CEMENT

A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets,

hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. It is the
adhesive that holds together the concrete. It is an integral part of the
urban infrastructure.It acts as a crucial component in buildings and
roads as a result of which 80% of cement is made to be used in
emerging economies.
Around 4 billion tons of cement is produced every year in india.as
government is spending more on infrastructures so its demand in the
country will grow about 8% in 2019-20.
 CHEMISTRY OF CEMENT
Portland cement was
invented in 1824 and it is
created by heating lime
stone,clay, sand, iron and
bauxite to 1450o
 WHAT’S WRONG WITH CEMENT?

The cement industry faces many challenges due to

environmental concerns and sustainability issues the major
environment health and safety issues associated with
cement production are emissions to air and energy use.
1.EFFECT ON CLIMATE:
The gaseous & particulate emissions from Cement plants
are degrading air quality &
thus creating considerable
environmental pollution.
When calcium carbonate is
thermally decomposed for the
production of cement, carbon
dioxide is produced, and it’s
raise in the environment
results in global warming,
ozone depletion, reduced crop
productivity etc.
It’s been estimated that for
every 1000 kg. of cement we produce around 900kg of CO 2
into environment and cement alone is responsible for
around 5% of world’s overall CO2 emissions more than all
the airplanes and ships in the world.
Concrete consumes a 10th of the world’s industrial water.
This often strains supplies for drinking and irrigation,
because 75% of this consumption is in water stressed
regions.
2.EFFECT ON HEALTH Gaseous atmospheric emissions
of NO2, SO2, volatile organic compounds and dust during
the production of cement causes
respiratory problems and lung cancer.
Long-term cement dust exposure and
inhalation causes respiratory
complications due to epithelial tissue
damage and that can lead to
secondary complications as well as
allergy.
3- NOISE POLLUTIONThe
heavy machinery and large fans
used in various parts of cement
manufacturing process can give
rise to vibrations emissions and
causes noise pollution.
4.HEATING EFFECT: Cement require extremely high heat
to process the lime stone, nearly 2800oF
5.cost: production of cement demands high expenditure.
according to a report average cost of cement recorded was
25% hike in 2018 followed by a 3-9% additional hike
across zones from 1st April 2019 soaring cement prices has
posed a huge burden on housing projects and increased for
about 10% in total cost of construction.
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION
 “Green Chemistry”
Green chemistry is the sustainable practice of
chemical science and manufacturing within a
framework of industrial ecology in a manner that is
sustainable, safe, and non-polluting, consuming
chemistry of the environment, minimum amounts of
energy and material resources while producing virtually
no wastes.

“Green chemistry gives us stronger, more flexible,

less expensive and carbon negative alternative of
cement such asASHCRETE, FERROCK, MYCOBRICKS,
HEMPFCRETE AND CHARCOAL BRICKS.
ashcrete
ashcrete is a low-cost nano reinforced impermeable super
concrete made with the waste fly ash.
FLY ASH AS A WASTE
fly ash also known as pulverized fuel, a coal combustion
residue of thermal powerplants and also a problematic
solid waste all over the world. Chemically fly ash is fine
powdered ferro-allumino silicate material with some
hazardous elements like Hg, Cr, Ni, V, Pb, Zn, etc.

Of the 73% of country’s total installed power generation

capacity, nearly 90% generation is coal based. Current
annual

production of fly ash is, 112 million tons.

UNSEEN SIDES OF FLYASH
1. It requires large area of land for disposal.
2. Toxicity of heavy metals leaches the groundwater.
3. Fly ash becomes the source of water and air pollution,
and thus fly ash management is a concern for the
future.
Innovation with FLYASH:
1. Fly ash has a low freely draining nature, ease of
compaction, insensitiveness to change in moisture
content makes it useful for construction.
 2. It can be used in road construction, pavements, and
filling purpose.
3. It is cost effective.
Composition of ASHCRETE
FLY ASH 50-80%
SAND 20-40%
LIME 5-30%
GYPSUM 2-15%
WATER -AS PER REQUIRED PROPORTION

MAKING OF ASHCRETE:
ADVANTAGES OF ASHCRETE:

