Question 1.

Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. (All India 2010)

Answer:
The distinction between molarity and molality.
Molarity : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution. It is temperature
dependent.
M = ω×1000 mol.mass ×V
Molality : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent.
m = ω×1000M2×W
The relationship between molarity and molality is
m = Md−MM21000
When molality = molarity, we get,
1 = 1d−MM21000 or d – MM˙21000 = 1
∴ d = 1+MM21000
Molarity is temperature dependent while molarity is not.
For very dilute solution, the factor MM2/1000 can be neglected in comparison to 1.
Hence molality will be same to molarity when density d = 1.
Molality is independent of temperature, whereas molarity is a function of temperature because
volume depends on temperature and mass does not.
Question 2.
What type of semiconductor is obtained when silicon is doped with arsenic? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
n-type semiconductor.

Question 3.
What is meant by ‘reverse osmosis’? (All India 2011)
Answer:
If a pressure higher than the osmotic pressure is applied on the solution, the solvent will flow from
the solution into the pure solvent through semipermeable membrane. This process is called
reverse osmosis (R.O.).

Question 4.
What are isotonic solutions? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
An isotonic solution is a kind of solution with the same salt concentration as blood and cells. Those
solutions which are exerting same osmotic pressure under similar conditions (For example 0.9%
NaCl solution by mass volume is Isotonic with human blood).

Question 5.
Some liquids on mixing form ‘azeotropes’. What are ‘azeotropes’? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The liquid mixture having a definite composition and boiling like a pure liquid without change in
composition is called as azeotrope.

Question 6.
What type of intermolecular attractive interaction exists in the pair of methanol and acetone?
(Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Solute-solvent dipolar interactions exist in the pair of methanol and acetone.
Question 7.
Out of BaCl2 and KCl, which one is more effective in causing coagulation of a negatively charged
colloidal Sol? Give reason. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
BaCl2 is more effective in causing coagulation because it has double +ve charge than K+.

Solutions Class 12 Important Questions Short Answer Type – I [SA-I]

Question 8.
Differentiate between molality and molarity of a solution. What is the effect of change in
temperature of a solution on its molality and molarity? (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Distinction between molarity and molality.
Molarity : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution. It is temperature
dependent.
M = ω×1000 mol.mass ×V
Molality : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent.
m = ω×1000M2×W
The relationship between molarity and molality is
m = Md−MM21000
When molality = molarity, we get,
1 = 1d−MM21000 or d – MM˙21000 = 1
∴ d = 1+MM21000
Molarity is temperature dependent while molarity is not.
For very dilute solution, the factor MM2/1000 can be neglected in comparison to 1.
Hence molality will be same to molarity when density d = 1.
Molality is independent of temperature, whereas molarity is a function of temperature because
volume depends on temperature and mass does not.
Question 9.
Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law. What are these
deviations and why are they caused? Explain with one example for each type. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Non-ideal solutions exhibit Negative deviation from Raoult’s law : For any composition of the
non-ideal solution, the partial vapour pressure of each component and total vapour pressure of the
solution is less than expected from Raoult’s law. Such solutions show negative deviation.
Example : Mixture of CHCl3 and acetone.

Non-ideal solutions show positive deviations from Raoult’s law on mixing of two volatile
components of the solution.
Example : Mixture of acetone and benzene solutions show positive deviation,

Question 10.
Define the terms, ‘osmosis’ and ‘osmotic pressure’.
What is the advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared to other colligative properties for
the determination of molar masses of solutes in solutions? (All India 2010)
Answer:
Osmosis : The net spontaneous flow of the solvent molecules from the solvent to the solution or
from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a semipermeable
membrane is called osmosis.
Osmotic pressure : The minimum excess pressure that has to be applied on the solution to
prevent the entry of the solvent into the solution through the semipermeable membrane is called
the osmotic pressure.
The osmotic pressure method has the advantage that it uses molarities instead of molalities and it
can be measured at room temperature.

