36 Chapter 1 Inodacton a 18 a BV RAS thera tae (1.54) 5 (Lode BAe) 5 (DAr _ AA) 4 (18 4) 1OAr) vent (eae) th (Fe a) (Feet i) (55) 2-8, 10a 1 Pa, Pa Wan aa ror? Bom Oe a 2a ni, [yea — 45 — 2 (82)] sig [eng 42 + 2 (Oe vast (vA, 5 ~ 3 (Ge) | tl [Me e+ (ae 15 Problems + [Problem 1.1 ‘Sea water has a density of 1.02478E(3) kg/m? at 20° C and one atmosphere pres sure, At the same pressure and temperature, its thermal expansion coefficient f is 2.57E(—4) K~! and its bulk modulus |47E(9) Pa. Calculate the density of a sea water at 10° C and a pressure 100 times atmospheric pressure. Problem 1.2 ‘A droplet of volume V = 4x? /3 and surface area $ = 47? has an internal pressure ‘Ap = 2t/r greater than the surrounding atmosphere. Show work (Ap)6V required to increase the volume by a small increment 6V is eq increment in surface energy T6A associated with the surface area increment 5A. Problem 1. Inthe exper and k= 1 illustrated in figure 1.3, calculate the shear stress r when V = 1 m/s air and water at 20° C. Vv Problem 1.4 ‘Show that the thermal expansion coefficient ) and the bulk modulus E of a perfect gas are 1/T and p, respectively. Problem 1.5 ‘Standard (dry) air s a perfect gas mixture of four gases: nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide. Their partial pressures are 0.7809, 0.2095, 9.3E(—3) and 3E(~4) times the total pressure, and their molecular weights are 28, 32, 40 and 44, respec- tively. (a) Calculate the partial densities of the four species for air at ofie atmospherepressure and 0° C. (b) What is the density of air at this condition? (c) What is the (average) molecular weight of air? Problem 1.6 Calculate the speed of sound in air at 20° C, Problem 1.7 ‘An automobile tire has the shape of a torus of major diameter D = 60cm and minor diameter d ‘cm. The volume V; of the tire is mD(nd?/4) = 1?Dd?/4. The tire contains air at an absolute pressure of p; = SOpsia and temperature of 20° C. Caleutate the mass Mj(kg) of air in the tire. Problem 1.8 ‘An automobile engine consumes 4 pounds of fuel per hour while it generates 10 horsepower. The fuel has a heating value of 18,500Btu per pound of fuel. (a) [Express the fuel consumption rate, the engine power and the heating value of the fuel in SI units. (b) Calculate the engine thermal efficiency, which is the rato of the ‘engine power to the rate of consumption of fuel heating value. Problem 1.9 Convert the entries in table 1.7 to EES units. (Express the universal gas constant in ‘wo alternative forms, using fr Jbf and Baw as the alternative energy units.) \/ Probtem 1.10 ‘The velocity field of a flow is: Vs, where A, Band C are constants, Derive expressions for V - Vand V x V. , 2} = Axig+ Byi, + Cele A Problem 1.11 ‘The gradient of the fluid pressure, p{x, y}. is given by: p= AG, +i) where A is a constant. Derive an expression for p{x, y} — p{0, 0}. \\ Problem 1.12 "The pressure field of an irotational low over a circular cylinder of radius a, expressed in cylindrical coordinates, statrai=no—% (2) (2) 2000] where poo and U are the pressure and flow speed far from the cylinder, Derive an expression for Vp asa function of r, 8 and z.2.9 Problems vwettiead A, 4,000 me Figure P21 Problem 2.1 ‘A capped cil well drilled to a depth h of 4, 000m terminates in a pool of oi that has filled the well completely tothe surface, where the well head gage pressure p; of the oil is measured to be 3E(6) Pa. (a) Ifthe oil has a density p, = 950 kg/m?, what is the oil gage pressure p2 at the bottom of the well? (b) Drilling mud is a fluid with a density pm that can be adjusted to any value greater than that of water. In order to continue drilling below 4,000m, the drilling crew will pump drilling mud into the well to displace the oil. Caleulate the density of mud needed if the well head gage pressure is to be reduced to zero when the well is completely filled with mud,2.9. Problems 81 Figure P26 Problem 2.6 ‘A reservoir of water is closed at