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Manhattan SC note

By Linhui Fu
MENU
CHAPTER 2 GRAMMER & MEANING.....................................................3
A. “COUSIN” WORD ............................................................................................................................. 3
B. MODAL VERB .................................................................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER 3 S-V AGREEMENT ................................................................4

A. SUBJECT AND VERB MUST BOTH EXISTS, MAKE SENSE TOGETHER, AND AGREE IN NUMBER. ...........................4
B. AND VS. ADDITIVE PHRASES ............................................................................................................... 4
C. OR, EITHER…OR & NEITHER…NOR ...................................................................................................... 4
D. COLLECTIVE NOUNS: ALWAYS SINGULAR ............................................................................................... 4
E. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS...................................................................................................................... 4
F. EACH AND EVERY AS THE SUBJECT: ALWAYS SINGULAR. ............................................................................ 5
G. QUANTITY WORDS AND PHRASES........................................................................................................ 5
H. SUBJECT PHRASES AND CLAUSES: ALWAYS SINGULAR. ............................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 4 PARALLELISM ....................................................................6

A. PARALLEL MARKERS .......................................................................................................................... 6
B. IDIOMS WITH PARALLEL STRUCTURE..................................................................................................... 6
C. LINKING VERB .................................................................................................................................. 6 1
CHAPTER 5 PRONOUNS .......................................................................7
A. THE ANTECEDENT MUST EXIST, MAKE SENSE AND AGREE IN NUMBER. .......................................................7
B. THIS THAT, THESE, AND THOSE ............................................................................................................ 7
C. PRONOUN AMBIGUITY ...................................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 6 MODIFIERS ........................................................................8

A. ADJ & ADV ..................................................................................................................................... 8
B. NOUN MODIFIERS ............................................................................................................................ 8
C. POSITION OF NOUN MODIFIERS .......................................................................................................... 8
D. POSSESSIVES ................................................................................................................................... 8
E. RELATIVE PRONOUNS ........................................................................................................................ 9
F. ESSENTIAL & NON-ESSENTIAL NOUN MODIFIERS .................................................................................... 9
G. VERB MODIFIER ............................................................................................................................... 9
H. WHICH VS. –ING ............................................................................................................................. 9
I. PROBLEM SET ................................................................................................................................. 10

CHAPTER 7 TENSE, MOOD, &VOICE .................................................... 11

A. TENSE .......................................................................................................................................... 11
B. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD ...................................................................................................................... 11
C. HYPOTHETICAL SUBJUNCTIVE ........................................................................................................... 11
D. IF…(THEN).................................................................................................................................... 11
E. THE COMMAND SUBJUNCTIVE .......................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 8 COMPARISONS ............................................................. 13
A. LIKE VS. AS.................................................................................................................................... 13
B. KEEP COMPARISONS PARALLEL .......................................................................................................... 13
C. OMITTED WORDS ........................................................................................................................... 13
D. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS ........................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER 9 IDIOM ............................................................................. 14

A. IDIOM .......................................................................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER 10 ODDS & ENDS ................................................................ 20

A. CONNECTING WORDS ..................................................................................................................... 20
B. CONNECTING PUNCTUATION ............................................................................................................ 20
C. QUANTITY..................................................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER 11 GM/S-V/PARALLELISM ................................................... 22

A. CONCISION: SPECIFIC PATTERN OF WORDINESS .................................................................................... 22
B. CONCISION: DON’T MAKE IT TOO SHORT ............................................................................................ 22
C. PARALLELISM: CONCRETE NOUNS AND ACTION NOUNS ......................................................................... 22
D. WHAT IS CONSIDERABLE PARALLEL .................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER 12 PRONOUNS & MODIFIERS: EXTRA .................................. 24 2

A. OTHER PRONOUNS ......................................................................................................................... 24
B. PLACEHOLDER IT ............................................................................................................................ 24
C. NUANCES OF PRONOUN REFERENCE .................................................................................................. 24
D. MODIFIERS: EXCEPTIONS TO THE TOUCH RULE..................................................................................... 24
E. POSSESSIVE NUANCES ..................................................................................................................... 25
F. SUBGROUP MODIFIERS .................................................................................................................... 25
G. MORE ON RELATIVE CLAUSES VS. PARTICIPLES .................................................................................... 25
H. ABSOLUTE PHRASE ......................................................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER 13 VERBS & COMPARISONS ................................................ 26

A.HELPING VERB................................................................................................................................ 26
B.VERBAL ......................................................................................................................................... 26
C.INFINITIVES .................................................................................................................................... 26
D.GERUND ....................................................................................................................................... 26
E.WHEN TO USE WHICH VERBAL OR VERB............................................................................................... 27
F.MORE ON LIKE & AS ........................................................................................................................ 27
G.NUMBERS IN COMPARISONS ............................................................................................................. 27
H.OTHER COMPARISON CONSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................................... 28
 Chapter 2 Grammer & Meaning
A. “cousin” word
1. Economical: 经济的，节约的，合算的
Economic: 经济的，经济学的
2. Aggravate:使恶化，加重
Aggravating: 使人恼怒的
3. Known as: named
Known to be: acknowledged as
4. Loss of: 失去
Loss in : (价值)损失
5. Mandate: 命令,command
Have a mandate: have authority from voters
6. Native of UK（来自 UK 的人）
Native to: 原产自。。
7. Range of (variety of )
Ranging (varing) 不同的
8. Rate of : speed or frequency of
Rate for: price for
9. Rise: general increase
Raise: a bet or salary raise 3
10. Try to do: seek to accomplish
Try doing: experiment with
11. Cost of sth.: how much sth. needed to be paid
Cost to sb.: how much sb. need to pay

