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Homeopathy & Ayurvedic Medicine

Review Article Open Access

Pharmacological Activities of Turmeric (Curcuma longa linn): A Review

Vasavda Krup1*, Hedge Prakash L2 and Harini A3
1
Postgraduate scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda, Karnataka, India
2
Professor and Head, Department of Dravyaguna, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda, Karnataka, India
3
Associate professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Karnataka, BM Road, India

Abstract
Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) is extensively used as a spice and grown widely throughout Indian subcontinent.
Turmeric plant has been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for various diseases including cough, diabetes and
hepatic disorders. For the last few decades, extensive works have been done to establish the pharmacological actions
of Turmeric and its extracts. Curcumin is the main chemical compound of Turmeric and proven for its anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, expectorant and anticancerous pharmacological
activities. This review gives update mainly on the pharmacological activities of the Turmeric, its extracts and plausible
medicinal applications of Turmeric along with their safety evaluation.

Keywords: Turmeric; Haridra; Curcuma longa Linn; Medicinal Curcuma belonging to family Scitaminae are very important for
plant; Dravyaguna their therapeutic potentials [8,9]. Curcuma longa Linn. (Haridra),
Curcuma aromatica Salisb. (Vana Haridra), Curcuma amada Roxb.
Introduction (Amaragandhi Haridra), Curcuma angustifolia Roxb, Curcuma caesia
Roxb. (Kali Haridra), Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. (Zedoary) are known
Man has been using herbs and plant products for combating
important species of genus Curcuma which grows in different parts of
diseases since times immemorial. The Indian subcontinent is enriched
the world. Curcuma longa Linn known as ‘Haldi’ in Hindi is a tall herb
by a variety of flora- both aromatic and medicinal plants. This extensive
cultivated throughout tropical and other regions in India. Curcuma
flora has been greatly utilised as a source of many drugs in the Indian
longa Linn is used as medicinal plant in day to day practice in Indian
traditional system of medicine. In India, the earliest mention of the
homes for various ailments [8,9].
use of medicinal plants is to be found in Rigveda which was written
between 4500-1600 BC [1]. Turmeric (Haridra) is one such medicinal Pharmacological actions
plant explained extensively in Indian material medica (Dravyaguna
Sastra). It is an auspicious beauty spot, daily applied on the forehead Several medical properties have been attributed to Curcuma longa
by Hindu females. Application of turmeric a paste to the bride is an Linn. Rhizome of Haridra is known to possess therapeutic activities
essential procedure of Hindu rituals [2]. In Ayurveda, turmeric has and has been used by medical practitioners as an anti-diabetic [8-10],
been well documented for its therapeutic potentials and described in hypolipidemic [8-11], anti-inflammatory [10,11], anti-diarrhoeal [9],
Dashemani Lekhaniya (emaciating), Kusthagna (Anti-dermatosis), hepatoprotective [8,9], anti-asthmatic [10] and anti-cancerous drug.
Visaghna (Anti-poisonous) [3]. Haridra is widely used in cosmetology [2]. The following section
discusses its various therapeutic uses in medicine.
History of turmeric
Medicinal uses:
Haridra in Sanskit means ‘an efficacious drug for jaundice [4]. It is
known to be one of the oldest spices that have been used in Western Gastrointestinal disorders: The fresh juice of Haridra is
and Southern parts of India for thousands of years and is a major part considered to be anthelmintic [12]. The Curcumin acts through nuclear
of Ayurvedic medicine [5]. That is why it is also avowed that this spice factor (NF)-κB inhibition and it reduces the production of adhesion
belongs to India indigenously and also referred to as ‘Indian saffron’. molecules and inflammatory cytokines, resulting in the amelioration of
Originating in India, Turmeric had reached China by 700 AD, East gastric injury in NSAIDs-induced gastropathy in rats. It also improves
Africa by 800 AD and West Africa by 1200 AD, and also had begun to gastric mucosal damage and decreases in leukocyte adhesions, and
become popular all through the world. It is also known that the Arab intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α
traders had carried with them turmeric to Europe in the 13th century. production after curcumin administration [13]. Curcuma longa extract
Marco Polo, while on his several legendary voyages to India via the tablet decreased IBS prevalence and abdominal pain/discomfort score
Silk Route, was so impressed by turmeric that he had mentioned it as a significantly between baseline and after treatment of eight-week.
vegetable that possesses properties of saffron, but actually is not saffron There were significant improvements in the IBS quality of life (QOL)
[6].
Turmeric as a folk medicine
*Corresponding author: Vasavda Krup, Postgraduate scholar, Department
Rhizome is used to treat cough and cold in the Basti and of Dravyaguna, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda,
Thanniruhalla, Hassan-573 201, Karnataka, India, E-mail: [email protected]
Siharthnagart of U.P. The paste of rhizome is app-lied on the body
to treat body pain by tribals of Jhalda, Parulia District. West Bengal. Received August 24, 2013; Accepted September 10, 2013; Published September
Tribal women of Assam apply paste of fresh rhizome on the skin to 12, 2013
protect it from infection and enhance the complexion. Rhizome of this Citation: Krup V, Prakash LH, Harini A (2013) Pharmacological Activities of Turmeric
plant along with other ingradients is given to cattle to treat loose stools (Curcuma longa linn): A Review. J Homeop Ayurv Med 2: 133. doi:10.4172/2167-
1206.1000133
[7].
Copyright: © 2013 Krup V, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under
Curcuma longa Linn. (Haridra) a plant from genus Curcuma the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
Among plant known for medicinal value, the plants of genus source are credited.