Question 11.
A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl 3COOH) is heated to its boiling point. The
solution has the boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for trichloroacetic acid.
(Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol-1) (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
As ΔTb= iKbm
(100.18 – 100) °C = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m
0.18 K = i × 0.512 K kg mol-1 × 1 m
∴ i = 0.3

Question 12.
Define the following terms :
(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Isotonic solutions
(iii) van’t Hoff factor
(iv) Ideal solution (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
(i) Mole fraction : Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total
number of moles in a mixture.
(ii) Isotonic solution : Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are
called Isotonic solutions.
(iii) van’t Hoff factor : van’t Hoff factor is expressed as :
i =  normal molar mass  abnormal molar mass 
(iv) Ideal solution : The solution which obeys Raoult’s law under all conditions is known as an
ideal solution.
Question 13.
Explain why aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in warm water.
(Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Aquatic species need dissolved oxygen for breathing. As solubility of gases decreases with
increase of temperature, less oxygen is available in summer in the lake. Hence the aquatic
species feel more comfortable in winter (low temperature) when the solubility of oxygen is higher.

Question 14.
State Raoult’s law. How is it formulated for solutions of non-volatile solutes? (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Raoult’s Law : Raoult’s Law states that “for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour of each
component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction”.
Thus for component 1 : p1 = p10 X1
where [p10 is vapour pressure of pure component 1]
For component 2 : p2 = P20 X2
According to Dalton’s law of partial pressure
PTotal = P2 + P2 ⇒ PT = p1 0X1 + p2 0X2
⇒ PT = p1 0(1 – X2) + p2 0X2
⇒ PT = p1 0+ (p2 0 – p1 0)X2
Question 15.
State Henry’s law and mention two of its important applications. (Comptt. All India 2012)
Answer:
Henry’s law : Henry’s law states that “The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution “, Applications of Henry’s law :

 To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed
under high pressure.
 To avoid a dangerous medical condition called bends, scuba divers use oxygen
diluted with less soluble helium gas.

Question 16.
Why do gases nearly always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
(Comptt. All India 2012)
Answer:
This is because the dissolution of gas in liquid is an exothermic process. The solubility should
decrease with increase in temperature.

Question 17.
18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 (Molar mass – 180 g mol-1) is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a sauce pan. At
what temperature will this solution boil? (K b for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1, boiling point of pure water =
373.15 K) (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
We know that :
Elevation of boiling point ∆Tb
WBMB×100×Kbwt. of solvent 
Given: WB = 18 g
MB = Formula of glucose is C6H12O6
= 6 × 12 + 12 + 6 × 16 = 180
Wt. of solvent = 1 kg or 1000 g,
Kb = 0.52 K kg mol-1
Hence, ∆Tb = 18g180×1000×0.521000g = 0.52 K
∴B.P of the solution = 373.15 + 0.052
= 373.202 K
Question 18.
An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273 K. Explain the lowering in freezing
points of water with the help of a suitable diagram. (Comptt. Delhi 2013)
Answer:
An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273 K because vapour pressure g of the
solution is g less than that of the pure solvent.

Question 19.
Derive expression for Raoult’s law when the solute is non-volatile. (Comptt. Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Raoult’s law : Raoult’s law states that “for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure
of each component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction”.
Thus for component 1 : p1 = p10X1
where [p10 is vapour pressure of pure component 1]
For component 2 : p2 = p20X2
ccording to Dalton’s law of partial pressure
PTotal = P1 + P2 ⇒ PT = p10X1 + p20X2
⇒ PT = p10( 1 – X2) + p20X2
∴ PT = p10 + (p20 – p10)X2

