| 2. [Electrostatic Potential % Capacitance Introcluction _:- . . —————— The eleehastoHe poterHol of a chargecl hooky cererds the clegrea of elect itocHon of he body, Tt oletermmes the direction of flows of Cherage behween taro Chaagesl boclies platecl ivr" Gontaet 1 each other: 1 The charge alwou ous from a bedy at ba polential do another af Lower potentio$. Tra flow oh charge stops aS dom as the potentials of the foctieds “become equal Electrostatic Potential Energy Let us angi an electte fell E od to 4 Chenge +Q placeal ot he ot in. «Ff “ hot al fest +E be brought from @ point Abe point & ogtihat the repulsi ree on ib clue to Change +Q.- A (rast ehikge Q _ est charge) @ We assume that the external force Feet applied og gust Suficierd +o comter the repulsive. alechic fore Fron the’ dust charge 4 30 the net force on test change 4 4s Zero ome At moves from A to B without any eceleration. Noto the work clone by extanal fore Js negodive 2 work clone by the clechid force amd ts josh tn the e FY in he form of it poterd energy. Work cone by exteanal force in moving the Aart change +4 A to B ws -This usntk olone against electostedic force gets Stored ays potent ennrgyy. AU Hence electrastotic olential enryy Wiohince between tun peinte 6 omd afk i ob ual to “the minimum took dona by an external rea iy moving a test charge Jato B without Wee luen 4 4 frm A Note :- The work olone by an elechastoadic Held in moving 4 ven efor £ point tv another clependsVorly m the positions of tata amd tinal paints Tt eee not oipend on the chosen in goin ome pet to rn other: P i ier * For a change. distmbution of finite extent, we choose evo electrostatic pelmtal enersy oat infinity Trane pore , cohen point A is at inginity we qt: Hence the elechostedic botential ¥ of a charge q ot a point in an electric field clue to ¥ ang’ charge Confiqunation os equal go the work olone bY the” ex foree im bri ng the charge 4 from ingfinvty, to that peint witho any acceleration.Electrostatic Potential Tre electric potential clifpterenie behween duro points B and A in an elechic fide ta equot to the amount of work done jn Con yng unit, positive teat Chaagqe. te Ab B without Yactlelerocion along any. pathy between the duro points. Th Va and Va ore the elechastotic Potentials at A omcl B& reapectvely then Us-Us = Waa = Va-Va = AV q ¢ ’ We com adifine cleehic potential ot any pobrt by choosing He potenHal to be tesn ot infinity. Se lowe take pont A at infinity than. Va = lee ® The alechostedic potential is @ stalon quardity. Tts sz unit 48 volt: 4 Volt ‘- she elechostadic poterdial clntersnes bebweun dwn peints In an clechrosteHle oy eS do be od yait whey LTube work ds clone in moving o ‘ Coulomb nt 4 RS an Sage! eh. eee BR fore BF he Pets iv =i = tac! = 1 n_mc! cwe", Whar 2b WOK clond In moving Qa 26MC pom e Comms A do Commer ~R of 4 sgiore ABCD hin 2 lo Me choage exist ot Cordre o Hhe square. Sol AS hae | van = Vo So the. work olone - W= 4(Voa-Va) W = Zerd Electrostatic Potential clue to a Peint Cha Suppose we. have to Colcwlode electrostadie Potential Bye ad any point P due + @ tea Single! point charge +1 at 0. BY? ee OP = yd , , ot foe pe By olefinitien elechostatic potentdd ct Fp is the omount or Oh work lone in C ing a 44 Y uwlt podrhive charge. i ¥ co to Pe 6. “LO At Some intermiciote point A on Hus path, where OA =X _ the alechostedic’ forte on umt positve charge db - 4 ol ) = = = OA F=%E Ee = Fae ( ong Now Small amount of work alone In movin nit a u pede charge from A to B whine AG od Sa dw = Bedt = Edu Coslge = -Edx2. Total ork clone jn movin poritive un) + change trom co to the pat Pda - ¥ T we feeds = [rx eax op ATE, 3 r w= [eta = = Bek] ass 41 joo So We t- =] = at reas r o 4Rar So by definition the electrostatic potertial oct P dud to Uchange #4 Ua * when ,% Js