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Exoskeleton Arm

1. Exoskeleton bionic arms have limitations including requiring technical knowledge to operate, need for constant monitoring, and grips that are not strong enough for heavy lifting. 2. They also have limited power ranges due to battery life and limited motion ranges compared to unrestricted human movement. 3. Future improvements may address speed and flexibility of movement, individual finger control, and customization for different users and tasks.

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88 views

Exoskeleton Arm

1. Exoskeleton bionic arms have limitations including requiring technical knowledge to operate, need for constant monitoring, and grips that are not strong enough for heavy lifting. 2. They also have limited power ranges due to battery life and limited motion ranges compared to unrestricted human movement. 3. Future improvements may address speed and flexibility of movement, individual finger control, and customization for different users and tasks.

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c214oc
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Limitations

Technical Know-how limitations


The use of exoskeleton bionic arms comes with the need for an individual with knowledge in how they
operate. After purchasing they must go through an internal training for better and efficient use.

They need constant monitoring


The biomechanical arms are machines, hence need to be programmed, checked, and often monitored to
ensure all is going as intended.

Grips not strong enough


As we are advancing in grip patterns, we are finding that the grips are still not strong enough for heavy
duty activities.

Bionic hands typically have certain standard grip modes that can help the majority of the population with
most of their general day-to-day activities. Still, everyone is unique and has different requirements
according to either their profession, passion, or personal preference. As such, users often want to
customize their hand to these needs, ensuring that they can continue doing what they enjoy. But, as most
bionic hands do not offer such customization, they fail to meet all users' needs.

Limited Power Range - They have, at this point, limited mobile power supplies - that means you
cannot move them easily everywhere and they have a very limited power range, running out of batteries
pretty quickly.

Limited Motion Range - A human being, unrestricted, has a large range of motions that they can
perform; certain flexibility and spring in their movement. If they will have a full-hand exoskeleton
attached to their frame, the movement will be cumbersome! Also, the speed of motions will be an issue
(hopefully future models will get better at this!) as the machine itself is not built for this purpose, but
rather for the brute force.

Summing Up
Overall, it must be noted that studies included in this review differed greatly with regard to study
protocols (familiarization period, task, duration, repetitions, etc.) and results are thus comparable only to a
limited extend.

Scope

Biomechanics is one of the disciplines in the field of Human Movement and Exercise Science
and it can be divided into three broad categories from a research perspective. Clinical
biomechanics involves research in the areas of gait, neuromuscular control, tissue mechanics,
and movement evaluation during rehabilitation from either injury or disease. Occupational
biomechanics typically involves research in the areas of ergonomics and human growth or
morphology as they influence movement.

1. Haptic
These types of exoskeletons are developed for healthy individuals with the main purpose to give
haptic feedback for virtual and teleoperation applications. It allows the individual to interact with
objects in the virtual environment and feel the objects through the exoskeleton. These devices are
usually underactuated and contain sensors for finger tracking. The amount of output force to
control the fingers is not as crucial as in other applications. Due to the device being worn by
healthy individuals, adjustability is recommended for an affordable device, and individual finger
movement is required.
2. Augmentation
These types of hand exoskeletons serve the purpose to amplify the user’s power. This is made for
healthy individuals and portability is favorable. These types of exoskeletons are generally
produced for military purposes, but it is also used in the space program to help astronauts flex
and extend their fingers through the stiff spacesuit. High power output is required for these types
of hand exoskeletons with maximum safety precautions implemented, as these devices can cause
serious harm to the user if malfunctioned.
3. In near future we may see exoskeleton used in diseases like Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis (ALS) in which nerve cell break down, which reduces functionality in the
muscles that they supply , which has no cure currently, but using this technology may
give a new way of life for those individuals. Exoskeleton can be wearable for long time
without any issue to the wearer, more light weight easy to carry everyone can afford it.
By using this technology individuals can work without any risk of life in industry or
construction site or in logistic department.

5. The smallest subfield for exoskeleton is commercial sector. Main prospective of


commercial exoskeleton can be found in motorized transportation and sports and hiking
application. This type of transportation requires minimum infrastructure with maximum
flexibility and educational application is mostly hypothetical.

APPLICATIONS

Rehabilitation exoskeletons
Most commonly, exoskeletons are used in the health sector and, in particular, in rehabilitation
medicine. This is the original idea of exoskeletons: to help people who have suffered some kind
of accident and need to function normally again. Over the years, these devices have been
improved and optimised so that they can be used more easily. This type of assistive frame is
especially designed to help people who have suffered from diseases such as stroke, for example,
or who have some kind of injury and need help to handle day to day activities or strengthen their
muscles.

Children's exoskeletons
Children's or paediatric exoskeletons are designed for children with mobility problems, such as
those affected by spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). These are frames that are adapted to the
smallest size of children and meet their needs to the extent that, thanks to these systems, children
are able to perform activities for the first time.

This exoskeleton has tendons, motors and joints, thanks to which children can execute all kinds
of movements that are assisted by the frame. Thanks to these devices, many children can take
their first steps and strengthen their muscles, and benefit enormously in other aspects such as
cognitive, social, play, inclusion and, above all, emotional benefits, both for the child and their
family.

REFERENCES

National Library of Medicine - National Center for Biotechnology Information


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6548979/

Aether Biomedical - https://blog.aetherbiomedical.com/current-limitations-with-bionic-hands

Science Direct
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1440244099800036

PhysioPedia
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Biomechanics_In_Sport

Calculation of Human Arm Stiffness Using a Biomechanical Model(PDF)


https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1289375/946273.pdf

PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Aikt Library
http://ir.aiktclibrary.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle

Research Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V7/i7/IRJET-V7I7207.pdf

Frontiers in Robotics and AI


https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2022.858893/full

Exoskeleton Report (2017). AIRFRAME


https://exoskeletonreport.com/product/airframe/

Exoskeleton and its Future


https://adamasuniversity.ac.in/exoskeleton-and-its-future-in-india/

Effet of Arm Support Exoskeleton


https://www.longdom.org/open-access/the-effect-of-arm-support-exoskeletons-in-realistic-work-
activities-a-review-study-44947.html
ArchDesk
https://archdesk.com/blog/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-exoskeletons/

Journal on Exoskeleton based Rehabilitation


https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1711/1711.09523.pdf

Frontiers in Neurobotics
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbot.2019.00030/full

NeuroEngineering
https://jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12984-016-0117-x

BrightHub Engineering
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/robotics/26215-robotics-scope-and-limitations-of-robots/

TheSignal
https://signalscv.com/2019/01/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-industrial-robotic-arms/

Granta
https://www.granta-automation.co.uk/news/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-robotic-
automation/

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