Question 20.
Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 g mol -1) to be dissolved in 75 g of benzene to
lower its freezing point by 0.48 K (Kf = 5.12 K kg mol-1). (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Given : ∆Tf = 0.48 K, W1 = 75g,
M2 = 256 g mol-1 W2 =?
Using formula, W2 = M2×W1×ΔTf1000×Kf
= 256×75×0.481000×5.12 = 1.8 g
Question 21.
Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics. (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Those solutions which are obeying Raoult’s law are called ideal solutions. An ideal solution is a
solution in which no volume change and no enthalpy change takes place on mixing the solute and
the solvent in any proportion.
Characteristic of an ideal solution :
There will be no change in enthalpy ∆H mix = 0,
∆Vmix = 0, ∆Pmix = 0

Question 22.
State Henry’s law. What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of a gas in a liquid? (Delhi
2014)
Answer:
Henry’s law : Henry’s law states that, “The solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature
is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid at that temperature.”
Solubility of gas decreases with increase of temperature at the same pressure.

Question 23.
State Raoult’s law for the solution containing volatile components. What is the similarity between
Raoult’s law and Henry’s law? (Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Raoult’s law : “In a solution, the vapour pressure of a component at a given temperature is equal
to the mole fraction of that component in the solution multiplied by the vapour pressure of that
component in pure state.”
Similarity between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law is that the partial pressure or vapour pressure of
the volatile component (gas) is directly proportional to the mole fraction of that component in the
solution.

Question 24.
How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it?
(Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The vapour pressure of a solvent decreases when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it because
some solvent molecules are replaced by the molecules of solute.
Question 25.
Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. How can we change molality value of a
solution into molarity value? (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
The distinction between molarity and molality.
Molarity : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution. It is temperature
dependent.
M = ω×1000 mol.mass ×V
Molality : It is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of the solvent.
m = ω×1000M2×W
The relationship between molarity and molality is
m = Md−MM21000
When molality = molarity, we get,
1 = 1d−MM21000 or d – MM˙21000 = 1
∴ d = 1+MM21000
Molarity is temperature dependent while molarity is not.
For very dilute solution, the factor MM2/1000 can be neglected in comparison to 1.
Hence molality will be same to molarity when density d = 1.
Molality is independent of temperature, whereas molarity is a function of temperature because
volume depends on temperature and mass does not.
Molarity (M) and Molality (m) relationship :
∵ Molarity is M moles of solute present in 1000 mL solution
If density of solution is d g mL-1, then
Mass of solution = 1000 d g
Mass of solute = MM2
(M2 is molar mass of solute)
∴ Mass of solvent = 1000 d – MM2 g

Question 26.
What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is the sign of ∆ mixH
for positive deviation? (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
In positive deviations, the partial vapour pressure of each component A and B of a solution and
the total pressure of the solution is higher than the vapour pressure calculated from Raoult’s law.
For example, Water and Ethanol.
In case of positive deviations, ∆mixH > 0 (Positive)
Question 27.
Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
Given an example. (Delhi) 2015
Answer:
Azeotropes : Liquid mixture which distills without change in compositions are called azeotropic
mixtures or Azeotropes.
In positive deviations from Raoult’s law, minimum boiling point azeotropic mixture is formed. For
example, 95% ethanol + 5% water.

Question 28.
(i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. What type of
deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What change in temperature would
you observe after mixing liquids X and Y?
(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)? Give reason. (All
India 2015)
Answer:
(i) Volume decreases by mixing X and Y. It shows negative deviations from Raoult’s law. There
will be rise in temperature. (∆H mix < 0)
(ii) Blood cell will swell due to osmosis as water enters the cell.