J Homeop Ayurv Med Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000133

ISSN: 2167-1206 JHAM, an open access journal
Citation: Krup V, Prakash LH, Harini A (2013) Pharmacological Activities of Turmeric (Curcuma longa linn): A Review. J Homeop Ayurv Med 2: 133.
doi:10.4172/2167-1206.1000133

Page 2 of 4

scales [14]. In liver injury of Male mice Curcumin prevents APAP- saturated fat, but low in fiber. Some of the mice, however, received
induced hepatitis through the improvement of liver histopathology by this diet plus turmeric mixed in with their food. After four months on
decreased oxidative stress, reduced liver inflammation, and restoration these diets, the mice that consumed the turmeric with their food had 20
of GSH [15]. percent less blockage of the arteries than the mice fed the diet without
the turmeric [26]. In another study, rabbits were fed turmeric plus a diet
Respiratory disorders: The fresh juice of rhizome is given in
designed to cause atherosclerosis. Several risk factors for the disease
bronchitis. In rhinitis and cough boil Haridra in milk and mixed with
were improved, including a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and
jiggery given internally. In catarrhal cough, sore throat, and throat
free-radical damage [27].
infection the decoction of rhizome is used for gargle and also the piece
of rhizome is slightly burnt and given for chewing [11]. The chemical Hepatoprotective: The powder of the rhizome mixed with amla
constituents of Curcuma longa like Tumerones, curcuminoids, juice is used in jaundice [11]. Corriliyum (Anjana) with Haridra, Red
Curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin has an anti-asthamatic action [16]. ochre (Gairika), and Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) cures jaundice [28].
In asthma and congestion, fumes of Haridradi dhumvarti (fumes wick) .
Curcumin, the most common antioxidant constituent of Curcuma
is given [17]. longa rhizome extract, was reported to enhance apoptosis of damaged
hepatocytes which might be the protective mechanism whereby
Inflammatory disorders: Curcumin has been shown to inhibit
curcumin down-regulated inflammatory effects and fibrogenesis of
a number of different molecules involved in inflammation including
phospholipase, lipooxygenase, COX-2, leukotrienes, thromboxane, the liver. The ethanolic extract of Curcuma Longa rhizomes showed
prostaglandins, nitric oxide, collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, a significant hepatoprotective effect when orally administrated in
MCP-1, interferon-inducible protein, tumor necrosis factor, and doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, and the protective effect was dose-
interleukin-12 [18]. Studies has proven bisdemethylcurcumin dependent. The main constituents of Curcuma longa rhizome ethanolic
(BDC) is more potent as an anti-inflammatory agent as indicated extract are the flavonoid curcumin and various volatile oils, including
by suppression of TNFinduced NF-κB activation, more potent as an tumerone, atlantone, and zingiberene. The hepatoprotective effects of
anti-proliferative agent, and more potent in inducing reactive oxygen turmeric and curcumin might be due to direct antioxidant and free
species(ROS). Hispolon analogues, which lacks one aromatic unit in radical scavenging mechanisms, as well as the ability to indirectly
relation to curcumin, also exhibited enhanced anti-inflammatory and augment glutathione levels, thereby aiding in hepatic detoxification.
anti-proliferative activities [19]. The beneficial effect of curcumin(anti- The volatile oils and curcumin of Curcuma longa exhibit potent anti-
inflammatory compound) in sepsis appears to be mediated by the inflammatory effects [29].
upregulation of PPAR-γ, leading to the suppression of pro inflammatory Neuroprotective activity: Curcuma oil significantly reduces the
cytokine, TNF-α expression and release [20]. ill effect of ischemia by attenuating nitrosative and oxidative stress.
Diabetes mellitus: Turmeric rhizome powder is very useful with Ischemia induces collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential,