positive, the elechostadic Potentiol | pa dey polifive on opel then q, de negestive , elechostedic. emfial ds nego * Electoost odie, Potential due 40 & single chose da Sphaieatly Sppametrig- = Electric Potential v and ElectHe Fiek) & Distance ——> Figs. Voriodt ElectostaRe Potential at amd Bere ad with 1G PlenaBD whot a ute, alehrarinie jPetprt at the 2 fr go? f nucleus 3: ameter 13:2 - ds 7! Sol- Hee Y= 13:2 = G6 ferm) or v= EXIM, emd B= Ne So Gs 7axkbx0'? So Ve _& = 3x10 x79 A p)s X10? aT ev 66 xIo7® Ve 7x10" Volt: mutt oh pond chenge number 6 cl es aes ab, Pe ee Aistontts % 5 Ya gz y0- Tm Tespectivel He point P, where olettric potential is to be calewloted, 2 potential ot P eluz to various Charges are. = = =! Vii Grey? “tt ane Vs = twa Vn tL I Is we and So o™ ha wee The yeauttomt potestiod at P is Vi= Vit Vit Vat eee Vn vei 1 + a4 Ia gee. In 4Tl €o vv" Yr ¥2 Yr ortube of sicle b hos a charge 4 ot encl Oa Weta, ‘Dalaamive, the poled) amd aleckt fo clue do thin charge array ot the canbe of the ‘Cire + f r saa, length of allagonal + go + of the Cube of each - NA sideb iS = “Jab ~ Distance betwean centre of Cube ond each vertex a 4 BoE abi, Hee & Charges each of todas 9 ane Present ot the & vertices Ct the Cube; ture tore tote] potentiol is VE Vitvote. Ve = | cg = 44 4M ey ba fneb , Further electric fidd at the contre due to all the exgd charg eS 4k zero, becawe the tele ole to inelividuotl Charges Cancel in pales’Electrostatic Potential at a point clus to an Electric Dipole ;- Let us take the origin at the contre of the olipole. Now we have to Caleulee electric potential at point P whee op = ¥ ond ZeaoP = 8. py? he T 97 BtL-- wor T Te" 4 I ve 7 Cv 7 a ms Bo - La oO 7 7 toy 14 in, bet the clistance of P from ol) je -Yat A be vy amd clistance of P gm Chonge +2 at B Ww Vz. Electrostatic potential ot P clue to -Y Gnd +4 charge is respectively Vi = AREY, and = Va = aa So the potentat ot P clue to the clipole Is - Vo= Vt Ve v= we +-+] + a) Now by geometry - Co9 = erty (fr 4 BoP y 2a oy yy = 74% — 27a CordCoa (180-8) = are 2 Stooionly (for triangle AoP) ov y= rteab+2ra cose Here we Moy write - 2 2 2 a 29_ CoAB yoe ye (tae ty ) Th a Positive. sign fer O=0 and naspetive sign for O= 2. v= t GI) Oa the equedorial Plane (@= 3; Coso= tos =0) vez 0 Se Electrostedic potential at any point im the equatorial plane of, clipole is zero. + the potertal olue to a olipole Ja axially symmetric about PB.Equipotential Surfaces That surtace at every point of which electric. poterdial is re Same is Ye hiee! anDenulpobentiadl Surface- No work i4 done on moving the teat chorge yon ome point tp the other on equipotentied surfaw- The equipotentiod Surface thraugh a point os normal to the elechic field at that point. * TA ipotentin| surface a single point change epee Spear? sschfocs Seciread ob the Charge. * Por a uni dectric Meld say clony x-axis , Pro Sa otentfal canfaces wd Planes “normal” so the x axis.Some equipotentiod Surfaces Oke shown | 1 Figures - (9) For o pomt chasse G) Far uniform eclectic field. (2 For an electric Upole. ld) For tuo telentico) Positive chargesRelation between Electri¢ Field and Electric Potential ;- Let Us Consider du eauipotettial Surtaaa A ond Spaces) closely at a parpe netic ak dustana i. Let -the potential be Va=V and poten ta of be Ve= Vecly Where dv ja deereare in potential in the alirech'on of electy'c. fidd © E normal te A and “B. A unit positive re (9=41) 44 taken along this perpenclicidar clisttan ce. tom the Surface B te the surtata A against the eletdrie fiud. So Work clone Waa = Far Wea = ~Eor (os F=aE) Wan = Va-Ve = VO (v-dv) =dy Hence. -Edr = dav ox E ov getive sign Shows that the olirecton o electric fe Is> im the Urection of lecrensing, potential. * The tule of edectHe field Gd given b Chant 2 in magritude of potential