Question 29.
Define osmotic pressure of a solution. How is the osmotic pressure related to the concentration of
a solute in a solution? (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
Answer:
Osmotic pressure : It is the external pressure which is applied on the side solution which is
sufficient to prevent the entry of the solvent through semi-permeable membrane.
According to the Boyle-van’t Hoff Law, the osmotic pressure (π) of a dilute solution is directly
proportional to its molar concentration provided temperature is constant.
π ∝ C (At constant temperature)
π ∝ CT (At constant concentration)
π = CRT (R = Solution constant)
or, π = nvRT
Question 30.
Define the following terms :
(i) Mole fraction (x)
(ii) Molality of a solution (m) (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:
(i) Mole fraction : Mole fraction of a constituent is the fraction obtained by dividing number of
moles of that constituent by the total number of moles of all the constituents present in the
solution. It is denoted by ‘x’.
Example : x1 =  No. of moles of x1 Total no. of moles =nx1nx1+nx2
(ii) Molality of a solution : Molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of the solute
dissolved in 1000 grams (1 kg) of the solvent. It is denoted by’m’.
m = w×1000M×W
Where w = Weight of solute in grams
M = Molecular mass of solute
W = Weight of solvent in grams
Question 31.
(i) Gas (A) is more soluble in water than Gas
(B) at the same temperature. Which one of the two gases will have the higher value of K H (Henry’s
constant) and why?
(ii) In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling
azeotropes? (All India 2016)
Answer:
(i) Gas (B) will have higher value of KH (Henry’s constant) than Gas (A) at the same temperature
because lesser the solubility of a gas in a given solvent, higher will be the value of K H for a gas.
KH =  Partial pressure of gas  Mole fraction of gas in the solution 
(ii) Negative deviations from Raoult’s law show the formation of maximum boiling azeotropes.
Question 32.
What is osmotic pressure? Why it is a colligative property? (Comptt Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The excess pressure applied on solution side to stop the process of osmosis. Because it depends
upon the number of solute particles but not on their nature.

Question 33.
Define osmotic pressure. How is osmotic pressure related to the concentration of a solute in a
solution? (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:
Osmotic pressure is the measure of excess pressure applied on solution side to stop the process
of osmosis. Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the conentration of solute in solution π ∝ c

Question 34.
Define the following terms: (Delhi 2017)
(i) Colligative properties
(ii) Molality (m)
Answer:
(i) Colligative properties. All those properties which depend on the number of solute particles
irrespective of the nature of solute are called as colligative properties.
(ii) Molality (m). Number of moles of solute dissolved per kg of the solvent.

Question 35.
Define the following terms:
(i) Abnormal molar mass
(ii) van’t Hoff factor (i)               (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
(i) Abnormal molar mass. If the molar mass calculated by using any of colligative properties tends
to be different than theoretically expected molar mass, it is called abnormal molar mass.
(ii) van’t Hoff factor (i). Extent of dissociation or association or ratio of the observed colligative
property to calculated colligative property.
i =  Observed colligative property  Theoretical colligative property 
Question 36.
Define the following terms:
(i) Ideal solution
(ii) Molarity (M)      (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
(i) Ideal solution: The solution that obeys Raoults ’ Law over the entire range of concentration.
(ii) Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution or
M = wb×1000Mb×Volume(mL)
Question 37.
Explain why on addition of 1 mol of glucose to 1 litre of water, the boiling point of water increases.
(Comptt. Delhi 2017)
Answer:
(a) Glucose is a non-volatile solute, therefore, addition of glucose to water lowers the vapour
pressure of water as a result of which boiling point of water increases.
i.e. nH2O = 27.78 mol
No. of moles of CO2
nCO227.78 = 1.515 × 10-3
i.e. nCO2 = 42.08 × 10-3 moles = 0.042 mol
Solutions Class 12 Important Questions Short Answer Type – II [SA – II]
Question 38.
100 mg of a protein is dissolved in just enough water to make 10.0 mL of solution. If this solution
has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C, what is the molar mass of the protein?
(R = 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm.) (Delhi & All India 2009)
Answer:
Given :
w = 100 mg = 0.100 = 0.1 g,
V = 10.0 mL = 0.01 L
π = 13.3 mm Hg = 13.3760 atm,
T = 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K
R = 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1, M = ?

