thermal diffusion or Soret
effect), pressure difference, differences in gravity
forces, magnetic forces, etc. See Ref. 5, Chapter 24.
14
Rapid and brief introduction to mass
transfer

15
Rapid and brief introduction to mass
transfer [2]

16
Rapid and brief introduction to mass
transfer

For a binary system (A and B) with a constant


average velocity in the z-direction, the molar flux
in the z-direction relative to the molar-average
velocity may be expressed by:

J Az cA (u Az uz )

17
Turbulent mass diffusivities

18
Turbulent mass diffusivities

19
Turbulent mass diffusivities

20
Convective mass transfer

21
Convective mass transfer

22
Convective mass transfer

23
Convective mass transfer

24
Convective mass transfer
correlations

25

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