YARDSTICK INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

Challenges of Solid Waste Management and factors influencing its

effectiveness: A case study in Addis Abebe City

BY ANDARGACHEW GASHU

ADDIS ABEBAB
JUNUARY, 2021
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in social research

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I hereby declare that all information in this thesis has been obtained and presented in
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 Dedication

This project is dedicated to my Mom and Dad who taught me the discipline and the patience, my
ALLAH forgive them and reward them the highest of ranks in Jannah. Also, to my wife
Maymun Jama Ali who share with me the hard time and gave me moral support while i was
preparing this thesis project. To my children Muhsin and Mahir .To my brothers Saed and
Hudayfi and to my sisters Nimco, Nadira and Hibaq. And finally, to all hardworking and
dedicated waste workers who play a crucial role in building sustainable communities.

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 Acknowledgement

In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. All the praises and thanks are to
Allah. May the blessing and mercy be upon our prophet Mohamed S.A.W. My thanks to
ALLAH the first and the last.

I would like to acknowledge the inspirational instruction and guidance of my supervisor Dr: Ali
Yassin Shiekh Ali. Who has given me a deep appreciation and love for the beauty and detail of
this project. Especial thanks to Mr. Aaron Mortaz for his valuable comments and guidance in
the early stage of proposal writing, these comments pave the way for shaping and revising the
study.

My sincere appreciation to the team contributed and helped data collection ( Mr.Abdilahi Muse
and Mr.Abdirahman Saleban) from Burao Municipality. I would also like to acknowledge the
support and assistance given me by the University of Burao.

Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Maymun Jama, for her love and patience, understanding ,
support and encouragement. I could not have completed this project without her assistance,
tolerance and enthusiasm. And also from my friends who gave me valuable comments from the
starting to the end.

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 Abstract

Solid waste management is the collection, transfer and disposal of all non –liquid and non-
gaseous solid materials from residential, commercial, institutional, construction and
demolishing and street sweeping. It is a consequence of day-today activity of human kinds
that needs to be managed properly. Addis Abebe city faces a lot of problems associated
with a poorly managed solid waste systems. However, this study examined challenges facing
the SWM in Addis Abebe city and factors influencing its effectiveness. The case study
of Addis Abebe Municipality. Moreover, challenges were conceptualized as financial,
institutional, technical, social and political aspects guided by contingency theory. Solid waste
management effectiveness was described in collection, transportation and disposal. The
purpose of this study was to examine the challenges of solid waste management and factors
influencing its effectiveness: A case study in Addis Abebe Municipality . By using censes
survey research study, the total participant of the research were 152 respondents. The data
was collected in May-July 2019 and was analyzed using SPSS Version 21 and SmartPLS3.
Using correlations
The study established that financial constraint has a significant effect on collection and
transportation where p=.000 but does not have any significant effect on disposal where
p=.433. Technical aspect have a significant effect on collection, transportation and disposal
where p value p=.000. Institutional aspect have a significant effect on collection,
transportation and disposal where p value p=.000. Social aspect have a significant effect on
collection, transportation and disposal where p value p=0.01. Political aspect have a
significant effect on collection, transportation where p=0.000 but does not have any
significant effect on disposal where p=.107. based on the findings of this study, its
recommended strict enforcement of by law and policy, more budget allocation, technical
support by the government, development of solid waste management through waste
reduction, reuse, and recycling, retain staff with good salary, benefit and training, and
implement awareness raising programs. Discussions, recommendations, limitations and
suggestions for future research study are further elaborated.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ................................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... i
List of tables ..........................................................................................................III

List of figures .......................................................................................................... Vi

List of abbreviations and acronym ....................................................................Vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................1

1.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Research Background ....................................................................................................... 1
1.3. statement of the problem ................................................................................................ 3
1.4. Research objectives.......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 General research Objectives ................................................................................................. 4
1.4.2 Specific Research objectives ................................................................................................. 4
1.5. Research hypotheses ...................................................................................................... 5
1.5.1 General research hypothesis ................................................................................................ 5
1.5.2 Specific research hypothesis ................................................................................................. 5
1.6. Research questions .......................................................................................................... 6
1.6.1 General research questions .................................................................................................. 6
1.6.2 Specific research questions................................................................................................... 6
1.7. Scope of the study............................................................................................................ 6
1.8. Significant of the study..................................................................................................... 6
1.9. Limitations of the study ................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................. 8
2.1. Solid waste management concept ................................................................................... 8
2.2. Factors influencing effective solid waste management practice................................... 10
2.2.1. Financial factors and SWM ......................................................................................... 10
2.2.2. Technical Factors and SWM ....................................................................................... 13
2.2.3. Social Factor and SWM ............................................................................................... 14
2.2.4. Institutional Factor and SWM..................................................................................... 15
2.2.5. Political factor ............................................................................................................. 15
2.3. Solid waste generation (SWG) ....................................................................................... 16
2.4. Empirical literature review ............................................................................................. 21
2.5. Conceptual frame work.................................................................................................. 25

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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................26
3. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 26
3.1. Research Area ................................................................................................................ 26
3.2. Research Approach ........................................................................................................ 26
3.3. Research design.............................................................................................................. 27
3.4. Study population ............................................................................................................ 28
3.4.1. Target population ....................................................................................................... 28
3.5. Sample and Sampling ..................................................................................................... 28
3.5.1. Sample size ................................................................................................................. 28
3.5.2. Sampling technique .................................................................................................... 29
3.6. Data collection................................................................................................................ 29
3.6.1. Development of questionnaire .................................................................................. 29
3.6.2. Data analysis ............................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ...........................................32

4. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 32
4.1. Normality test................................................................................................................. 32
4.2. Demographic Data.......................................................................................................... 35
4.2.1. Respondent’s demographic characteristics ............................................................... 35
4.3. Goodness of the measures............................................................................................. 38
4.3.1. Reliability analysis of all the variables ........................................................................
38
4.3.2. Validity Test Using Factor Analysis .............................................................................
39
4.4. CORRELATION BETWEEN ALL THE RESEARCH VARIABLES
............................................. 57
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................67
5. Summary of the major findings .........................................................................................
67
5.1.1. Financial Resources .................................................................................................... 67

5.1.2. Technical Aspects ....................................................................................................... 68

5.1.3. Social Aspects ............................................................................................................. 69
5.1.4. Institutional Aspects ................................................................................................... 70
5.1.5. Political Aspect ........................................................................................................... 71

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 5.2. Conclusions..................................................................................................................... 71
5.3. Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 72
5.4. Recommendations for further research ........................................................................ 73
References ...............................................................................................................74
APPENDIX .............................................................................................................77
A. Questionnaire .................................................................................................................... 77

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vii
 List of tables

Table 1 Some definitions of waste

Table 2 Global dimensions of Solid Waste Problems
Table 4.1: Normality test for all main variables
Table 4.2: demographic characteristics of the respondents
Table 4.3: reliability test for all variables
Table 4.4: KMO and Bartlett’s test
Table 4.5: Rotated component matrix
Table 4.6: variance explained
Table 4.7: KMO
Table 4.8: financial conditions of SWM
Table 4.9: technical conditions of SWM
Table 4.10: Social conditions of SWM
Table 4.11: Institutional conditions of SWM
Table 4.12: Political conditions of SWM
Table 4.13: Effective Solid waste collection indicator
Table 4.14: effective Solid waste transportation indicator
Table 4.15: effective solid waste disposal indicator
Table 4.16: correlations between solid waste collection and influencing factors of effective
SWM

Table 4.17: correlations between solid waste transportations and influencing factors of
effective SWM
Table 4.18: correlations between solid waste disposal and influencing factors of effective

SWM

Table 4.19: zero- order correlations for all variables

Table 4.20: path coefficients of the research hypotheses
Table 4.21: path coefficients of the research hypotheses
Table 4.22: path coefficients of the research hypotheses
Table 4.23: summary of hypotheses

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 List of figures

Figure 1: conceptual Framework

Figure 4.1: Data normality effective collection

Figure 4.2: data normality effective transportation
Figure 4.3: data normality effective disposal
Figure 4.4: sex of respondents
Figure 4.5: age of respondents
Figure 4.6: level of education
Figure 4.7: rank in the organization
Figure 4.8: scree plot
Figure 4.9: structural model effective collection
Figure 4.10: structural model effective transportation
Figure 4.11: structural model effective disposal

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 List of abbreviations and acronym

ADB Asia Development Bank

ISWA International Solid Waste Association

NGO Nongovernmental Organization

SWM Solid Waste Management

AASWMA Addis abeba Solid Waste Management Ajency
MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management
UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Bank

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization

UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme

WHO World Health Organization

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction

The main interest of this thesis research is to assess the challenges of solid waste management
and factors influencing its effectiveness. A case study Addis Abebe city . This chapter
presents the introduction and is divided as follows: Research background, problem statement,
research questions, research objectives, significance of the study, purpose of the study, and the
scope.

1.2. Research Background

Degradation of the environment is among the key problems of today’s life. A need to protect our
surroundings and the environment has become more important than anything
else(Michael,2014). therefore, Solid waste management is a challenging task not only in
developing countries but also developed countries. however, generation of municipal solid waste
(MSW) is one of the important contemporary environmental problems in urban areas(Pattnaik &
Reddy, 2010). Solid waste is referred to the used and leftover materials comprising of domestic
solid waste (solid waste generated by households), industrial and commercial solid waste(solid
waste produced by shops, hotels, offices, hospitals), construction and demolition waste and
marine waste(solid waste generated from coastal zones and sea) (Jin, Wang, & Ran, 2006).

Nevertheless, solid waste management is a huge task and its major responsibilities of the local
authority and it needs organizational capacity and cooperation between the private and public
sector (Michael, 2014). The need for managing this increasing solid waste is very crucial in an
environmentally effective, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner (Achankeg,
2004). Even though protection of the environment is very necessary for public health, solid waste
management in most cities of developed or developing is unsatisfactory particularly in African
cities( Michael,2014). Therefore, proper managing, collecting and disposing of for MSW is very
important for ensuring a clean and healthy environment (Pattnaik & Reddy, 2010). Additionally,
the rise in population and urbanization increases in annual waste generation proportionally
(Hassan, 2004).

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The characteristics and quantity of solid waste generated is not only the true measure of the
living standard and lifestyle of the region’s inhabitant(Nations & Programme, 2005). An increase
in urbanization affects the overall rate of solid waste production in many countries in the world.
However, collection, disposal methods, and dumping sites for municipal solid waste (MSW)
exist unsolved and complex to find a solution in many large cities(Hassan, 2004). Therefore, The
problem of solid waste management is more severe in African countries (Hufane, 2015). The
major driving force for waste generation are population, consumption, affluence and
technology(Achankeg, 2004).
Solid waste can mean different things to different people (Moore, 2012). Many people
in ETHIOPIA believe that waste is a source of an income. On the other hand, majority of the
developed countries see that waste is a problem and it must be addressed to solve it. Recognizing
trash as a problem does not prevent littering of waste(Moore, 2012). Waste management thoery
is founded on the expectation that waste management is to prevent waste causing harm to human
health and the environment .