one end by a barrier, At the top of the barrier is ‘an L-shaped channel that further restrains the water when its level is higher than the barcier top by the amount h, as shown in figure P2.6. ‘The channel is hinged at the comer point O, so that it can rotate in a counterclockwise direction, but not in ‘clockwise direction. If the water level h is high enough, the pressure force on the vertical face of the L-shaped channel will maintain a clockwise moment that will exceed the counterclockwise moment ofthe pressure force on the horizontal leg of the channel, and the channel will remain upright and prevent water leaking beneath it. Calculate the minimum value of the ratio /H that will ust ensure against rotation of the channel.Chapter? Fluid Staies & | | evoton 27 | The valve at the bottom ofa toilet tank consists ofa sphere of radius R and negligible ‘a circular opening in the bottom of the tank, as shown in fig- {from the vertical (see figure P 2.7). The air/water interface atthe top ofthe tank is ‘distance h above the top of the sphere. “The water pressure om the upper surface of the sphere will hold the sphere in place unless the opening is too small, ¢, @ is too close to x. (If ¢ = 7, there would be an ‘upward force equal to pg times the sphere volume.) {@) Derive an expression for the gage pressure p{0} on the surface of the sphere ‘sa function of the angle 8 measured from the vertical, in terms of the parameters R, hand the water density p. (b) Derive an expression for the net downward force F due to water pressure on the sphere as a function ofthe angle ¢. (e) Calculate the ‘minimum value of h/R that will make F > 0 when $ = 32/4." lan view elevation Figure P28 Problem 2.8 il spills of various magnitudes may occur in ports where oil tankers are loaded cor unloaded. ‘The density p, of oil is less than that of sea water py and the two fluids are immiseible so that, if a spill of oil occurs, the oil will float on top of the ‘water and spread sideways. To contain any possible spills and minimize pollution, a semicircular oil boom of radius R is deployed around the dock where the loading takes place, as shown in figure P2.8, The boom is a vertical fence that floats in the ‘wate, its botiom being submerged in the water and its top extending above the waterJ Pte 215 ‘Achaainetapeaiel gach tRAS NLA RRTUC ORNs: falls with the level of the ocean. (The density of ocean water is p = 1.03E(3) kg/m°.) ‘The device will be operated in the following manner. At low tide, the float and (@) Calculate the force Fo exerted by the float on the lever at high tide just before the lever is released. (b) Derive an expression for the force F exerted by the float ‘when it has risen slowly a distance z from is initial postion. (c) Calculate the energy E generated by the electric generator during the process of the float rising through the distance h. (4) Derive an expression forthe total energy E, produced in one tidal cycle,zm 217 \/-two parallel glass plates separated by a small distance d are placed vertically in a dish of water, Because of surface tension, water rises in the gap between the plates 2 distance h above the surface of the water inthe dish. Derive an expression forthe rise distance h in terms of the surface tension T, the contact angle 8, the water density p wid tpl sacing fret 218 /s, vehicular tunnel under a river bed is constructed of sections in'the form of circular tunnel on the river bottom, a layer of concrete of thickness hs will be added outside the exterior of the steel tunnel sections in sufficient amount thatthe gravity foree on the concrete alone will just counteract the buoyant force on the tunnel. Ifthe density of ‘concrete is pe = 2.3E(3) kg/m? and that of the water is py = 1B(3)kg/m*, calculate the thickness h of concrete needed for this tunnel. Bibliography ‘Olson, Reuben M., and Steven J. Wright. 1990. Essentials of Engineering Fluid Mechanics. [New York: Harper and Row.