kf7 !

j}1flgs cWoog - Scientific Study_

1. ;xL pQ/df lrGx nufpg'xf];\ .

s_ e]6]g/L k];f lj1fgsf] s'g\ zfvf;+u ;DalGwt 5 <
c_ ef}lts lj1fg cf_ hLj lj1fg O_ /;fog lj1fg O{_ e" lj1fg
v_ Johann Gregor Mendel s'g\ lj1fgsf] If]q;+u ;DalGwt 5g\<
c_ ef}lts lj1fg cf_ /;fog lj1fg O_ hLj lj1fg O{_ vuf]n lj1fg
u_ :s]nsf] k|of]u u/L gfKbf lnOg] Go'gtd gfk s'g\ xf] <
c_ ;]lG6ld6/ cf_ ldlnld6/ O_ 8]l;ld6/ O{_ ld6/
3_ 0.000024 c+snfO{ j}1flgs ;+s]tgdf s;/L n]lvG5<
c_ 2×10 -5 cf_ 24×10 -5 O_ 0.24×10 -6 O{_ 2.4×10 -5

ª_ Giga prefix sf] dfg slt x'G5 <

c_ 10 9 cf_ 10 10 O_ 10 11 O{_ 10 12

s_ hLj lj1fg v_ hLj lj1fg u_ ldlnld6/ 3_ 2.4×10 -5 ª_ 10 9

2. tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

s_ j}1flgs cWoog s;/L ul/G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
s'g} klg ljifoa:t'sf af/]df cjnf]sg u/]/, ;f] ljifoa:t' ;DalGw cfkm};+u k|Zg ;f]w]/, ;+efljt pQ/x?sf]
kl/sNkgf u/]/, tL kl/sNkgfnfO{ k|of]u ljlwaf6 k/LIf0f u/L cfPsf tYof+sx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L lgZsif{df
k'u]/ j}1flgs cWoog ul/G5 .
v_ lj1fgsf If]qx?sf] ;"lr agfpg'xf];\ .
lj1fgsf If]qx?sf] ;"lr
c_ ef}lts lj1fg cf_ hLj lj1fg O_ /;fog lj1fg O{_ e"lj1fg p_ vuf]n lj1fg pm_ e"lj1fg

u_ lj1fgsf If]qx?sf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ pbfx/0f ;lxt JofVof ug'{xf]; \ .