B. Modal verb
1. Certain： The drop in interest rates WILL create better investment opportunities.
Uncertain：The drop in interest rates MAY create better investment opportunities.
Uncertain：IT IS POSSIBLE THAT the drop in interest rates WILL create better investment
opportunities.
2. Absolutely Necessary：The court ruled that the plaintiff MUST pay full damages.
Morally Obliged： A gentleman SHOULD treat a lady right.
MUST 表示强制性的，如果法庭判决就是强制性的义务用 MUST。而 should 在 GMAT 中
表示道德义务，并不带有强制性。
3. Actual： If Sandy and Sean met, they DISCUSSED mathematics.
Hypothetical：If Sandy and Sean met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics. 表示未发生的事

C．Avoid redundancy
1. 时间表述不可重复
PAST: previously; formerly; in the past; before now
PRESENT: now; currently; presently; at present
YEARLY: annual; each year; a year (e.g., three launches a year)
 Chapter 3 S-V Agreement
A. Subject and verb must both exists, make sense together, and

agree in number.

B. And vs. additive phrases

1. And can unit two or more subject, forming a compound plural subject.
2. Addictive phrase function as a modifier and doesn’t change the subject.
Addictive phrase include: along with, in addition to, as well as, accompanies by, together
with, including
Eg: Mathematics, history, and science ARE mandatory high-school subjects.
Mathematics, in addition to history and science, IS a required subject.
3. Subjects are singular (mathematics, physics…).
Aerobics(有氧运动法), diabetes（糖尿病）are singular.

C. Or, either…or & neither…nor

1. For or & either…or & neither…nor, the verbs agrees in number with the noun nearest to the
verb.
Eg: Neither the players nor the coach IS going to the beach. 4
2. For neither & either, the verb is always singular.

D. Collective nouns: always singular

1. Collective nouns for people: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra,
team
2. Collective nouns for items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture
3. Exception: If the collective noun is consider as a lot of objects, it should be plural. It depends
on the writer’s opinion.

E. Indefinite pronouns
1. Singular verb:
1) all the pronouns ending in -one, -body, - thing (the antecedent of one can be both
singular and plural)
2) no one, not one
3) whatever, whoever
4) either, neither
2. SANAM (some, any, none, all, many) can both be singular and plural.
3. any, none, no one 按照语义判断
Any of these women IS a suitable candidate for marriage to my son.
No one of my friends IS here this weekend.
F. Each and every as the subject: always singular.
1. They each ARE great tennis players.

G. Quantity words and phrases

1. The number of … → singular 。。 。的数量
2. For some quantity phrase, the subject lies in the Of-prepositional phrase. (A number of, some
of, any of, none of ,all of, most of, half of )
3. For part phrase (majority, minority, plurality), the verb can both be singular and plural.
1) Singular verb when it indicate the totality itself and when it exist alone.
Eg: The majority has come to an agreement.
2) Plural verb when indicate the many individual parts of the totality.
Eg: The majority of the students in the class are hard workers.

H. Subject phrases and clauses: always singular.

singular plural depends
and and
additive phrase along with, in addition to, as well as,
accompanies by, together with,
including 5
or & either…or depend on the subject nearest
& neither…nor to the verb
neither & either neither & either
Collective nouns Collective nouns
Indefinite include:-one,-thing,-body, no one,
pronouns not one, whatever, whoever
SANAM depend on the subject of
Of-phrase
Each & every As subject
The number of The number of
majority, 1) Singular verb when indicate
minority, the totality itself.
plurality 2) Plural verb when indicate
the many individual parts of
the totality.
Subject phrases Subject phrases and clauses
and clauses
 Chapter 4 Parallelism
A. Parallel markers
1. Parallel markers: and, both…and, or , either…or, not…but, not only…but also,
rather than, from…to
2. And 连接两个长独立句子时，and 前面加 comma.
3. 若两个同位语从句被 and 并列时，两个从句开头都必须有 that.

B. Idioms with parallel structure

A acts as B Between A and B
Thinks of A as B Whether A or B
View A as B Not only A, but also B
Regard A as B In contrast with/to A, B
A is the same as B Compared to A, B
A, such as Y (example) A develops into B
As A, so B A differs from B
A is adj ,and so too is B A instead of B
Consider A B A is known to be B
Declare A B A is less than B
Make A B
A exceed B
A is thought to be B
Distinguish A from B
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A surpass B Estimate A to be B
Mistake A for B

C. Linking verb
1. Treat linking verb as a parallel marker.
Linking verb includes:
To be, appear, become, grow, remain, represent, resemble, seems, stay, turn, feel, look,
taste, smell, sound
 Chapter 5 Pronouns
A. The antecedent must exist, make sense and agree in number.
1. POSSESSIVE NOUN with NON-POSSESSIVE PRONOUN is NOT OK BUT ALL OTHER
COMBINATIONS are ok.