∴ Molar mass, M = 13980.4 g mol-1

Question 39.
Calculate the freezing point depression expected for 0.0711 m aqueous solution of Na2S04. If this
solution actually freezes at – 0.320°C, what would be the value of Van’t Hoff factor? (Ky for water
is 1.86°C mol-1) (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Given : Molality, m = 0.0711 m
ΔTf = – 0.320°C Kf = 1.86°C f = ?
Substituting these values in the formula, we get
ΔTf = i Kf m or i = ΔTfKfm
or i = −0.3201.86×0.0711=−0.3200.132246 = -2.4
Question 40.
A solution prepared by dissolving 1.25 g of oil of winter green (methyl salicylate) in 99.0 g of
benzene has a boiling point of 80.31°C. Determine the molar mass of this compound. (B.P. of pure
benzene = 80.10°C and Kb for benzene = 2.53°C kg mol-1)    (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Given : w2 = 1.25 g, w1 = 99 g
ΔTb = 80.31 – 80.10°C = 0.21°C
Kb = 2.53°C kg mol-1
According to the formula :
M2 = 1000Kbw2w1ΔTb
Substituting these values in the formula, we get
M2 = 1000×2.53×1.2599×0.21=3162.520.79
= 152 g mol-1
Question 41.
A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3; molar mass = 92 g mol-1) in water was prepared by dissolving some
glycerol in 500 g of water. This solution has a boiling point of 100.42 °C. What mass of glycerol
was dissolved to make this solution? Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol -1. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Given : M2 = 92 g mol-1 w1 = 500g
ΔTb = 100.42°C – 100°C = 0.42°C
Kb = 0.512 K kg mol-1
Substituting above values in the formula

Question 42.
What mass of NaCl (molar mass = 58.5 g mol-1) must be dissolved in 65 g of water to lower the
freezing point by 7.5°C? The freezing point depression constant, K f, for water is 1.86 K kg mol-1.
Assume van’t Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.87. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Given : M2 = 58.5 g mol-1 w1 = 65 g
ΔTf = 7.5 °C K, = 1.86 Kf kg mol-1 i = 1.87
Substituting these values in the formula

∴ Mass of NaCl to be dissolved, w2 = 8.199 g

Question 43.
What mass of ethylene glycol (molar mass = 62.0 g mol -1) must be added to 5.50 kg of water to
lower the freezing point of water from 0° C to -10.0° C? (K, for water = 1.86 K kg mol -1)? (All India
2010)
Answer:
According to the formula :
∴ Mass of ethylene glycol, w2 = 1.833 kg

Question 44.
15 g of an unknown molecular substance was dissolved in 450 g of water. The resulting solution
freezes at -0.34° C. What is the molar mass of the substance?
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1). (All India 2010)
Answer:
Given : w2 = 15 g, w1 = 450 g
ΔTf = -0.34°C CKf = 1.86 K kg mol-1 M2 =?
Substituting these values in the formula
M2 = 1000×Kfw2w1ΔTf
∴ M2 = 1000×1.86×15450×0.34
or M2 = 27900153 = 182.53
2 153
∴ Molar mass of the substance, M2 = 182.53 g
Question 45.
What mass of NaCl must be dissolved in 65.0 g of water to lower the freezing point of water by
7.5°C? The freezing point depression constant (K f) for water is 1.86°C/m. Assume van’t Hoff factor
for NaCl is 1.87. (Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g) (All India 2011)
Answer:
Given : M2 = 58.5 g mol-1 w1 = 65 g
ΔTf = 7.5 °C K, = 1.86 Kf kg mol-1 i = 1.87
Substituting these values in the formula