lj1fgsf If]qx? Ps;+u csf]{ cGt/;DalGwt eP/ a;]sf] x'G5 .
pbfx/0f M lj1fgsf] afof]s]d]l:6« hLj lj1fg / /;fog lj1fg;+u cGt/;DalGwt 5 .
lj1fgsf] s[lif If]q klg hLjlj1fg, e"lj1fg, /;fog lj1fg / cf}iflw lj1fg;+u cGt/;DalGwt 5 .
lj1fgsf] d]l8sn If]q hLj lj1fg, kmfd]{;L, /]l8of]nfhL, cN6«f;fp08 / dfOs|f]jfof]nf]hL;+u ;DalGwt 5 .
3_ j}1flgs k4ltdf k|of]usf] s:tf] dxTj x'G5< pbfx/0f ;lxt JofVof ug'{xf]; \ .
j}1flgs k4ltdf k|of]usf] w]/} dxTj x'G5 . k|of]usf] ljlw ckgfP/ cfjZos tYof+sx? ;+sng ul/G5 .
pbfx/0f M Go'6gn] k[YjLlt/ v;]sf] :ofpnfO{ x]/]/ u'?Tjcfsif{0f ;DalGw l;4fGt tof/ kfg{, slxn] 9'+uf v:5
ls v:b}g<, sf7 v:5 ls v:b}g< eg]/ ljleGg k|of]u ug{ cfjZos k5{ . ;a}sf] k|of]uaf6 dfq ;a} a:t'x?
k[YjLlt/ v:g] k|of]usf] p2]Zo k|flKt x'G5 .
ª_ lj1fgsf] k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;'/Iffsf pkfox?sf] ;"lr agfpg'; \ .
lj1fgsf] k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;'/Iffsf pkfox?sf] ;"lr
c_ lzIfssf] pkl:yltdf dfq k|of]ufTds ls|ofsnfk ug'{k5{ .
cf_ k|of]uzfnfdf sfd ubf{ ;'/Iffsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
O_ l;;fsf pks/0f v:bf km'6\g] ePsfn] ;fjwfgL k"j{s rnfpg'k5{ .
O{_ /;folgs kbfy{ k|of]u ubf{ ;fjwfg x'g'k5{ .
p_ /;folgs kbfy{ rfVg' x'Fb}g .
pm_ s8f cDnn] xft kf]Ng] ePsfn] hyfefjL rnfpg' x'Fb}g .
r_ j}1flgs ;+s]tgsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ .
j}1flgs kl/df0fx?sf] dfkg w]/} ;fgf] jf w]/} 7'nf] x'G5 . tL c+sx?nfO{ 10 sf] 3ftfÍsf ?kdf n]lvg]
k4ltnfO{ j}1flgs ;+s]tg elgG5 .
5_ j}1flgs ;+s]tg JoSt ubf{ s'g\ s'g\ s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{, n]Vg'xf];\ .
j}1flgs ;+s]tg JoSt ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? M
c_ cfwf/ hlxn] klg 10 x'G5 .
cf_ bzdnj ljGb' ;'Go afx]s c? c+ssf] klxnf] / bf];|f] c+ssf] aLrdf /fVg'k5{ .
O_ 3ftfÍdf ePsf] æ±Æ jf æ—ÆÆ /fd|/L n]Vg'k5{ t/ lh/f] n]Vg'kb{}g .
O{_ 10 eGbf 7'nf c+sdf bzdna bfofFaf6 afofF ;5{ / 3ftfÍ wgfTds x'G5 .
6850000000000 = 6.85 × 1012
p_ 1 eGbf ;fgf c+sdf bzdna afofFaf6 bfofF ;5{ / 3ftfÍ C0ffTds x'G5 .
0.0000000000923 = 9.23 × 10-11
h_ d]l6«s pk;u{ lsg cfjZos 5< pbfx/0f ;lxt JofVof ug'{xf]; \ .
;fgf tyf 7'nf ef}lts kl/df0fx? gfKgsf nflu d]l6«s pk;u{ cfjZos 5 .
pbfx/0f M xfdLn] sfkLsf] nDafO gfKg ;]lG6 d]l6«s pk;u{sf] k|of]u u5f}{ eg] af6f]sf] nDafO{ gfKg lsnf] d]l6«s
pk;u{sf] k|of]u u5f}{ .
em_ Go'gtd gfk 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
ef}lts kl/df0f gfKg k|of]u ul/g] pks/0fn] gfKg ;Sg] ;aeGbf ;fgf] kl/df0fnfO{ Go'gtd gfk - Least
count_ elgG5 . xfdL k|of]u ug]{ :s]ndf Go'gtd gfk ldlnld6/ xf] . :6k jfrsf] Go'gtd\ gfk 0.01
;]s]G8 xf] .
`_ lbOPsf] ;+VofnfO{ a}1flgs ;+s]tgdf JoQm ug'{xf]; \ .
c_ 1230000 cf_ 0.00042 O_ 0.00000001 O{_ 300000000
c_ 1.23×106 cf_ 4.2×10 - 4 O_ 1×10 - 8 O{_ 3×108
 kf7 @
;hLjx?sf] juL{s/0f -Classification of Living Beings_

1. tn lbOPsf k|Zgx?sf] ;xL ljsNkdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpg'xf];\ .