per uni alisplacemunt to the “equipotential wee od the point. he is calli potential gradi lz] = ~ Laut = = (Potential Gradient)‘Electrostatic Potential Energy of a System Of charges :- ElectrostoH 5 potential peint charges Pike, jot: wile bop woh a ng the vaious ch to... their b capecs iA Eeoging he infinitely ihe mudual ‘sepahadion- (i) For_a_ system of two point charges - Suppose ace je , Za held of a poird P, with positon vector in space: Another pont change 4 qn vd att in inite distance fom Gy; This ds te be @ postion Py with position vector Th: In _ bri ing tHe divst charge. 4, position Pr) ne Work us Ane, because all other crenges ane SII ad indinity , ancl there Ja ro fiel re = +4 bee Ww ry (at anf Now, Work done In | caging change Yi fem % t W2= [Potential due to 9] 442. +% - & +9. Whe sot Pain), ratra) Total usore done w= Ww) + Wh Ci) Fer a system of WN point charges - Ty ws equal do the total amount o work, clone in assembling all the Charges act the giveh petitions fem infinity .In _betrgi the first charge. 4, to pedition Ptr) no work us di a . # a ' P m tre. Wr =o ‘when we bring Charge Ga fom in nity to PLOT) at a dist Yn fiom 2), work dene Sr * iis We = [Potential due to 4] 4 42 We = 142 4Tl & Yio qs Yas Ys ‘ ve a] In bringing 4a fom, © t Py CYS), work has to be done agaitut® electostedic fores clu to beth ond Ya. t+ Ws 2 [Potential clue to % ond Ia] x 43 = —! (G1 4 Ga ns 411 Eo Ge * a) *4a w+ Electostatic potential energy of 4 Systen of three charges Us Wi+Waths = OF HW Lt (482 + Ant 4N@Yj2 4neé,4 13 Yaa Proce cling, In thig wary) We Com write elechostatic potential enagy of % system ek N point cher ges ot 1 Thee IN Oe All Pairs:Potential Energy of @ Single charge in an external Field :- Th vG) da external potential at emy pemb P of position vector ¥, then wok clone iv bringing a Chore a from infinity te the pomt Poin te extanal fidd is = 4 vity TRL work Is stored in the charged pantele in the form of its potential energy. “dy J+] Pelential energy of & charge 1 (U)= 4+ Cv) Potential Energy of a System of two Charges in an external Field ;- Suppose 9,ond 9, are two point charges ot position reson! x, ama Ts yeapectvely in a uniform externe| electric fied ze. Now usork cone in bringing choage 4, and Ip frm in inh ty to position TT and YL ae WwW, = ts VF) and | W2a= %-Vi%) While bringing Wa infint 4 ition Ye, Work hoa al 9 be ahr ondinat! the Brel due 40 4- This ab - Wa = _%i%> 41 & Tr Whene Yio Gd’ the clistence behween CF omd Aa: So Potential energy of Hu System = toted work clone VO) t4aVirs) + He ANG Nir(@) Deteamine the elechostate patente b two charges Tue and 4 c ee igotem Const ¢ Gn £ external aay? plated ot G9em,0,0) an C3um, 0,0) rrp jred to pepgrate he to (b) How much work reauy Changes infinitely away pom eoth other? (c) Seppo thal” the sawe Spt of changes is now plated "in an external field ES AxL” , white Az 9x10 9,2. Lshot wrid be the electrostatic ae energy of the centigees on? “@) Uz Ute = KIS xeanssyx9KI = 07 T 4TGoY 243) x17? => o77. =.Ua-U, = 0-U (&) Work requiresl (©) Th the electric field total Pre. = HER 4 av +aV) = [-A 2 A = f por =F qrm é= au 4 ve f-Ear “+ Total PE. = Bite 4 AY 4 AQ ANEoY n nm < _ . sort + 3x10 (7x10 8) + 3x18 (2x18 ) O08 08 => 493 S Total BE. = — on + Jo -Potential Ene of a clipole in an external Field :- Consider a olipele placest ‘im a uniform electric fielel E Here tre olipole experiences no net force bed experience a torque T given by - T = BE = PE Sino Which sill tend do votade it (Unless Pas parallel to ) Suppose an external torqua Tent i feat i Such ote oe that oe just neutralised eee Ms and yrotede the olipole from angle 2 to omgle without angular accelezotion: The amount of work one by the external torque will be given by - a 8, we J ta (a)db = [Pe Sin8 de , le, Tris