EGT10103

PENGENALAN DAN AMALAN PROFESIONAL DALAM GEOSAINS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
METHAMORPHIC ROCK

• Metamorphism =Changing of form which

involves alteration
• Changes due to ;
• Deep burial
• Tectonic forces
• Isostatic adjustment
• And/or high temperature
• The changes;
• New texture
• New mineral assemblages
• Formation occur in the solid state
• Take place at moderate to great depth in
earth crust
• Expose over a large region
FACTORS THAT CONTROLLING
METAMORPHISM

• Temperature
• Pressure
FACTORS CONTROL
METAMORPHISM

Temperature
Pressure
FACTORS THAT CONTROLLING
METAMORPHISM

Temperature Lithostatic
pressure
Pressure

Directional
Pressure
Directed Pressure Results in:

Foliation
Foliation Under a Microscope
Metamorphic Grade
Types of metamorphism

Dynamic
• Near faults of thrusts
 The crushing and ductile flow of
rock.
 High shear stress high pressure,
high strain, high fluid partial
pressure
eg: mylonite, sheared granite, fault
breccia.
Mylonite
Regional metamorphism
Steadily increase of temperature
and pressure.
Cover large area
Fold mountains, cratonic areas
Foliated rock
eg: Slate, Schist, etc.
Contact/hydrothermal
• High temp., low pressure
• Formed near or around the
intrusion of igneous rock
• Different parent rock will form
different metamorphic rock.
eg: Hornfels, marble
High T, Low P Metamorphism

Contact Metamorphism
 TYPE OF METAMORPHISM

Contact
Metamorphism:
Lots of Hot Fluids
HOW DOES ROCK CHANGE??

TEXTURE
Process : compaction and recrystallization.
• Foliated-alignment of sheet-like mineral (foliation).
• Eg: schistosity, slaty.

• Lineation-alignment of elongated, rod-like minerals.

• Eg: amphibole, pyroxene.

• Non-foliated-composed of equidimensional grains. Grains

form a mosaic (granoblastic texture).
• Eg: quartzite, marble.
Mica Schist

Schist
Grapitic schist
Phyllite Gneiss
 Quartzite

Marble
MINERALOGY
▪ Process: recrystallization and formation of new minerals
(neomorphism and metasomatism)
▪ Metamorphic minerals:
• Garnet • Micas
• Staurolite
• Kyanite
• Chlorite
• Talc
• Graphite
• Tourmaline
• Asbestos
Foliation
Foliated
Metamorphic Rocks
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Parent
Foliation Grain Size Composition Other Grade Name
Rock
Cleavage surfa ces
micro scopic usually have dull
clay miner als Shale low SLATE
to very fine luster; color
Slaty cleavage varia ble
—breaks into
flat plates Fine-grained ;
very fin e to micaceous mi nerals
clay, mica Shale low PHYLLITE
fine give surf ace a satiny
luster
Commo nly does not
contain feldspars; Shale,
inclu des
larg e mica grains siltstone, medium SCHIST*
Schistosity— mica, garn et
create sparkly graywacke
Platy foliation medium to surface
due to mica coarse
grains Blueish-gray color;
blue medium
mostly Basalt BLUES CHIST
amphibo le to high
nonmic aceous

mostly
inclu des nonmic aceous Shale,
quartz, mine rals; light and siltstone,
Gneis sic (ligh t
coarse feldspa r, dark layers graywack e, high GNEISS*
& dark) banding
amphibo le, common; may also felsic
pyroxene contain biotite and igneous
garnet
*Desc riptive adjectives should be added to the rock name to describe the minerals it contains.
(For example, a schist containing garnet and muscovite would be called a garnet-muscovite schist.)
Nonfoliated
Metamorphic Rocks
Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Grain
Composition Other Parent Rock Grade Name
Size

Crystalline texture; does not

Calcite commonl y low to
scratch glass; color variable - Limestone MARBLE
(acid reaction) coarse high
usually white, pink, gray

Crystalline texture; color

Quartz fine to Quart z, low to
varia ble - usually white, pink, QUAR TZITE
(scratches glass) coarse Sandstone high
tan, brown, red, purple

Sometimes deforme d, rock

low to
Rock fragme nts coarse frag ments; rock breaks through Conglo merate METACONGLOMERATE
medium
individu al clasts
Pyroxene, Dens e, commonl y dark in color; Shale,
amphibo le, fine can be similar to basalt; formed siltstone, low HORNFELS
plagi oclase from contact metamorph ism basalt
Chlor it e,
fine to Green ish gray to greenis h Basalt, low to
amphibo le, GREENSTONE
medium black; massive Gabbro medium
plagi oclase
Green ish to black; commonly
fine to Dunit e, medium
Serpentine mottled or streaked; often shiny SERPENTINITE
medium gabbro to high
(may b e fiberous)
Dark gree n to black; also may
contain biotite, plagioclase, and
garne t; (This rock may show
Basalt, medium
Amphibole coarse lin eation - a parallel align ment AMPHIBOLITE
Gabbro to high
of "pencil"-shaped minerals.
However , in many sam ples the
lin eation will not be obvious.)
Mineral Composition & Texture
tell us about Metamorphic
Environments

(= Metamorphic Facies)
METAMORPHIC ZONES

• In regional metamorphic terranes, the temperature and

pressure regime is indicated by the distribution of
metamorphic minerals across a large area.
• Called as index mineral
• Low metamorphic grade (low temperatures and
pressures) - about 200 degrees °C
eg:Slate and phyllite
• minerals-chlorite, muscovite, biotite
• Intermediate metamorphic grade
eg:Schist
Minerals-garnet, staurolite

• High metamorphic grade - 800 degrees °C (verging on

melting)
eg:Gneiss and migmatite
Mineral-sillimanite
METAMORPHIC FACIES

• varied mineral assemblages

• metamorphic facies = different P-T
conditions
• specific temperature and pressure
range
• named after characteristic mineral
or mineral assemblage
METAMORPHIC FACIES
FACIES AND ROCK TYPE
GEOLOGIC SETTING OF METAMORPHIC
ROCKS

• associated with all 3 types of

plate boundaries, but most
common at convergent plate
margins
low- to high-grade regional metamorphism of
fore- and back-arc sediments and
contact metamorphism around intrusions
produced by magmas that originate through
melting above the subducting slab
Economic resources
Many valuable resources
▪ marble - statuary and building stone
▪ slate - roofing, flooring, billiard tables
▪ talc – powder
▪ graphite - pencils and lubricants
▪ garnet and corundum - gemstones, abrasives
▪ copper, lead and zinc sulfide deposits
▪ iron, tin and tungsten oxides deposits
▪ precious metal (gold) deposits
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF
KELANTAN
END OF LECTURE