s_ An'lu|g cNuL s'g\ hut\ cGtu{t kb{5 <
c_ df]g]/f cf_ k|f]l6:6f O_ kmGhfO{ O{_ KnfG6L
v_ s'g\ sf/0fn] o'lUngf c? hGt'eGbf km/s 5<
c_ xl/ts0f kfOg] x'gfn] cf_ Pssf]ifLo hLj x'gfn] O_ kfgLdf kfOg] x'gfn] O{_ c? hLjdf cfl>t x'gfn]
u_ Binomial system of Nomenclature sf k|jt{s sf] x'g\<
c_ Carolus Linnaeous cf_ R.H. Whitaker O_ Chatton O{_ Robert Koch
3_ sf]if definite nucleus gx'g] hLj s'g\ hut\df k5{ <
c_ df]g]/f cf_ k|f]l6:6f O_ kmGhfO{ O{_ KnfG6L
ª_ tn lbOPsf dWo] k|f]Sofl/of]l6s ;"Id hLjsf] pbfx/0f s'g \ xf] <
c_ chf]6f]AofS6/ cf_ o'lUngf O_ lo:6 O{_ cldaf
2. sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
s_ hLjx?sf] b'O{ hut\ k|0ffnL eGbf kfFr hut\ k|0ffnL a9L pko'Qm / j}1flgs 5 .
lsgeg] b'O{ hut\ k|0fnLdf ;hLjx?nfO{ KnfG6L / Plgd]lnof u/L b'O{ hut\df dfq ljefhg u/]sf] 5 eg] kfFr
hut\ k|0ffnLdf ;hLjx?nfO{ df]g]/f, k|f]l6:6f, kmGhfO, KnfG6L / Plgd]lnof u/L kfFr hut\df ljefhg u/]sf] 5.
kfFr hut\ k|0ffnLdf k|f]Sofl/cf]l6s / o'Sofl/cf]l6s hLjx?sf] af/]df klg k|i6 ?kdf 5'6 \6fOPsf] 5 .
v_ kmGhfO{ hut\ cGtu{t kg]{ hLjx?nfO{ :ofk|f]6k elgG5 .
lsgeg] kmGhfO{x?n] d/]/ s'lxPsf hLjx?af6 vfg]s'/f k|fKt u5{g\ .
u_ df]g]/f hut\df kg]{ hLjx?eGbf k|f]l6:6f cGtu{t kg]{ hLjx? a9L ljsl;t dflgG5g\ .
lsgeg] df]g]/f hLjx?df k|f]Sofl/cf]6 sf]I kfOG5 eg] k|f]l6:6f cGtu{t hLjx?df o'Sofl/of]6 sf]ifx? kfOG5 .
3. km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
s_ k|f]Sofl/of]6\; / o'Sofl/of]6\;
k|f]Sofl/of]6\; o'Sofl/of]6\;
! lglZrt Go'lSno; ljsf; gePsf] hLjnfO{ ! /fd|/L Go'lSno;sf] ljsf; ePsf] hLjnfO{
k|f]Sofl/of]6\; elgG5 . o'Sofl/of]6\; elgG5 .
@ pbfx/0fM df]g]/f hut\ . @ pbfx/0fM k|f]l6:6f hut\ .
v_ ;hLjx?sf] b'O{ hut\ k|0ffnL / kfFr hut\ k|0ffnL
b'O{ hut\ k|0ffnL kfFr hut\ k|0ffnL
! ;hLjx?nfO{ Plgd]lnof / KnfG6L u/]/ b'O{ hut\df ! ;hLjx?nfO{ df]g]/f, k|f]l6:6f, kmGhfO, Plgd]lnof
afl8Psf] juL{s/0f k|0fnLnfO{ b'O{ hut\ k|0ffnL / KnfG6L u/]/ kfFrj6f hut\df affl8Psf]
elgG5 . k|0ffnLnfO{ kfFr hut\ k|0ffnL elgG5 .
@ o; juL{s/0fdf k|f]Sofl/of]6 sf]if / o'Sofl/of]6 @ o; juL{s/0fdf k|f]Sofl/of]6 sf]if / o'Sofl/of]6
sf]ifsf af/]df df}g 5 . sf]ifsf cfwf/df ;d]t juL{s/0f ePsf] 5 .

u_ df]g]/f / k|f]l6:6f
df]g]/f k|f]l6:6f
! k|f]Sofl/of]6 ;"Id hLjx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ df]g]/f ! o'Sofl/of]6 hLjx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ k|f]l6:6f elgG5 .
elgG5 .
@ pbfx/0fM cfls{AofS6]l/of, o'AofS6]l/of, @ pbfx/0fM cldaf, o'lUngf, Kof/fd]l;od .
;fOgf]Aofs6]l/of .

3_ k|f]l6:6f / kmGhfO{
k|f]l6:6f kmGhfO{
! o'Sofl/of]6 hLjx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ k|f]l6:6f elgG5 . ! xl/ts0f gePsf hLjnfO{ kmGhfO{ elgG5 .
@ pbfx/0fM cldaf, o'lUngf, Kof/fd]l;od . @ pbfx/0f M Rofp, lo:6, Do's/ cflb .

ª_ lo:6 / Rofp
lo:6 Rofp
! dfbs kbfy{ agfpg k|of]u ul/g] Ps k|sf/sf] ! kf]ifs kbfy{ ePsf] Ps k|sf/sf] kmGhfO{nfO{
kmGhfO{nfO{ lo:6 elgG5 . Rofp elgG5 .
@ lo:6 Ps sf]lifo kmGhfO{ xf] . @ Rofp jx'sf]lifo kmGhfO{ xf] .

r_ lhg; / :k]l;h
lhg; :k]l;h
! w]/} k|sf/sf u'0fx? ;dfg ePsf hLjx?sf] ! Ps cfk;df k|hgg ug{ ;lsg] hLjx?sf]
;d"xnfO{ lhg; elgG5 . ;d'xnfO{ :k]l;h elgG5 .
@ pbfx/0fM Pp6} lhg; Soflg;df s's'/, :ofn, @ pbfx/0f M dflg;sf] :k]l;h ;]lkoG; xf] eg]
Ajf;f] kb{5g\ . tf]/Lsf] :k]l;h s]Dk]l:6«; xf] .