Work }s stored as tha potential energy of the system- Tf we teke @ =7/2 there te potemtiol eng U us taken to be zaro- So Ul) =-PE (Cote, — CoAZ) Ue) =-Peces@ = —-P-EElectrostetics of Concluctors (1) Elechostatie field us zern inside a conductor. (2) At the surface of 0 Chargeal Conoluctor , electrostatic field must ber normal to thi sweface ab every point. Th E were not nevmol 4o the surface , A+ usould haye some. non-zarp Components alang the surface. Free eS on the Surface of, the Conductor tool then ex eo free, amd move. In the Stehe siuchon thonefore & should have no tongercdial Component. (3) Tene a no excess e od any point inside the concluctor than the Stedic sr ion , ond any exces charge rust reside cd the Surface. (4) Electrostatic. potential 4 constant throughoud He vebme of the Consluetor and had the same. valud as msicde on its surface. (5) Electric field ad the surdace of a Charges! Concluetor is B= © A | Herne v 43 unit vector noma] to He surface “ee and a Js Sudsace charge olinsity.Electrostatic Shielding oh poten Shelly / Seveeniny is the henomenon o} ectin: contean ee com endl F. electric. yield. vgn eb We Know thet the electne field tnsicle @ Cmduetor we Trurapfore +o protect culicadé Moser ata Oefenal elec:trit fields , we en clley bh ho Conductors. Such | hollow, sonelict luctors a Called Farecey Cages. Thuy ned not be carthe In cthundershe™ 4 an by LB \ ab ty see HER RSEED SESTT gr a yi So 0B in bay ae Le or under a tree-ett.. The Con wittollic bo oy bud provides aechostahe shidding jel Lightening. The fundomental fact us that electic field Inside a cavity is’zer, whatever be the size anol shape 9} the, Cc be the the Conductor ait {aed ei in “oti, ess pn ba placed. An exarthec| Concductoy AG Can also actas a sexeeh ainst the elechie field. tohen AB tds Moluced positive change iow to earth amel “the. “held in the vegies beyond 4G clisappeard, LED, EE GroundingNeon polar and Poley Dielectrics —bielectrics One, [nswlodin, moderns, which toramit olectric effects without adually Conduct ng Aechicity. Dielectrics arc of two @) Non polar Us) Polar (a) Non Polaw Dielectrics 1- The molecules in whith the contre itive Change Coindde vat the centre Oe aw ce non- polaa molecules. % ™y Such molecules ane sy mmetic in Shabe. Examples- O12, CO2r,CHy ete. Ho EX) cor (b) Polaa Dielectrics 5- Ip the iH A ive dl & do not cdneide gore ob Bot of the Fete he aagrm ic "Polak ob the molecules, thon thuse are ul mole Sr BiDielectric Polarization ake aril 2 non-polar, olieleetric Jd hal in an oy lectric fel the. Centre itive thaage ( psotona Mm frie, Held da pulled gb ee clicection of E and the Contre. ob ative charge Celectyons) is pullol in a olirecton apposite to E. Therefre the twp corded on positive. and negative changes im te molecule ore oneted. The molecule Slinttled "are is said to be prlanised. a E=0 E#o. @O@ Q2o9oe ® @®@ aoe Neon -Polan @@®0 Qe2eQ Molecules _ When no external field is abbliecl +o @ dlidectrie with polar molecules thin the cli}jfrent pemanent clipoles are oventes! yardomly olue to thermal ‘agitation, Se the total ciple moment {§ zerd- a) an external electric field is appbicel He individ pele moments tends “fo alin with the field. when summed oven. all the molecules ‘thine appears ome. nut cUpole moment In the direction of the external fielely tee. the dielechic is pelarisect. Exo _, Molecules , Thus in efther Code Whettr polar or non pelar @ oliekctic develops a net dipele moment in the Pramrce ° an extenal field te clipole moment per unit volume 1S cabled polarisation and sa cleneted by P.Electric. susce suscep - Tt is founel Hed the eleetic, pokulzodion P iu _clivectly proportioned eo the a electric tiele| CEDim a polanizes! elelectele POE * [pene] tohnre % is a Constant and is pronounud as "chi'. OX 3s Cablecl