Table 1.1 : some definitions of waste

Authors Definitions
(Henry, Yongsheng, & Jun, 2006) Municipal Solid waste management (MSWM)

encompasses the functions of collection, transfer,

resource recovery, recycling, and treatment
(Leyes, 1993) Garbage, sludge, refuse and other discarded solid

materials resulting from industrial, residential and

commercial activities and other operations are
defined as solid waste
(Gourlay, 1992) Waste is what we do not want or fail to use it
(Pongrácz,2002) Waste is a man-made thing that has no purpose; or
is not able to perform with respect to its purpose
(UNEP,2001) Wastes are substances or objects, which are
disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are
required to be disposed of by the provisions of
national law

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 1.3. Statement of the problem

The generation of solid waste and final disposal presents a unique problems in all most every
country, and is evidenced by the impacts upon human health and environment when is not properly
managed. On the other hand, if there is adequate financial resources, the solid waste management
is enhanced. many cities in the developing world cannot meet the need of solid waste
management although investing a large proportion of their budget. Yet still the service coverage is
less than fifty percent of the total area a located.
As a result of ineffective of solid waste management risks to public health, societal well -
being. On the contrary, Solid waste in Addis Abeba town is accumulated and is poorly managed.
nevertheless, solid waste has become an important issue in Addis Abeba. Piles of wastes are often
found by roads, rivers, and many other open spaces in the city, and this is causing significant
health and environmental problems. In the capital city of Addis Abeba, the capital production of
domestic waste is estimated at 0.45kg per person per day and the daily production of domestic
waste will be 2500 tons.
In contrast, The solid waste in Addis Abeba is not safely and reliably collected nor transported
neither disposed off in a timely and effectively manner. however, the main obstacles about
managing Addis Abeba waste is scarcity of skips and equipment for moving wastes, also wastes are
abandoned in drainage channels near the river, the existence of insufficient capacity in solid waste
makes impossible for waste collection. yet, if these challenges are not removed, it becomes difficult
to design appropriate solid waste management strategies. Than this could lead into poor various
environmentally related diseases such as , typhoid, and cholera as has been seen the case in Addis
Abeba city.

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 1.4. Research objectives
1.4.1 General research
Objectives
The general Research objective of this study is to determine the current solid waste management
practice and factors influencing its effectiveness which is managed by in Addis Addis city
Administration.
1.4.2 Specific Research
objectives

The specific objectives of this research were:

• To determine the status of financial resources for SWM in Addis Abeba City.
• To establish the status of technical aspects for SWM in Addis Abeba City.
• To assess the status of social aspects for Solid waste management in Addis Abeba City.
• To determine the status of institutional aspects for Solid waste management in Addis
Abeba City.
• To assess the status of political aspect for Solid waste Management in Addis Abeba city.
• To assess the association between influencing factors and effectiveness of solid waste
management.
1.5. Research hypotheses
1.5.1 General research hypothesis
This study adopted in deducted reasoning, proceeding from the general to the specific,
and arrives at specific conclusion from a broader generalization. Therefore, this study proceeds
from the factors that influence the solid waste management negatively or positively. This was
guided the general hypothesis and they are financial resources, technical aspects, social aspects,
political and institutional aspects that influence its effectiveness in solid waste management in
Addis Abeba City.
1.5.2 Specific research hypothesis
This study was guided by the following specific research hypothesis:
• The status of financial resources has a significant effect on Solid waste management in
Addis Abeba city.
• The status of technical aspects has a significant effect on SWM in Addis Abeba city.
• The status of social aspects significantly affects SWM in Addis Abeba city.
• The status of institutional aspects has significant effects on SWM in Addis Abeba city.

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• The status of political aspect has a significant effect on SWM in Addis Abeba city

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 1.6. Research questions
1.6.1 General research questions

This was guided by one general research question “what are the challenges facing the
management of solid wastes in Addis Abeba city?”

1.6.2 Specific research questions

This study sought to answer the following specific research questions.

• What is the status of financial resources for SWM in Addis Abeba city?
• What is the status of technical aspects for SWM in Addis Abeba city?
• What is the status of social aspects for SWM in Addis Abeba city?
• What is the status of institutional aspects for SWM in Addis Abeba city?
• What is the status of political aspects for SWM in Addis Abeba city?
• What is the association between influencing factors and effectiveness of solid waste
management?
1.7. Scope of the study

This study was investigated in Challenges of Solid Waste Management practice and factors
influencing its effectiveness. Case study in Addis Abeba city Administration. It will particularly
focus on financial resources, technical aspects, social aspects, political and institutional aspects
as they relate to effective MSWM. Therefore, data were collected using questionnaires, and then
analyzed.
1.8. Significant of the study

The findings of this study will contribute on the current solid waste management practice and its
influencing factors in Addis Abeba city Administration. Practically, the study will show
the following significances. To demonstrate about the current practice of solid waste
management. To give clear understanding on how financial, technical, social, institutional and
political aspects influences solid waste effectiveness such as, collection, disposal, and
transportation which could help the government make policies and plans for MSWM system
through better understanding of the issue.

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. 1.9. Limitations of the study

There is variety of limitations of this study such as time limitations and cost
constraint. The study was localized in Addis Abeba city Administration. It would have been
better to cover the whole sub city in Addis Abeba in order to increase its generalizibility. But
now it will only cover small area which makes the study to be less generalizibility. While
carrying out the study, the researcher realized that some respondents had no enough
information on solid waste management. They were not aware on financial, technical, social,
and political and institutional aspects on Solid waste Management. During the research the
researcher found out that some respondents were avoiding giving sensitive information since they
feared on victimization.

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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Solid waste management concept

Municipal solid waste is refuse from households, non- hazardous, waste from industrial,
commercial and institutional, market waste, yard waste, and waste from street sweeping and all
of these encompass the function of collection, transfer, treatment, recycling, recovery and
disposal (Schübeler, 1996)

Solid waste is something that has no value and no further use and which we wish to get rid of
(sankoh and yan,2014). It comes from unusable residues in raw materials which are rejected by
the community (sankoh and yan,2014). With the progress of civilization and human
development, the waste generated became more complex in nature since waste generation
dependents on population, thus increase in population and urbanization will cause largely for the
increase in solid waste (sankoh&yan,2014). Many years ago, Beede and Bloom (1994)
approximated the global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rate at 1.3 billion tons per day.
However, the need to manage this problem technologically, economically, and socially
acceptable manner is mandatory to every nations of the world (Achankeng, 2004).

The solid waste handling hierarchy is an internationally accepted and recommended and the
following ascending order of preference which are; open-burning, dump, landfill, incinerate,
recycle, reuse and prevent. While, open burning and dumping are least preferred and actually not
recommended even though many un-developed countries are highly using (Achankeng, 2004).

The problem of municipal solid waste management varies in magnitude in different regions,
nations and cities of the world. Currently, an estimated 54 per cent of the world’s population
lives in urban areas and this is expected to increase to 66 per cent by 2050, about one third or to
two thirds of the solid waste generated is uncollected which then dumped in the streets and in
drains, contributing to flooding, breeding of insects and contributing to the spread of diseases
(Awosan,2017)

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 Table: 2.1 global dimensions of solid waste problems

As we can see from this table the major driving force for waste generation are population,
consumption, affluence and technology. Therefore, the impacts of these factors will double
global waste generation. The daily average per capita for Africa is between 0.5-0.87kg
(UNEP,2000a; ENCAPAFRICA, 2004). In Asia it varies between averages of 0.1-0.6kg in India.
And Latin America and Caribbean have averages of 0.3 -1.0kg per capita per day
( UNEP,2000d). according to cointreau (1992) stated waste generation per capita per day in kilo
gram to be an average of 0.4-0.6, 0.5-0.9 and 0.7 -1.8 respectively for low, middle and higher
income.countries.
The classification of solid waste on the basis of source is as follows. According to hosetti(2006)
he classified solid waste as: Residential and municipal, which is the waste that originate from
residential area such as houses and apartments. The waste consists of food leftovers, vegetables,
peeled materials, plastics, wood pieces, clothes. It also includes waste originated from
demolition, construction, and street cleaning. Commercial and institutional: it is the waste that
came from stores, hotels, shops, markets and medical facilities and so on. The waste that
originate from any institution is known as institutional waste such as papers, food, glasses, metals
etc. Agricultural waste: any waste that originate from agricultural activities is known as
agricultural waste like manure and other wastes from farms and poultry houses.

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 As stated in hosetti(2006) he classified waste basis of their types such as Refuse: which is all
types of rubbish and garbage. The rubbish is waste material like paper, rubber, leather, wood etc.
whereas, garbage is waste materials from kitchen waste like food, slaughter houses etc.

2.2. Factors influencing effective solid waste management practice

2.2.1. Financial factors and SWM
If a system is to be fully sustainable it is very important that long term financial costs as well as
short term operating costs are taken into account (coffey& Coad,2010). Financial aspects for
Solid waste Management concern budgeting, cost accounting, capital investment, cost reduction,
and cost recovery (Schübeler, 1996). Financial resources are concerned with operating cost for
waste collection, financial cost, cost reduction and control, cost recovery and operational
financing (Coffey&Coad, 2010; Schubeler, 1996). Therefore, adequate budgeting, cost
accounting, financial monitoring and financial evaluation are very important to the effectiveness
of the management of solid waste systems (Schubeler, 1996). However, according to Schubeler
(1996) stated that officials responsible for municipal solid waste management do not have
accurate information concerning the real costs of operations and this is due to the lack of
capacity to use available financial tools and methods. Furthermore, financial constraints is the
main reason for inadequate collection and disposal of solid waste in most of the third world
countries where local councils are weak and lack of finance (Zurbrugg,2002;Hufane,2015).
Operating costs are labor cost, fuel, cost and maintenance cost. in addition to that, financial cost
includes costs to own vehicle including their depreciation and the cost of recovery includes
refuses collection charge, government grants, and littering fines(Coffey& Coad,2010). Generally,
the largest proportion of overall solid waste management expenditures are absorbed by the
sweeping and collection services (Coffey, M., Coad, 2010) . The main reasons for poor
collection and disposal of waste are related to insufficient funding, and causes inadequate
capacity to handle solid waste, low morale of waste workers due to poor remuneration, lack of
training, and finally lack of expertise and manpower to run solid waste (Ogwueleka, 2009).

