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CONTENTS

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Inside a Unit vi

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Series Introduction xi

FOOD 2 ONE

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READING 1 Foods with Many Uses 4
READING SKILL:  Recognizing Word Forms 10

READING 2 The Amazing Coconut 14

READING SKILL: 
Scanning for Specific
Information 19

UNIT REVIEW 22

THE FACE 24
READING 1 Face Blindness 26
TWO
READING SKILL:  Identifying Main Ideas 30

READING 2 Facial-Recognition Technology 34

READING SKILL: 
Recognizing Supporting
Information 38

UNIT REVIEW 42

CITIES 44
READING 1 Livable Cities 46
THREE
READING SKILL: 
Understanding Cause
and Effect 51

READING 2 Kazakhstan’s City of Tomorrow 54

READING SKILL:  Making Inferences 59

UNIT REVIEW 62

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CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

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FOUR TECHNOLOGY 64

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READING 1 Augmented Reality 66
READING SKILL: Connecting Examples
to the Main Ideas They Support 71

READING 2 From Humans to Cyborgs? 74

READING SKILL: Identifying the Meaning
of Unfamiliar Words 78

UNIT REVIEW 82

FIVE MUSIC 84
READING 1 Seeing Music 86
READING SKILL:  Taking Notes 90

READING 2 Earworms: The Songs in Your Head 94

READING SKILL: 
Identifying Pronoun
References 98

UNIT REVIEW 102

SIX ANIMAL GROUPS 104

READING 1 Living Together 106
READING SKILL: 
Organizing Information
in a Chart 113

READING 2 The Genius of Swarms 116

READING SKILL: 
Recognizing Facts and
Theories 120

UNIT REVIEW 124

iv 

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MAKING NEWS 126 SEVEN

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READING 1 Accidental Reporters 128
READING SKILL: Understanding
Quotations 133

READING 2 Telling Kibera’s Story 136

READING SKILL: 
Identifying Supporting
Examples 140

UNIT REVIEW 144

NOISE AND LIGHT 146

READING 1 Noisy Earth 148
EIGHT
READING SKILL:  Evaluating Sources 153

READING 2 Our Vanishing Night 156

READING SKILL: 
Using Flowcharts to
Show Causes and Effects 160

UNIT REVIEW 164

EXPRESSIONS 166
READING 1 In Your Face 168
NINE
READING SKILL: 
Understanding Words
that Show Contrast 172

READING 2 The Science of Smiles 176

READING SKILL: Understanding
Reference Words 180

UNIT REVIEW 184

Vocabulary Index 187

Credits 189

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UNIT

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THREE

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Night scene of the central

business district of Singapore

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CITIES
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FOCUS 1. What are the largest cities in

your country?
2. What is your favorite city? Why? Is
it just a good place to visit, or is it
also a good place to live?

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READING 1

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Academic Vocabulary

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a community reliance to restrict

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an environment a resident a trend

Multiword Vocabulary
anywhere in the world more and more

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city planning public transportation
economic opportunities traffic congestion

Reading Preview
Preview.  Read the title of Reading 1. Look at the
photos on pages 46–49 and read their captions.
Then check (✓) four topics that you think might
be in this reading.
1. Differences between older cities and
newer cities
2. Problems with driving in cities
3. Life in small towns
4. Types of people who move to cities
5. Living in the countryside far from both
cities and small towns
6. Types of restaurants in big cities
7. Quality of education in cities

Topic vocabulary.  The following words appear

in Reading 1. Look at the words and answer the
questions with a partner.

bikers neighborhoods surroundings

crime pedestrians traffic
historical sites smoke waterfront

1. Which words describe people who go from

one place to another?
2. Which words are related to places you might
find in a city or places people might live?
3. Which words are related to problems that What makes great cities? They
cities often have? are more than just places to work
and play. Read about how today’s
Predict. What do you think this reading will
be about? Discuss each word in Exercise B and
city planners are trying to make
predict how it may relate to the reading. cities great places to “live” in
every sense of the word.

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Livable

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Cities

A crowded bicycle stand in Amsterdam,

Netherlands. Amsterdam is ranked as
one of the best cities to live in the world.