elechic susceptibility oh Hue Lelectic. @The electric suscaptiblity, Aircribes fhe elechicol behavior | Effective Elechic fad ina op & a dielechic: polarized olieleci He ts = © For vacuum | x © = Go-Ep G4 eloes the elechic pee trmde a delectic ae wed ne who vt 1s placesl in an external electric fell 2 SN then a dlelectte is plaetd in an external yield, the. fielel Causes polovisadi on off Hye chiclechte Inelueing a eld in the o posite clivection. Thus the rat electric feld inside the cliclectie decreases,Capacitors and Capacitance A Capacitor fs_@ system off two Conductors Separetes! by an insulator. “Lt iS am arman ement -for | storing, langle amounts of electric Charge od hence élechieal enagy nm & smal) Space. Principle of Capacitor |- Lets Gmsider an’ tnulodcol meted plate A. Let Some posifive Charge be given to this plate, Hill its potential ‘become maximum. A 8 A 8 +]+ -]+ +/+ = aft -]+ 4f4 0 - ale -|+ aft oo - +44 - [+ +)+ ~ 4h ft +yt +]4 —-|+ +14 0 = qromdet @) Cb) Now Consider another inudabeol metal plode & helo! near the. glede A. By Induction @ negedive charge is. produced om the nearer face & and ‘an equal poshve charge clevelops on the forther face oh B- ind enol Ds sored Hee Plot. B ty eanth- The induc OAIHVe Cc Ie. on bei Free wo Ato eoAth~ the Iodueeel ative chao ree) flo aor Stays on as it is bouvial to positive Charge on A- "Due to the Induceol negotive charge on &, potential of A is reaty reclutedl. Ths oo Lange- amount chaage can be given to A to vause oe +o the maximum potehal, Hence we conclude that the capacitance of on mauleted cencluctor is Incrtaseal Cofaiclernbl be boinging near ct an unchargeol earthed Coneluctor: This is the principle o} Cobecitor-Elechical Capacitance The ability of 4 conductor +o Store electric Charge ‘u Ccatld Blectrice) Capacitance Tf a Charge @ given to the Conductor yaises obs potential By Vo than at Js founel that Q«v or Q@= Cv whee cds a Conastomt collect alectco) Capacitance $I unit of Capacitance - Farad A conductor 4k sail to h a i ob L id lu Sal ave Capacity sal by” hen charge of 1 coulomb vases dts po 1 vol. Capacity of an Isclated Spherical Conductor Let a change +7 is given toa Sphere, As the sphere behaves as a te entire ¢ Je Coneanhrated at the contre, Ok the Sphere a Se fhe potential ‘ot omy paint on the surface ob the sp! Ube oY c= = So As Vv Le= aren | Capacity of earth :- . We com Calculate electrical Copan o}, earth, taking at 4d> be a conducting Sphere of racliut y= cyeo km: 4 2X0? Thus the Capacity ef earth us only 71 UF. Therefore Copadcante will be nov tn nano farad (nF) om picapaic Cpr). Fanad Shoe! eg a nofar ob Capacitance + C+ 4me@r = x 64x = 7H MFParailel Plate Capacitor A alle) plate. actor Consist of tur thin Conducting Fes ! Fadl eh oh aAnenr Ayala parallel they . Swtable dutoma d apart. Suna ce, ciosae to each The plates axe Aeparoted by an insulading mectium Uke alr , paper, Ymica, glass eke. lens When & e +Q is ivan Oe cs pkde L, then o charge - Q is induced on the neaker face of plode 2, surface change cenaity of plate L omol 2 Qe & Omd —-c- Im the region between dhe plates 1separateo| by oir J yacuum , electic field intensity da e- + eR If & ws the elechic field between Hu plates » thow “the potential cliteonce V betwen the plates dA - - J Vz EXd = za So the Capacity of poralel plate Capacitor us - c=2 > ¢=7%— Vv zaEffect of Dielectric on Capacitance When Hure 42 a vacuum between He phtes @ Capacity having the Chorge 2@ én its plates with change Taenaity to. then - P Now comider a cidlechic is Inserteol wbobwean the plates which fully occupying the intervening region. Dielectric > The Uelectde 4a polantses! by the field with surface o clenntes oP ae felons at “ne. aff 2. pa the fs Adeeb. 