A PROJECT REPORT ON

AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF PUNE, PUNE
IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
BY

(FIRST YEAR)

SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

VADGAON BK., OFF SINHGAD ROAD

PUNE 411041
APRIL 2020
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled

1 OF 29<#>
 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGH

Submitted by

1-Karli Sahil Balaji EXAM NO.

2-Ram krishna EXAM NO.
3-Ruchika Suresh EXAM NO.
Suryawnshi
4-Surbhi Mohan Bajirao EXAM NO.
5-Ladwe Sahil EXAM NO.
Chandrahas
6-Saurav Kumar Sinha EXAM NO.
7-Siddiqui Amin Altaf EXAM NO.
8-Nikambe Meghana vilas EXAM NO.
Is a Bonafide work carried out by them under the supervision of “Prof. K S Khandelwal , Prof.
S.R. madure” and it is approved for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of University of the
Pune for the award of the degree of bachelor of Engineering .

Prof. K S Khandelwal Prof.V K Choudhary Dr.S.D.Lokhande

Prof. S.R.madure

Guide HOD, Principal

First Year First year SinhgadCollege of

Engineering

Place: Pune

Date:

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank the staff members of Dept of FIRST YEAR ,SCOE for their help and
guidance during the development of this project and project report.
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our project guide “Prof. K.S.
Khandelwal, Prof. S.R. Madure” for his guidance on project AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT
which helped us in doing a lot of Research and we came to know about so many new things we
are really thankful to them. It would never be possible for us to take this project to this level without
their innovative ideas and relentless support and encouragement.

Secondly we would also like to thank our parents and friends who helped us a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.

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ABSTRACT
The project of AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT has been designed in order to save electricity
and make more secure road. This system with the help of Arduino Uno board, Light Dependent
Resistor, 10K pot, wire ,16x2 LCD,10V battery make automatic switch on and off of light
accoarding to intensity of light. Light on and off system will work automatically as vechile will
come light get’s on and off automatically. LDR will detect the intensity of light and monotior the
function of switching of light. It has embedded “C” programming language

❖ Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept, which uses
transistor as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using
this system manual works are removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the
sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights
under illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor
(LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes.

❖ By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because now-a-days the
manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight comes
and also not switched on earlier before sunset. In sunny and rainy days, ON time and
OFF time differ significantly which is one of the major disadvantage of using timer
circuits or manual operation.

❖ This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation region and cut-off region to
switch ON and switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of an
electromagnetically operated switch. Automatic Streetlight needs no manual operation
of switching ON and OFF. The system itself detects whether there is need for light or not.
When darkness rises to a certain value then automatically streetlight is switched ON and
when there is other source of light, the street light gets OFF. The extent of darkness at
which the street light to be switched on can also be tailored using the potentiometer
provided in the circuit.

❖ Moreover, the circuit is carefully designed to avoid common problems like overload, relay
chattering and inductive kick back in relay

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE Page No.

Chapter 1: Introduction 6
1.1. Relevance / Significance………………………………………………………
1.2. Problem statement……………………………………………………………..
1.3. System specifications …………………………………………………………
1.4. Platform Used: - …………………………………………………..
1.5. Advantages………………..…………………………………………………..
Chapter 2: Literature Review. 18
Literature survey……………………………………………………………….
Chapter 3: Design and Development. 21
Block Diagram and Description……………………………………………….
Chapter 4: Conclusions & future Scope. 24
4.1 Conclusion based on result……………………………………………………..
4.2. Future scope……………………………………………………………………

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1. Relevance / Significance

The thought of outlining a new framework for the street lights that don't devour immense measure of
power and light up vast zone with high intensity. Smart Street lights framework is an essential piece of
the smart city which represents 10-40% of aggregate power utilizations which is a discriminating
attentiveness toward general society powers. So a vital and productive vitality advancements are to be
executed for monetary and social security.