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READING 1 LIVABLE CITIES

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t’s midday in a typical major city almost 1

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anywhere in the world. You’re standing on
the corner, trying to cross the street. Buses,
trucks, cars, and taxis go by. The noise of the

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traffic hurts your ears. Black smoke fills the air.
It’s dirty. It’s noisy. It’s dangerous. You came to
this city because it was where you could find
work, but do you really want to “live” here?
Urban planners1 understand how you feel. 2
They know that people want to work, play, and
shop in an environment that has clean air, safe
streets, and attractive surroundings. They are
trying to solve some of these problems by creating
“livable cities.” There are two important ways to
make cities more “livable”—encourage less use of
private cars and build new types of neighborhoods.
To make cities more livable, many cities around 3
the world are restricting car travel in certain areas.
Downtown restaurants at night
They are also creating some streets for pedestrians
in Centre Ville, Beirut, Lebanon
and bike riders only. When people walk and bike,
the result is cleaner air to breathe and healthier and
happier residents. Some major world cities that have
streets for bikes only include Munich, Germany; in the same neighborhood. These neighborhoods
Barcelona, Spain; and Paris, France. Many smaller are called “mixed-use” neighborhoods. Because
cities have created streets like these, too. people can work and shop near where they live,
In addition, some cities are charging drivers 4 such neighborhoods also reduce residents’ reliance
money to drive into the city. This money is on cars. These neighborhoods seem to have less
called a “congestion fee.” In Stockholm, Sweden; crime, as well. As a result, many residents of
London, England; and Singapore, mixed-use neighborhoods report

“
drivers must pay this fee to enter that they have more peace of mind
parts of the city. As a result,
Another way to make and feel less stressed.
more people are carpooling and 2 cities livable is to One example of a mixed-use 6
taking public transportation. design them so that neighborhood is Atlantic Station
Fewer cars on the road means people can live, shop, in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Atlantic
better air quality. It also means and work all in the Station opened in 2005. Homes,

”
less traffic congestion. Congestion offices, shops, and entertainment
fees are working. In one month
same neighborhood. are all within 138 acres. The
in Stockholm, there were 100,000 residents can walk or bicycle
fewer cars on the road than there were the month almost anywhere, so they don’t need cars to get
before the city introduced the fee. around. There’s also a special bus that connects
Another way to make cities livable is to design 5 them to Atlanta’s public transportation system.
them so that people can live, shop, and work all The residents of Atlantic Station call their home
a “live-work-play community.”
1 urban planners:  people who design and plan city areas
Another example of a mixed-use neighbor- 7

2 carpooling:  going places with friends or workers in one hood is Centre Ville, Beirut, Lebanon. Centre
car together Ville is the result of a 25-year redevelopment plan

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for the waterfront city center. Urban planners

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designed a mixed-use area that preserves3 ancient

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historical sites. The new design puts Byzantine

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mosaics, Roman baths, old city walls, and the
remains of a Phoenician fort4 in the same area as
housing, business, and entertainment areas. One

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of the main features of Centre Ville is Star Square.
In the evening, this area is filled with restaurant
diners and families walking with their children.
More and more people around the world are 8
moving into cities for the economic opportunities
that cities provide and to improve their lives gen-
erally. As urban populations continue to grow, it
becomes even more important for urban planners
to design cities well. Current trends in city planning
such as bike- and pedestrian-friendly streets and
mixed-use neighborhoods are just two approaches
to making cities healthy and more livable.

3 preserves: keeps; protects
4 fort:  a
building for soldiers where people can come to
protect themselves from enemies

READING COMPREHENSION
Big Picture
Read the following statements. Check (✓) the five statements that express the main
ideas of Reading 1.
1. Many big cities are not nice places to live in.
2. Urban planners know that most people want safe streets and safe communities.
3. Urban planners are trying to solve big city problems.
4. Many cities use congestion fees to reduce the number of cars.
5. Improving transportation is an urban planning goal.
6. Neighborhoods with places for work, shopping, and living solve some urban problems.
7. Atlantic Station opened in 2005.
8. Centre Ville, Beirut, Lebanon, is an example of a mixed-use neighborhood.

Every author has a purpose for writing a text. Read the list below and check (✓) the
author’s purpose for writing Reading 1.
1. To persuade people to move out of cities
2. To inform people how to make cities good places to live
3. To explain how cities cause stress and illness
4. To give examples of healthy cities

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Close-Up

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Choose the answer that best completes each of the following sentences.

