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X Chemistry Notes CH # 1

1. The document discusses key concepts in chemical equilibrium including irreversible and reversible reactions, the definition of chemical equilibrium, and the law of mass action. 2. Chemical equilibrium is defined as the state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, so the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant. 3. The law of mass action states that the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the active masses or concentrations of reactants, and the equilibrium constant Kc is defined as the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium.

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Rehan Rafiq
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151 views

X Chemistry Notes CH # 1

1. The document discusses key concepts in chemical equilibrium including irreversible and reversible reactions, the definition of chemical equilibrium, and the law of mass action. 2. Chemical equilibrium is defined as the state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, so the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant. 3. The law of mass action states that the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the active masses or concentrations of reactants, and the equilibrium constant Kc is defined as the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium.

Uploaded by

Rehan Rafiq
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHEMISTRY NOTES CLASS : X - New Syllabus

CHAPTER # 1

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
IRREVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTION:
“A chemical reaction in which total amount of reactants are converted in to products and
reaction is preceded in only one direction is called “Irreversible Reaction”.
e.g. CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
AgCl + NaNO3 AgNO3 + NaCl

REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTION:


“A chemical reaction in which reactants are not completely converted into product and
the reaction is shifted forward and reverse direction is called “Reversible Reaction”. E.g.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
2SO2 + O2 2SO3

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM:
DEFINITION:
In a reversible reaction when the rate of forward reaction becomes equal to the rate of
reverse reaction then it is called chemical equilibrium.
Rf = Rr
EXPLANATION:
In reversible reaction at start the concentration of reactants is maximum while the
concentration of products are minimum therefore the rate or forward reaction R f is
maximum and the rate of reverse reaction Rr is minimum. As time passes the
concentration of reactant decreases with decrease in rate of forward reaction while the
concentration of product increases with increase in rate of reverse reaction.
After certain period of time both rates becomes equal to each other to establish
equilibrium.
Chemical equilibrium is dynamic in nature. It means reaction does not stop and
proceeded in both the directions with a same rate but no change is occurred in the
concentration of reactants and products.

ACTIVE MASS:
The concentration of a substance in a reaction that is measured in mol/dm3 is called
active mass of that substance, denoted by [ ].
It is the part of total concentration on which the rate of reaction depends.

MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FORWARD


AND REVERSE REACTION:
FORWARD REACTION:
1. It is always directed from left to right in a chemical reaction.
2. Reactants produce products.
3. Initially a rate is fast but gradually slows down.
REVERSE REACTION:
1. It is always directed right to left in a chemical reaction.
CHEMISTRY NOTES CLASS : XI
2. Product produces reactant.
3. Initially rate is slow but gradually speeds up.
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FORWARD AND
REVERSE REACTION IN DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM:
1. A dynamic equilibrium can only exists in a closed system.
2. The concentration of reactants and products remain constant.
3. The rate of forward reaction is equal to rate of backward reaction.
4. Equilibriu can be approached from either side of the reaction equation.

LAW OF MASS ACTION:


INTRODUCTION:
This law was given by Gulberg and Weage in 1864 in which they explained the relation
between the rate of reaction and concentration of reactants and products.

STATEMENT:
According to the law:
“At constant temperature and pressure the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to
the active mass of reacting substances. or to the product of active masses of reactants”.
MATHEMATICAL FORM (derivation for Kc):
Consider a reversible chemical reaction in which ‘a’ moles of “A” and ‘b’ moles of “B” are
combined together to form ‘c’ moles of “C” and ‘d’ moles of “D” as follows:
aA + bB cC + dD

FORWARD REACTION:
Rf  [A]a
Rf  [B]b
By combining both:
Rf  [A]a x [B]b
Rf = Kf [A]a [B]b
REVERSE REACTION:
Rr  [C]c
Rr  [D]d
By combining both:
Rr  [c]c x [D]d
Rr = Kr [C]c [D]d
When equilibrium achieved;
Rf = Rr
Kf [A]a [B]b = Kr [C]c [D]d
K f [C ]c [ D] d
=
K r [ A]a [ B]b
Kf
here = Kc (equilibrium constant for concentration)
Kr
[C ]c [ D ] d
Kc =
[ A] a [ B ]b
In general
CHEMISTRY NOTES CLASS : X - New Syllabus
[Pr oducts]
Kc =
[Re ac tan ts]
Here Kc is called equilibrium constant for concentration.

DEFINITATION OF Kc:
Kc can be defined as:
The ratio of the active masses of products to the active masses of reactants id called
“Equilibrium constant for concentration or Kc”.

Kc AND ITS UNITS:


Important characteristics of equilibrium constant expression are as follows:
1. Kc only works in equilibrium.
2. Kc represents the equilibrium concentration of reactants and products in mol.dm-3.
3. Kc is independent of concentration of reactants and products.
4. Kc depends on temperature.
5. Kc represents equilibrium position. If Kc is larger than 1, the reaction is forward.
If Kc is less than 1, the reaction is reverse reaction.

The unit of Kc depends on the equilibrium reaction:


1. H2 + I2 = 2HI (Kc has no unit)
2. 2NO2 = 2NO + O2 (Kc = mol.dm3)
3. N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 (Kc = mol-2.dm6)

IMPORTANCE OR APPLICATION OF Kc:


The law of equilibrium is used to determine the equilibrium constant ‘Kc’ of a reversible
reaction. Important applications of Kc are giving below:

i. TO PREDICT THE DIRECTION OF A REACTION:


Consider in during a reaction.
Qc = [product] / [reactant]
1. IF Qc < Kc:
If during any chemical reaction. The value of Kc/ (calculate Kc) is less than
standard Kc then it means that reaction is not at equilibrium and move in
forward direction to gain equilibrium.
Rf > Rr
2. IF Qc > Kc:
If during any chemical reaction the value of Kc / is greater than stamdard
Kc then it means that reaction is not at equilibrium and moves in reverse
direction to gain equilibrium.
Rf < Rr
3. IF Qc = Kc:
If during any chemical reaction the value of Kc/ is equal to stamdard Kc
then it means that reaction is at equilibrium
Rf = Rr

ii. TO PREDICT OF THE EXTENT OF REACTION:


1, If the value of Kc is very large:
If the value of Kc is very large for any reversible reaction, it means that
reactant are converted in to product.
CHEMISTRY NOTES CLASS : XI
e.g. 2H2 + O2 2H2O Kc = 2.4x1055
2. If the value of Kc is very large:
If the value of Kc is very low for any reversible reaction, it means that a
small quantity of reactant are converted in to product.
e.g. 2HF H2 + F2 Kc = 10-13
3. If the value of Kc is Moderate:
If the value of Kc is moderate for any reversible reaction, it means that the
quantity of reactant converted in to product neither very high nor very low.
e.g. 2N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Kc = 10

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