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 Budgetary constraints are often felt in developing countries where resources are scarce
and dissemination of these limited resource are mishandled where many municipalities are
struggling to achieve acceptable quality service due to these financial problems (McAllister,2015).
Another major constraint seen throughout the developing world is the lack of educational
awareness and effective waste management practice(McAllister,2015). The way to improve
waste management is to improve the status of financial resources, operating cost, and
management of cost recovery (Hufane, 2015) . According to Coffey and Coad (2010) Solid waste
management in developing countries is mainly attributed to technical inefficiencies and it
also supports the view of Shubeler et al (1996) Solid waste management system in developing
countries display array of problems, but one major of contributing factor of this setback is poor
and inappropriate of technical aspects. As Zurbrugg (2003) shows one of main reasons of
inadequate collection services is the lack of financial resources to cope with the increasing amount
of generated waste produced. The largest portion of the financial cost is spent on street sweeping,
waste collection, and waste transportation and no financial cost allocated for modern disposal
system such as land filling or incineration due to insufficient funding (Alam, Chowdhury, Hasan,
Karanjit, & Shrestha, 2008). According to Christen and Berne(1996) stated that improvement of
financial aspects in MSWM can be achieved by attaching solid waste fees to the billing for another
service, such as water supply(Schübeler,1996).
2.2.2. Technical Factors and SWM
Technical aspect of Solid waste Management are involved with the planning, implementation, and
maintenance of collection and transfer systems, waste recovery, final disposal and hazardous waste
management (Schübeler, 1996). Ineffective technologies and equipment is another source that can
contribute to the inadequate service coverage and operational inefficiencies (Mcallister,
2015). The poor collection, disposal, and transfer of wastes is the result of poor status of
technical aspects (Hufane, 2015). The collection comprises household containers, primary and
secondary collection vehicles and equipment (Muche,2016). Lack of adequate modern waste
disposal equipment, lack of regular training, and inaccessibility of spare parts for damaged and
broken vehicles and equipment are more or less negatively influencing factors on the proper
waste disposal practice (Muche,2016). If the container is shared by households, there is a risk that
waste will be dumped near it and this will discourage others from putting their waste inside the
container (Coffey & Coad, 2010). All kinds of waste are the result of the absence of

11
 management and control of waste, the management and control of solid and liquid waste remain
major problem in every town in Somalia (Health, 2010). Therefore, for waste management to be
technically effective the local authorities should provide proper waste collection systems with
qualified personal, and availability of modern vehicle and equipment to reduce environmental
health hazards (Muche,2016). However, techniques that have often proven effective in developed
world are ineffective in developing world because they do not have needed infrastructure and
knowledge to properly manage these technologies (Mcallister, 2015). Third world countries lack
sanitary landfills and their disposal sites situated long distance from communities and this creates
more financial difficulties because costs to collect, transport, and dispose of waste considerably
hard to afford(Mcallister, 2015). Due to lack of spare parts and insufficient funds makes MSWM
ineffective for the management of storage, collection, and transportation of solid waste
management(Alam et al., 2008). According to Ogwueleka, (2009) stated that traffic congestion,
city infrastructure, narrow roads, and harsh conditions of the road to the disposal site contribute
to the inefficient of solid waste collection. In order to improve technical aspect of MSWM
technical facilities must be selected carefully to their regard such as performance, maintenance
requirement, and expected life cycle costs, and sources of hazardous materials must be identified
to prevent infectious healthcare wastes (Schübeler, 1996).
2.2.3. Social Factor and SWM
Social aspects of MSWM involve waste generation and handling community based waste
management and the social conditions of waste workers(Schübeler, 1996). Public awareness and
attitudes to waste influence the people’s willingness to cooperate and participate in adequate waste
management practice (Zurbrügg, 2003). According to Marshal and Farahbakhsh(2013) the main
problems of solid waste management comes from lack of public awareness, poor condition of
waste workers, and lack of private sector and social involvement. Lack of public awareness, lack
of adequate salary and benefits and low level attitudes for waste workers are all factors influencing
the effectiveness of solid waste management (MUCHE, 2016). There is series lack of knowledge
concerning and interest in safe and reliable waste disposal among most health workers and
there is no adequate funding available for the effective implementation of safe disposal procedures
for medical waste (Alam et al., 2008). Social aspects of SWM can be improved by building social
awareness and educational program, waste workers are subject to health problems therefore,

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giving support in their earnings, and access to social services will make SWM efficient(Schübeler,
1996).

2.2.4. Institutional Factor and SWM

Institutional aspects concern the distribution of functions and responsibilities and correspond to
organizational structures, procedures, methods, institutional capacities and private sector
involvement (Schübeler, 1996). Successful solid waste management requires integration of many
organizations and groups into partnership such as national government, local government,
private sector, and informal sector. (Coffey, M., Coad, 2010). Local government is normally
responsible for SWM, or handed over to private sector which is responsible actual sweeping,
collection and disposal services(Coffey, M., Coad, 2010). Primary collection which is door to door
collection, and transport to the point of collection are often managed by community -based
organizations or small enterprises and often initiated by the residents desperately need for a
collection service and also willing to pay monthly collection charge(Zurbrügg, 2003). In order to
improve effectiveness of MSWM

the institution should do decentralization of responsibility, capacity building for strategic

planning and financial management, private sector involvement such as competitive bidding,
regulatory instruments and monitoring and control systems (Schübeler, 1996).

2.2.5. Political factor

Political aspect include the formulation of goals and priorities, determination of roles and
jurisdiction and the legal and regulatory framework (Schübeler, 1996). National government have
little to say in waste collection services but rather play a significant role in policy decisions such as
to what extent the private sector should involved, and it may control the expenditures on solid
waste management, and sometimes cover employment payment in some cases(Coffey, M., Coad,
2010). Local government often involve solid waste collection services, and often work under a
national legal framework rather than a local one and this makes difficult to change framework to
suit local conditions such as private sector involvement and community involvement (Coffey, M.,
Coad, 2010). Out-dated policies and lack of knowledge in re- use and recycling with effective
enforcement of the law have all contributed to the ineffectiveness of MSWM (Dominic, 2017).

13
In order to increase the standard living of population, such policies are required on immediate basis
for example public private partnership is such a solution to the inability to handle solid waste
management operations (RODE, 2011). For the sustainable management of waste, policy and
regulations need to be clear and implementable, it needs to have also oversight body to monitor the
enactment and the implementation of those policies (Dominic, 2017). Lack of enforcement of
policies of solid waste is the real challenge to sustainable waste management. However,
straightforward, unambiguous legal and regulatory framework, involving functioning and
enforcement procedures at the national, provincial, and a local levels is extremely important to the
proper functioning of MSWM (Mcallister, 2015). Several challenges ranging from financial
constraint, inappropriate technology, inadequate manpower, and law enforcement have play a
significant role against effective solid waste management practice (Fei-baffoe, Nyankson, &
Gorkeh-miah, 2014).
2.3. Solid waste generation (SWG)
The quantity of generated waste mainly depends on population and people’s living standard. Thus,
the total solid waste generated per day in Addis Ababa is estimated to be 0.5kg per capita per day.
As a result a large proportion of the waste is remained uncollected which are disposed off in open
spaces (Amiga, 2002). Nevertheless, generation rates for the African countries in the major cities
are estimated to range from 0.3-1.4 kg per capita per day. The solid waste generation per capita in
( Benin, Burkina faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Egypt, Ghana, Morocco and Uganda are, 0.5, 0.7, 1.4,
0.7, 0.5, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.6 respectively) (Habitat, Nairobi 1997).

According to Tinmaz &Demir (2006) he found that municipal solid waste management in Corlu
town in turkey generated 170tonnes of waste each day or 1.15kg per capita per day. However,
Taylor & Koushki( 2011)Stated that an average household in Kuwait produces 1.55 large bags and
2.46 small bags of solid waste per day.. Furthermore, The study shows that an average household in
Kuwait produces 8.39kg of waste per day. It’s also very important to note that the rate an average
household comprising of 6 persons generates 1.4kg/person/day. On the other hand, Americans
produce 1.2kg which is less than 17% what was produced in Kuwait. Approximately 57% of
household in Kuwait produces one large bag daily. Furthermore, 29% produce two large bags. And
four per cent produce minimum of two large bags.

14
Generally waste collections are carried out in two systems secondary collection and primary
collection. Primary collection involves storage and transportation of the waste from the
households to local collection points and this is however is achieved in various means (Qing, Keat,
& Gersberg, 2010). Furthermore, secondary collection are where the waste from a number of
primary collection is taken from the transfer station to the final disposal site (Qing et al.,
2010).
Therefore, waste collection methods are communal systems where containers located in
public places , block collection, kerbside collection and door to door collection. Nevertheless,
source separation means that the solid waste is classified as several different parts such as
composting materials (foods), combustible materials( fiber and paper) and recyclable materials
such as plastic, metal, glass(Hui, Li’ao, Fenwei, & Gang, 2006). It has been estimated that waste
transportation, including labour and machinery, accounts for between 70% to 80% of the total cost
of solid waste management (Imam, Mohammed, Wilson, & Cheeseman, 2008).

. According to Sankohand Yan (2014) shows that there is positive relationship between
socioeconomic and waste generation such as, average family size, income and marital status as well
as educational level. However, there is negative relationship between age and occupation
(Sankohand Yan, 2014). Mukama et al., (2016) concludes that the categories of major waste
generation in households were food (38%) and plastics (37%) and most household store their waste
in polythene bags (59.1%) and sacks (20.2%) and (10.3% ) of the households do not have waste
storage containers and most of them keep their wastes outside the house in the open
atmosphere(Mukamaetal.,2016).

2.4. Empirical literature review

Waste has become series problem in most of the developing world where generation of waste per
unit of output is much more than in the developed world and this is due to lack of good
manufacturing process, bad design and ultimately bad decision making. Prior studies have
highlighted that SWM is inefficient. Therefore, financial, technical, institutional, social and
political factors pose series challenge to the practices of SWM. Here are some of the prior works in
developing countries.