1. Ashcrete is non- toxic and a sustainable alternative.

2. Ashcrete blocks are highly durable, and water absorbing.
3. It has a property of self-healing, i.e. when cracks in ashcrete
are exposed to water and sunlight, a great number of crystals
will seal the cracks.
4. It can be used for making roads, slabs, bridges etc
Lab work:

MAKING OF ASHCRETE
FERROCK
The name Ferrock is a
reflection of its composition
– largely iron-rich ferrous
rock. It is an eco-friendly
construction material
prepared from steel dust
and powdered glass.
Steel dust as a waste
In the year 2019 about 2 million tonnes of residual products
of iron and steel is generated as waste and most of it is sent
to landfills. Is considered as a hazardous material due to
the potential for the heavy metals to leach into the ground
contaminating ground water and sewage system.
Through our project these waste materials can be used for
making quality products for human use.
Making of FERROCk
It is based on iron carbonate and almost 95 percent of
Ferrock is made from recycled materials such as waste
steel dust and silica from the ground up glass. The
steel dust, upon reaction with Carbon Dioxide (CO2),

produces iron carbonate which when solidifies

turnsinto solid-rock known as Ferrock.
COMPOSITION

SITI

ADVANTAGES OF

ferrock
ADVANTAGES:
1. It is carbon-negative.
2. Ferrock is 5 times stronger than cement, flexible and
withstand more compression caused by seismic activity
3. It is chemically inactive and better option for marine
based construction.
4. Ferrock traps the greenhouse gas co2 and reduces
pollution.

5. Low maintenance and longer shelf life.

6. Light weight and sustainable.

Lab work:
MYCO BRICKS
Mycelium which is the root part of the mushroom can
be used as an alternative for
construction material. It is
one of the newest and most
promising resources which
can be used for sustainable
construction.
PROCESS OF MAKING MYCO BRICK
1. Mycelium is grown from mushroom seeds
mixed in agar agar and agriculture waste for 7-
10 days.
2. Mycelium is then transferred into brick moulds.
3. Then it is kept in oven at 200o c to get hard
myco brick.
BENEFITS:

a) The rapid growing, tight mycelium tissue can

expand under a wide range of environmental
conditions and therefore allows a fast, easy, low-
cost and energy material production.
b)It is fireproof and nontoxic.
c) 100% biodegradable and water resistant.

d)Super strong
e) Relative to its weight a mycelium brick is stronger
than concrete with a cubic metre of mycelium brick
weighing 43kg and a cubic metre of concrete
weighing 2300kg.
f) It is a carbon neutral building process.
g)Mycelium products are termite proof. It can attract
termite but when eaten cause a fungus pore to
activate within the termite killing it and creating a
fungus whose pores repel other termites.
h)Mushroom brick is 200000 times softer than steel,
10000 times less stiff than a typical housing brick
but capable of holding the equivalent of 50 cars.
i) When mycelium bricks are placed together in a few
hours the
material
fuses
 together. The growth can be stopped when the
substance is dried creating a rigid material which
can be sended or painted.
j) They are bulletproof and absorbs co2 so it is the
sustainable material for the construction if future
buildings.

lab work:
Hempcrete
Natural and organic fibres become more and more
popular these years. hemp is naturally one of the eco-
friendliest fibres.
Hemp as a waste:
Hemp is a strain of cannabis
sativa fastest growing plant
species used as a drug; it
contains psychoactive
component THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). Hemp requires
limited pesticides because it grows so quickly and grow
organically without herbicides or fertilisers so it can make
an important contribution to a sustainable future.
Hemp fibres have a texture similar to linen extremely strong
and durable.
COMPOSITION:
Hemp fibres are 60 to 70% cellulose, 15 to 20%
hemicelluloses, 2 to 4% lignen, 2 to 4 % pectin and 1 to 2%
fat and wax

MAKING
Mix the hemp and limestone with water in the proportions
We recommend using a pan or a concrete mixer. First pour
80% of the required amount of water and limestone into the
machine. Wait a few minutes to see milt appear.
Then gradually pour in the necessary amount of hemp
needed until a pasty mixture is obtained. Add the remaining
20% water and adjust if necessary.
Be careful not to spin the mixture too long to avoid the
formation of small balls.
Applications:
1. Concrete like block can be made with hemp and lime
and used for creating very durable and breathable
homes.
2. Hemp lime panels can also be used in high quality
construction- optimal
hygro-thermal
performance and energy
resource efficient
buildings.
3. Hemp plaster has
insulative qualities and
can be used as an internal
plaster