7 the net cuface aise entity on the plectes is +(-op So the rel electric field Insicle the didectic. a - E = o-op e and the potertial clifton behueen the plote is - Vz Ed = 2=Tryd Per Linear chieleeties , we expett op to be Proportional do Ey le. to o- Thus Co-op) Ws proportional to c and we can waite- c- op mK K> dielectic Constant fom Top =z and KolSo ve oe = Gd ~ Geek Ack So the Capaertance CC with olielectric betwean the pledes [is— = Qe Qi. 2 KEoA c= 4 ad d A€cK = KEeA Or c= a Here k == Ss Collec the cielechic Constant of the subst.” so that when dielectric is Introduced, He field behoeen the plotesr the Capacitor clecreases vk + Due to tohach V decreases by a factor of K- implies the the Capacitance increase” by K- Hpiclectic Constant of a mudium iu ines! ed the vyotio of the acitance of Has Capacitor eaith the clidecthic od Hu meclium “do ts capacitmce with vacuum belween ds plates.Capacitance of a Parallel plate Capacitor with Q diclectric Slob —- The ¢ at Peralle) plate Capacity plate. ana, Bond plate Dsepaeetion ot Pesith vheuurn or aly Inbetween Ga- ~ 0A d Ss 2 +Q are the charg He itor plotes coldch procuce a uniform eclectic. eld ec Th the eee between the plotes- Co . \ ++ + + 4 Dielechie 1 Tey Y 1 Slab When & clicleetric Slab of thickness t Ce * Hence on imboducing a clielechice slob inbehueen the pletes. of a Capacitor ,cts capacitance increnses. The two pletes of a parallel plote Copaciter are cass 4mm apart. A slab of olletectric Conatont 3 and wee" thickners 3mm Js Inbrducid betuven the plates with ats fas parolel do tham. The clutmee belween the . Zs So adjushed| thod the Capacitance of the capacitor become 2/3 of tks oAlginal lus: What Gs the now clitante “behoeen the plates? 3 Here clindance between aParalll plates ia d= umm . = Az 4x10"m. k= 3 , thickness 2 = 3mm = 3x10%m. C= G&A oma c= GA stg) wy —f&oA __ a,-+(1-L) 1 > 2 ay -t('-¢) 3d —t es 2 a, - axis? ( 1-4) 3x Ux? Bo d= & x10 3m. = 32mm.Combination of Capacitor Ci) Capacitors in Series Three Capacitors °. Cosptci tes Cin%a ond Ca are Connectes) ‘in serie. V potential Lrfperointe applied aevoss the Combinection. In series Combinotion each Capacitor vecaives the same Chorge of GQ. As thre copaciha ore cli +, So the. potential cifjerenas across the three copacrtors ve SZ, Vo >? @ , Vs = @ ' Ca ca eo Cs Gs the total Capacitance Oo}, Combinedion Han ve @ Cs As total potential drop v acimss the Combinadion is the sum of Ppoterctol cleeps V,,Va omd vag S0- Viz Vi 4Va 4 V4 i Capacitors Connectes| |n Series , total CapacitanceGi) Capacitors in Parallel _ Let Hirer Gapacitors cs > oo on Ca cre Conectecl iparemal gnaw be te feted tyr aes So the Changes on the Capacitors ill be QaiaVv » @rt= av omd Qs= Cav So the total charge on the Capacitors - Q= Qt QQ. +Qs Let Cp be the equivedlent capeutana im Poredtel thon CeV = Gv +aVr4+ C3v When vi Capacitors ang Connecteol im parilel then -Gi F3. Shows tiso iclenteal capacitors G,¢2 each ofr se LUF Capacitance connecter] dn a battery of 6V. Initially Suittch *5? 43 Closed. A: Beme. Hime *s? Gs open amd dielectric slab off oliclectic constant K=3 axe inserted co fill the space completely between the plecdes of Hie two capacitors. Hore cotll “Hhe- (i) Change ome a Potential liffewencs Beiuieer he the citors be 4 chains cect te tet op ed, ev + Aes tne CG. 2 LaF Sel when switch & is Closed beth ¢, ond Cr ane charged do 6v potential, Le. Vi 2 6V omd Ve 26V when s is open, c +s SHIl connectes| Jo badtery - \ : . on tnnodlucing slab of helechic constomt, K= 3 ch: Ke) = 3xixwS 2 3MF vi = Y= 6V @ = qui = satotxe = 1a xto%ec However, Ca is clistonnected from ry battery now, cohen sis Lit open. Bus to intoduchin of Bab, cy = KC, = 3AMF ~6 Q@ = Qo = Gave = Lklotxe = SX C “ vic Ge 2 oxir® 2 oy an 3xtoeEnergy Stored in Capacitor The. Stosecs] In & Cxpacitor 1s the Same as the work ne to builel up +he Ch je on the plates by external Source Cbottery). of Voltage - Let the two plates of the capacitor ase Initially uncharged - Now faee Change 4s transferveel| so ond plate “fn v amall instalments. of dy and equed opposite ch Ira dga incluees On the others plate. +2 eet Te At a Ivttermeclicct, stage 5 Suppose on one plate ia QZ and om OHA. ploue is 2 1 Potential clifjerence between the plates = = Smal) amound °h work clone in giving an additiona) change eq. to th Repactlor 3d = Bxdy Total work done im giving a Chorge Q to tha Cabatifor. “Jee + 2B T t 2 Ww ei This work is store} tn the form of polertial energy U. U= w =i 2Common Potential ’ then tus Capacitors changes) clijenend potentials ane, cenmeciee| im percdlel with their posite pl ak ent point amd ok ve. “plates aM omotiaA point bya an ag tes them holon tow efron fom rags Ep ee to the He ove ot lo poten The flow o} Charge Continuss ve ll their fs became equol, The. aqual potertial of the t+wD Capacitors Js Called Common potential. 4 Common Polertial = ZTetal choarge yo e St Va Total Copacaty atet (ii) When tre two Capacitors are Connecter! wrth te postive plate of one capacrtoy to the nagechive. plate of oth. tapautoy, “Hen Common Polexitial = Total charge vie aM — Va Total Capacity aVan De Gvaaff Geverator It ds a oli used to pa eat etenhoal clitferrne of the order o ral ony volts. nob otepaal oi unebs Are ureal to acceletecde. Chatgeo! particles L electrons , protons, tons ef. needeol fer Vorjous experiments Nuclear pleysic’ . Principle :- Ss h a Longe Spherical Conduct shell op recluse, on which w piake a. chonye ae Potential inside. conduchng Spherical Shell = Comstonct+ ~1_ 6 Ve ee Now Let we mboduee a sell sphere of yoolius Y, in Some change 4, into the large one, omd place ud ot the Cenhe. Now the potential due te Smal! sphere. ofp yadius Carrying bo Chorge @ can given on- OF Suny spon = 1 eface of small sp ame ¥ at shell i >it kuge ok rosuus R ane & Taking both cherges 1 omd @ indo accourc have ‘the Petentia at Hao two shells and he potential Aijderence a- vor) =_! (g+%)vO he (@°4) V(r) ~ VIR) = ae (+ -4) Assume mow thod @ ud positive « Thom inde oh around of Chore, Q on the | er sphere om every bk tok P itive ,;Hae inner Bphere Us alu aak potential os the obijperante Viri- VCR) a positive. « This means thot of we now Connect the Smaller ard larger jure. bya toi vey the Change 2 on the small “sp will CHoro on to He Langt sphere , even though Ht 2 GO may be quite large, because tendanuy for tive. choege ab +o move fom Wightn to lowes potential, Thus if we are somehow able +n intenduce the a charged sphere. into the. larger, one. woe corn Keep ery er Orr} eA eimol al ie on e Ring iphone? ong of cheg Thin 3d the principle. of Van de Graaff generadoy. When electric potential on the sphns produus clechic Held equal to olielechic strength of aik or au Polenhal Liakage Jakes place with the ian sechion ok aly, So no more poterdial clitterame Can be -increased. The potential con be creas by enclosing, the sphore Tm highly evacuated chamber.Censhuction and Working = 4 . Metal Brush delivering Chenge pom Sources In Van Be Graaf? Genmodor a Lorge spherical Conclucting Shell ( of feud meter vaclius ) is supporteo| at a bet Ge sevtral metre above the Armmd on an imsuleding column: 7 ; IA long rawons enlless belt of Wateding mater) Uke rebber or SK, da bsound arounel hwo pulleun,one ot grou level omol ena. ot the Contre of the Ss . . THs belt is Kept continuously moving by a motor dviven pulley. T+ Continuously carries positive ch. Spreyest on ato Energy clansity of the Capacitor U, = £ oe emd Ups tee U. = de(2g)> = Leue” se U, = 40, Hence sningy clonsity betes 4 times of ovgma) Value.Three identical capacitors > Ca omd Ca ect tance, ase 6 MF each ant Comecteal toa nV baltery ab alm. 