15
Alam, Chowdhury, Hasan, Karanjit, & Streshta (2008) tried to explore generation, storage,
collection, and transportation of municipal solid waste in the city of Kathmandu, the capital of
Nepal. The study found that the main source of waste generation in Kathmandu is domestic waste
and it is increasing exponentially due to lack of public awareness, haphazard urbanization, and
environmentally unfriendly materials. The waste generation in Kathmandu is 115m3 /d, and
majority of the city inhabitants are willing to segregate organic and non-organic waste and store
them separately. Street sweeping is the main form of primary collection by solid waste management
and is not directly involved in door to door household waste collection. Moreover, road side
collection serves the main collection system. There is no transportation fixed root of collection
waste to the transfer station or disposal site and it depends solely upon drivers, and70% of total
cost is consumed mainly vehicle repair and maintenance mainly in spare parts. The author
recommended in order to improve the collection, transportation, and transfer of solid waste
management, the Kathmandu municipality and private sector should work together to amend the
existing legislation and policies on waste management and encourage the participation of private
limited companies and NGOs in all aspects of SWM.
According to Hosetti (2006), the situation in European countries as far as plastic waste is
concerned is as follows:
1. Total plastic consumption including virgin polymers and recycled granules continued to
increase, rising from 6% between 2000 and 2002. The significant growth occurred during 2002
(4.1%) and only 2% during 2000 to 2001.
2. The per capita consumption of virgin plastics in the Western Europe rose from 91.5kg to
94.8kg during the period 2000 and 2002.
3. In 2002 the total collectable waste recovered was 38%, it was 36% in 2000 and in tonnage terms,
it remained the same at 11%.
4. Mechanical recycling of plastic waste was 17% in 2000 and it increased to 22.5% during 2000
and 2002 in tonnage terms. There was significant increase in recycling of packaging waste.
5. The energy was recovered from 4,411,000 tons of plastic waste in 2000. It increased to
4,688,000 tons in 2002. An increase of 6.8% was recorded. However, it is not encouraging to note
that the plastic waste going to landfills also increased a little bit. Plastic consumption in the world is
at an average annual growth rate of 7.5%. That brought all solid polymers from 8 million tons in the
world in 1960, to 160 million tons in 2000 and will continue to increase reaching 300 million tons

16
in 2010, estimated using a conservative annual rate of 6.5%. The total world
production/consumption of plastics, since the beginning at the turn of the century has kept an
average annual growth rate of 15% or doubling every ten years, until 1975 and when this trend was
broken at the first oil shock occurred. The average growth rate of plastics was 15% from 1960 to
1974, 8% thereafter from 1974 to 2000 (Hosetti, 2006) T. Ch. Ogwueleka (2009) conducted
research using methods of document review, observation and interview he found that poor funding
is one of the main reasons for poor collection an disposal of refuse. The waste management fee is
insufficient to cover for waste management, majority of environmental agency workers have little
or no functional background or training in engineering and management, so the operations result in
effective and inefficient solid was te management. Therefore, the common constraint faced
environmental agencies include lack of institutional arrangement, insufficient financial resources,
absence of bylaws and standards, inflexible work schedules, insufficient information on quantity
and composition of waste, and inappropriate technology.
2.5. Conceptual frame work

This conceptual frame work figure illustrates the relationship between influencing factors and
effective SWM. As shown in this figure the influencing factors were financial aspects, technical
aspects, social aspects, institutional aspects and political aspects and the effective SWM were
collection, transportation and disposal. However, financial aspects was (financial cost, operating
cost, and cost recovery and investment on capital) while technical aspects was modern vehicle and
equipments, skilled personnel for waste collection, transfer, and waste disposal. Social aspect
were the condition of the workers, beneficiaries attitudes and awareness raising programs.
Institutional aspects were conceptualized as integrated SWM, proper institutional framework, and
elongated contract. Political aspects were conceptualized as proper authority regulations and rules,
proper enforcement, and government priority. The conceptual framework shows that the status of
financial condition, institutional condition, technical condition, social condition and political
condition directly influence the collection, transportation and disposal.

17
 Influencing factors solid waste
management
• Effective collection
Financial Resource • Effective transportation
Operating and financial cost
• Effective disposal
Management of funds
cost recovery

Technical Aspect
Knowledge of waste
Collection/transport
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework
Modern vehicle/equipment
Skilled labor

Social aspects
Condition of the workers
Beneficiaries’ attitudes
Awareness raising programe

Institutional Aspects
Elongated contract
Municipality capacity
Institutional setup

Political aspect
Authority regulations and
rules
Enforcement

18
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
.

28
.

29
.

30
.

31
32
33
 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4. Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to present the findings of the data analysis which are normality
test, demographic information, the reliability and validity measures of the data, followed by
descriptive analysis of main variables, the final part focuses on detailed discussion about the
hypothesis tested using different statistical techniques such as Bivariate correlations, and
multiple regression analysis using SPSS software and SMART-PLS.

4.1. Normality test

Normality test is very important in the study especially when analyzing differences between
groups using parametric tests, a common assumption in all of these tests is that the dependent
variable is approximately normally distributed before it can be done for further analysis for the
main variables of the study; the main dependent variables of the study were effective collection,
effective transportation, and effective disposal. The researcher conducted a normality test for the
multivariate items. Several techniques were conducted for testing the normality i
ncluding sample, Histogram, Skewness, Kurtosis and standard error. In terms of the first
technique, the sample size was more than one hundred fifty respondents. Therefore, with the
large sample size, the data is approximately normally distributed. By looking at the table
below, the distribution was positively skewed and used Log10 in the analysis and findings were
as follows.

Effective collection scores were normally distributed with a skewness of -0.137(standard

error=0.197) and kurtosis of -0.565(standard error=0.391), for effective transportation was

34
 normally distributed with a skewness of -0.452(standard error=0.197) and kurtosis of
0.084(standard error=0.391) and for effective disposal scores was normally distributed
with a skewness of -0.414(standard error=0.197) and kurtosis of 0.512(standard
error=0.391).

Table4.1 : Normality test for all main variables

Variables N Minimu Maximu Mean SD Skewne Std.Error Kurtosis Std.Erro

m m ss r
Effective 152 1 5 2.5181 0.972 -0.137 0.197 -0.565 0.391
Collection 77
Effective 152 1 5 2.6053 0.896 -0.452 0.197 0.084 0.391
Transportat
78
i on
Effective 152 1 5 2.6408 0.784 -0.414 0.197 0.512 0.391
Disposal 06

4.2. Demographic Data

This section investigated the demographic profile of respondents such as their age, sex,
educational background and their rank in organization for example whether they are garbage
collectors, drivers or admin in the organization. The purpose of this background information was
to find out the characteristics of the respondents and show the distribution of the population in
the study, the findings are presented below.

4.2.1. Respondent’s demographic characteristics

Sex: According to this table 4.1, sex of the respondents, the majority of them were male
constituting of (66.7%) while the female is (33.3%). It shows that majority of the respondents are
male because the work is being more manual and needs a lot of hard work and cultural concepts.

Age: In terms of the respondent’s ages, the majority of them were between 26-35 with frequency
and percentage of 33 and 26.8% respectively. While 16-25 aged frequency and percentages were

35
28 and 22.8% respectively. The 36-45 aged frequency was 31 with a percentage of 25.2%.
While above 45 has a frequency of 31 and percentage of 25.2%. Therefore, most respondents of
the questionnaire were the age of 26-35 with 26.8%. This implies that the majority of the solid
waste workers are junior, fresh and active that have the ability to work and make the city clean if
motivated positively.

Level of education: the educational level of the respondents has been classified as University,
Secondary, Primary and non. However, majority of the respondents their level of education is
non, meaning that they never got any proper education with a frequency of 43 and percentage
of 43%. While secondary school leavers constitute of 27 with a percentage of 22%. University
graduates are very small and they make up only 6 persons with a percentage of 4.9%. whereas
the Larger part of them are primary school leavers which constitute the frequency of 37 persons
and with a percentage of 30.1%. therefore, these results show that the majority of the solid waste
management (SWM) is illiterate or unable to read or to write which make up 43% of the
workers.

Rank in the organization: table 4.2 shows the distribution of respondents according to the
position they hold in the organization. It shows that majority (31.7%) of the respondents
Were collectors; 24.4% were drivers, 17.4% were administrators and the remaining 26% were
assigned in other auxiliary works. Therefore, great numbers of employees need to engage in the
duty of garbage collection, since Solid Waste Management is more of a menial job and doesn’t
require many highly skilled persons.

36
37
 Table 4.2 Demographic characteristics of the respondents

Demographic Profile Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Sex
Male 91 60 60
Female 61 40 100
Total 152 100
Age
16-25 39 25.7 25.7
26-35 41 27 52.6
36-45 35 23 75.7
Above 45 37 24.3 100
Total 152 100
Educational Background
University 6 3.9 3.9
Secondary 27 17.8 21.7
Primary 44 28.9 57.7
None 75 49.3 100
Total 152
Your highest rank in the
organization
Collector 63 41.4 41.4
Driver 33 21.7 63.2
Admin 23 15.1 78.3
Others 33 21.7 100
Total 152 100

Primary source, 2019

38
 4.3. Goodness of the measures

4.3.1. Reliability analysis of all the variables

A reliability test was conducted to assess the internal consistency of the variable by using
Cronbach’s alpha. A variable is a reliable and internal consistency when met the alpha of 0.70
or above (Hair, Black, Babin, & Anderson,2014). However, it’s also suggested that low
Cronbach's alpha 0.5 or above is an acceptable (Bowling,2009). Based on the all variables
that tested the Cronbach’s alpha are greater than 0.5. The highest alpha was obtained by
social condition indicators (� = 0.821) followed by technical condition indicators (� =
0.803), effective solid waste collection indicators (� = 0.705), financial constrain
indicators(� = 0.70), effective solid waste transportation indicators (� = 0.666), political
condition indicators(� = 0.615),instit utional condition indicators (� = 0.504), effective
solid waste disposal indicators((� = 0.5). the lowest alpha was found to belong two variables
institutional condition indicators and effective
, � = 0.504, � = 0.5 respectively.

39
 Table 4.3: reliability test for all variables

No Variables Items Items deleted Cronbach alpha

1 Financial constraint indicators 4 1 0.700
2 Technical condition indicators 5 --------
0.803
3 Social condition indicators 5 --------
0.821
4 Institutional condition indicators 4 1
0.504
5 Political condition indicators 3 --------
0.615
6 Effective Solid waste collection indicators 4 --------
0.705
7 Effective Solid waste transportation 5 1
0.666
8 Effective Solid waste disposal indicators 5 1 0.5
Source (Primary Data analyzed, 2019)

4.3.2. Validity Test Using Factor Analysis

A principal component analysis (PCA) was run on a 35 question questionnaire that measured
challenges of solid waste management and factors influencing its effectiveness on 152 people
who work in Addis Abebe Solid Waste Management Agency. The suitability of PCA was
assessed prior to analysis. Inspection of the correlation matrix showed that all variables had at
least one correlation coefficient greater than 0.3. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of
sampling adequacy was 0.875, and it is exceeding the recommended value of 0.6, with individual
KMO measures all greater than 0.5, classifications of ‘middling’ to ‘meritorious’ according to
Kaiser (1974). Bartlett’s test of sphericity was statistically significant (p<.0005) with a
Chi-square of 1492.4(df=231), indicating that the data was likely factorizable. further
confirming that each

40
The principal component analysis was used because the primary purpose was to identify the underlying
structure.PCA and scree plot revealed four components that had eigenvalues greater than one, initial
eigenvalues indicated that the first four factors explained 35%, 10%,6%, and 6% of the variance respectively.
however, the four component explained 58.5% of the total variance. A varimax orthogonal rotation was
employed to aid interpretability.

A total of thirteen items were eliminated because they did not contribute to a simple factor structure and
failed to meet the minimum criteria of having a primary factor loading of 0.4or above. For example the item
‘‘our vehicles always have fuel and ready for use all the time’’ had a factor loading of .417 and .450 on two
components, therefore, it's cross-loading and eliminated from the factor analysis. Therefore, the rest of the
items were executed and eliminated the other twelve items. For the final stage, a principal components
factor analysis of the remaining 22 items were extracted using varimax rotations.