❖ Background of Study:

The present framework is similar to, the road lights will be exchanged on in the night prior to the
sun sets and they are exchanged off the following day morning after there are adequate lights on
the streets. The hindrance of the framework is that we require manual operation of the road light
which needs labor. In sunny and rainy days, ON and OFF time differ discernibly which is one of
the significant hindrances of the present street lights systems. Conventional street lighting systems
are online most of the day without purpose. The consequence is that a large amount of power is
wasted meaninglessly. With the wide accessibility of adaptable lighting innovation like light
transmitting diode (LED) lights and all over accessible remote web association, quick responding,
dependable working, and power moderating street lighting frameworks get to be reality. The
reason for this work is to portray the Smart Street Lighting framework, a first way to deal with
perform the interest for adaptable smart lighting frameworks. The goal of this undertaking is to
plan an automated lighting framework which focuses on the saving of power; to construct a vitally
energy efficient smart lighting framework with integrated sensors and controllers; to outline a
smart lighting framework with particular methodology plan, which makes the framework
adaptability and expandability and configuration a smart lighting framework which similarity and
versatility with other commercial products and mechanized automated system, which may
incorporate more than lighting frameworks.
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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

This is proposal for implementing AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT using ARDUINO UNO and
LDR(Light dependent resistor).

➢ Automatic street light based on light availability.

➢ System control the switching of Street light automatically.

➢ Should be able to monitor and control.

1.3 SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

The system specifications are as follow :-

• Microcontroller: - Arduino UNO
• 5V & 10V power
• Display: - 16x2 LCD
• LCD ( light dependent resistor )
• EMBEDDED C (programing language)
• ON & OFF of light as requirements.
• Work on the intensity of light.
Required Hardware:
Required hardware is :-
• Bread board

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 • Arduino UNO
• LDR ( Light dependent resistor )16x2 LCD
• 10K Pot
• LED
• Wire
1.3.1 BREAD BOARD

A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. It is a widely used tool to design

and test circuit. You do not need to solder wires and components to make a circuit while using a
bread board. It is easier to mount components & reuse them. Since, components are not soldered
you can change your circuit design at any point without any hassle. It consist of an array of
conductive metal clips encased in a box made of white ABS plastic, where each clip is insulated
with another clips. There are a number of holes on the plastic box, arranged in a particular
fashion. A typical bread board layout consists of two types of region also called strips. Bus strips
and socket strips. Bus strips are usually used to provide power supply to the circuit. It consists of
two columns, one for power voltage and other for ground.

Socket strips are used to hold most of the components in a circuit. Generally it consists of two
sections each with 5 rows and 64 columns. Every column is electrically connected from inside.

CONNECTION OF BREAD BOARD

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1.3.2 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a16 MHz crystal
oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains

9
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

atmega328p
Features:-
• Microcontroller: ATmega328
• Operating Voltage: 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
• Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
• Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins: 6
• Clock Speed: 16 MHz
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The
adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.
Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more
than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is
7 to 12 volts

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1.3.3 LDR (Light dependent resistor)

A Light Dependent Resistor (also known as a photoresistor or LDR) is a device

whose resistivity is a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence,
they are light-sensitive devices. They are also called as photoconductors,
photoconductive cells or simply photocells.
They are made up of semiconductor materials that have high resistance. There
are many different symbols used to indicate a photoresistor or LDR, one of the
most commonly used symbol is shown in the figure below. The arrow indicates
light falling on it.

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1.3.4.LCD

Here 16x2 LCD is used . LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and
find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other
multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven
segments), animations and so on. The display requires a 5V power supply.Pin configuration is as
follow.

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 Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
Register
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high
Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

1.3.5 10k Pot

Potentiometers also known as POT, are nothing but variable resistors. They can provide a variable
resistance by simply varying the knob on top of its head. It can be classified based on two main
parameters. One is their Resistance (R-ohms) itself and the other is its Power (P-Watts) rating.
The value or resistance decides how much opposition it provides to the flow of current. The greater
the resistor value the smaller the current will flow. Some standard values for a potentiometer are
500Ω, 1K, 2K, 5K, 10K, 22K, 47K, 50K, 100K, 220K, 470K, 500K, 1 M.