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1. According to paragraph 1, many people move to cities to .
a. get better jobs
b. find cheaper housing
c. have good public transportation

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2. According to the reading, the two main ways to make cities more livable are .
a. by creating shopping areas and by providing job opportunities near housing
b. by reducing crime and by adding parks and green areas
c. by improving city transportation and by creating a new type of neighborhood
3. Urban planners are creating more streets that only allow .
a. people and bicycles
b. public transportation
c. private cars
4. According to paragraph 4, some cities are trying to reduce traffic congestion by .
a. providing free buses
b. charging extra fees for driving
c. asking people to walk to work
5. An important feature of mixed-use neighborhoods is that people can in the same area.
a. work and live
b. study and find restaurants
c. get health care and education
6. According to paragraph 5, mixed-use neighborhoods have than traditional neighborhoods.
a. residents with less peace of mind
b. fewer good job opportunities
c. fewer relaxed residents
7. Atlantic Station and Centre Ville are examples of .
a. neighborhoods that need improving
b. communities with congestion fees
c. mixed-use neighborhoods
8. An unusual feature of the new design of Centre Ville is that .
a. people can eat and walk in Star Square
b. historical sites exist next to shops and housing
c. there are places for people to take baths and to sit on ancient walls
9. According to paragraph 8, it is important for urban planners to keep improving the design of
cities because .
a. more and more people don’t have cars
b. cities are continuing to get more crowded
c. there are fewer and fewer job opportunities

Compare answers to Exercise A with a partner or in a small group. If you don’t agree,
discuss your answers and try to agree on one correct answer.

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Reading Skill

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Understanding Cause and Effect

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Writers often write about why things happen; that is, they write about causes and their
effects. Writers often use signal words to show cause-and-effect relationships. These signal
words may be in the same sentence or in a following sentence. Good readers notice these

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signal words because they help them understand what a writer has to say about why
things happen.
effect cause
Paris is becoming a livable city because there are many bike-only and pedestrian-
only streets.
cause effect
You have to pay to drive in some parts of Singapore. As a result, there is less traffic
congestion there now.

Underline the cause-and-effect signal words in the following sentences from Reading 1.
The first one is done for you.
1. You came to this city because it was where you could find work, but do you really want to
“live” here?  (Par. 1)
2. When people walk and bike, the result is cleaner air to breathe and healthier and happier
residents.  (Par. 3)
3. In Stockholm, Sweden; London, England; and Singapore, drivers must pay this fee to enter
parts of the city. As a result, more people are carpooling and taking public transportation.  (Par. 4)
4. These neighborhoods seem to have less crime, as well. As a result, many residents of mixed-use
neighborhoods report that they have more peace of mind and feel less stressed.  (Par. 5)
5. The residents can walk or bicycle almost anywhere, so they don’t need cars to get around.  (Par. 6)

Work with a partner. Read the sentences in Exercise A. Identify the causes and the
effects in each sentence or pair of sentences. List them in the chart below.

Causes Effects
1. looking for work came to the city
2.

3.

4.

5.

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE

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Academic Vocabulary

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Find the words in bold in Reading 1. Use the context to help you match sentence parts
to create definitions.

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1. The environment (Par. 2) is . a. everything in the world around you including the
2. Restricting (Par. 3) something is . air, land, and sea

3. The residents (Par. 3) of a house or an b. a group of people who live in the same area and
area are . often share the same interests

4. Reliance (Par. 5) is . c. new, fashionable ways of doing things

5. A community (Par. 6) is . d. stopping it from becoming too large

6. Trends (Par. 8) are . e. the people who live in it

f. your need for something

Choose an academic word from Exercise A to complete each of the following sentences.
Notice and learn the words in bold because they often appear with the academic words.
1. You can’t drive into some parts of Golden Gate Park in San Francisco on certain days. The city
is access to the park on Sunday afternoons.
2. Some parents think that a big city is an unhealthy for a child, but I
disagree. There are many educational and cultural opportunities for kids who live in cities.
3. Some current in city high schools include new uses of technology and
even the use of students’ cell phones in class.
4. Jana is an important member of the . She has been mayor twice, and now
she is the head of the police department.
5. Some countries are trying to use more alternative sources of energy to reduce their
on oil.
6. Local can use the city swimming pool for free, but people who don’t live
here must pay a fee.

Multiword Vocabulary
Find the multiword vocabulary in bold in Reading 1. Use the context to help you
understand the meaning. Then match each item to the correct definition.
1. anywhere in the world  (Par. 1) a. buses and trains
2. traffic congestion  (Par. 4) b. in growing numbers
3. public transportation  (Par. 4) c. chances to make money
4. more and more  (Par. 8) d. in every country
5. economic opportunities  (Par. 8) e. too many cars and trucks using the streets
6. city planning  (Par. 8) f. decisions about where to put streets, houses,
businesses, etc.