ADVANTAGES
1. Hempcrete is carbon negative, during its growth phase,
hemp consumes more than 2 times its weight of C02. In
 addition, the lime in hempcrete undertakes active
carbonation during its service life continuously
sequestering small amount of co2 from its surroundings
so it is a green construction material.
2. It can help reduce construction cost initially upto 25%.
3. Flat finished surface of hempcrete do not require
plastering.
4. It gets stronger with time and improves durability.
5. Provide thermal insulation, regulate indoor relative
humidity, resulting in electricity saving from heating
and cooling.
6. Hemp grows more quickly is a renewable resource,
very cost effective.
7. Making of hempcrete blocks rely on passive chemistry
and curing processes which are absolutely not energy
intensive.
8. The manufacture and retail of hempcrete could improve
income of farmers up to 20% per annum.
LAB PHOTO

CHARCOAL BRICKS
The Green Charcoal is a practice-based research at the
intersection of material innovation and technology that
addresses the issue of rising pollution and temperature by
developing healthy materials for building construction.
CHARCOAL AS A WASTE
Large amount of agricultural waste such as dry leaves,
sugarcane trash, grass, etc. can be converted into charcoal
by carbonizer. A 15 kg of agricultural waste can be burned
into 5kg of charcoal within 25 minutes.

COMPOSITION

MAKING of charcoal bricks

te
a
w
d
in
b
r
Charcoal bricks are made by combining a binder
(often soil, lime, compost, or paper) with charcoal
dust, organic luffa fibre, lime and water. The mixed
materials are then compressed into a uniform solid
unit. The main chemical components of loofa are:
hollocellulose 84.4%, alpha cellulose 62.34% lignen
14.04% and ash 0.37%.
The tensile strength of loofa fibre varies from
10.35MPa to 19.31MPa, compressive strength varies
from 26.66MPa to 55.22 MPa.

 Activated carbon is porous material that behaves as

adsorbent because of high surface area adequate pour
size distribution and variable characteristics of surface
 chemistry, low ash content and high mechanical
strength.
We have used banana peels for the preparation of activated
charcoal because of it having the following characteristics-
 Banana peel is agricultural biomass waste that has
potential to be used as raw material for the production
of activated carbon
 It is carried out in two steps –carbonization and
activation.
 Banana peel has high lignocellulose content 90.3%
(dry weight mass) it is activated by using ZnCl2 (it can
make high specific surface area)

 We had collected banana peels from our school mess.

 They were dried and converted into powdered form.
 They were heated for one hour at 500 degree Celsius.


 the produced charcoal was then soaked in ZnCl2 for

Activation
  At the ratio of 3:1 for zinc and chlorine respectively
for 14 hours.
 this was then dehydrated in oven for 110 degree
Celsius for 6 hours.
 then was finally washed with HCl
 this charcoal was mixed with lufa fibres, soil and lime
to make charcoal bricks.

ADVANTAGES:
a) Charcoal bricks contains more air pockets and are 20
times more porous than the standard bricks

b) It serves to purify the air by absorbing nitrates and

impurities from air and act as a super food for plant
growth.
 c) Can also be used for compound walls.
d) Lightweight and biodegradable
e) Luffa fibres provide all the necessary strength and
flexibility so there is noneed for metal reinforcement
f) Loofah pores act as thousands of water tanks reducing
the temperature of bricks.
Lab work
 Experiments

To know thequality of brick following test can be

performed:
1. Compressive strength test:

2. Water absorption test:

 They check the quantity of water absorbed by the
bricks by measuring its mass after absorption of water.
 Bricks should not absorb water more than 12 %.The
bricks to be tested should oven at a temp of 105 to
115 degree celsius till it attains constant weight cool
the bricks to room temp. weight (w1) immerse
completely dried and weighed w1
brick in clean water for 24 hrs at a
temp 27+-20 degree celsius .
remove the bricks and wipe out
any traces of water and weigh
immediately.
 Water absorption in %by weight=
(W2-W1/W1)*100
The average of three bricks should
be taken. Our bricks absorb
09.114% of water only.
 SURVEY
Interaction with Mr. Vivek chouksey
We had a detailed discussion with Mr. Vivek chouksey,
contractor builder and owner of the company ‘Archana
Infrastructure' about green chemistry and its applications.
Through his deep knowledge and experience in the field
of construction , he provided an invaluable guidance to
our entire team and suggested multiple references.
He appreciated our choice of the topic and our efforts. He
was happy to know that we the younger generation are
concerned about our environment.
He suggested the addition of green chemistry as a unit in
chemical sciences and a brief introduction in high school.
He was particularly curious to know about myco bricks
and ashcrete as they
haven’t gained much
attention yet.
Also he claimed that
the world actually
needs a replacement for
conventional bricks and
he extended his deep concern about our city Indore as
being a smart city should use alternatives of
construction material which are eco-friendly.

Visits
Our team visited the smart city Indore head office ,
nehru park, Indore where we got the golden
opportunity to meet the team of engineers Mr.
Abhinav rai , Mr. Devesh Kothari and Mr. Lodhi and
through their deep knowledge and experience in the
field of development of building materials they
provided an invaluable guidance and suggested to
increase the amount of fibres used in our bricks to
strengthen it.
They found the idea of using green concrete and eco-

friendly bricks very interesting and innovative, Mr.

Lodhi also claimed that Indore actually needs a
replacement for conventional bricks to solve the
problem of excessive carbon dioxide emissions and
heating effect.

conclusion
Green buildings are the hallmark of economically sound
business decisions, thoughtful environmental decisions and
smart human impact decisions. We are making the concrete
of the future. We transform waste material into a better,
cheaper and sustainable alternative of cement which has
convinced many green builders.
 Bibliography
 https://precast.org/2010/05/using-fly-ash-in-
concrete/
 https://www.researchgate.net/journal/0008-
8846_Cement_and_Concrete_Research
 https://buildabroad.org/2016/09/27/ferrock/
 https://nationalhempassociation.org/some-
interesting-faces-about-hempcrete-as-a-building-
material/
 https://www-zmescience-
com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/
www.zmescience.com/science/living-bricks-
mushrooms-
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deepest gratitude to our

Principal Mr. UttamKumar Jhaandour
senior co-ordinator Mr. Umesh Singh
Rathorefor their invaluable guidance and
blessings and also for providing us with an
environment to complete our project
successfully.
We are deeply indebted to our teacher Mrs.
Jagmeet Kaur Chhabrafor her unwavering
support, both technically and morally during
the entire course of this project work.
We are grateful to the Indore Sahodaya
Schools Complex as well for giving us such
an opportunity to develop our skills.
We also thank all the teachersof our school
for their help in making this project a
successful one.
Finally, we take this opportunity to extend
our deep appreciation to our family and
friends, for all the motivation and inspiration
provided to us during the crucial times of
 AIM AND UTILITY

Smart cities are those who

manage their resources
efficiently along with focusing
on basic services like transport
water etc, it should protect
environment and increase
green cover and reduce carbon
emission.
“The fore-coming Smart City
Indore demands wonders from the present, no matter in
the field of technology, construction and environment.
When these go hand in hand, we could claim the city to be
better than the best.”
The fulfilment of the plan would require the construction
of huge infrastructure and buildings.in our project we
propose to create GREEN BULIDINGS.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

1.Using green chemistry to look for natural and viable
alternatives of cement.
2.To prepare green concrete from various industrial
wastes like fly ash, hemp fibres, steel dust etc.
 CHOITHRAM SCHOOL
NORTH CAMPUS

CERTIFICATE
SENIOR BAL VIGYAN 2019-20
(CHEMISTRY)

This is to certify that

KatyayaniChouksey, Ayushi Bansal, Kim Dhakad,
ReeneDahima of Choithram School North Campus
Have carried out genuine and innovative work
To investigate the subject matter and related data
collection
Based on the topic, ”GREEN CONCRETE”.

Uttam Kumar Jha

(PRINCIPAL)