5_ hut\ / kmfOnd
hut\ kmfOnd
! w]/} 7'nf ;hLjx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ hut\ elgG5 . ! hut\nfO{ cem} ;fgf] ;d'xdf afFl8Psf] 5, To;
;d'xnfO{ kmfOnd elgG5 .
@ pbfx/0fM df]g]/f, k|f]l6:6f, kmGhfO{, KnfG6L, @ pbfx/0f M kf]l/km]/f, s8f{6f, Plgln8f,
Plgd]lnof . OsfOgf]8df{6f.
 h_ Rofp / AofS6]l/of
Rofp AofS6]l/of
! kf}li6s tTj ePsf] Ps k|sf/sf] kmGhfO{nfO{ Rofp ! df]g]/f cGt/ut kg]{ k|f]Sofl/of]l6s sf]if ePsf
elgG5 . hLjnfO{ AofS6]l/of elgG5 .
@ pbfx/0fM uf]a|] Rofp, sGo] Rofp . @ pbfx/0f M cfls{AofS6]l/of, o'AofS6]l/of,
;fOgf]Aofs6]l/of .

4. tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

s_ b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] <
;hLjx?sf] gfdfs/0f ubf{ Pp6f kb lhg; / csf]{ kb :k]l;hn] gfdfs/0f ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f
k|0ffnL elgG5 .
v_ dflg;, s]/fp, tf]/L / lrt'jfsf] j}1flgs gfd s] xf] <
dflg; M Homo sapiens - xf]df] ;]lkoGh_
s]/fp M Pisum sativum - kfO;d :ofl6ed_
tf]/L M Brassica campestris - a|fl;sf sDk]l:6«; _
lrt'jf M Panthara tigris - Kofgy/f 6fOlu|; _
u_ lhg; / :k]l;h eg]sf s] x'g\ < :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
lhg; M w]/} k|sf/sf u'0fx? ;dfg ePsf hLjx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ lhg; elgG5 .
pbfx/0fM Pp6} lhg; Soflg;df s's'/, :ofn, Ajf;f] kb{5g\ .
:k]l;h M Ps cfk;df k|hgg ug{ ;lsg] hLjx?sf] ;d'xnfO{ :k]l;h elgG5 .
pbfx/0f M dflg;sf] :k]l;h ;]lkoG; xf] eg] tf]/Lsf] :k]l;h s]Dk]l:6«; xf] .
3_ kfFr hut\ k|0ffnLsf] juL{s/0f rf6{ agfO{ k|To]ssf b'O{ b'O{ pbfx/0f lbg'xf]; \ .
hut\ df]g]/f M cfls{AofS6]l/of, o'AofS6]l/of .
hut\ k|f]l6:6f M cldjf, o'lUngf .
hut\ kmGhfO{ M Rofp, lo:6 .
hut\ KnfG6L M tf]/L, s]/fp .
hut\ Plgd]lnof M dlg; , af3 .
ª_ df]g]/f hut\sf ljz]iftfx? pbfx/0f ;lxt k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
df]g]/f hut\sf ljz]iftfx? M
 logLx?sf] sf]ifdf Go'lSno;sf] ;§f DNA dfq x'G5 .
 logLx? k|f]Sofl/of]l6s z'Id hLjx? x'g\ .
pbfx/0fM xfOk/yd{;, /fOhf]ljod, g:6s, Pgfljgf, Phf]6f]AofS6/, An''lu|g cNuL .
r_ k|f]l6:6f hut\sf ljz]iftfx? pbfx/0f ;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
k|f]l6:6f hut\sf ljz]iftfx? M
 logLx?sf] sf]ifdf Go'lSno; x'G5 .
 logLx? k|f]Sofl/of]l6s z'Id Ps sf]ifLohLjx? x'g\ .
pbfx/0fM cldaf, o'lUngf, kf/fd]l;od .
5_ kmGhfO{ hut\sf ljz]iftfx? pbfx/0f ;lxt k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
kmGhfO{ hut\sf ljz]iftfx? M
 logLx?sf] sf]if xl/ts0f x'Fb}g .
 logLx? k|foh;f] d/]sf tyf ;8]un]sf a:t'x?df pd|G5g\ .
pbfx/0fM Rofp, Do's/, lo:6 .
h_ lbOPsf hLjx?sf hut\sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
Eofs'/, cldaf, o'lUngf, kf/fd]l;od, KnfHdf]l8od, An'lu|g PNuL, Phf]6f]AofS6/, Rofp, Do's/ .
Eofs'/ M KnfG6L , cldafM k|f]l6:6f, o'lUngf M k|f]l6:6f, kf/fd]l;odM k|f]l6:6f, KnfHdf]l8od M k|f]l6:6f,
Ao'lu|g cNuL M df]g]/f, Phf]6f]AofS6/ M df]g]/f , RofpM kmGhfO{, Do's/ M kmGhfO{{ .