2° Find CG) Charge on each Capacitor “ Gi) Equivalent Capacitance of the cireut aot te Gi) Erangy. Atred in the neheork ‘ ~ Of Capacitors. ij Sel (7) Hae v= lav ond C= C15 C3 = GMF = 6XIOSF So the Change on Capacitor Cy us Ga = GV = Gxloe x iz = 72x10 Ga = 724 Sinte G amd Cz are ir) Sezied So the equivalent Capacitance teitath Cs a L4eie+di 2-2 24 Cs c 6 6 3 fe Cy = Sur . So the charge en each Capacitor Cy; ond C, ta = CV = axlooxia = 36xIoe = 2¢uc Charge ory each capaci tor Cy omel Cy a 3G MC. (id Stree Cy omd Ca ake in Series shore equivalent Capacitance Ja Cy = SMF Now Ca ond Cy are in parallel So the equivalent Cobacitonce. of the clract Js C= C= 6+3 = SMF Gid Energy Shred YU = dev? Ca + Cs Ue 4x sxc x2)” = cusxiw® = guaxotsGW) Tere parc pte capacitors x omd Y have. the, as Samet OntQ of plates and Same Separstion behwean tham, |Y has air behween the plates while x have a ddechic medium ob €re4. x Y * = iv (1) Calculate capacitance of each Capacitor df, equivalent Capacitance. of the Combination ds 4 MF. did Calewlade ji poterdial difference behween the phtes ob * Gi) lohat is the rato of elechostotic enngy storeal 7 x and Y ? Sek (i) Since Capecitance C of the paral) plete Capacitor is given by - Cc = Goh = SoA = GRA = 2 Y =f and x =f AeA x= uy Since. xX omd Y are hn series Combination - 4 1 tet aeixty 2 9 *wty 1 os = or q ay > yr SMF So that K = 4xs = 20 MF Gl) since q@e=ev Ve 4nioe x2 = 4e ITS C Potential clifton Capacitor x is given by =&% = 48xlo& _ MOS > yee = HY and potentia) clifk. on capacitor Y ds given by- VW = &@ = 4sxwS - gev Cy 5S XL0-€Ux = Uy Un = Uy Drw 3 ese that unite: Gi) Energy stored in capacitor ia = + Ratio of elechostadic enngy eye 5 cv S4oreot in X amd y is bayer zo x tau )d T36oM Sx (84) 4 oy (8-4) 4 u equipotential Surfaces Careesponcling to a Helel ly Increases “in ni but remains 52°? Cmatant Z-olirvection. How’ at there Surtaces ai fenard that ofa constemt elechic. field ‘along, X- olivection? ko4 t= Sel. the three eauipotential y Sukpaces ana in xy plane: As magnitude of jeld increael, cistance behween Successive ipotertial si LAs v aiven dv) deer nies (Foon in Hg: Y Th eclectic fielel Cera Constant, fo 4 distance bebveer Successive - K equipotential surfaces would 4 Stag Constant. Surfaces Equipotentiala) A system of Capacitors Connectec| as shaun, 160 mI Stored in st. obtain ease has “tal "enon 7 the value of the he bpd valent Capacitance off thia system omd be value of Z- ; = tur 1o UF Bur Zar jf zoov & 52k Capacitor of SUF om TUF ane in parallel. oe CC; = 3+ 7 = lo MF Since LMF, JoMF ond ISU arin Series - f A -Labheth = . C2 10 16” 1s iS or C2 = 15 ME a Hence trtal Capadtane C= Catz c¢ =(1S + 7) UF (3 o emi ste) = 160 mI tev = l6o mr Le (4 + 2) xis x (200)” = 160 xio3 is > +z = 8 q Zs e-ls = gy, = 4:25 Mea. Shaye lg ier Capacitor is do be cut uth SEO Voltage xe ikv using a material oh “Far opel 7 + Conata nt 3 ard! aliclectic. st rength obout Jo" y fr. For we wodd Like the yee never! to exceed Say oh the olipole, streng th. thot minimum arta of the ri 4s required 4o Dive & Capacitance oh So RF? Sel/ Maximum Permissible. Voltage = Lev. = LAV Marimum Permissible elechic field = lo” of 10” Ym = 106 vm. Minimum separation vequired belween the Capacitor plates aa - = Vo. yw? = yea ds 2 = ye CM Se the minimum arta required jor the Copacitor phdes A = <4 = 50x10!? x 153 Kee “Bx Ber Alo = A > 18exie4 mg 19 cme. GI te elechic field and Sechde Potential ad any point A, hua te point charge Kept in aiy is 20 N/e em 2 A so T/e ecHv Compute the magnitude o Se Rage oe Se et S2h Electric field at cistanee ¥ from Hae point Chonge E: mo & = 20 Nic Electric Patentiol ot clittanca y tm the point Change vositix% = to se ane Y se tat y= % 212 2 o5m Hence Change F = ater xv = _O-Sx10_ 9 x10% T= oss xid%e [: cr ame]