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Complete the following sentences with the correct multiword vocabulary from

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1. Evan uses instead of driving a car because he wants to

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live in a place with clean air.
2. The population of San Diego grew quickly, and city planners did not build enough new roads
for all the new people. As a result, there is a lot of on

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the freeways.
3. Marta is interested in ways to improve neighborhoods, so she is going to go to college to study
.
4. people want to live in cities every year. In fact,
according to the World Bank, 60 percent of all people will live in cities by 2030.
5. If I could live , I would live in Paris.
6. If you need a good job and want to find ways to make money, you should move to a big city.
That’s where all the are.

Use the Vocabulary

Write answers to the following questions. Use the words in bold in your answers. Then
share your answers with a partner.
1. If you could live anywhere in the world, where would you live?
2. What kinds of public transportation do you have in your community?
3. What kinds of economic opportunities are there where you live?
4. What are solutions to traffic congestion in some major cities that you know about?
5. Do people in your area have a great reliance on cars? If yes, is it possible to change this
behavior? How?
6. What are some current trends among young people where you live?

THINK AND DISCUSS

Work in a small group. Use the information in the reading and your own ideas to
discuss the following questions.
1. Express an opinion.  Reading 1 mentions some cities with “congestion fees.” Do you think fees
like these are a good idea? Why, or why not?
2. Discuss problems and solutions.  Do mixed-use neighborhoods sound like a good solution to
some of the problems that cities have? Why, or why not?
3. Apply your knowledge.  Think of a city you are familiar with. What are some ways that would
make it a better place to live?

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Celebration, Florida, USA
UNIT REVIEW

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Vocabulary Review

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Complete the paragraphs with the vocabulary below

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that you have studied in the unit.

city planning a large number of

design the buildings members of the community

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distinctive features reliance on
had a vision traffic congestion

Celebration, Florida, is a small town near

Disneyland. Most of the people who live there love it.
But Celebration isn’t for everyone. Some
complain that it feels
1
artificial—like it actually belongs in Disneyland. There’s a good reason for this. In the early 1990s,
the Walt Disney Company . They wanted to create a town that
2
reminded people of a safe, small American town from before the 1940s. They contacted
world-famous architects to help them . They
3 4
told them to give each public building so that the post office, the bank,
5
and the city hall would all look very different. They also told the architects to make the homes
look like traditional homes from different parts of the United States.
Another important idea in the was to make it so that people could
6
walk everywhere, so housing and shopping areas are all within walking distance. As a result, the
residents don’t have a cars, and there is never any
7
.
8

Compare answers to Exercise A with a partner. Then discuss the following question.
Does Celebration sound like a nice place to live? Why, or why not?

Complete the following sentences in a way that shows that you understand the
meaning of the words in bold.
1. It’s a good idea to restrict car use in big cities because .
2. My idea of a good study environment is one that is / has .
3. In the next 20 years or so, there will probably be more and more .
4. Often the things that are the most symbolic of a person’s childhood are .

Work with a partner and write four sentences that include any four of the vocabulary
items below. You may use any verb tense and make nouns plural if you want.

anywhere in the world diverse population resident of

current trends economic opportunities succeed in

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Connect the Readings
Look back at Readings 1 and 2 to complete the chart below. Put a check (✓) in the
boxes to show which topics appeared in each reading. Note that some topics appeared
in both readings.

Reading 1 Reading 2
1. Symbolic structures

2. Mixed-use neighborhoods

3. Modern architecture

4. Job opportunities for new residents

5. Fixing environmental problems

6. Weather

7. Public transportation

8. The cost of the buildings

With a partner or in a small group, compare answers to Exercise A. Then discuss the
following questions.
1. If a topic appeared in both readings, in which reading do you think that topic was more
important? Why?
2. Of all of the topics listed in Exercise A, which was the most interesting to you? Why?

Discuss the following questions with a partner. Use your understanding of the readings
and your own ideas.
1. What did you learn in this unit about new trends in planning cities?
2. Describe a mixed-use neighborhood that you know about. What advantages does it have?
3. Think about the public transportation where you live. What would you do to improve it?
4. What do you think cities will be like 50 years from now?

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