em_ hLjx?sf] juL{s/0fsf ljleGg txx? larsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k|i6 kfg'{xf]; \ .

hLax?nfO{ u'0fsf cfwf/df Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus /

Species u/L ljleGg txdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

dflg;sf] juL{s/0f ubf{,

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class : Mammalia
Order : Primates
Family: Hominidie
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens

Plgd]lnof eGbf ;Dk"0f{ hgfj/x? kb{5g\ .

s8f{6f eGbf 9f8 ePsf hgfj/ dfq kb{5g\ .
Dofd]lnof eGbf :tgwf/L dfq kb{5g\ .
 k|fOd]6; eGbf afFb/, uf]l/Nnf, n]d;{, luaG; / dflg; dfq kb{5g\ .
xf]ldg]8L eGbf lrDkfGhL, dflg;, cf]/fªuf]6fg\ / uf]l/Nnf kb{5g\ .
xf]df] eGbf dflg; dfq kb{5 .
o;/L dflyNnf] txn] w]/} hLjx?nfO{ ;d]6\5 eg] tNnf] txn] s'g} Pp6f k|hflt dfq ;d]6\g] ub{5 .

`_ lbOPsf] lrq cWoog ug'{xf];\ / oL ;hLjx? s'g\ s'g\ hut\df kb{5g\ ,5'6\ofpg'xf];\ . k|To]ssf tLgcf]6f
ljz]iftf klg n]Vg'xf];\ .

gfd M Do's/
hut\ M kmGhfO{
ljz]iftfx? M
 logLx?df xl/ts0f kfOFb}g .
 logLx? d/]/ s'lxPsf] hLjdf pd|G5g\ .
 logLx?n] cfkm\gf] vfgf cfkm} agfpg ;Sb}gg\ .

gfd M g:6s
hut\ M df]g]/f
ljz]iftfx? M
 logLx?df k|f]Sofl/of]l6s sf]if kfOG5 .
 logLx?df Go'lSno;sf] ;§f DNA x'G5 .
 logLx?df xl/ts0f klg x'G5 .

gfd M kf/fd]l;od
hut\ M k|f]l6:6f
ljz]iftfx? M
 logLx?df o'Sofl/of]6\; sf]if kfOG5 .
 logLx?df Go'lSno; ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 .
 logLx? Pssf]ifLo hLj x'g\ .
 kf7 #
Rofp -Mushroom_

1. tn lbOPsf k|Zgx?sf] ;xL pQ/df l7s lrGx - √_ nufpg'xf];\ .