B. This that, these, and those

1. “It” refers to the actual thing. “That” or “those” indicate a “new copy” and the copy must be
modified.
2. The new copy agrees in number with the previous version. If not, you need to rewrite it.
Her computer is better than that of his sister
Her computer is better than the computers of his classmates.
3. “This” and “those” can’t be in place of noun

C. Pronoun ambiguity
1. Every “it” and “its” must refer to the same singular antecedent in a sentence.
2. Every “they” and “them” and “their” must refer to the same plural antecedent in a
sentence.

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 Chapter 6 Modifiers
A. Adj & adv
1. Things can be modified:
Adj modifies only a noun or a pronoun.
Adv modifies anything except a noun or a pronoun.

2. Pay attention to the thing that is modified:

[Adj+adj+noun]: Both 2 adj modify the noun
[Adj+adv+noun]: adv modifies the adj
此结构常涉及到的词： supposed; corresponding; frequent; independent; rare; recent; seeming;
separate; significant; supposed 请注意这些形容词与相应副词的区别！

3. The linking verb (seem, feel, smell etc.)

Adj follows linking verbs and identifies a quality with the noun subject.
Eg: Amy feel well (well is an adj and modify Amy)
Amy dance well (well is an adv and modify dance)

B. Noun modifiers
1.
2.
Phrases or clause that modifies nouns are Noun Modifies, acting like long adj.
The thing that is modified by an opening modifier must immediately follow the opening
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modifier.
Eg：Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.

C. Position of Noun modifiers

1. A noun and its modifier must touch each other.(An appositive can be put between the a
relative clause and a modified noun)
2. A verb modifier doesn’t have to touch the subject.
3. How to handle sequences of modifiers：
1) Two or more long modifiers in a row [modifier + modifier +noun] → awkward or
incorrect
2) [modifier + noun + modifier] → Better
Rephrase and eliminate a modifier → best way
*小结：Noun Modifiers or Verb Modifiers 都必须与所修饰名词或者名词主语逻辑上 make
sense，再根据是 Noun Modifiers 还是 Verb Modifiers，判断位置是否需要紧挨着！

D. Possessives
1. Possessives nouns function as adj and cannot be modified by a noun modifier.
Eg: Bill’s score, Mama’s dress. Bill and Mama function as adj
E. Relative pronouns
1. Relative pronouns include 1T & 6W
that which when where who whom whose
2. Rules for relative pronouns and noun modifier
modified object Relative pronuns complement
People Who, whom, whose Whom can be omitted when it refer to the object
in the clause
Thing That, which, whose That can be omitted when it refer to the object in
the clause
Place Where
Metaphorical In which Eg: condition, situation, case, circumstances,
place arrangement
Time When, in which For a noun event or time, eg: period, age, 1987,
decade, when and in which are both okay

F. Essential & Non-essential noun modifiers

1. Essential modifiers provide necessary information.
Use that and no commas if the modifier is essential.
2. Non-essential modifiers provide extra information.
Use which and comma if the modifier is non-essential.
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G. Verb modifier
1. Things can be modified by verb modifier:
Modified object Type of verb modifier Complement
Verb Adv.
preposition phrase
subordinating clause
Subjet+verb -ing , or , -ing Make sure the subject and the
Preposition+ gerund modifier make sense together.
Infinitive of purpose (Infinitive There is no subject in main clause of
suggest that the subject want…..) the Passive Voice.

2. Verb modifiers can be placed more freely than noun modifiers. So check out for ambiguity.

H. Which vs. –ing

1. Which can be used only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it-- never to refer to a
clause.
2. –ing form as modifier
Modified object Example Complement
Nouns Changing reasons
V. and its subject I read the book, standing.
Clause Crime has decreased in As long as the clause converted into a
the neighbourhood, noun phrase function as the subject of
leading to a rise in the verb.
property values. A comma is needed before the –ing
form.
The –ing form means the result of the
clause.

I. Problem set
1. 注意 base on 和 because of 的区别。 Because of 表因果。
2. 被动语态中无主语。

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 Chapter 7 tense, mood, &voice
A. Tense
1. Use the Simple Present for general definitions and general rules.
2. Use Simple Future to indicate future actions, don’t use Present Progressive.
3. Verbs that express general states don’t normally take Progressive forms. Eg: Know, Signify
4. Use Simple past when you know the specific time. Eg: …ago, before..
5. Use the Present Perfect with：within the past… , in the last…. , since… , for…(period)
6. Don’t use Past Perfect for clauses linked by and, or, but.
7. Past Perfect: 1) to show an action before a past action.
2) to show the continued effect of a past action after a past action. (manhattan
p108 )

B. Subjunctive mood
1. Subjunctive mood in 2 situations:
1) Unlikely or unreal conditions –Hypothetical Subjunctive
2) Proposals, desires, and requests

C. Hypothetical Subjunctive
1. Hypothetical Subjunctive tense can occur after if, as if, as though 11
2. Use had been/had done to indicate the past tense of Hypothetical Subjunctive.
Use were/did to indicate the present tense of Hypothetical Subjunctive.