Amla juice and Honey in Madhumeha (diabetes mellitus) [21]. The cytochrome c release, altering the Bax: Bcl-2 ratio and subsequently
ingestion of 6 g Curcuma longa increased postprandial serum insulin caspases activation led to induction of apoptosis in sequential fashion
levels, but did not seem to affect plasma glucose levels or GI, in healthy was reverse significantly by Curcuma oil. So there is an evidence for
subjects. The results indicate that Curcuma longa may have an effect on the high efficacy of Curcuma oil as a neuroprotective, with an excellent
insulin secretion [22]. The active principles in the rhizome of Turmeric therapeutic window for the prevention of ischemic brain injury [30].
plant viz; curcuminoids lower lipid peroxidation by maintaining the Alzheimer’s disease: Curcumin when fed to aged mice with
activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxidedismutase, catalase advanced plaque deposits similar to those of Alzheimer’s disease,
and glutathione peroxidase at higher levels. Antioxidant properties of curcumin reduced the amount of plaque deposition. It reduced
curcuma longa is due to curcumin and its three derivatives (demethoxy oxidative damage and reversed the amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer’s
curcumin, bisdemethoxy curcumin and diacetyl curcumin) [23]. disease transgenic mouse. Alzheimer’s disease symptoms characterized
A scientific and systemic exploration reveals the antidiabetic, by inflammation and oxidation were also eased by curcumin’s powerful
hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Curcuma longa freeze antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [31].
dried rhizome powder dissolved in milk which could be used as an
effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement of high potential Chemoprotective activity: Curcumin activate the DDR (DNA
[24]. Curcuma longa is known to contain curcuminoids, glycosides, damage response), providing an opportunity and rationale for the
terpenoids, and flavonoids. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme clinical application of these nutraceuticals in the chemoprevention of
Human Pancreatic Amylase (HPA) was obtained with Curcuma longa prostate cancer [32]. Chemoprotective effects in esophageal epithelial
isopropanol extract and acetone extract. This inhibitory action on HPA cells exposed to bile acids; Curcumin reverses bile acid suppression of
causes reduction in starch hydrolysis leading to lowered glucose levels gene expression of SOD-1 and also able to inhibit bile acid induction
[25]. of COX-2 gene expression [33]. Curcumin has demonstrated these
chemopreventive properties in cell cultures, animal models and human
Cardiovascular disorders: The antioxidants in turmeric also investigations [34].
prevent damage to cholesterol, thereby helping to protect against
atherosclerosis. In fact, the ability of the antioxidants in turmeric to Anti cancer activity: Curcumin has been found to possess anti-
decrease free radicals is similar to that in vitamins C and E. Since the cancer activities via its effect on a variety of biological pathways involved
antioxidant activities of turmeric are not degraded by heat (unlike most in mutagenesis, oncogene expression, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis,
vitamins), even using the spice in cooking provides benefits. Animal tumorigenesis and metastasis. Curcumin has shown anti-proliferative
studies show that curcumin lowers cholesterol and triglycerides, effect in multiple cancers, and is an inhibitor of the transcription factor
another fat that circulates in the blood stream and is a risk factor for NF-B and downstream gene products (including c-myc, Bcl-2, COX-
cardiovascular disease [26]. In a recent study of atherosclerosis, mice 2, NOS, Cyclin D1, TNF-a, interleukins and MMP-9). In addition,
were fed a standard American diet, rich in refined carbohydrates and curcumin affects a variety of growth factor receptors and cell adhesion