13
Resistors are also classified based on how much current it can allow; this is called Power (wattage)
rating. The higher the power rating the bigger the resistor gets and it can also more current. For
potentiometers the power rating is 0.3W and hence can be used only for low current circuits.

1.3.5 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is p-n

junction diode that emits light when activated. The long terminal is positive and
the short terminal is negative. When a suitable current is applied to the leads,
electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the
color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by
the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1
mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation
pattern.

LEDs are versatile semiconductor with a number of attributes which make them
perfect for most applications. Their features include:

Long Life: LEDs can last over 100,000 hours (10+ years) if used at rated current

No annoying flicker as we experience with fluorescent lamps.

LEDs are impervious to heat, cold, shock and vibration.

LEDs do not contain breakable glass.

Solid-State, high shock and vibration resistant

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 Extremely fast turn on/off times

Low power consumption puts less load on the electrical systems increasing
battery

life.

Here we have used the most common 5mm white light. White LEDs are perfect for
replacing

inefficient incandescent bulbs in night lights and path lights.

SPECIFICATION:

Intensity: 28,500mcd

Color Freq: x=31 y=32

Viewing Angle: 48º

Lens: Water Clear

Voltage: 3.0v-3.3v

Typical: 3.1v

Current: 20mAA Light Emitting Diode (LED) is one of the latest inventions and is
extensively used these days. From your cell phone to the large advertising display
boards, the wide range of applications of these magical light bulbs can be witnessed
almost everywhere. Today their popularity and applications are increasing rapidly due
to some remarkable properties they have. Specifically, LEDs are very small in size and
consume very little power. The magnificent, beautiful, dazzling colors involved with
LEDs may be quite picturesque, but do you really know how these effects are actually
created in them or rather how do LED light bulbs work?
As is evident from its name, LED (Light Emitting Diode) is basically a small light
emitting device that comes under “active” semiconductor electronic components. It’s
quite comparable to the normal general purpose diode, with the only big difference
being its capability to emit light in different colors. The two terminals (anode and

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cathode) of a LED when connected to a voltage source in the correct polarity, may
produce lights of different colors, as per the semiconductor substance used inside it.

1.3.6 Wire
A jump wire (also known as a Dupont Wire, jumper wire, or simply a jumper) is
an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or
sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the
components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other
equipment or components, without soldering.[1]
Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in a
breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.

1.4. Platform Used

On street

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17
1.5 ADVANTAGES :-
1- No need of man power for maintenance.
2-system will automatic cotrol the switch on/off.
3-less consumption of electricity
4-less maintanance of ene
5-They can fit in any size.

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CHAPTER 2 :LITERATURE REVIEW

Traditional control and maintenance of street lamps is not enough more

to modernization need. The main focus of proposed system is to optimize
management and efficiency of street lighting systems and realize a kind
of higher autoimmunization, more credible and efficient long-distance
monitoring and control system. It uses a sensor combination to control
and guarantee the desired system parameters; the information is
transferred point by point using ZigBee transmitters and receivers and is
sent to a control terminal used to check the state of the street lamps and to
take appropriate measures in case of failure.

Lighting systems in the public sector are still designed according to the
old standards reliability and they often donot have advantage of the latest
technological development, the use of new technologies for the sources of
light and also combination of sensors. There are three areas to
beconcentrated to achieve the high efficiency in the street lighting if the
efficiency in each stage can easily achieve the maximum efficiency in
overall system development. Thefirst one in this area, is to choose light
emitting diode (LED) technology, instead of sodium vapor lamp and
compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), because it is the best solution since

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it offers benefits like power saving and long life. The second solution is
the most revolutionary, it uses a sensor combination to control and
guarantee the desired system parameters; the information is transferred
point by point using ZigBee transmitters and receivers and is sent to a
control terminal used to check the state of the street lamps and to take
appropriate measures in case of failure. Finally, the third possibility would
be the use of renewable energy sources rather than conventional power
sources with a positive effect on the all environment issues. The Solar
energy is the most important resource in this field to achieve the maximum
efficiency.