D. If…(then)
impossible unlikely Some uncertainty 100%

possibility

Future If…(then)would/ If..(then)will

could =whenever
=when .. then

General If … (then) may/can If..(then)=when

rule ever

past Had .. / If had

done..(then) would
have done

Note：if..then 结构中，前后句的主动或者被动态要一致！

E. The command Subjunctive

1. Bare form: Be ready now, Gary!
2. Bossy verbs and rules.
Tip: prohibit from doing
Indicate To do Subjunctive To do& subjunctive
Desire Advise, allow, Demand, dictate, insist, mandate, Ask, beg, intend,
forbid, persuade, propose, recommend, request, order, prefer, urge,
want, stipulate suggest, require

3. Command Subjunctive to Indicate urgency: It is adj+ that (subjunctive clause). Eg: it is

advisable that Gary be ready for the race.
Words included: essential, advisable, crucial, desirable, fitting, imperative, important,
mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital.

F. Active and passive voice

1. Use by only for the actual doers of the action
2. Use because of or through for means and ways in Passive Voice.
3. Don’t have to make active or passive voice parallel throughout a sentence.

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 Chapter 8 Comparisons
Comparison signals: like/unlike, more/less than, as, as adj as, the same as, differ from,
in contract to/with

A. Like vs. as
1. Like is a proposition. Like+nouns, pronouns, noun phrases or gerund.
2. As can be either a proposition or a conjunction. As can be followed by a clause.

B. Keep comparisons parallel

1. Logically parallel. It has to compare the similar thing. That/ those can be used as a pronoun
here.
E.g: Tom’s shoes are more expensive than those of Jack.
Tom’s shoes are more expensive than Jack’s.
2. Structurally parallel. They must have the similar grammatical structure.

C. Omitted words
1. Put in the omitted words or appropriate helping verb(be, do, have)only if you need to
remove the ambiguity.

D. Comparative and Superlative forms 13

1. Comparative form for 2 things, while superlative form for 3 or more things.
2. Compare an adverb ending with -ly by adding “more” in front it. Don’t change –ly into –ier:
Eg: quick→more quickly
3. Comparative form must appear together with “than”
 Chapter 9 Idiom
A. Idiom
1. Ability to do … = can do
2. Act as= function as 充当、扮演。。角色
Act like= behave in a similar way 举止像
3. Affect sth 影响。。 。
4. Aggravate the problem 使问题恶化
5. They agree that electrons exist.
Electrons are particles that physicists agree exist.
6. Aid sb.
Aid to /for sb.
Aid (sb) in doing sth 帮助做。 。
7. Aim at doing 旨在做，目标是。 。针对
with the aim of doing 以。 。为目的
8. Allow sb. To do = permit 允许某人做某事 sb. Is allowed to do… 某人被允许做。 。
Allow for = permit the existence of 考虑到，虑及
9. A and B
A, C, and C