J Homeop Ayurv Med Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000133

ISSN: 2167-1206 JHAM, an open access journal
Citation: Krup V, Prakash LH, Harini A (2013) Pharmacological Activities of Turmeric (Curcuma longa linn): A Review. J Homeop Ayurv Med 2: 133.
doi:10.4172/2167-1206.1000133

Page 3 of 4

molecules involved in tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis [35]. apoptotic cells in individual treatment with either agent for 48 hours.
Curcumin asserts its anti-tumor activity in cancer cells by altering the Enrichment factor was measured using subtraction of background
deregulated cell cycle via (a) cyclin-dependent (b) p53-dependent and signal. *P<0.05 relative to control. This study shows the synergistic
(c) p53-independent pathways. Such influences of curcumin upon key effect between curcumin and garcinol in pancreatic cancer cells [42].
signal transduction pathways of cell cycle and effectiveness in animal This in vitro study is carried out on human multiple myeloma cell line
model systems have qualified it as a multiple edged sword in combating U266 by Ghoneum and Gollapudi [43] to investigate the synergistic
the deadly disease-cancer [36]. Curcumin as a natural phytochemicals apoptotic potential of arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran) and
could communicate with these novel targets and show synergism to curcumin (turmeric) in USA. This synergy was characterized by an
chemotherapy. Additionally, curcumin is well tolerated in humans. 87% decrease in cell number and a 2.6 fold increase in the percentage
Therefore, EGFR- miRNA- autophagy and cancer stem cell-based of apoptotic U266 cells. Cell cycle analysis has showed a 53% decrease
therapy in the presence of curcumin might be promising mechanisms in the percentage of cells in the G0-G1 phase treated with MGN-3 and
and targets in the therapeutic strategy of lung cancer [37]. curcumin (from 36% to 17%). Analysis of the expression of the pro
and antiapoptotic molecules Bax and Bcl-2 revealed synergistic effects
Anti allergic activity: Curcumin suppressed compound
of these agents, as the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased and Bax was
48/80-induced rat peritoneal mast cell (RPMC) degranulation and
increased. This resulted in a cellular microenvironment favourable for
histamine release from RPMCs. Curcumin inhibited compound
apoptosis. Authors concluded that MGN-3 and curcumin synergize in
48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis in vitro and anti-DNP
the induction of U266 cell apoptosis.
immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated passive cutaneous anaphylactoid
response in vivo. Curcumin has an ability to inhibit nonspecific and Discussion
specific mast cell-dependent allergic reactions [38].
Turmeric (Haridra) is explained extensively and well documented
Antidermatophytic activity: Fresh juice of rhizome of Haridra is for its therapeutic efficacy in Indian material medica. The genus of this
used as antiparastic in many skin affections [12]. Its rhizome powder plant is Curcuma. Haridra is belonging to Scitaminae family. Haridra
mixed with cow’s urine is taken internally in itching and dermatitis [2]. is widely used in cosmetology as well. In GIT disorders, it is consider
Curcuma longa L. leaves have good promise as an antifungal agent that to be best antihelmintic and useful in IBS. In Respiratory disorders
could be used as a therapeutic remedy against human pathogenic fungi like bronchitis, rhinitis, sore throat and cough Haridra is said to be
on account of its various in vitro and in vivo antifungal properties, the best herb. Acharya Charaka has explained Haridradi dhumvarti
viz., strong fungicidal action, long shelf-life, its tolerability of heavy (fumes wick) in the condition like asthma and congestion. Curcumin
inoculum density, thermo stability, broad range of antidermatophytic is observed as a best anti-inflammatory agent in many of the research
activity and absence of any adverse effects. Curcumin obtained from the works. Acharya Charaka has mentioned Haridra with amla juice and
turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) have shown to possess the ability to honey in all types of prameha. Haridra has already been proven clinically