Table 4.5: Rotated Component Matrix

Items Component

.784
equipment
2 Addis Abebe City is well planned with appropriate infrastructure .783
to
collect and transport waste
3 Company has sufficient manpower and vehicle to transport .762
solid waste
4 Waste personnel in our company are regularly getting training .756
5 Our company use covered vehicles and there is no spillover of .748
solid waste up on transport
6 There is sufficient money for the promotion of waste reduction, .730
recycling and recovery programs
7 I am paid adequate salary and sufficient additional benefits for .721
my work at our company
8 Waste workers always wear safe and protective gloves and and .707
clothes during their work at our company
9 Our company carries out awareness raising programs on .666
general public health and management of waste
10 There is full and continuous training on solid waste collection .631
in our company
11 There is adequate revenue generation, for provision of effective .626
SWM in the company
12 supervisor records the daily number of trips, the tonnage of .596
waste and route plan to drivers

41
13 Frequency of waste pick-up are strictly followed by our .735
company
14 The assembly enforces to implement the existing SWM law .701
15 There is adequate policies, laws that promote for effective .701
SWM
16 Our company have facilitated enough number of collection .676
points near to all beneficiaries
17 Nature of traffic condition along collection route has a jam .723
18 The existing disposal site is far-away from our collection point .696
19 There are no adequate internal roads and traffic condition .693
along collection route has overcrowding
20 The municipality does not provide clear authority and .801
Sanitation Rules
21 Presence of animal on the disposal site is common .699
22 Our company has faced frequent customer complaint about .599
solid waste management on its assigned jurisdictions

42
43
 Total 4.6Variance Explained

Compone Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared

Rotation Sums of Squared
nt Loadings
Loadings
Total % of Cumulativ Total % of Cumulativ Total % of Cumulativ
Variance e% Variance e% Variance e%
1 7.717 35.077 35.077 7.717 35.077 35.077 6.625 30.114 30.114
2 2.410 10.953 46.030 2.410 10.953 46.030 2.462 11.191 41.305
3 1.407 6.396 52.426 1.407 6.396 52.426 2.054 9.337 50.642

4 1.339 6.084 58.510 1.339 6.084 58.510 1.731 7.867 58.510

5 .921 4.185 62.695
6 .864 3.925 66.620
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Table 4.7 KMO

Variable KMO Variable KMO

There is adequate revenue .888 Our company has faced frequent 0.821
generation, for provision of customer complaint about solid
effective SWM in the company waste management on its assigned
Addis Abebe City is well .927 jurisdictions
There is adequate policies, laws that 0.829
planned
promote effective SWM
The municipality does not 0.502 The assembly enforces to implement 0.865

provide clear authority and the existing SWM law

There is sufficient money for .926 Presence of animal on the disposal site .686

the promotion of waste is common

reduction, recycling and
Our company
recovery has adequate and .923
programs Frequency of waste pick-up are strictly 0.884

modern waste followed by our company

management
Waste equipment.
personnel in our 0.916 There is full and continuous training on 0.869

company are regularly getting solid waste collection in our company

trainingworkers always wear
Waste 0.840 supervisor records the daily number of .888
44
safe and protective gloves and trips, the tonnage of waste and
clothes during their work at route plan to drivers
company
Our company carries out 0.904 Our company use covered vehicles and .907
awareness-raising programs on there is no spillover of solid waste up
general public health and on transport
Nature of traffic condition 0.656 There are no adequate internal roads ( .648
along the collection route has alternative roads ) and traffic condition
a jam along collection route has
Company has sufficient .937 The existing disposal site is far-away .679
manpower and vehicle to from our collection point
transport
Our company
solidhave
wastefacilitated .847 I am paid an adequate salary and .915
enough number of collection sufficient additional benefits for my
points near tostatistics
Descriptive all beneficiaries work at our company

The objective of this study was to determine the current solid waste management practice and
factors influencing its effectiveness which is managed by in Addis Abebe municipality. The data
of the study was collected using questionnaires scored on response mode from 1=Strongly Agree,
2= Agree, 3= Neutral, 4=Disagree, and 5= Strongly Disagree for each of these study variables
and their findings were presented below.

Table 4.8 financial conditions of SWM N=152

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

There is adequate 2.16 1.362 67(44.1) 39(25.7) 19(12.5) 9(5.9) 18(11.8)

revenue generation, for

provision of effective

Our vehicles always 2.24 1.126 45(29.6) 55(36.2) 31(20.4) 13(8.6) 8(5.3)
have fuel and ready for
use all the time

45
Working on the solid 2.88 1.518 38(25.0) 35(23) 21(13.8) 23(15.1) 35(23)
waste collection and
transportation business
service is an attractive

46
business
There is sufficient 2.89 1.377 31(20.4) 28(18.4) 50(32.9) 12(7
money for the
promotion of waste
reduction, recycling
and recovery programs.

As shown in table 4.8 of financial conditions (There is adequate revenue generation, for
provision of effective SWM in the company) was scored as strongly agree with the mean value
of 2.16. more than half of the respondents (69.8%) responded strongly agree and agree with the
existence of adequate revenue generation in their respective companies for effective solid waste
management, as opposed to only (17.7%) of respondents saying that there does not exist
( disagreed and strongly disagreed in total). This has an indication that there is adequate revenue
generation so that solid waste disposal service is provided effectively. Secondly, (Our vehicles
always have fuel and ready for use all the time) was scored agree with a mean value of 2.24.
Majority of the respondents (36.2) agree that their vehicles always have fuel and ready for use all
the time. On the other hand, (20.4%) of the respondents are not sure whether their vehicles
always have fuel or not. Moreover, only (8.6%) of the respondents disagree with the statement
and believe that their vehicles always do not have fuel and not ready for use all the time. Thirdly,
(Working on the solid waste collection and transportation business service is an attractive
business) was scored strongly agree with the mean value of 2.88. Majority of the respondents
either strongly agree or agree (48% total) that working on the solid waste collection service is an
attractive business service. However, the respondents who choose neutral on the statement are
(13.8%) of the total, followed by those who chose disagreed (15.1%) and strongly disagreed
(23%).Lastly, (There is sufficient money for the promotion of waste reduction, recycling and
recovery programs) was scored agree with a mean of 2.89. People who strongly agreed
constitute about 20.4% and those who agreed to constitute 18.4% as well, while 32.9% choose
neutral and do not know whether there is sufficient money for the promotion of waste reduction,

47
recycling and recovery programs. On the other hand, people who strongly disagreed constitute
about 20.4% of

48
the total. This indicates that there is sufficient money for the promotion of waste reduction,
recycling and recovery programs. Meanwhile, it was discovered that the majority of wastes have
been disposed of but not converted or recycled to generate energy which can be sold at getting
profit. Therefore, it can be concluded that from the above indicators solid waste management
practice is highly influenced by financial conditions.

Table 4.9 Technical conditions of SWM

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

Our company has 2.60 1.434 46(30.3) 39(25.7) 18(11.8) 28(18.4) 21(13.8)

adequate and modern

waste management

Our company usually 2.46 1.271 39(25.7) 53(34.9) 26(17.1) 19(12.5) 15(9.9)
uses environmentally
adaptable and
maintainable
equipment.
Addis Abebe City is 2.57 1.41 41(27) 48(31.6) 24(15.8) 13(8.6) 26(17.1)
well planned with
appropriate
infrastructure to collect
and transport waste
Waste personnel in our 3.04 1.323 20(13.2) 40(26.3) 34(22.4) 29(19.1) 29(19.1)
company are regularly
getting training

49
There are accessible 2.31 1.278 49(32.2) 50(32.9) 23(15.1) 16(10.5) 14(9.2)
spare parts when
vehicles and equipment
are a breakdown

50
As presented in table 4.9, all in five indicators were scored as agree with the average mean of
below 3. In the first question people strongly agreed and agreed (56%) that their company has
adequate and modern waste management equipment but (32.2%) of the respondents strongly
disagreed and disagreed the statement and the remaining (11.8%) answered neutrally.
This indicates that most of the companies have adequate and modern waste management
equipment according to the respondents. The second indicator which is (Our company usually
uses environmentally adaptable and maintainable equipment), (60.6%) expressed their
viewpoint as strongly agree and agree whereas (22.4%) disagree including strong disagreement
while only (17.1%) have the view point of neutral. This shows that companies have equipments
which are maintainable and environmentally adaptable which supports the previous statement
that companies have adequate and modern waste management equipment. Most of the
respondents rated the indicator (Addis Abebe City is well planned with appropriate
infrastructure to collect and transport waste) as agree including strongly agree with (58.6%).
On the other hand, (25.7%) of the respondents disagree including strongly disagree with the
statement that Addis Abebe city is well planned with appropriate infrastructure. However, only
(15.8%) remained silent and responded neutral. On the indicator (Waste personnel in
our company are regularly getting training),(39.5%) respondents agree on the statement
including strongly agree while (22.4%) of the respondents are not sure whether waste personnel
are regularly getting training or not so they remained neutral. Whereas, (38.2%) of the
respondents said they disagreed and strongly disagreed with the statement. Finally, this
means that employees who are involved in waste management work have got continuous
training on how to work with solid waste management. Lastly, (65%) of the respondents
strongly agreed and agreed with the statement (There are accessible spare parts when vehicles
and equipment are a breakdown). While the rest constitute 35 per cent (disagreed, strongly
disagreed and neutral). This indicates that there are sufficient spare parts for the vehicles to
transport the waste. In summary, the respondents mark all the indicators of technical aspect as
agreed and the average mean of these indicators turned to be 2.60. it is evident that
technical aspect does pose any series of damage on waste disposal in Addis Abebe City
since it has not adequate modern waste management and the city itself is not being well
planned with.appropriate.infrastructure.

51
Table 4.10. Social conditions of SWM

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

I am paid an adequate 2.894 1.456 34(22.4) 35(23) 28(18.4) 23(15.1) 32(21.1)

salary and sufficient

additional benefits for
my work at our

Waste workers always 3.04 1.475 26(17.1) 44(28.9) 18(11.8) 25(16.4) 39(25.7)
wear safe and
protective gloves and
clothing during their
work at our company
Beneficiaries have a 2.763 1.436 39(25.7) 32(21.1) 36(23.7) 16(10.5) 29(19.1)
good attitude for waste
workers
Our company carries 2.927 1.405 31(20.4) 33(21.7) 33(21.7) 26(17.1) 29(19.1)
out awareness-raising
programs on general
public health and
management of waste
Each household 2.796 1.405 42(27.6) 36(23.7) 24(15.8) 11(7.2) 39(25.7)

52
collects, transfers, and
disposes of its solid
wastes at common
points

As shown in the table 4.10 of social conditions, the first indicator (I am paid an adequate salary
and sufficient additional benefits for my work at our company) has a mean value of 2.89,
respondents strongly agree with (22.4%) followed by agree with (23%). While, (18.4%)
remained silent and do not want to tell whether their salary is adequate and sufficient. Therefore,
only (15.1%) and (21.1%) disagree and strongly disagree and believe that there salary is not
adequate and sufficient and do not get any additional benefits. Secondly, (Waste workers always
wear safe and protective gloves and clothing during their work at our company) with mean value
of 3.04, (46%) of the respondents were agree including strongly agree with the statement.
Whereas (42%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree with only (11.8%) remained
neutral. This indicates that majority of waste workers wear protective gloves during their
working time. Thirdly, respondents on the indicator (Beneficiaries have a good attitude for waste
workers) have a mean value of 2.73,(46.8%) agree and strongly agree that beneficiaries have a
good attitude for waste workers whereas (29.6%) were disagree and strongly disagree with the
statement only (23.7%) remained silent. This shows that almost large majority of the respondents
believed that beneficiaries have a good attitude for waste workers. On the indicator of (Our
company carries out awareness-raising programs on general public health and management of
waste) was scored with mean value of 2.927. The respondent who has answered neutral view
point on the statement were (21.7%) of the total, Followed by those who answered agree (21%)
and strongly agree (20.4%). More precisely, people who responded disagree including strongly
disagree constitute (36%)of the total. Finally, on the indicator whether (Each household coll
ects, transfers, and disposes of its solid wastes at common points) was scored as agree with a
mean value of 2.796, majority of the people answered agree and strongly agree which form of
(50%) of the total. Only 15 percent of the total remained silent while 33 percent of the

53
respondents disagree and strongly disagree with the statement. This indicates that majority of the
household’s collects, transfers and disposes of its solid wastes.

54
 Table4.11 institutional conditions of SWM N=152

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

No proper institutional 2.210 1.279 61(40.1) 38(25) 23(15.1) 20(13.2) 10(6.6)
set-up for solid waste
management service
The company has 2.539 1.404 40(26.3) 54(35.4) 20(13.2) 12(7.9) 26(17.1)
carried out safe and
reliable SWM in Addis
Abeba town to the
full
The municipality does 3.07 1.357 24(15.8) 33(21.7) 32(21.1) 34(22.4) 29(19.1)
not provide clear
authority and Sanitation
Rules
Our company has faced 2.541 1.366 42(27.6) 45(29.6) 27(17.8) 17(11.2) 21(13.8)
frequent customer
complaint about solid
waste management on
its assigned
jurisdictions
As shown in table 4.11, the fourth independent variable (IV) was institutional condition
indicators which consisted of four questions. In the first Question, respondents agree including
strongly agree(65%) that there is no proper institutional set-up for solid waste management service
with a mean of 2.210 and standard deviation of 1.279 and followed by 15% of neutral. On the
other hand, respondents disagree and strongly disagree (19.8%) and believe that there is proper
institutional set up for solid waste management service.

55
Question two asked the respondents if the company has carried out safe and reliable SWM in
Addis Abebe town to the full satisfaction of the residents and the answer became agree and
strongly agree (61.7%) with a mean of 2.539 and standard deviation of 1.404. however,
only 25% disagree and strongly disagree the statement. In the third question, respondents choose
disagree and strongly disagree (41%) that the municipality does not provide clear authority and
sanitation rules with a mean of 3.07 and a standard deviation of 1.357. meanwhile, (21.1%)
remained silent and only (37%) of the people agree and strongly agree the statement. This
indicates that, majority of the people believe that municipality have clear authority and have
concrete sanitat ion rules. In the fourth Question respondent’s agree (57%) that their company
has faced frequent customer complaint about solid waste management on its assigned
jurisdictions with a mean of 2.541 and standard deviation of 1.366 respectively. Only (25%)
disagree the statement and (17.8%) remained silent and choose neutral.

In a summary, the overall mean and standard deviation of the institutional condition indicators of
the variable turned to be agreeing with a mean of 2.59 and a standard deviation of 0.79138.

Table4.12 political conditions of SWM N=152

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

There is adequate 2.41 1.382 41(27) 53(34.9) 34(22.4) 10(6.6) 13(8.6)
policies, laws that
promote effective
The
SWMassembly enforces 2.671 1.280 34(22.4) 35(23) 50(32.9) 13(8.6) 20(13.2)
to implement the
existing SWM law
The government gives 2.553 1.228 33(21.7) 47(30.9) 44(28.9) 11(7.2) 17(11.2)
high priority to SWM

As shown in table 4.12, the fifth independent variable (IV) was political condition indicators
which consisted of three questions. In the first question, respondents agree and strongly agree
with (62%) of the statement that there is adequate policies, laws that promote effective SWM

56
with a mean of 2.41 and a standard deviation of 1.382. followed by (22.4%) of people who
responded neutral and are not sure whether there is adequate policies, laws that promote effective
Solid waste management. Therefore, only (15%) of the respondents disagree including strongly
disagree with the statement. Question two was asked if the assembly enforces to implement the
existing SWM law and the answer turns to be neutral (33%) with a mean of 2.671 and standard
deviation of 1.280, followed by (45%) of the people who responded agree and strongly agree. On
the other hand, (22%) disagree including strongly disagree with the statement.

In question three, respondents agree and strongly agree (53%) that the government gives high
priority to SWM with a mean of 2.553 and standard deviation of 1.228 respectively. Only (28%)
of the total remained neutral about the statement. Therefore, the overall mean and standard
deviation of the political condition indicators variable turns to be agreeing with (Mean 2.541; Sd
0.9756).
Table 4.13 Effective Solid waste collection indicators N=152

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

Frequency of waste 2.138 1.337 66(43.4) 44(28.9) 12(7.9) 15(9.9) 15(9.9)

pick-up are strictly

followed by our

There is full and 2.882 1.352 26(17.1) 41(27) 39(25.7) 17(11.2) 29(19.1)
continuous training on
solid waste collection
in our company
Our company have 2.612 1.414 40(26.3) 49(32.2) 16(10.5) 24(15.8) 23(15.1)
facilitated enough
number of collection
points near to all
beneficiaries
Our Company 2.441 1.232 35(23) 62(40.8) 22(14.5) 19(12.5) 14(9.2)

57
spillover to the ground

at collection is cleaned

As shown in table 4.13, the first dependent variable (DV) was effective Solid waste collection
indicators which consisted of four questions. In the first question, respondents agree and strongly
agree (72%) that frequencies of waste pick-up are strictly followed by their company with a
mean of 2.138 and standard deviation of 1.337 respectively. The number of respondents that
answers disagree and strongly disagree constitutes 20 per cent and only 8 per cent responded
neutral. Question two asked respondents if there is full and continuous training on solid waste
collection in their company. Therefore, the answer turned to be agree with (44%) and a mean of
2.882 and standard deviation of 1.352. on the other hand, (25.7%) responded neutral while (30%)
of the people recorded disagree and strongly disagree. This indicates that majority of the people
believe that there is full and continuous training on solid waste collection. Question three was
asked to know whether the company has facilitated enough number of collection points near to
all beneficiaries. It resulted (58%) with agree and strongly agree respectively with mean of 2.612
and standard deviation of 1.414.however, (31%) of the people disagree and strongly disagree
with the statement.

In the question four, respondents agree (40.8%) that their company maintains waste spillover to
the ground with a mean of 2.441 and standard deviation of 1.232 respectively. However, only
(21%) of the people disagree the statement.

The overall mean and standard deviation of the dependent variable (effective solid waste
collection indicators) turns to agree with a mean of 2.518 and standard deviation of 0.972
respectively.

58
Table 4.14Effective Solid waste transportation indicators N=152

Indicators Mean S.D SA A U D SD

Company has sufficient 2.388 1.469 57(37.5) 43(28.3) 12(7.9) 16(10.5) 24(15.8)
manpower and vehicle
to
Nature of traffic condition 2.480 1.366 52(34.2) 31(20.4) 27(17.8) 28(18.4) 14(9.2)

along the collection route

supervisor records the 2.388 1.223 42(27.6) 51(33.6) 28(18.4) 20(13.2) 11(7.2)
daily number of trips, the
tonnage of waste and
route plan to drivers
Our company use covered 3.217 1.606 32(21.1) 32(21) 13(8.6) 21(13.8) 54(35.5)
vehicles and there is no
spillover of solid waste
upon transport.
There are no adequate 2.552 1.422 46(30.3) 43(28.3) 17(11.2) 25(16.4) 21(13.8)
internal roads and traffic
condition along collection
route has overcrowding

59
As shown in table 4.14, the second dependent variable (DV) was effective solid waste
transportation indicators which consisted of five questions. The first question was to know
whether the company has sufficient manpower and vehicle to transport solid waste and the
answer is agreed and strongly agreed (66%) by the mean of 2.388 and standard deviation of
1.469. while (26%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree.

In the second question, respondents agree and strongly (54%)that the nature of traffic condition
along the collection route has a jam with a mean of 2.480 and standard deviation of 1.366
respectively. Only (28%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree the statement while
(17.8%) remained silent.

Nevertheless, question three seeks to know whether the supervisor records the daily number of
trips, the tonnage of waste and route plan to drivers. However, (61%) agree and strongly agree
the statement with a mean of 2.388 and standard deviation of 1.223. while (20%) of the
respondents disagree and strongly disagree the statement.

Question four asked respondents if the company use covered vehicles and there is no spillover
of solid waste upon transport. However, (50%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree

60
the statement with (mean 3.217; Sd 1.606). while (42%) of the respondents agree that there is no
spillover of solid waste upon transport. Only 8 per cent of the total remained undecided and
chose neutral.

Question five was to know whether there are no adequate internal roads and traffic condition
along the collection route has overcrowding, therefore, the answer became (58%) of agree and
strongly agree the statement with a mean of 2.552 and standard deviation of 1.422 respectively.
Meanwhile, (30%) disagree and strongly disagree the statement. This indicates that majority of
the responds think that there are no adequate internal roads since road infrastructure is very poor
and lack of maintenance and have overcrowding and traffic problems. Additionally, the overall
mean and standard deviation of the dependent variable (effective solid waste transportation
indicators) turns to agree with (mean 2.60; Sd 0.8967).

Table 4.15 Effective Solid waste disposal indicators N=152

Indicators Mea S.D SA A U D SD

The existing disposal site is 1.836 1.17 80(52.6) 44(28.9) 12(7.9) 5(3.3)
far-
11(7.2)
The municipality did 3.40 1.40 21(13.8) 25(16.4) 24(15.8) 39(25.7)
not provide
designated and
The existing disposal site 2.916 1.45 26(17.1) 54(35.5) 13(8.6) 25(16.4) 43(28.3)

is open and it has a bad

smell to
Our company disposes 2.493 1.30 39(25.7) 51(33.6) 28(18.4) 16(10.5)
waste at the designated
34(22.4)
landfill and it is
Presence of animal on 2.578 1.44 47(30.9) 39(25.7) 20(13.2) 23(15.1)
the disposal site is
common

18(11.8)

61
 23(15.1)

As shown in table 4.15, the third dependent variable (DV) was effective solid waste disposal
indicators which consist of five questions. In the first question (80%) of the respondents strongly
agree and agree that the existing disposal site is far-away from their collection point with a mean

62
of 1.836 and standard deviation of 1.17 respectively. While the remaining 8 percent of the
respondents were undecided.

In the second question, however, (54%) of the respondents disagree and strongly disagree that
the municipality did not provide designated and accessible landfill site with a mean of 3.40 and a
standard deviation of 1.405 respectively. However, (30%) of the people agree of the statement
while 15.8% undecided and recorded neutral.

Question three was to know whether the existing disposal site is open and it has a bad smell to
the community; (52%) of the total responded agree including strongly agree with (mean 2.916,
Sd 1.450). however, (39%) of the people have opposite opinion and disagree and strongly
disagree of the statement while 8.6 per cent responded neutral.

Question four was asked respondents if the company disposes waste at the designated landfill
and it is environmentally safe; (56%) responded agree and strongly agree of the statement with a
mean of 2.493 and standard deviation of 1.302. only (21%) responded disagree including
strongly disagree while 18 per cent responded undecided.

In the fifth question, (56%) of the respondents agree and strongly agree that the presence of the
animal on the disposal site is common with a mean of 2.578 and standard deviation of 1.442
respectively. However, (30%) of the people responded disagree and strongly disagree of the
statement while 13.2 per cent respondend neutral.

Moreover, the overall mean and standard deviation of the dependent variable(effective solid
waste disposal indicators) turns to agree with (mean 2.640; Sd 0.784).

63
 4.4. CORRELATION BETWEEN ALL THE RESEARCH VARIABLES

Correlation is a statistical technique that can show whether and how strongly pairs of variables
are related and does not necessarily show causal connections. Moreover, data were
approximately normally distributed for all of the variables, as assessed by visual inspection of
their histograms. Since the data is normally distributed then Pearson’s product-moment
correlation was used to analyze relationships between each set of several variables of SWM and
their influencing aspects for instance: Financial, Technical, Social, Institutional and Political
factors or conditions as a measurement of Solid Waste effectiveness. As indicators were
measured in an interval scale for continuous data, a parametric correlation (Pearson’s ) was used.
Pearson’s correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between
two such variables and the normality of the variables are analyzed which could be true only for
quantitative variables (Jan Hauke, 2011).

Furthermore, the sign of correlation coefficient determines the direction whether it's positive or
negative or no correlation. The magnitude of the correlation coefficientdetermines the degree of
strength of the association(Jan Hauke, 2011).

Table 4.16: Correlations between Solid Waste Collection and influencing factors of
effective SWM (N=152)

Collection Financial Technica Social Institutiona Political

l condition l condition conditio
Condition
Conditio n
n
Pearson collection 1.00 .545** .557** .208* .613** .650**
Correlations
coefficients
P. Value .000 .000 .01 .000 .000

**p<0.01 *p<0.05, source (Primary Data, 2019)

64
The above Table 4.16 shows the correlation between collection and measurement indicators
defined as: financial, technical, social, institutional and political. Solid waste Collection has a
positive moderate linear relationship between all variables such as financial, technical,
institutional and political, whereas it has small correlation with social. Moreover, financial has
positive correlation with collection (r=.545, p=.000), technical also has positive correlation with
collection ( r=.557, p=.000), whereas social has weak correlation with collection (r=.208,
p=.01).nevertheless, the highest positive correlation (r=.650, p=.000) is between collection and
political condition followed by institutional condition (r=.613, p=.0000). Showing effective
waste collection is associated with good institutional and political condition

65
.

Table 4.17: Correlations between Solid Waste Transportation and influencing factors of
effective SWM (N=152)

Transportation Financial Technical Social Institutional Political

Condition Condition condition condition condition
Pearson transportation 1.00 .476** .568** .583** .275* .343**
Correlations
coefficients
P. Value .000 .000 .01 .001 .000

**p<0.01 *p<0.05, source (Primary Data, 2019)

This table indicated that there is a positive linear correlation between transportation and all other
variables such as financial, technical, social, institutional and political. Moreover, transportation
was significantly and positively correlated with financial (r=.476, p=.000), technical (r=.568,
p=.000), social(r=.583, p=.000). on the other hand, transportation has weak correlations between
institutional and political condition with (r=.275, p=.001), (r=.343, p=.000) respectively.
Additionally, the highest positive correlations were social and technical showing that effective
waste transportation is associated with good technical and social conditions.

Table 4.18: Correlations between Solid Waste Disposal and influencing factors of effective

SWM (N=152)

Disposal Financial
Condition

66
Pearson disposal 1.00 .064 .308** .250** .379** .131
Correlations
coefficients

P. Value .433 .000 .002 .000 .107

Technical Social Institutional Political
condition condition condition
Condition

67
Table above also shows that the correlation between disposal which is dependent variable is
correlated with independent variables such as (financial, technical, social, institutional, political).
However, correlation coefficient between disposal practice and technical, social and institutional
condition were positively correlated with (r=.308, p=.000), (r=.250, p=.002) and (r=.379,
p=.000) respectively. Whereas, financial and political condition has no significant relati
onship with disposal even at 10% significant level. The highest positive correlation was
institutional showing that effective solid waste disposal is associated with good institutional set
up.

Table 4.19: Zero –Order correlations for all variables

No Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Financial condition 1
2 Technical condition .603* 1

3 Social condition .652* .723* 1

4 Institutional condition .115 .149 .110 1

5 Political condition .446* .453* .526* .191* 1

6 Collection .545* .557* .613* .208* .650* 1

7 Transportation .476* .568* .583* .275** .343* .431* 1

8 Disposal .064 .308* .250* .379** .131 .097 .452*

68
 1

69
65
 Table: 4.23 Summary of hypothesis

H1
Results Solid Waste Collection and influencing factors of effective SWM
H1.1 Financial has significant effect on effective collection
Supported
H1.2 Institutional has significant effect on effective collection
Supported
H1.3 Political has significant effect on effective collection
Supported
H1.4 Social has significant effect on effective collection
Not supported
H1.5 Technical has significant effect on effective collection
H2 Solid waste Transportation and influencing factors of effective Not supported
H2.1 Financial has significant effect on effective transportation
H2.2 Institutional has significant effect on effective transportation Not supported
H2.3 Political has significant effect on effective transportation supported
H2.4 Social has significant effect on effective transportation Not supported
H2.5 Technical has significant effect on effective transportation supported
H3 Solid waste Disposal and influencing factors of effective supported
H3.1 Financial has significant effect on effective disposal
Not supported
H3.2 Institutional has significant effect on effective disposal
supported
H3.3 Political has significant effect on effective disposal
Not supported
H3.4 Social has significant effect on effective disposal supported
supported
H3.5 Technical has significant effect on effective disposal

66
 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
5. Summary of the major findings

This section is a summary of major findings of the study and relates to the findings of previous
research studies when it possible, and will discuss each findings more on the next section. This
study was basically proposed to identify the associations between influencing factors and
effectiveness of solid waste management. However, the objectives of this study are
1) to determine the status of financial resources for Solid waste management in Addis Abebe City.
2) To determine the status of technical aspects for Solid waste management in Addis Abebe City.
3) To assess the status of social aspects for Solid waste management in Addis Abebe City.
4) To determine the status of institutional aspects for Solid waste management in Addis A City.
5) To assess the status of political aspect for Solid waste Management in Addis Abebe city. 6) To
assess the association between influencing factors and effectiveness of solid waste management.
Following are bullets of major findings with related literature support.

5.1.1. Financial Resources

The first research question was to determine the status of financial resources for Solid waste
management in Addis Abebe City. To accomplish this research question, several possible
indicators about status of financial resources with reference to financial cost and operating
cost, management of funds, and cost recovery where asked the respondents. The survey
result indicated that the status of financial resources of solid waste management in Addis Abebe
city is good with a mean of 2.54. Firstly, 70 per cent of the respondents agreed and rated good
that there is adequate revenue generation of waste management in Addis Abebe.

The first hypothesis of this study was the financial factor has a significant effect on effective
Solid waste management (Collection, transportation, and disposal). The findings indicate that
financial factor has a significant positive effect on effective collection at ( � = 0.16 , 𝑃 =

0.05)

whereas, the financial factors do not have any significant effect on transportation and disposal.

67
However, these findings are not in line with previous studies. For example, the study of Hufane
(2015) discovered the status of financial conditions at the Solid waste management unit in
Addis Abebe is poor and that the poor financial status is one of the challenges facing the SWM
in Addis Abebe town. Another study that was done by Muche ( 2016) discovered the status of
financial conditions at the SWM in Addis Ababa is poor because of lack of financial resources.

Furthermore, If a system is to be fully sustainable it is very important that long term financial
costs as well as short term operating costs are taken into account (coffey& Coad,2010). Financial
aspects for Solid waste Management concern budgeting, cost accounting, capital investment, cost
reduction, and cost recovery(Schübeler, 1996). Therefore, adequate budgeting, cost accounting,
financial monitoring and financial evaluation are very important to the effectiveness of the
management of solid waste systems (Schubeler, 1996).

5.1.2. Technical Aspects

The second research question was to determine the status of technical aspects for Solid waste
management in Addis Abebe City. Technical condition was measured with indicators like
adequate waste management equipment with spare parts, skilled personnel and adequate
infrastructure as shown in table 4.9. The survey result indicated that the status of technical
condition for SWM in Addis Abebe city is good. This was observed from the analysis where 55
per cent of the respondents rated good and agreed that they have adequate and modern waste
management equipment and only 32% rated it poor. However, the study of Hufane (2015)
found out that the status of technical aspects at the SWM unit is poor. Thus poor technical
status is one of the challenges facing the SWM. Moreover, according to Muche (2016)
found that the status of technical condition of Addis Ababa is poor due to lack of adequate
modern waste disposal equipment and the city itself is not being well planned with
appropriate infrastructure suitable for waste collection and transportation, most of the
companies falling to give regular training to theiremployees and inaccessibility of spare parts
for damaged and broken vehicles and equipment are more or less the influencing factor for
effective waste management practice coming from the technical aspects. Ineffective technologies
and equipment is another source that can contribute to the inadequate service coverage and
operationalinefficiencies

68
. Lack of adequate modern waste disposal equipment, lack of regular training, and inaccessibility
of spare parts for damaged and broken vehicles and equipment are more or less negatively
influencing factors on the proper waste disposal practice (Muche, 2016). Therefore, for
waste management to be technically effective the local authorities should provide proper
waste collection systems with qualified personal, and availability of modern vehicle and
equipment to reduce environmental health hazards (Muche,2016). However, techniques that have
often proven effective in developed world are ineffective in developing world because they
do not have needed infrastructure and knowledge to properly manage these technologies
(Mcallister, 2015).

5.1.3. Social Aspects

The third research question was to assess the status of social aspects for Solid waste management
in Addis Abebe City. Social condition was constructed as the condition of workers, the attitudes
of beneficiaries about waste workers and awareness raising programs. Respondents were asked
to react to several statements on these indicators; the response was scored as described in
table
4.10. To sum up, the study found that the status of social aspects for SWM in Addis Abebe city is
moderate with a mean value of 2.88. This is obvious from the analysis where 45% of respondents
agree that they get paid an adequate salary with sufficient additional benefits whereas 36% of the
respondents disagree with statement. According to Rathana (2009) stated the lack of public
awareness and co-operation are root causes of bad solid waste management. However, Social
aspects of SWM can be improved by building social awareness and educational program, waste
workers are subject to health problems therefore, giving support in their earnings, and access to
social services will make SWM efficient(Schübeler, 1996).

The third research hypothesis was stated that the status of social aspects has positive effect on
effective collection, transportation and disposal in Addis Abebe City. In this research it has been
found that social does not have any significant effect on effective collection. On the other hand,
Social has positive significant effect on effective transportation and disposal. Moreover,
this relationship has an indication that the current ineffective solid waste management is

69
associated with low social conditions. This result is consistent with those of (Shubeler,1996;
Coffey and Coad, 2012; Fianko, 2014; Edmealem Bewuket, 2013; and Hufane, 2015).

70
 5.1.4. Institutional Aspects

The fourth research question was to determine the status of institutional aspects for Solid waste
management in Addis Abebe City. Institutional aspects concern the distribution of functions and
responsibilities and correspond to organizational structures, procedures, methods, institutional
capacities and private sector involvement (Schübeler, 1996). Respondents were asked to react to
several statements on these variables intended to weigh the status of these variables. The
responses were scored as described in table 4.11.The survey result indicated that the status of
institutional aspects for SWM in Addis Abebe city is moderate with average mean of 2.60.

The fourth hypothesis was stated that the status of institutional aspects has positive effect on
effective collection, transportation and disposal in Addis Abebe City. This study has found that
institutional has positive significant effect on effective collection, transportation and disposal.
This result are in line with those of previous studies that reveals the lack of effective public
participation and inadequate governance in the waste management system were institutional
aspect weakness (hayal Desta et al., 2014; Shubler, 1996; Coffey and Coad, 2012; Fianko, 2014;
Hufane, 2015).

5.1.5. Political Aspect

The fifth research question was to assess the status of political aspect for Solid waste
Management in Addis Abebe city. Political aspect include the formulation of goals and
priorities, determination of roles and jurisdiction and the legal and regulatory framework
(Schübeler,
1996). The responses were scored as described in table 4.12. The survey result indicated that the
status of political aspect for solid waste management in Addis Abebe city is good with
average mean of 2.54.

71
 5.2. Conclusions

This section draws the conclusions of the study which is in line with the purpose statement, and
in consistence with the findings and the discussions already made in the above sections. The
study has been conducted to address the challenges of solid waste management and factors
influencing its effectiveness in Addis Abebe Municipality. The purpose of this study was to
determine the challenges facing the SWM in Addis Abebe, but with specific focus on financial
resources, technical aspects, social aspects, institutional aspects, and political aspects. The study
found out that the financial resources, technical aspects, and political aspect were all good.
Whereas, social aspects, and institutional aspects were moderate.

Furthermore, Pearson’s correlations measurement indicated that set of indicators as influencing

factors such as technical, institutional, social, political and financial. These indicators were
significantly and positively associated at different strength with effective SWM practice with
collection, transportation, and disposal. This indicates that the current ineffective SWM practice
was associated with factors of financial constraint, technical problems, low social conditio ns
and weak institutional set up.

On the other hand, solid waste collection has a positive moderate linear relationship between all
variables such as financial, technical, institutional and political, whereas it has small correlation
with social. Moreover, solid waste transportation has a positive linear correlation between
transportation and all other variables such as financial, technical, social, institutional and
political aspects. However, solid waste disposal has a positive correlation with technical
conditions, social conditions, and institutional conditions. Whereas, whereas, financial and
political condition has no significant relationship with disposal even at 10% significant level.

72
 5.3. Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study the researcher has presented that financial resources, technical
aspects, social aspects, institutional aspects, and political aspects has significantly affect the
SWM in Addis Abebe city. However, the following recommendations were made in the study.

Financially, the Addis Abebe SWMA, improving the service payment rate of private collectors,
providing incentives, designing revenue generations mechanisms and access to credit systems
are required. Therefore, adeq uate budgeting, cost accounting, financial monitoring and
financial evaluation are very important to the effectiveness of the management of solid waste
systems. However, the Sub city SWA should maintain to provide regular training about financial
costs in order to improve financially the solid waste management. Furthermore, budget should be
reviewed periodically to ascertain that they are properly managed. The government should
implement the waste management through waste reduction, reuse and recycling to cut down
on the amount of waste we throw away.

Technically, the Addis Abebe SWMA should ensure to provide adequate and modern solid
waste management so that it will be easy to collect and transport waste. Recruiting with
qualified personnel, and availability of modern vehicle equipment will reduce
environmental pollution and will prevent health hazards. The Sub city SWA should provide
training to the waste workers on how to collect, transport and dispose of waste. Further training
is needed on use of proper equipment for better and sustainable SWM systems.

Socially, the Addis Abebe SWMA should provide awareness programs to inform the
community the danger and the consequences of wastes, especially on illegal open dumping. This
will ensure proper waste management and help Addis Abebe community reduce poor sanitation
activities that have led several health hazards in the town. The government and local
government need to improvethe status and conditions of workers by providing adequate salary,
protective clothing, and medical care and increasing stakeholders perception. Furthermore,
finally, should be improved the attitudes of solid waste workers

73
.

Institutionally, the Addis Abebe SWMA should come up with clear and enforceable responsible
authorities and rules that can strengthen the capacity of the municipality and other partners and
increase NGO participations. Such rules should help the municipality to regulate waste workers
through appropriate system of monitoring and control.

Politically, the current research found out that There are adequate policies , laws that promote for
effective SWM but it lacks strict enforcement by-laws by the waste cleaning agency such that
dumping of waste in open pits and drainages are common. However, this research further
recommends following the rule and regulations of the municipal solid waste management.

5.4. Recommendations for further research

This current study has focused only five independent variables (financial, social, institutional,
technical, and political) and three dependent variables (effective collection, effective
transportation, and effective disposal). However, the current study has only focused in Addis
Abebe SWMA and it’s just localized in Sub city SWA. Therefore, time and other resource
limitation restricted this research to narrow scope which only focused in municipality of
Addis Abeba. The researcher therefore recommends the study to be done in a larger scale
to cover more areas beyond Addis Abeba city with more variables and dimensions other than
our research variables. Such study should adopt more experimental methodologies since this
current research only looks beliefs and opinions of the respondents.

74
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 APPENDIX

A. Questionnaire

Introduction

Dear respondent this questionnaire aims to collect information about challenges of solid waste
management and factors influencing its effectiveness in Addis Abeba Municipality,. However,
this study is part requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Applied Research at Yards
tic International College . your views as a worker of solid waste management are considered part
and parcel of this study. Please provide the following information to the best of your ability, and
return completed questionnaire to the researcher. Any information provided is strictly
confidential and will not be relayed to the third party or used for any other purpose other than
making this academic report for this study.

Part I: Background information

1. Your Gender.

Male Female

2. Your Age.
16 – 25 years
26 – 35 years
36 – 45 years
Above 45 years
3. Your highest level of education
University
Secondary
Primary
None
Others
4. Your rank in the organization
Collector driver Admin

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Part II: Solid Waste Management

SA=Strongly Agree, A=Agree, N= Neutral, DA= Disagree, SDA=Strongly Disagree, SWM=

Solid Waste Management

81
Direction: for each of the statements below, circle the number that indicates the degree to which
you are agree and disagree and give your immediate impressions. There are no right or no wrong
answers.

Financial constraint indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 There is adequate revenue generation, for provision of
effective SWM in the company
2 Our vehicles always have fuel and ready for use all the time
3 Working on the solid waste collection and transportation
business service is attractive business
4 There is sufficient money for the promotion of waste
reduction, recycling and recovery programs.

Technical condition indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 Our company has adequate and modern waste management
equipment.
2 Our company usually uses environmentally adaptable and
maintainable equipments.
3 Addis Abeba City is well planned with
appropriate infrastructure to collect and
4 Waste personnel in our company are regularly getting
training
5 There are accessible spare parts when vehicles and
equipment s are breakdown
Social condition indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 I am paid adequate salary and sufficient additional benefits
for my work at our company
2 Waste workers always wear safe and protective gloves and
and clothes during their work at our company
3 Beneficiaries have good attitude for waste workers

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4 Our company carries out awareness raising programs on
general public health and management of waste

83
5 Each household collects, transfers, and disposes of its solid
wastes at common points

Institutional condition indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 No proper institutional set-up for solid waste management
service
2 The company has carried out safe and reliable SWM in Addis
Abeba town to the full satisfaction of residents
3 Municipality does not provide clear authority and sanitation
Rules
4 Our company has faced frequent customer complaint about
solid waste management on its assigned jurisdictions

Political condition indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 There is adequate policies , laws that promote for effective

2 The assembly enforces to implement the existing SWM law

3 The government gives high priority to SWM

Effective Solid waste collection indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 Frequency of waste pick-up are strictly followed by our
company
2 There is full and continuous training on solid waste collection in
our company
3 Our company have facilitated enough number of collection
points near to all beneficiaries

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4 Our Company maintains waste spillover to the ground at
collection is cleaned

Effective Solid waste transportation indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 Company has sufficient manpower and vehicle to transport
solid waste

85
2 Nature of traffic condition along collection route has jam
3 supervisor records the daily number of trips, tonnage of waste
and route plan to drivers
4 Our company use covered vehicles and there is no spillover of
solid waste up on transport.
5 There is no adequate internal roads ( alternative roads ) and
traffic condition along collection route has overcrowding

Effective Solid waste disposal indicators

Statement SA A N DA SDA
1 The existing disposal site is far-away from our collection point
2 Municipality did not provides designated and accessible land
fill site
3 The existing disposal site is open and it has bad smell to the
community
4 Our company disposes waste at designated land fill and it is

5 Presence of animal on the disposal site is common

Dear respondent, using the following space you can put your general idea about the current
SWM service delivering practice and its basic challenges you regard as necessary

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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86
Thank you for your positive comments

87
 APPENDIX

1. Research Budget

No item Description Unit cost

1 First and second draft of proposal Papers, pens, printing $20
2 Final proposal Printing $80
3 Stationary Papers, pens, printing $100
4 Personal expenses Transportation and refreshment $50
5 Thesis defense $50
Total $300
APPENDIX

2. Time framework

Year : 2020
Months number Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Proposal Writing

First meeting with

supervisor
Read literature
review
Finalize chapter
two readings
Draft literature
review

Year:2019
Months Number Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Chapter
submission to
supervisor
Develop
questionnaire
Data collection
Data analysis

88
Meeting with
supervisor
Writing chapter

Submit all
chapters
Revise
supervisors
instruction
Finalizing and
binding
Master Defense

89
90
91