10.
Clause A , and clause B (comma+and can link two clauses)
Anxiety about sth.
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Anxiety that … may … (因为 anxiety 是不确定的事，所以在内容中需要 may)
11. Appear as sth. =show up as sth.
Appear adj. = seems adj
Appear to do
It appears that…. were adj. 虚拟语气
12. Apply to sb./sth. 适用于
13. As I walked, I become more nervous (=during)
As I had already paid, I was unconcerned (=because, since)
(Just)As we did in the last year, we will win this year (in the same way)
As the president in the company, he works hard (in the role of)
As a child, I delivered newspaper (=in the stage of)
As part of … 作为。 。一部分
(not ) As adj as 与。 。一样
Three times as many as 三倍
At least as many as 至少多达
About as many as 大约多达
Not so much .. as … 不如那么多
As/so long as+ Simple Present 只要（条件句） = Provided that + Simple Present
放句首可表示“既然”
(Just) As ..so =in the same way or manner
Just as =in the same way; the situations are analogous
14. Ask (sb.) for sth.
Ask sb. to do sth.
 Ask that ..do.. ( subjunctive) No “should”
15. Attribute A to B 把 A 归因于 B
16. Average 作 adj 只能前置
17. Aware of sth. = aware that…. 意识到
18. Pass a ban prohibiting sb. from doing sth. 通过一道禁制。。 。的禁令
19. Based on 以。 。为根据/基础，
表达因果关系的用法: because, because of，for…引导原因从句
20. Begin as sth= was born as 生为。。
Begin with sth = sth is the first part 以 sth 开始
21. Believe that…
Believe sb to be adj.
Sb is believed tobe
It is believed that…
22. Between A and B (2 者)
Among sth (3 者或以上)
23. Within the border 边界内用 within
24. Both … and … 前后两者需要并列
25. I study hard but take breaks (but 作 preposition)
I study hard, but I take breaks. (comma+but, but 作 conj.)
I take frequent naps, yet I study efficiently. (yet 作 conj)
26. He can run. (ability)
The plant can cause damages. (possibility)
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27. Claim that … can do..
Claim to do
28. In comparison with/to sth …
Compared with/to
29. Have confidence that….
30. Conceive of A as B 将 A 设想成 B
31. Connection between A and B A 和 B 的联系
32. Consider A B 将 A 看做 B
Consider A adj 将 A 看做 adj 的
33. Contend that… 主张。 。
34. Continue to do continue doing
35. In contrast with/to 与。。相反的
36. Cost sb sth in doing…
37. Credit A with B 相信 A 有 B
38. Be in danger of doing 有。 。的危险
39. Date A at B 确定 A 的年代是 B
40. Decide to do
41. Declare A B, declare A adj, declare that…. 宣布，申明
42. Decline in A A 的减少
43. Demand that … be 不管 demand 是什么时态，虚拟语气 that 后一律原型
44. Depend on whether..
45. Determine A by B 根据 B 决定 A
46. A Develop into B, develop A into B
47. Differ from= be different from
Difference in sth. 在 sth 上有差别
Difference between A and B , A 和 B 有差别
48. Difficult to do
49. Discover that….
50. Be disinclined to do 不情愿的，不想的
51. Distinguish between A and B
52. Have doubt that…
Do not doubt that… doubt 用于否定句中（No, not）接 that
Doubt whether.. doubt 用于肯定句中应该直接接 whether
53. Be due to = result from A is due to B A 是由 B 造成
Due to = resulting from A due to B A 造成 B
Due to 后面接名词， because 后面接句子， 二者意思一样
54. Economic effect 经济的，经济学的
Economical=effect 划算的，节约的
55. Elect to do 选择做。。 。
56. Adj enough for sb to do sth
57. Ensure that …
58. Be equipped to do
59. Estimate sth to be ….
60. I am even richer than a prince.
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61. I earned as much as even the wealthiest king. ???
62. Expect sb. To do sb. Is expected to do
Expect that sb will do
It is expected that sb will do
There is an expectation that sb will do
Be more than expected
Expand on sth
63. To some extent
64. Be at fault for doing.. 错在。 。
65. Find that..
66. Forbid sb. To do sth
67. The goal is to do..
68. Heard that ….
69. Help (to) do. Help sb. (to) do
Help in doing
70. the law hold that…
71. provided that 引导从句= only if
72. indicate that….
73. with the intent/intention of doing
with the intent to do
74. Invest sth. In doing 将。。投资于做。 。
75. Be isolated from... 与。。隔绝孤立
76. Known as=named
know sb to be adj
77. Be lacking of sth = lack sth
The lack of sth.
78. Lie in= reside in 存在于
Lie-lay-lain-lying 躺
*lie-lied-lied-lying 说谎
*lay-laid-laid-laying 下蛋，产卵
79. be likely to do
It is likely that….
More than likely 很有可能
A is more likely than B (is) to do
A is twice as likely as B (is) to do
80. loss of : decline of quality
loss in : decline of an investment
81. make sth possible
make it possible for sb. to do
82. A is a means to B … A 是做 B 的方法
83. mistake A for B 将 A 错认为 B
84. the second most
85. native to … used for animals, plants
native of… used for people
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86. not…but
not…but rather…
not…but instead…
not…; instead, ….
87. Not only… (,) but also
Not just…but also
88. A number of + plural
The number of+ singular
89. Object to 反对。 。不赞成。。
90. Only should be placed closely before the word it modified.
Eg： His performance is exceeded only by Tom.
91. Order sb to do sth
Order that… do (subjunctive)
92. Owe A to B for C 因为 C 欠 A 人 B 物
93. Pay for
94. Persuade sb. to do sth.
95. Doing privilege …做某事的特权，eg： dancing privilege
96. May be< be probably
Perhaps/maybe 作 adv
97. Prohibit sb from doing
98. Pronounce A B pronounce A 是 B
99. Propose sth 建议。 。
 Propose to do sth 建议做。。
Propose that… be （subjunctive）
100. Range from A to B 从 A 到 B
Widely ranging= changing over time
Wide range of = a variety
101. Rank as 可算作，把。 。看做
102. Rate for oil 油价， rate=price
Rate of theft 盗窃率 rate=frequency or speed
103. A reason to do
A reason for sth
A reason that….
104. Rebell against
105. Recognize ..to be..
Recognize A as B
106. Recommended that … do (subjunctive)
107. Reduce sth
A reduction in sth
108. Refer to
109. Regard A as B
be regarded as adj
be regarded as doing
110. Be reluctant to do 不情愿做
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111. Report that ….
112. Request that.. do (subjunctive)
Require sth to do 要求。 。来做。 。。
Require sb to do 要求某人做。。 。
Require that … do (subjunctive)
Require of sb that do… (subjunctive)
113. Resemble sb/sth 像某人/某物
114. Impose restrictions on sth 对某物加以限制
115. Result from=由。 。造成
Be a result of
As a result of
The result of A was that …
Result in 导致
116. Reveal that… 显示，揭露。。 。
117. A rise in price rise as a n.
The rising of price rising as a n.
118. Ruled that ….
119. The same to A as to B
At the same time as.. 与。 。同时
120. Seem to do
It seems that …
It seems as if +clause
121. Should：means obligation
法院审判不说 should 说 must
122. Show.. to be …
Show that…
123. Similar require plural subject. Eg: All companies have similar problems.
124. So adj as to….
So adj that…
Adj enough for sb to do
So that =purpose
So too 后面倒装 Bellbottoms are coming back in style, so too are vest.
125. Substitute A for B 用 A 代替 B
126. Succeed in doing
127. Such 和 these 区别
You may like Physics and Chemistry, but I hate Such/these subjects.
“these”means “these specifically” 具体的这几门
“such” is more general 这一类的学科
Such as 用于举例
128. Suggest that clause 暗示，后接一般从句
Suggest that …. Do (subjunctive)
129. On the surface of
130. Target at
131. Think of A as B 认为 A 是 B
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B Be thought to be A B 被认为是 A
132. A tool for doing= a tool to do
133. Train to do
134. Twice/double as adj/adv as sth.
Double the number that A A 的两倍
Sth double sth 翻倍
Double sth 使 sth 翻倍 这种用法并不是比较关系
135. Use A to do B
Do B with A 使用工具 A 做 B
Use A as B 用 A 作为 B
136. Variation in …的变化
137. View A as B 把 A 看做 B
138. Way of doing
Way in which…..
Way to do
139. Weigh less than = is lighter than
140. I don’t know whether I will go.
I decide to go to bed, whether I am sleepy or not.
Whether trash or treasure, the recyclables must be picked up.
141. Be worried about
 Chapter 10 Odds & Ends
A. Connecting words
1. A correct sentence always contains at least one main clause. If you have two main clauses,
you must use the right connecting verb to join them.
2. Connecting words include: coordinate conjunctions & subordinators
3. Coordinate conjunctions: and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so. Together with a comma, they can link
two main clauses. The two main clauses coexist with each other as equal.
4. When you see an “, and”, check for two possibilities: 1) a list, 2)two main clauses
5. Subordinators: although, because, before, after, since, when, if, unless, that, though, while.
Subordinators achieve harmony within a sentence by reducing one of the causes to a
subordinate clause.