∴ Mass of NaCl to be dissolved, w2 = 8.199 g

Question 46.
Calculate the amount of KCl which must beadded to 1 kg of water so that the freezing point is
depressed by 2K. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1) (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
Since one mol of KCl gives 2 mole particles,
the value of i = 2, ΔTf, = 2K, Kf = 1.86 kg mol-1
Applying equation, ΔTf = iKf
m = ΔTfiKf=22×1.86=11.86 = 0.54 mol kg-1
∴ 0.54 mole of KC1 should be added to 1 kg of water
Molar mass of KCl = 39 + 35.5 = 74.5 g
∴ Amount of KCl = 0.54 × 74.5 g = 40.05 g
Question 47.
A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3) in water was prepared by dissolving some glycerol in 500 g of
water. This solution has a boiling point of 100.42 °C while pure water boils at 100 °C. What mass
of glycerol was dissolved to make the solution? (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
ΔTb = (100.42 – 100)°C = 0.42°C or 0.42 K
ΔTb = Kb m
0.42 = 0.512 × W292×1000500
W2 = 0.42×92×5000.512×1000=4.830.128 = 37.7 g
where W2 is the weight of the solute.
Question 48.
15.0 g of an unknown molecular material was dissolved in 450 g of water. The resulting solution
was found to freeze at -0.34 °C. What is the molar mass of this material? (K f for water = 1.86 K kg
mol-1) (Delhi 2012)
Answer:
As ΔTf = Kf × m

∴ Molar mass of material, M = 182 g mol-1

Question 49.
A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapour pressure of
2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further 18 g of water is added to this solution. The new vapour pressure
becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate
(i) the molecular mass of solute and
(ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Answer:
For a very dilute solution
Since P∘−PP∘=WB×MAMB×WA

∴ Molecular mass, MB = 34 g/mol

Question 50.
If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293K, how many millimoles of N 2 gas would dissolve in 1 litre
of water? Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given that Henry’s law constant
for N2 at 293K is 76.48 k bar. (Comptt. All India 2012)
Answer:

∴ In millimoles 7.16 × 10-4 × 1000 = 0.716 m mol

Question 51.
The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56 × 10 -2 g of ethane is 1 bar.
If the solution contains 5.0 × 10-2 g of ethane, then what will be the partial pressure of the gas?
(Comptt. All India 2012)
Answer:
Applying the Henry’s law, m = KH × p
In first case, 6.56 × 10-2 = KH × 1
KH = 6.56 × 10-2 g bar-1
Putting the value of KH in the second case, we get
5 × 10-2 g = 6.56 × 10-2 g bar-1 × p
∴ p = 5×10−26.56×10−2gbar = 0.762 bar
Question 52.
Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 2.5 × 10 -2 g of K2SO4 in 2L of
water at 25° C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.
(R = 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1, Molar mass of K2SO4 = 174 g mol-1). (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
We know, π = iCRT ⇒ π = inRTV
⇒ π = i × wM×1VRT
Given : w = 2.5 × 10-2 g = 0.025 g
V = 2L, T = 25°C = 298 K
M = K2SO4 = 2 × 39 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 174 g mol-1
K2SO4 = dissociates completely as K2SO4 → 2K+ + SO42-
∴ Ions produced = 3 i.e., i = 3
Hence, π = 3 × 0.025g174gmol−1×12L × 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1 × 298 K
∴ π = 527 × 10-3 atm
Question 53.
The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56 × 10 -2 g of ethane is 1 bar.
If the solution were to contain 5.0 × 10-2 g of ethane, then what will be the partial pressure of the
gas? (Comptt. Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Applying the Henry’s law, m = KH × p
In first case, 6.56 × 10-2 = KH × 1
KH = 6.56 × 10-2 g bar-1
Putting the value of KH in the second case, we get
5 × 10-2 g = 6.56 × 10-2 g bar-1 × p
∴ p = 5×10−26.56×10−2gbar = 0.762 bar
Question 54.
Some ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, is added to your car’s cooling system along with 5 kg of
water. If the freezing point of a water-glycol solution is -15.0°C, what is the boiling point of the
solution?
(Kb = 0.52 K kg mol-1 and Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1 for water) (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
Answer:
Given : ΔTf = 0 – (-15) = +15° C, w1 = 5 kg = 5000 g
Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1 Kb = 0.52 K kg mol-1