Street light control system is a centralized system which control and

monitor status of the individual street lamp. Lights are switched to
ON/OFF automatically based on PIR and LDR status. Status information
stored in the PIC controller and also monitored over all status in control
base station via Zigbee communication channel, LED has been the best
potential light source for the next-generation lighting as it has many
advantages such as high efficiency, long life, high reliability, and low
power consumption.

The system used here is a closed loop on-off system..Controlling lighting

system by means of LDR and Arduino together on Indian streets is relatively

a new concept.Still today research has been done only on street light

systembased on Passive Infrared receiver and few are LDR based but they

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are controlled by means of timers and analog circuits. Some were controlled

by wireless GSM/GUI networks which are too costly and not affordable.The

disadvantages of current system used are :

1. Need a manual operator to operate the lights on the street.

2. Switching time is same in all climates.

3. There are many streets on India where Lights are kept ‘ON’ even

during the day. Energy is wasted due to this

carelessness.

Hence by using arduino and LDR system considerable amount of

energy can be saved.

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 CHAPTER 3:
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT:

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

BLOCK DIAGRAM :-

DESCRIPTION :-

I have used one LDR circuit to distinguish between the day and night. LDR circuit is no other
than a potential divider circuit. LDR with a small register in series is connected across the 5V and
GND of the Arduino Uno and from the midpoint of the LDR potential divider circuit the output of
the circuit is feed to A0 of the Arduino which turn on all the street lights which are represented by
Led connected to the PWM output (ie: ~3, ~5, ~6, ~9, ~10).

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 LDR is a special type of resistor whose value depends on the brightness of the light which is
falling on it. It has resistance of about 1M-ohm when in total darkness but a resistance of only 5
k-ohm when brightness is illuminated. The voltage is directly proportional to the conductance so
more voltage we will get when there is sunlight and vice-versa and then we have to set a reference
value for the switching actions of the Led. The reference value is set to 500.

IT will work on the intensity of light as the amount of light increase in outside region the
intensity of illuminious light will get down and as there will be light intensity more than a fixed
value set in Arduino the light will get on

The output from the LDR is connected to the A0 and initially LDR flag and LDR value is set to
zero. The value of LDR reference value is initialized and set to 500. If the Arduino UNO reads
any value from LDR whose value is more than the LDR reference value than it will turn on the
street lights.

Another five integer value for each object sensor are set to zero and if any object sensor detects
any presence of objects then Arduino UNO compares the value with the object reference value. If
the sensed value is less than the reference value it will glow with 100% of its intensity otherwise
10% of its intensity.

Arduino is using serial mode 13 to glow the bul

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24
CHAPTER 4:
CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE SCOPE

4.1 CONCLUSION BASED ON RESULT

This project of AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHTS is a cost effective, practical, ecofriendly and the
safest way to save energy. It clearly tackles the two problems that world is facing today, saving of
energy and also disposal of incandescent lamps, very efficiently. According to statistical data we
can save more that 40 % of electrical energy that is now consumed by the highways. Initial cost
and maintenance can be the draw backs of this project. With the advances in technology and good
resource planning the cost of the project can be cut down and also with the use of good equipment
the maintenance can also be reduced in terms of periodic checks. The LEDs have long life, emit
cool light, donor have any toxic material and can be used for fast

switching. For these reasons our project presents far more advantages which can over shadow the
present limitations. Keeping in view the long term benefits and the initial cost would never be a
problem as the investment return time is very less. The project has scope in various other
applications like for providing lighting in industries, campuses and parking lots of huge shopping
malls. This can also be used for surveillance in corporate campuses and industries.