B. Connecting punctuation
1. A comma can connect two clauses with a coordinate conjunction.
2. A comma by itself cannot connect two complete sentences. (“the more … the more..”is an
exception )
3. The semicolon (;) connects two closely related independent statements.
4. The semicolon is often followed by a Conjunctive Adverb or other transition expression, such
as however, therefore, in addition.
Eg: He and she are inseparable; therefore, we never see them apart.
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5. The semicolon can be used to separate items that themselves contain commas.
Eg: I listen to Earth, Wind& Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat& Tears.
6. The colon (:) can be used to equate a list with its components. The part before colon must
be able to stand alone.
Eg: I love listening to many kind of music: Jazz, classical, rock, rap, and pop music.
7. Whatever needs to be explained should be placed close to colon.
Eg: The rate of a reaction is affected by two factors: concentration and surface.
8. A clause can be put after the colon. It must explain what precedes the colon.
9. The semicolon connects two independent clauses, but the second one doesn’t necessarily
explain the first one. In contrast, the colon connects a sentence with a further explanation.
10. A dash can be used in the same way as comma, semicolon and colon.

Usage Connect Relationship rule

Comma , ,+coordinate conjunction 2 clause Equal(coordinate

(, and) conjunctions);
Subordinate
(subordinators)
Semicolon ; 1)Clause;clause 2 clause Closely related
2)Clasue;however,clause
3)seperation
Colon : Clause: n. , n. and n. Clause:list Equate a list; 1) The part before colon must to stand
Clause: clause Clause:clause Explanation alone.
2) Whatever needs to be explained
should be placed close to colon
Dash -- All + appositive 1)Emphatic
2)explanation

C. Quantity
1. countable unit none: dollar, gallon
2. uncountable unit none: water, money, volume

Countable modifier Uncountable modifier Both okay modifier

Many, few, number of, Much, little, amount of, great, More, most, enough, all
numerous, more numerous greater patience

3. Describe two things: comparative forms (better, worse), use between .. and ..
4. Describe three things or more: superlative forms (best, worst), use among
5. The number of + singular ……的数量
6. A number of + plural 一些，许多
7.
8.
6 is greater than 4. 对比两个数字大小时候，用 greater
Increase and decrease express the change of one thing over time.
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9. Greater and less express a comparison between 2 things.
 Chapter 11 GM/S-V/Parallelism
A. Concision: specific pattern of wordiness
1. V-A-N: verb>adj>noun
1) Express actions: verbs> action noun eg: apply > application
2) Tack a long thought onto a noun: That clause > a series of phrases
Eg: The hypothesis that the universe is largely composed of dark energy seems
strange.> The hypothesis about the composition of the universe as largely dark energy
seems strange
Idea work are well applied to this rule, include: hypothesis, idea, suggestion, belief,
discovery, evidence, indication and report.
3) As for the same word origin: Verb> to be adj.
Eg: The artist was influenced the movement. > The artist was influential to the
movement.
4) Describe a noun or noun phrase: adj>noun (derived from the adj.)
Eg: She is disinclined to stay. > She has a disinclination to stay.
5) Modify a verb phrase: adv.> prepositional phrase
Eg: Considerably > to a considerable extent
Eg: Significantly > to a significant degree
6) Adj clause that contains to be: Adj> adj clause with be
7) Remove “it is … that”
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B. Concision: Don’t make it too short
1. Usually, you can change the “of” phrase into an adj for noun. Exception: when you have a
time period, quantity, or measurement as the first word, keep of prepositional phrase.
Eg: the year of graduate, the density of the population , the amount of oxygen
2. Keep “that of”, “those of” if you need to
3. Keep that after a reporting verb(indicate, claim, contend, report, agree, declare, find,
indicate, rule ,show, announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect, hold,
know, mention, observe, proclaim, reason, recognize, repeat, state, think, warn).
4. “say” is an exception, can be follows by a complete thought without “that”

C. Parallelism: concrete nouns and action nouns

1. Two categories of nouns:
1) Concrete nouns refer to things, places, people, time or certain event. Eg: rock, continent,
politician
2) Action nouns refer to actions, often formed from verb. Eg: corruption, change,
development, growth, pollution
2. Two categories of Gerund:
1) Simple Gerund Phrase: “verbs on the Inside, nouns on the outside”. Inside the phrase,
the words are arranged as if they follow a verb. Eg: “drinking a beer”
2) Complex Gerund Phrases: “Nouns through Nouns”, it is often preceded by articles or adj
or followed by prepositional phrase. Eg: marathon running, the running of marathon.
3. Two categories cannot parallel to each other.
4. Complex Gerund Phrases parallel to Action verb.

D. What is considerable parallel

1. Concrete Nouns
2. Actions nouns and Complex Gerund
3. Simple gerunds
4. Working verbs
5. Infinitives (the “to” can be omitted in the later infinitive)
6. Adj. and particles. (when particles are functioning as adj. to modify a noun)
7. Clauses and clauses (all the clauses must start with the same word)

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 Chapter 12 Pronouns & Modifiers: extra
A. Other pronouns
1. There means “in that place”. It’s antecedent place is refer to in a prepositional phrase and
should be a noun.
Eg: Oil in Antarctica may be worth drilling for ,if wells can be dug there.
2. “there be” 句型中不需要 antecedent.
3. Itself and themselves are used as objects to refer directly back to the subject to indicate
when the subject acts upon itself.
4. Itself and themselves can also be used to intense a noun.
Eg: The commission itself was wrong.
5. One other and each other are used to indicate interaction between parties
6. Such means “like the antecedent”. The antecedent of such is often show a general type.
7. Other and another mean “additional of the same type”
8. One indicates an infinite copy or an infinite part of a collection. While it/they/them indicate
the definite selection of an entire object or collection. One 作代词必须跟 modifier
9. Do so refer to an entire action including a verb, object and its modifier.
Eg: Tom did not have dinner on time, but Jack did so.
Do it: it refers to an actual noun antecedent.

B. Placeholder it 24
1. Postpone infinitive subject. Eg: To have dinner on time is important. It is important to have
dinner on time.
2. Postpone That-clause subjects: Eg: That we have dinner on time is important. It is important
to have dinner on time.
3. Postpone infinitive or That-clause object: Eg: She made it possible for us to have dinner on
time.
4. Don’t look for the antecedent of it in the above three cases.

C. Nuances of pronoun reference

1. 3 absolute principles for pronoun
1) Number agreement
2) Gender agreement
3) Repeat: every it and its in the same sentence must refer to the same singular noun.
Every they, them and their must refer to the same plural noun.
2. Two not absolute principle:
1) Proximity: The pronoun should refer to the closest eligible antecedent. Sometimes, the
pronoun comes shortly before the antecedent.
2) Case: the pronoun and antecedent should agree in case if they are in parallel structure.
And subject nouns make strong antecedents, even for somewhat distant nouns.

D. Modifiers: exceptions to the touch rule

1. A “mission-critical” modifier falls between. It is often an Of-Phrase. Without this modifier,
 the noun is almost meaningless.
Eg: The way of dodging opponent that impressed the scout
Eg: An ice sheet covers 80 percent of the surface of Greenland, an area roughly the size of
Alaska.
2. A short predicate falls between, shifting a very long modifier back
Eg: A new CEO has been hired who is dedicate and wisdom enough to save the company.
3. A non-essential phrase intervenes and set off by commas.
Eg: Our system of Presidential elections favors states, such as Delaware, that by population
are over-represented in the Electoral College.
4. The modifier is part of a series of parallel modifiers, one of which touches the noun.
Eg: The term “tincture” refers to a color emblazoned on a coat of arms and labeled with a
special French word.

E. Possessive Nuances
1. A belongs to B: B’s A or B of A
2. Try to avoid the plural possessive form (s’)

F. Subgroup Modifiers
1. This construction is used to describe a part of a large group with a modifier.
2. Construction 1: ......, some of which + verb
Eg: The model explains all the known particles, some of which were recently discovered.
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3. Construction 2: ......., some of them .....
Eg: The model explains all the known particles, some of them only recently discovered.
4. Construction 3: ........, some .....
Eg: The model explains all the known particles, some recently discovered.
5. The some can be substituted by SANAM, many, each, either, neither, half, one......

G. More on Relative clauses vs. Participles

1. Present participles get their tense from the main verb in the sentence.
Eg: I saw a man cleaning the steps. (cleaning takes place in the past)
Eg: I will see a man cleaning the steps. (cleaning takes place in the future)
2. The relative clause (who, where, that....) and a present participle modifier are
interchangeable only when two actions share the same tense.
Eg: I see the man cleaning the steps= I see the man who clean the steps.
Eg: I see the man cleaned the steps yesterday. (cleaning happens yesterday)

H. Absolute phrase
1. Construction: main clause , noun + noun modifier (Comma can be replaced by Dash)
2. Absolute phrase modify the whole main clause. It’s another way to link a second sentence to
the first.
 Chapter 13 Verbs & Comparisons
A.Helping verb
1. Primary helping verb: Be, Do, and Have
1) Used them to stand for longer verbs or verb phrases
2) Tense: The first instance of verb should usually match the helping verb. If not, repeat
the whole verb in the new tense.
Eg: I have seen an aardvark, but my father saw it yesterday.
3) Voice: The helping verbs always stand for positive form. Use them only if you mean the
positive form of verb.
Eg: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do.
2. Modal helping verb: can, could, may, might, must (have to), shall, should, will and would.
1) To express “obligation”, use should.(to do cannot mean this)
2) To express future time, use will. (to do cannot mean this)
3) Should cannot indicate a condition, you need to use if.
3. Avoid the redundancy. Eg:
1) It’s necessary for he must/have to buy some food
2) It’s his obligations that he should pay for his daughter.

B.Verbal
1. Verbal are used as adj, adv and noun.
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2. Varieties:
1) Infinitives
2) Gerunds
3) Participles (past and present)

C.Infinitives
1. Infinitives may serve as noun, adj, and adv.
2. When use infinitives to express a purpose, to do= in order to do.
3. When use infinitives to express a purpose, the subject should be consistent in the active
voice and the object should be consistent in the passive voice.
Eg: active voice: The contractors demolished the building to keep it from falling down
Accidentally.
(The sentence implies that the contractors demolished and kept the building from falling
down accidentally) “to do ” implies the contractors’ attention.
Eg: Passive voice: The building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally.
(The sentence implies that the building was demolished and was kept from falling down
accidentally)

D.Gerund
1. If the preceding noun is the doer of the action described by the gerund, it should be in the
possessive case. (the gerund snow should act as a noun instead of a modifier.)
 Eg: Mike’s swimming is the product of professional swimming courses. → Mike do
Swimming

E.When to use which verbal or verb

1. Differences between the -ing and to do at the end of a sentence:
1) A -ing indicates a result
2) A To do indicates an intention

F.More on Like & As

1 . Like
1) Like is a preposition and means “similar to” “in a manner similar to”
2) Only nouns and pronouns can follow like.
3) Pay attention to the ambiguity with a like phrase at the end of a sentence.
4) Use such as to introduce an example instead of like.
2 . Unlike
1) Unlike can come at the end of a sentence as long as there’s no ambiguity. The noun
following unlike will generally compare with the subject.
3 . As
1) Conjunction as appear with a clause
a. =during Eg: I am singing as I am dancing.
b. =because Eg: I like sunny days as they make me smile.
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c. =in the same way Eg: I sing as Avril sings.
As here can be followed by a phrase. Eg: As in the last year, our team wins again.
Just as, so, so too function the in the same way.
Eg: Just as Avril likes singing, I like dancing.
As/Just as Avril likes singing, so/so too do I.
2) Preposition as appear with a phrase
a. =in the role of Eg: He is in charge as a team leader.
b. =equal to Eg: I thought of him as my teacher.
c. =when.. Eg: As a child, I thought I could fly.
3) As + adj. as + n./phrase/clause Construction means 与 n.一样 adj
Eg: She is as beautiful as a princess.
She is as beautiful as a princess are.
She runs as quickly as a cheetah runs.
4) Never use as & equally together cause they cause redundancy.

G.Numbers in comparisons
1. Relate 2 quantities by multiplication: 表达五倍：
a) 5 times as+adj+as noun
b) 5 times the noun
c) 4 times adj than (wrong)
2. Relate 2 quantities by addition or subtraction:
a) 5 years more/fewer than
 b) Sleep more than you (adv.)
c) Spend more than you (pronoun)
d) More money than you (adj.)

H.Other comparison constructions

1. Watch out the ambiguity of More+adj.+noun construction
Eg: I have more beautiful paintings than before.
more modifies beautiful paintings or more beautiful modify painting?
2. In addition to can add another example to the subject. (Touch rule)
Eg: In addition to modest exercise, ample sleep is good for health.
3. In addition to can add another example to a different noun except the subject.
Eg: In addition to Avril, I like Eminem.

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关于 with 的固定搭配：
associate with（32,753,816,929），coordinate…with…（162,215），credit…with having done
（274,572），credit…with sth.（977），compete with（291,295），compare with
（297,555,558,648,779,867），contact with（contact 作 n. 435,812）
bustle with（379），begin with（402），comparison with（497），contrast with（316），collaborate
with（322），combine with（743），consistent with（622），competitive with（858），develop…with
（337），do with（440），deal with（702），end with（695），live with（133,），leave sb.
with（137），sympathize with（190），provide…with…（219），relation of one…with…（254），
view…with（271），be dotted with（498），embellish with（503），merge with（599），in
conjunction with（678），tinker with（878），fuse…with（946）

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