protect the skin from harmful UV-induced effects by displaying anti- for its anti-diabetic activity. Haridra is observed to decrease several
mutagen, antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and risk factors like cholesterol, triglycerides, and free-radical damage. Dr.
anti-carcinogenic properties [39]. Gyanendra Pandey in Dravyaguna Vijnana Part1 has explained that
Curcumin prevents drug resistance: The Curcumin is a potent the powder of the rhizome mixed with amla juice is useful in jaundice.
drug resistance preventer. It exhibits novel ability to prevent the up- Corriliyum (Anjana) with Haridra, Red ochre (Gairika), and Amalaki
regulation of P-glycoprotein and its mRNA induced by adriamycin (Emblica officinalis) cures jaundice. The ethanolic extract of Curcuma
(ADM). The prevention capacity is also functionally associated with Longa rhizomes has significant hepatoprotective effect when orally
the elevated intracellular drug accumulation and parallel enhanced administrated. It is ought to be one of the best anti-oxidant. Curcuma
ADM cytotoxicity [40]. oil believed to reduce the ill effect of ischemia by attenuating nitrosative
and oxidative stress. Induction of apoptosis in sequential fashion was
Synergistic effect of Curcumin: Curcumin is known for its
reverse significantly by Curcuma oil. So there is an evidence for the
Synergistic effect as well. Curcumin (CCM) and Docosahexaenoic acid
high efficacy of Curcuma oil as a neuroprotective. Curcumin has
(DHA) are dietary compounds known to antagonize breast cancer cell
demonstrated the chemopreventive properties in cell cultures, animal
proliferation. This study reveals that these compounds in combination
models and human investigations. Curcumin is considered to possess
exert a variable antiproliferative effect across multiple breast cell
anti-cancer activities via its effect on a variety of biological pathways
lines, which is synergistic in SK-BR-3 (Human Breast Cancer Cell
involved in mutagenesis, oncogene expression, cell cycle regulation,
Line) cells. DHA enhanced cellular uptake of CCM in SK-BR-3 cells
apoptosis, tumorigenesis and metastasis. It has also shown anti-
without significantly enhancing CCM uptake in other cell lines. The
proliferative effect in multiple cancers. Curcumin is used to inhibit
combination of DHA and CCM is potentially a dietary supplemental
treatment for some breast cancers, likely dependent upon molecular systemic anaphylaxis in vitro and anti-DNP immunoglobulin E (IgE)-
phenotype. DHA enhancement of cellular curcumin uptake is one mediated passive cutaneous anaphylactoid response in vivo. Curcumin
potential mechanism for observed synergy in SK-BR-3 cells; hence, is a potent drug resistance preventer. It exhibits novel ability to prevent
an event unique to the combined presence of the two compounds the up-regulation of P-glycoprotein and its mRNA. Curcumin is known
[41]. Human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines BxPC-3 and Panc-1 were for its synergic effect as anti-cancer agent. Curcuma longa rhizome is
obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, used as a Folk medicine in U.P., Bihar and West Bengal for cough, cold,
USA). Authors observes that both curcumin and garcinol significantly and loose stools. The efficacy of Haridra is well known worldwide as a
(P<0.05) reduced cell viability in both cell lines in a dose-dependent curative as well as preventive measure.
manner. Garcinol-(upper panel) or curcumin-(lower panel) treated
Conclusion
cytosolic extracts were used to evaluate induction of apoptosis in PaCa
cells. BxPC-3 and Panc-1 using ELISA-Histone DNA Enrichment In the light of above facts, it can be concluded that the Turmeric
Assay. Results demonstrate a significant dose-dependent increase in (Haridra) has a lot of potentials when it comes to its medicinal usage

J Homeop Ayurv Med Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000133

ISSN: 2167-1206 JHAM, an open access journal
Citation: Krup V, Prakash LH, Harini A (2013) Pharmacological Activities of Turmeric (Curcuma longa linn): A Review. J Homeop Ayurv Med 2: 133.
doi:10.4172/2167-1206.1000133

Page 4 of 4

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J Homeop Ayurv Med Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000133

ISSN: 2167-1206 JHAM, an open access journal

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