4.2. FUTURE SOPE

Thanks to the advancement in the field of technology that has introduced to us
solar street lights which is an amazing alternative to conventional street lights
as it is a great way to save power and reduce wastage. The future scope of it is
tremendous as there are so many wonderful features added in these street

25
lights that will keep one’s jaws dropped. Let us now discuss some of those
incredible features-
Cost Effective

There is no additional electricity cost because the panels in a solar street light
convert the solar power into electricity. It is also quick and easy to charge the
batteries and they last for almost 5 years. And since the poles are wireless it is
simple to install and there is no additional cost of hiring too many workers.

Clear Light

The LED’s used in these lights provide clear visibility at night. They are
colored to match up with the desired color rendering index to resemble the
sunlight during the daytime. This clear light also helps the pedestrians and the
vehicles to avoid accidents.

Automatic

They are designed in a way that as soon as it detects that the ambient light is
not enough. In the case of low lights, the LED’s are automatically switched on.
So sensing the outdoor light the solar lights automatically switch either on or
off. This feature is really marvelous because it uses a special lens which helps
to adjust the brightness level based on the battery voltage and running time.
This helps to increase the backup time of the light.

Eco Friendly

It is the responsibility of each and every individual to take care of the

environment. The invention of these lights exactly helps in minimizing the
amount of waste and reduces carbon footprints. The LED’s used in these lights
contains no toxic elements and so it helps to protect the environment from
any toxic waste.

Motion Sensor

In areas where there is no traffic in the night, it is not necessary to have the
street lights switched on the whole night. Motion sensor helps in saving
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 energy as it detects any motion either of a pedestrian or of a vehicle and
switches all the LED’s on. Also, another smart feature that this motion sensor
has is that if it detects that there is no motion for more than 16 seconds, then
all the LED’s will automatically reduce brightness. Some of the solar street
lights are also powered by footsteps which mean that the batteries get
charged from the kinetic energy powered by the pedestrians’ footsteps. Our
product, Zonstreet Plus, comes with inbuilt Lithium-ion battery and motion
sensors.

Smart technology

Solar street lights can be operated and controlled either by a mobile phone or
a computer from any location. This feature helps in adjusting settings of the
light either to dim the light or to increase the brightness from a remote place
without physically being present at the location. It also provides information
in real time and helps to determine if there are any problems or if the light is
out of order even before a complaint is received from the public. This system
makes it easy to check on the status of the solar voltage, the battery voltage
also provides data for the previous day usage of the voltage. This saves a lot of
energy and does not require any worker to manually check on it. Zonstreet
GSM, one of our innovative products comes with inbuilt GSM card. It can be
remotely monitored and controlled using the smartphone.

Value Added Services

The future of any city depends entirely on the value-added services, and the
technology has opened up lots of opportunities to do this. The solar street
lights have some amazing features like –

➢ Inbuilt pollution monitors

➢ Mobile device charging points
➢ Button for emergency services
➢ Wi-Fi routers
➢ CCTV cameras
➢ Digital information display for traffic congestion
➢ Information on nearby parking spaces

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➢ Charging stations for electric vehicles

So, it can work as a major hub for information.

These are some features of solar street lights which make it a better option
over a traditional street light. We can confidently say that solar-powered
lights will inevitably be the street lights of the future. And investing and
installing in these will play a major part in a clean, green environment. This
will also contribute to a brighter future for the coming generations.

to

References:
www.arduino.cc
www.wikipedia.com

1. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering (An

ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Website: www.ijircce.com , Vol. 5, Issue 3, March 2017 , Smart Street Light Using Arduino Uno
Microcontroller

2. S. Suganya, R. Sinduja, T. Sowmiya& S. Senthilkumar, Street light glow on detecting vehicle

movement using sensor

3. K.Santha Sheela,S.Padmadevi, Survey on Street Lighting System Based On Vehicle

Movements

4. Srikanth M, Sudhakar K N,ZigBee Based Remote Control Automatic Street Light System

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5. M.Abhishek, Syed ajram shah, K.Chetan, K,Arun Kumar, Design and implementation of traffic
flow based street light control system with effective utilization of solar energy, International journal
of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue

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