s_ RofpnfO{ d[tf]klhjL - saprophytic _ hLj elgg'sf] sf/0f s'g\ xf]<

c_ o;n] cfkm\gf] vfgf cfkm} agfpg ;Sb}gF .
cf_ o;n] ;8] un]sf s'lxPsf j:t'af6 vfgf k|fKt u5{ . O_ cfkm\gf] vfgfsf] nflu c?df e/ k5{ .
O{_ hLjsf] zl//af6 vfgf ;f];]/ lnG5 .
v_ Rofpdf kfpg] d'Vo tTjx? s] s] x'g\ <
c_ vgLh, le6fldg, k|f]l6g cf_ ;f]l8od, sfjf]{xfO8]«6 / k|f]l6g
O_ Pldgf Pl;8, le6fldg / k|f]l6g O{_ SoflN;od, lrNnf] kbfy{ / vlgh
u_ s'g\ Rofpaf6 Sofg;/ /f]usf pkrf/sf nflu cf}iflw agfOG5 <
c_ /ftf] Rofp cf_ 8Nn] Rofp O_ sGg] Rofp O{_ uf]a|] Rofp
3_ xfOd]lgoddf ePsf] :6]/fOn sf]ifnfO{ s] elgG5 <
c_ a]l;l8od cf_ 6«fdf O_ kf/fkmfOl;; O{_ xfOkmf
ª_ a]l;l8of]:kf]/ sxfF aG5 <
c_ xfOd]lgod cf_ ;a xfOd]lgod O_ 6«fdf O{_ kf/fkmfOl;;
s_ o;n] ;8] un]sf s'lxPsf j:t'af6 vfgf k|fKt u5{ . v_ vgLh, le6fldg, k|f]l6g u_ /ftf] Rofp
3_ kf/fkmfOl;; ª_ kf/fkmfOl;;
2. sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
s_ RofpnfO{ d[tf]khLjL elgG5 .
lsgeg] Rofpx? d/]/ s'lxPsf a:t'x?df pd|G5 .
v_ dflg;sf nflu Rofp kmfObfhgs / xflgsf/s b'a} x'G5g\ .
lsgeg] s'g} s'g} Rofpx?n] dflg;sf nflu rflxg] kf]ifs tTj lbg] u5{g eg] s'g} s'g} Rofp ljiffn' eP/
dflg; dg{ klg ;S5 .
u_ pRr /Strfk , dw'd]x, d'6' /f]u ePsf dflg;nfO{ Rofp ;]jjgdf k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 .
lsgeg] Rofpn] tL /f]ux?;+u k|lt/f]w ug]{ Ifdtf k|bfg u5{ .
3_ h+unL Rofp k|of]u ug{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' k5{ .
lsgeg] h+unL Rofp ljiffn' klg x'g ;S5 .
3. km/s 56\ofpg'xf];\ .
s_ vfg] Rofp / ljiffn' Rofp
vfg] Rofp ljiffn' Rofp
! kf}li6s tTj ePsf] vfg x'g] RofpnfO{ vfg] Rofp ! ljiffn' kbfy{ ePsf] vfg g'g] RofpnfO{ ljiffn'
elgG5 . Rofp elgG5 .
@ pbfx/0fM uf]a|] Rofp, sGo] Rofp. @ pbfx/0fM h+unL Rofp, Amanita virosa .
v_ k|fylds / låtLo dfO;]lnod
k|fylds dfO;]lnod låtLo dfO;]lnod
! a]l;l8of]:kf]/sf] c+s'/g eP/ k|fylds dfO;]lnod ! k|fylds dfo;]lnod Kn; :6«]g / dfOg; :6]«gsf]
aG5 . ;dfudaf6 ag]sf] dfO;]lnodnfO{ låtLo
dfOl;lnod elgG5 .
@ k|fylds dfO;]lnod b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . Kn; @ of] 8foSofl/of]l6s dfO;]lnod xf] .
:6«]g k|fylds dfO;]lnod / dfOg; :6«]g k|fylds
dfO;]lnod .
u_ kf/fkmfOl;; / a]l;l8od
kf/kmfOl;; a]l;l8od
! xfOd]lgodsf :6]/fOn sf]ifnfO{ kf/fkmfOl;; ! xfOd]lgodsf km6f{On sf]ifnfO{ a]l;l8od elgG5.
elgG5 .
@ kf/fkmfOl;;df Go'lSno; kfOb}g . @ a]l;l8oddf b'O{j6f XofKnf]O8 Go'lSno; x'G5 .
# kf/fkmfOl;;n] :kf]/sf] ljsf; ub}{g. # a]l;l8odn] a]l;l8of]:kf]/sf] ljsf; u5{ .

4. tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

s_ Rofpdf kfpg] kf}li6s tTjx?sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
Rofpdf kfpg] kf}li6s tTjx?df k|f]l6g, le6fldg, kmfOj/ tyf vgLh kbfy{x? x'g\ .
v_ Rofpsf] cf}ifwLo dxTjsf] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
Rofpsf] lgoldt ;]jgn] dw'd]x, pRr /Qmrfk, Sofg;/ nufotsf y'k|} /f]uk|lt/f]w Ifdtf ljsf; x'G5 . /ftf]
Rofpsf] k|of]u u/]/ bd, dw'd]x, Sofg;/, kfON;, / 3fF6L ;DalGw /f]ux?sf] cf}iflw lgdf{0f ul/G5 .
u_ dfgj :jf:Yo tyf cfocfh{gsf nflu Rofp dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5, ts{ ;lxt n]Vg'xf]; \ .
dfgj :jf:Yo tyf cfocfh{gsf nflu Rofp dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 lsgeg] Rofpn] dw'd]x, pRr /Qmrfk,
SofG;/sf /f]uLnfO{ kmfObf u5{ eg] o;sf] pTkfbg u/]/ cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 .
3_ ;fwf/0f k|ljlwaf6 3/d} Rofpsf] v]tL s;/L ul/G5< 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'xf];\ .
Rofp v]tLsf] tl/sf
/fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] k/fnnfO{ 1 b]lv 2 OGr ;Ddsf] ;fOhdf sf6]/ dl;gf] 6'qmf agfpg] .
o;nfO{ sl/j 15 b]lv 20 ldg]6;Dd pdfNg] / Pslbg ;Dd ;'Vfvf agfpg /fVg] .
;'Vvf agfPsf] k/fnsf] 6'qmfnfO{ Knfli6ssf] y}nLdf tx tx agfP/ /fVg] / x/]s txdf Rofpsf] aLp 5g]{ .
Knfl:6ssf] y}nLdf 10-12 j6f Kjfn kfg]{ / cFWof/f] sf]7fdf xKtf lbg /fVg] .
Knfli6s leq dl;gf] e'jfh:tf] ;]tf] a:t'n] 9fs]sf] x'G5 . o;df cfjZostf cg';f/ kfgL 5s{g] .
sl/j 10 lbgkl5 Rofp pd|]sf] b]lvG5, o;j]nf Knfli6s sf6]/ lgsfNg'k5{ / 17 lbgkl5 Rofp pd|g yfN5 .
ª_ RofphGo pTkfbgsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
RofphGo pTkfbgsf] ;"lr M ;'k, ksf}8f, cDn]6, :ofG8ljr, s/L, s]rk, r6gL, crf/ .
r_ Rofpsf] ;'s'6L agfpg] ljlw j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
Rofpsf] ;'s'6L agfpg] tl/sf
s_ /;fog k|of]u u/L ;'sfpg]
RofpnfO{ 1% kf]6fl;od afO;NkmfO8, 0.2% ;fOl6«s Pl;8 , 6% lrgL, 3% g'gsf] 3f]ndf 16 306f
lehfP/ 60 b]lv 62 l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmddf /flv 8 306f ;'sfpFbf u'0f:t/Lo ;'s'6L aG5 .
v_ 3fddf ;'sfpg]
sGo] RofpnfO{ 25 l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmd ePsf] 3fddf jf oflGqs tj/n] 40 b]lv 45 l8u|L ;]lN;o;
tfkqmddf ;'sfpg'k5{ .

5_ laiffn' Rofpsf ljz]iftfx? s] s] x'g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .

ljiffn' Rofpsf ljz]iftfx?
 /ftf] sf08 jf kfOn; ePsf] Rofp
 ls/f gnfu]sf] lrNnf Rofp
 xNsf v]/f] /+usf] Rofp
 Rofpsf] kfOn; lyRbf kx]nf] /+u cfpg] Rofp
 ;]tf] luN; ePsf] Rofp

h_ Rofpsf] lrq agfO{ ljleGg efux?sf] gfdfs/0f ug'{xf];\ .

em_ Rofpsf] hLjgrs| lrq;lxt j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .

Rofpsf] kfOn;sf] leqL efudf kftnf] sfuh h:tf]
KNf]6 cfsf/sf] agf]6 x'G5 h:fnfO{ luN; elgG5 .
jo:s Rofpsf] luN;df 6«fdf, ;a xfOd]lgod /
xfOd]lgod u/L tLg tx x'G5g\ . ;a}eGbf aflx/L
txnfO{ xfOd]lgod elgG5 . o; txdf a]l;l8od /
kf/fkmfOl;;\ u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf sf]ifx¿ x'G5g\ .
kf/fkmfOl;;\ :6]/fOn -Sterile_ x'G5 . a]l;l8oddf
Pp6f wgfTds :6«]g -plus strain_ / Pp6f
C0ffTds :6«]g (minus strain) u/L b'O{cf]6f
XofKnf]O8 Go'lSno; x'G5g\ . tL XofKnf]O8
Go'lSno;x¿ ;+of]hg eP/ Pp6f l8Knf]O8 Go'lSno;
aG5 . pSt Go'lSno; ldcf]l;; ljefhg eO{ rf/cf]6f
XofKnf]O8 Go'lSno;x¿ aGb5g\ . h;dWo] b'O{cf]6f
wgfTds :6]«g / b'O{cf]6f C0ffTds :6]«g x'G5g\ .
To;kl5 a]l;l8odsf 6'Kkfdf rf/cf]6f cfF}nfh:tf agf]6x¿sf] ljsf; x'G5 . oL agf]6nfO{ :6]l/Udf6f elgG5 .
To;kl5 k|To]s :6]l/Udf km'n]/ cfpF5 / x/]sdf Ps Pscf]6f XofKnf]O8 Go'lSno; hfG5 . o;/L k|To]saf6 Ps
Pscf]6f a]l;l8of]:kf]/ aG5 . a]l;l8of]:kf]/dWo] b'O{cf]6f wgfTds :6]«g / b'O{cf]6f C0ffTds :6]«g x'G5g\ .
a]l;l8of]:kf]/ kl/kSj ePkl5 :6]l/Udf6faf6 5'6\l6G5 . x/]s :kf]/ cg's"n cj:yfdf cª\s'/0f eP/ k|fylds
dfO;]lnod aG5 . k|To]s k|fylds dfO;]lnodsf] sf]ifdf Pp6f Go'lSno; x'G5 . leGbfleGb} :6]«g sf k|fylds
dfO;]lnodsf] ;dfudaf6 låtLo dfO;] lnod aG5, h;df b'j}
:6]«gaf6 cfPsf b'Ocf]6} Go'lSno; x'G5g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ 8fOSofl/of]l6s dfO;]lnod elgG5 . låtLo
dfO;]lnoddf cg's"n tfkj|md / cfb|tf ePkl5 Rofp pd|G5 . ;'?df ;fgf ;fgf uf]nf] cfsf/sf] Rofp aG5 .
kl/kSj ePkl5 v'n]/ 5ftf cfsf/sf] aG5 . Rofpsf] kfOn; d'lglt/ kfOg] xfOd]lgod kqsf] ;txdf w]/}
;ª\Vofdf jLhf0f'x¿ pTkfbg x'G5g\ . tL jLhf0f' kl/kSj ePkl5 xfjfsf dfWodaf6 otfplt 5l/G5g\ . cg's"n
xfjf, kfgL, tfkj|md / h}ljs kbfy{ ePkl5 k|To]s jLhf0f'af6 Rofpsf] dfO;]lnod pd|G5g\ . o;/L Rofpsf]
hLjgrj|m k"/f x'G5 .

`_ lrq cjnf]sg u/L ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

c_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf efusf] gfd n]vL k|To]ssf] Ps Pscf]6f sfd n]Vg'xf]; \ .
s_ kfOn; v_ luN; u_ 8fF7 3_ xfOkmL
cf_ aLhf0f' s'g\ efudf x'G5<
aLhf0f' luN;df x'G5 .
O_ lbOPsf] efunfO{ Fruiting body / Mycellium df 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
Fruiting body M kfOn;, luN;, 8fF7
Mycellum M xfOkmL
6_ lrqdf luN;sf] ;]S;g b]vfOPsf] 5 . lrqsf] cfwf/df lgDglnlvt
k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
c_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf efusf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
s_ a]l;l8od v_ kf/fkmfOl;; u_ xfOd]lgod 3_ ;a xfod]lgod
cf_ s / v lar s] km/s 5<
s_ a]l;l8od xfOd]lgodsf] km6f{On efu xf], o;n] a]l;l8of]:kf]/
pTkfbg u5{ eg] v_ kf/fkmfOl;; xf] h'g xfOd]lgodsf] :6]/fOn efu
xf] .
O_ Basidiospore s;/L pTkfbg x'G5, j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
a]l;l8oddf Pp6f wgfTds :6«]g / Pp6f C0ffTds :6«]g u/L b'O{cf]6f
XofKnf]O8 Go'lSno; x'G5g\ . tL XofKnf]O8 Go'lSno;x¿ ;+of]hg eP/ Pp6f l8Knf]O8 Go'lSno; aG5 . pSt
Go'lSno; ldcf]l;; ljefhg eO{ rf/cf]6f XofKnf]O8 Go'lSno;x¿ aGb5g\ . h;dWo] b'O{cf]6f wgfTds :6]«g /
b'O{cf]6f C0ffTds :6]«g x'G5g\ . To;kl5 a]l;l8odsf 6'Kkfdf rf/cf]6f cfF}nfh:tf agf]6x¿sf] ljsf; x'G5 . oL
agf]6nfO{ :6]l/Udf6f elgG5 . To;kl5 k|To]s :6]l/Udf km'n]/ cfpF5 / x/]sdf Ps Pscf]6f XofKnf]O8 Go'lSno;
hfG5 . o;/L k|To]saf6 Ps Pscf]6f a]l;l8of]:kf]/ aG5 . a]l;l8of]:kf]/dWo] b'O{cf]6f wgfTds :6]«g / b'O{cf]6f
C0ffTds :6]«g x'G5g\ . a]l;l8of]:kf]/ kl/kSj ePkl5 :6]l/Udf6faf6 5'6\l6G5 .