Question 55.
3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point of 1.62 K.
Calculate the Van’t Hoff factor and predict the nature of solute (associated or dissociated).
(Given : Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g mol -1, Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol-1) (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
ΔTf = iKf × m

As i < 1, therefore solute gets associated

Question 56.
A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of non-volatile solute in 200 g of water. It has a vapour
pressure of 31.84 mm Hg at 308 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
(Vapour pressure of pure water at 308 K = 32 mm Hg) (All India 2015)
Answer:

Question 57.
45 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate
(i) the freezing point depression and
(ii) the freezing point of the solution
(Given : Kf of water = 1.86 K kg mol-1) (Comptt. Delhi 2015)
Answer:
(i) Given : w = 45 g, W = 600 g,
Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1, Δ Tf = ?
Using the formula for freezing point depression,
ΔTf = Kfw×1000m×W
m of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2)
= 2 × 12 + 6 × 1 + 2 × 16
= 24 + 6 + 32 = 62 g mol-1
Substituting above values in formula,
ΔTf = 1.86Kkgmol−1×45g×1000gkg−162gmol−1×600g
= 837372
∴ ΔTf = 2.25 K
(ii) ΔTf = Tf0 – Tf
Where, Tf0 = Freezing point of pure water
⇒ Tf = 273.15 – 2.25 K
∴ Tf = 270.9 K (Freezing point of the solution)
Question 58.
A 5 percent solution (by mass) of cane-sugar (M.W. 342) is isotonic with 0.877% solution of
substance X. Find the molecular weight of X. (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:
Given : W (mass) of cane-sugar = 5% means 5 g
Molar mass of cane-sugar (M) = 342 g mol-1
Mass of isotonic substance X
= 0.877% means 0.877 g
Molar mass of X = ?
Using formula,
W canesugar M cane sugar =WXMX⇒5g342gmol−1=0.877gMX
or Mx = 0.877g×342gmol−15g⇒299.934gmol−15g
∴ Mx = 59.9 ≈ 60 g mol-1
Question 59.
Calculate the boiling point of solution when 4 g of MgSO 4 (M =120 g mol-1) was dissolved in 100 g
of water, assuming MgSO4 undergoes complete ionization.
(Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1) (All India 2016)
Answer:
Since MgS04 is an ionic compound, so undergoes complete ionisation in the following way:

Boiling point of water = 373.15 K

Tb= Tb° + ΔTb = 373.15 K + 0.346 K
= 373.496 K

Question 60.
Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molecular mass 40) which should be dissolved in 114
g octane to reduce the vapour pressure to 80%. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:

Question 61.
An aqueous solution of 2 percent non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the boiling
point of the solvent. What is the molecular mass of the solute?
[Vapour pressure of water = 1.013 bar] (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:

MB = 2×18×1.0130.009×98 g mol-1
MB = 41.3 g mol-1
Question 62.
A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate the
freezing point of 10% glucose in water, if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Given: (Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol-1) (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1) (Delhi 2017)
Answer:
Molality (m) = w×100W×M
Given:
Molar mass of sucrose
= C12H22O11 = 12 × 12 + 22 + 11 × 16 = 342
10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water means 10 g of sucrose is present in (100 – 10)
= 90 g of water
10% solution of sucrose means, w = 10 g
Mass of water, W = 90 g
∴ ΔTf for glucose = 12.33 × 0.6166 = 7.60 K (approx.)
∴ Freezing point of 10% glucose solution
= (273.15 – 7.60) K = 265.55 K
Question 63.
The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B at 400 K are 450 and 700 mmHg respectively. Find
out the composition of liquid mixture if total vapour pressure at this temperature is 600 mmHg.
(Comptt. Delhi 2017)
Answer: