RESEARCH CONSTRUCTIVIST – researchers believe that

experience expressed through words can paint a

Lesson 1 better picture of a certain phenomenon.
What is Research “Individuals develop subjective meanings of
their experiences”
- Systematic investigation into and study of
materials and sources in order to establish TRANSFORMATIVE – researchers support the
facts and reach new conclusions. idea that research should be conducted to
increase quality of life and produce better
Why Study Research?
societies.
- To improve and develop new methods.
“Research inquiry should be intertwined with
- To contribute knowledge and progress.
politics and political change agenda”
- To develop better understanding of
published works. PRAGMATIC – researchers promote the use of
- To develop independent critical thinking both qualitative and quantitative data in
skills along with oral and written expressing research findings.
communication skills.
“We need to look to many possibilities for
Qualities of a Good Inquirer or collecting and analyzing data”
Researcher

Care – distinct characteristics of a

Research Process
researcher

Utility Competency – ability to troubleshoot Conceptualization Phase (concept making)

during unexpected scenario - Topic/Problem Identification
Technical Competency – ability to use - Review of Literature
available technologies - Objective Formulation

Effort – time and skill Design Phase (planning)

Service – willingness of the researcher to - Research plan Formulation

serve other, to do good Empirical phase (data collection)
Patience – intra (within) and extra Analytical Phase (data analysis/interpretation)
(outside) group
Dissemination Phase (communication &
Guts and Risk – considering options utilization)

Terminologies
Philosophical Worldviews in Research Method
POST-POSITIVIST – researchers subscribe to the - What data will be gathered
ides that everything should be quantified to - Historical (past)
produce meaningful concrete results. - Descriptive (present)
- Experimental (Future)
“We cannot be positive in our claims of
knowledge when studying behavior and Technique
actions of humans”
- How data will be gathered
- E.g., Survey, Interview, Doodling
Approach OLFU-RDIC Section/ Outline of the
Manuscript
- How data will be processed
- Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed- 1.0 Introduction – Contextual
Method 2.0 Literature Review – Contextual
3.0 Method – Procedural
Research Approaches
4.0 Results – Substantial
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 5.0 Discussion – Substantial
6.0 Recommendation – Directional
- Approach for exploring and
understanding the meaning individuals
or ground ascribe to a social or human
QUALITAIVE
problem.
“All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding” –
Donald Campbell
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- Aim is complete detailed description.
- Approach for testing objectives theories
- Researcher may only know roughly in
by examining relationship among
advance what he/she is looking for
variables.
- The design emerges as the study unfolds
MIXED APPROACH - Researcher is the data-gathering
instrument.
- Inquiry involving collecting both Data is in form of words, picture, or
quantitative and qualitative data and object.
integrating the two forms of data. - Subjective – individual’s interpretation of
event is important.
Data are richer, time consuming and less
Research Format: able to be generalized.
- Researchers tends to become subjectively
Traditional – manuscripts are written in by- immersed in the subject matter.
chapter.

International – manuscripts are written in

Introduction-Method-Result-Discussion (IMRAD) QUANTITATIVE
format based on American Psychological
“There’s no such as qualitative dat. Everything is either
Association (APA, and 7th Ed. Standards).
1 or 0” – Fred Kerlinger
Our Lady of Fatima University Research
- Aim is to classify features, count
Development and Innovation Center (OLFU-
them and construct statistical
RDIC) – promotes the use of APA style and
models.
content, use of 6,000-9,000 words range the whole
- Researcher already knows what he/she is
manuscript and the following sections/outline of
searching for.
the manuscript.
- All aspects of the study are carefully
designed before data is collected
- Researcher uses tools, such as
questionnaire or laboratory equipment to
collect numerical data.
- Data is in form of number and statistics
- Objective – seeks precise measurement
and analysis of target concepts.
 - Data is core efficient, able to test • Gathered using structured research
hypothesis but may miss contextual instruments
detail. • Researchers uses tools, such as
- Researchers tend to remain objectively questionnaires
separated from the subject matter. • The results are based on larger sample
sizes that are representative of the
population
• Data are in the form of numbers and
statistics, often arranges in tables, charts,
Gantt Chart figures, or other non-textual forms
• Can usually be replicated or repeated,
- Plan things to do in the following weeks
given its high reliability
and months ahead.
- Planning – provides direction and ensures
that you stay focused on the course
towards achieving your goals and
objectives.

Lesson 2
Quantitative Research Approach
Quantitative Research
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
- Statistical, mathematical, computation
methods Seeks to discover the answer to problem
- Expressions are in numerical forms. by describing the data quantitatively or
Objectivity of data (specific numerically.
expectation/standard)
The association or connection between
- Aim to find the relationship between one
variables.
variable to another
(Significant – proven statistically) Determines the relationship of variables
but is incapable of establishing the cause and
Characteristics
effect
• Clearly defined research question
• Generalize concepts more widely, predict
future results, or investigate casual
relationships
Lacks manipulation Lesson 3

- Survey Research Variables

o Provides a quantitative description of
trends, attitude, or behavior. - Defined as anything that has a quantity or
o Most used/Common method quality that varies
o Form of Questionnaire or Interview - They are anything that takes on different
o Cross-sectional Study values, typically numerical values.
▪ Collects data through observation,
TYPES
survey, or interview at a specific
point in time. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

o Longitudinal Study - This is the presumed cause.

▪ Collects data through observation, - The independent variable is the variable
survey, or interview of the same that is being manipulated by the
subject over a period up and can last researcher
up to several years. - It is stable and unaffected by the other
- Correlational Research variable that is being measured
o Determine the relationship between two - X variable
variables among a single group of people DEPENDENT VARIABLE
- Comparative Research
o Examines the differences between variables. - This is the presumed effect
o Comparisons are based on descriptive data, - Assumes the change brought by the other
showing that a difference exists but does not variable (independent)
imply causation - Being measured by the researcher
- Y variable

EXTRANEOUS or ERRONEOUS VARIABLES

EXPERIMENTAL
- Unwanted variables
Establishes causality and often used when - Confounding Variables
an intervention is being studied. o Their presence influences the
With manipulation of variables outcome of the experiment in an
undesirable way
- Quasi Experimental o Add error
o How the participants were requited for the - Major Goal in Quantitative Research
study o Limit or control the influence of
o No randomization in the sampling extraneous variables
procedure
- True Experimental EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
o Researcher has control over the experiment - Also called treatment group
o Who, where, when, and how is the - Receives the treatment whose effect the
experiment going to be conducted? researcher is interested in
o Experiment Group (receives intervention) &
Control Group (unmanipulated) – must CONTROL GROUP
have the similar qualities
- No treatment
o MR.C
- A standard treatment whose effect is
▪ Manipulation
already known, or placebo (fake
▪ Randomization
treatment)
▪ Control
Lesson 4 T – trailblazing “nangingibabaw”

Research Title

Characteristics of a good title Examples of Titles

• Contains a few words as possible: many 1. Interrogative Form

journals limit titles to 12 words - What is the motivation for using Facebook?
• Be easy to understand 2. Combinatorial: Question and Title
• Describe the contents of the paper - Who uses Facebook? An investigation into
accurately and specifically the relationship between the Big Five, shyness,
• Avoid abbreviations, formulas, and jargon narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage
• NOT include any verb 3. Combinatorial: Powerful Phrase and Title
• NOT contain low-impact words - Too much face and not enough book: The
o Some notes on… relationship between multiple indices of
o Observations on… Facebook use and academic performance
o Investigations on… 4. Use of Novel Method
o Study of… - Attitudes of elderly Korean patients toward
o Effect of… death and dying: an application of Q-
• Not be flashy as in newspaper methodology
o Avoid statements like “Agroforestry 5. Result of the Paper
can stop deforestation” - Preventive health behaviors influenced by
• Report the subject of the research than self-perceptions of aging
the results

Lesson 5
Sources of Research Topic
Research Problem
1. OWN EXPERIENCE AND INTEREST
- A clear statement of an inquiry or gap that
- Identify your own interest and formulate a
needs to be addressed through a
problem that reflects them
systematic approach
- Familiarity in your territory and
- Blind Spot
terminology
o Conflicts
o Existing studies with contradicting
2. COLLEAGUES
results
- Brainstorming with friends about
- Blank Spot
problems they have encountered may
o Qualitative
help clarify research ideas
o There is not the same research
3. CRITICAL FRIENDS
o Gaps
- Experts are good sources of research
problems GUIDELINES
4. LITERATURE
- Previous studies and research finding in - Remember, SMART:
which gaps were identified o S – specific
o M – measurable
o A – attainable
3 T’s in selecting Research Topic o R – realistic
o T – time bound
T – timely “napapanahon”
- FORMULATE a research problem that
T – trending “nauuso” reflects the significance of seeking
solutions and answers
 - DO NOT STATE your research - Non-research references
problem/questions that is answerable by o These are literature which are not
yes or no based on research findings.
- Research can be stated in a declarative or o Can provide insights and may
interrogative manner. broaden understanding regarding a
- Make sure that the quantitative research topic
problem is answerable by an appropriate o E.g., literary, or artistic works,
statistical method. opinion articles, brochures,
- Formulate a research problem that is magazines, anecdotes.
aligned with your research topic
SOURCES OF RESEARCH LITERATURE

- Primary Source
Lesson 6 o These refer to description of studies
written by the researchers themselves
Review of Related Literature o E.g., published journals, abstracts,
- Summary of the state of existing dissertations, thesis, undergraduate,
knowledge on a research problem or presentation (made by researchers)
topic - Secondary Source
- Analysis and synthesis of articles related o Description/interpretation of studies
to the research topic being studied. written by someone else, other than
- The processes involve: the researchers who conducted them
o Searching relevant articles o E.g., literature review, abstract
o Reading and analyzing research prepared by a reviewer, presentation
reports of research done by someone else
o Writing the description of the PROCESS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
existing information on a topic in a
manner that is ethical based on Composed of several structured steps
standards.
1. Searching relevant articles
2. Reading and analyzing research reports
PURPOSES OF LITERATURE REVIEW 3. Writing the description of the existing
information on a topic in a manner that is
- Allows researcher to identify a research ethical and based on standards
problem of interest
- Aid the researcher to improve his STANDARDS STYLE IN REVIEW OF RELATED
research question or hypothesis LITERATURE, CITATION OR REFERENCES
- Enables the researcher to discover what
Citation
are known and unknown about a certain
topic - Signpost
o It signals the location of a source
TYPES
- An acknowledgement
- Research Literature (empirical o Reveals that you are indebted to that
references) source
o Based on research findings - Provides evidence that scholarly writing is
o Data supported by evidence done, and your position is well-
o E.g., journal articles, literature researched.
reviews, abstracts of research studies - Appear in different formats
o Within the text (in-text citation)
o At the bottom of the page (footnotes)
o At the end of the paper (endnotes)
PARAPHRASE

1. Read the text several times until you

understand it
2. Set the work aside to avoid copying
3. Re-write the passage in your own words
4. Record the bibliographic information with
your paraphrased version of the original

PROPERLY CITING SOURCES

- IMPLICIT
o Statement_ (authors, year)
- EXPLICIT
o Author_ Year _ Verb _ Statement
- INTRODUCTORY PHRASE WITH
o Verb _ Author _ Year _ Statement

APA DOCUMENTATION FORMAT

American Psychological Association

 3. PLAGIARISM OF IDEAS
- Presenting another’s ideas as if they are
your own without giving the owner credit.
- Incorrect citation of the original owner of
the idea

4. PLAGIARISM OF AUTHORSHIP
- Turning in a replication of another’s work
- Submitting a paper from the internet or
friend and presenting it as your own
- The worst type

5. PLAGIARISM OF SELF
- Use of one’s previous work for a separate
assignment or requirement.
- Although the ideas and words are owned
by the author, receiving two credits for a
single output is considered cheating
- Not allowed unless permission is obtained

Prevention

• Develop a topic based on previously

written material but ensure that you also
Lesson 7 write something new and original
• Although you can rely on experts’ opinion
Plagiarism regarding a certain topic, ensure that you
- The wrongful use of idea or language of are contributing by improving upon those
another author and representing them as opinions
if they are your original work • Do not fail to give credit where and when
- Using exact words or ideas without citing it is due
the rightful owner of the source is a form • Follow a certain documentation format
of academic dishonesty like the APA
- Is stealing
Penalties
TYPES
- Failing the course
1. PLAGIARISM OF WORDS - Receiving zero
- The use of another author’s exact words - Suspension
without citing. - Expulsion
- Losing earned degree
2. PLAGIARISM OF STRUCTURE
- The author cited the source, but he just
paraphrased another’s words by changing
sentence construction or word choice.
Lesson 8 ▪ Level of significance or Alpha level:
default (0.5, 0.1, – margin of error);
Conceptual Framework assumed expectation
- Graphical representation of concepts ▪ Alpha level and P-value are being
under study and the existing relationships computed
that exists between or among these ▪ If P-value is higher than margin of error,
concepts. it will be accepted and vice versa
- Based on existing theory
- The framework is referred to Theoretical
framework Types
o Study that has its roots in a specified
According to number of variables
conceptual model
- Conceptual models – provide a perspective SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
regarding interrelated phenomena but are
more loosely structured than theories. It - A hypothesis which expresses prediction
broadly presents an understanding of the between one independent (cause)
phenomenon of interest and reflects the variable and one dependent (effect)
assumptions and philosophical views of variable
the model designer. Serve as - States a relationship between a single
springboards for generating research independent variable, and a single
hypothesis. dependent variable
- *E.g., Unemployment leads to higher
incidence of crime.
PUSH AND PULL FACTORS COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
- Contradicting variables - A prediction of a relationship between
more than one independent variable
and/or more than one dependent
variables (also known as multivariate
hypothesis because of the presence of
Lesson 9 several variables
Research Hypothesis - E.g., Illiteracy and unemployment leads to
higher incidence of crime.
- A statement of the researcher’s
prediction about relationships between
or among the variables under According to predicted result
investigation
- Predictions of expected outcomes; they NULL HYPOTHESIS
state the relationships researchers expect
- No relationship exists between the
to find as a result of the study
dependent and independent variable.
- Most quantitative studies are designed to
- Symbolized by Ho.
test hypotheses through statistical
- E.g., The number of books owned by a
analysis.
student does not affect his academic
performance.
o Decision Rule: whether to accept or not
the null hypothesis.
▪ Inferential Statistics: Computed P-value
or sig.2-tailed value
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS Lesson 10

- Also known as Affirmative Hypothesis. Definition of Terms

- Represented by Ha.
- Explicates that a relationship exists - Concepts or variables need to be defined
between the dependent and independent based on how they will be used in the
variable study.
- E.g., Exposure to music affects the level of CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
anxiety
- What a concept means in abstract or
theoretical terms; may be taken from the
NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS dictionary
- States that a relationship or differences OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
exists between the variables but the
direction of that relationship or difference - Links a concept to the concrete world by
is not explicated. telling you how to observe and/or
- No specification of the relationship or measure the concept; this definition made
difference by the researchers based on how the
- E.g., Health affects the level of stress among terms will be used in a particular field of
SHS students study.

DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS

- States that a relationship exists between

the variable, and it also explicates the
direction of that relationship.
- E.g., The health of the students decreases as
their level of stress increases.
POPULATION homogeneity (Homogenous group –
smaller size)
- Entire aggregation of the case where o A homogenous mixture is
a researcher is interested that mixture in which the
- Often, it is not feasible to include all components mix with each other,
the members of the population in and its composition is uniform
research throughout the solution.
o A heterogenous mixture is that
mixture in which the composition is
not uniform throughout, and
SAMPLING
different components are observed.
- Process of selecting the sample or a
portion of the population
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

- There is a form of bias in the

SAMPLE selection of sample
- Subset of the population elements - There is no assurance that each
element in the population has the
same equal chance of being selected
- There is no assurance that each that
REPRESENTATIVENESS
each unit in the population is
- How well the sample represents the properly represented
population - The findings are limited to the
- An important characteristic of a sample
sample must be considered

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
- There is random selection of sample
- One whose key characteristics closely - There is greater representation in
approximate those of the population each unit in the population
- Each element in the population has
the same equal chance of being
SAMPLING ERROR selected as a sample
- The findings can be generalized to
- Result to overrepresentation or the population
underrepresentation of some
segment of the population
- Occurs if the selection of the sample
does not take place in the way it was
planned
- Smaller sample size = bigger
chance of sampling error
- The appropriate sample size also
depends in the heterogeneity
(Heterogenous group – bigger size) and
TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING - Fishbowl – write each name on a
card and choose cards through a pure
Convenience Sampling
chance selection.
- Selection of samples based on the - Number Generated – known as
convenience of the researcher sampling frame; give a number to
- Involves the most conveniently member and then use randomized or
available people to participate unordered number in electing name
- Sometimes called Accidental from the list.
Sampling

Snowball Sampling Systematic Random Sampling

- “Referral System” - Uses the Kth interval formula

- “Chain System” - k=N/n
- Initial sample members are asked to o k = sampling interval
refer other people who meet the o n = desired sample
criteria required by the researcher o N = Population
- People who share the same traits or - Sampling interval is the standard
experiences know each other distance between elements chosen
- Useful for participants who are hard for the sample
to find
Stratified Random Sampling
Purposive Sampling
- Population is divided into subgroups
- The selection of the sample is based or strata
on the selective judgment of the - Just like quota sampling,
researcher stratification is based on variables
- Judgmental Sampling related to the study
- Sets a criterion that is relevant to the - After stratification, appropriate
topic under study number of elements are selected
from each stratum at random
Quota Sampling - No requirements/criterion
- Researcher identifies population Cluster Sampling
sections or strata and decide how
many participants are required from - Useful when the population is large
each section and widely dispersed
- Allow better representation from - Sampling is done in several stages
each unit in the population - Is also called multi-stage sampling
- Has requirements/criterion - The resulting design is described in
terms of the number of stages
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Simple Random Sampling

- Each member of the population has

the same equal chance of being
selected as a sample
- Based on chance
- Two methods:
SAMPLE SIZE IN QUANTITATIVE 3. Specify the sampling plan.
STUDIES
4. Recruit the sample.
In a quantitative study, the sample
size is an important aspect that must be
carefully considered. There are existing
procedures that can be used to estimate the
appropriate sample size, but statistical
knowledge is required to understand this
procedure. There are no fixed rules nor
simple formulas that can tell us how large a
sample should be when conducting
quantitative studies, but there are
recommendations:

1. The larger the sample size, the better.

Smaller sample size tends to produce less
accurate estimates.

2. If the sample is homogenous, a small

sample size may be adequate. Homogeneity
means that the population elements were
all identical with respect to key attributes.

3. If there is reason to expect that the

independent and dependent variables will
be strongly related, then a relatively small
sample should be adequate to demonstrate
the relationship statistically.

4. For studies that will take a long time to

finish (longitudinal studies) researchers
should factor in anticipated of subjects
over time. Therefore, a larger sample size
is necessary. So, in case there will be a
high attrition or dropouts from the study,
the sample size will still be adequate.

IMPLEMENTING A SAMPLING PLAN IN

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES

Steps in Sampling Quantitative

Studies (Polit and Beck, 2007) The steps to
be undertaken in drawing a sample vary
somewhat from one sampling design to the
next, but a general outline of procedures can
be described.

1. Identify the population.

2. Specify the eligibility criteria.

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS P value

In statistics, before the main analysis, - When performing a hypothesis test, a

the data are assuming to meet all the p (probability) value helps to
requirements that a data should have, or a determine the significance of the
data should undergo first some preliminary results. In decision making, a p-value
checking to test if a certain statistical that has a value which is less than
technique is appropriate for the analysis 0.05 (a) indicates significance.

HYPOTHESIS RELATIONSHIP

NULL HYPOTHESIS “HO” NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP

- A type of hypothesis which states that - Also called as inverse relationship.

there is no statistical Aside from the test statistic having a
significance/relationship or effect negative value, the correlation
existed between two or more groups. between two variables is said to have
a negative/inverse relationship as the
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS “Ha” amount of one variable increases, the
- Also known as the research level of another variable goes down.
hypothesis, it is the proposed
POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP
hypothesis or expected outcome of
the research. - Or a direct relationship whereas the
amount of one variable increases, the
amount of a second variable also
LINEAR RELATIONSHIP increases.

- Statistical term used to describe the

relationship between two sets of data. SAMPLE

- Is a relatively small subset of people,

NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS
objects, groups, or events that is
- Type of statistics that should be use selected from the population
when the data violated the
requirements for a parametric test
(i.e., if the data are not TEST STATISTIC
*Normally Distributed; or if the
measurements of the data are on an - It is considered as numerical
ordinal scale etc.) summary of a data – set that reduces
the data to one value that can be
used to perform a hypothesis test.
PARAMETRIC STATISTICS

- When the data are in interval level

and are *Normally Distributed, VARIABLES
parametric statistics is a type of - In research, it is a logical set of
statistics that should be use. attributes, factors that can be
- Always superior to Nonparametric controlled or change in
counterpart for decidedly Normal experiment/research
population.
TYPES OF VARIABLES Metric data reflects relative quantity
or degree and are appropriate for
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE attributes involving amount or
- It is the variable that the researchers magnitude, i.e., Level of satisfaction
have control over, can be choose and INTERVAL SCALES
manipulated. Usually, it is what the
researcher think will affect the - Distances between data elements can
dependent variable be determined at the interval level of
measurement. In other words, the
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
interval is the same. Oftentimes in
- Represented as “Y”, it is the response psychology things are measured by a
variable or the presumed effect in a Likert scale in which one rates a
study which can be measured in statement (often by how much they
interval or nominal scale. agree with the statement).
- Arbitrary zero (the starting point) (can
be negative/positive) (temperature)
DIFFERENTIAL STATISTICS RATIO SCALES
- It is the statistical procedures that - Possess the advantage of all other
the researcher uses measurement scales for it is the only
- To describe the population, they are measurement that can be analyzed
studying with the widest range of statistical
methods which makes it as the
INFFERENTIAL STATISTICS
highest form of measurement
- It is the statistics that is concerned precision. It has all the components
with making predictions or inference of an interval scale but here, the zero
- About a population from observations point is meaningful and means the
and analysis using a sample and can absence of whatever it is measuring.
generalize it to the larger population Common examples are age, height,
that the sample represents weight, test, and heart rate.
- Absolute Zero

MEASUREMENT SCALES

To accurately represent the concept NONMETRIC MEASUREMENT SCALES

of interest, measurement of the variables is
essential and is instrumental in the selection - Describes differences in type or kind
of the appropriate statistical method of by indicating the presence or absence
analysis. Based on the types of attributes or of a characteristics or property.
characteristics the data represent, it can be
NOMINAL SCALES
classified into one of two categories:
nonmetric and metric. - Nominal level (or categorical) data
refers to data that can only be put
into groups. It only represents
METRIC MEASUREMENT SCALES categories or classes and do not
imply amounts of an attributes or
- Data that are metrically are used characteristics. Commonly used
when subjects differ in amount or examples of nominally scaled data
degree on a particular attribute.
 include many demographic attributes
(e.g., gender, religion, occupation).

ORDINAL SCALES

- In the case of ordinal scales,

variables can be ordered or ranked
in relation to the amount of the
attribute possessed, Ordinal scales
provide no measure of the actual
amount or magnitude in absolute
terms, only the order of the values.
- The researcher knows the order, but
not the amount of differences
between the values
SAMPLING MEASUREMENT OF SCALES

- Method METRIC
- From one population you will get
representatives on the in the way of - Specific values
your sampling technique INTERVAL – Arbitrary zero –
POPULATION possible negative values
(temperature, Likert scale)
- Entire aggregation
RATIO – Absolute zero – NO
SAMPLE negative values (test scores, salary)

- Representative NONMETRIC

- Categories/ranking

PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUE ORDINAL – ranking, orders (birth

order, academic awards)
- Equal chances
NOMINAL – categories
SIMPLE – Fish-bowl method

STRATIFIED – group/target number

of requirements STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

SYSTEMATIC – kth interval (n/N) - What to use as statistical analysis

based on the group, measurement
CLUSTER – multistage sampling, the of scale, etc.
population is too big (levels)
CORRELATION
NON-PROBABILITY
- Measuring 2 Continuous Variables if
- Not Equal – biased there is a relationship in the two
PURPOSIVE – Set of criteria variables.
o Continuous Variable – both
QOUTA – group/target number of variables are measurable
requirements/requirements o Example:
SNOWBALL – referral, chain system ALLOWANCE MOTIVATION

CONVENIENCE –
proximity/accessibility
Pearson’s Product Moment
Correlation

(PEARSON’S R)
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

- INDEPENDENT T-TEST - Comparing the P VALUE and

o Comparing two groups SIGNIFICANT VALUE
o If P value is lower than (<)
Example: significant value = reject Ho
Measuring the Motivation of: o If the P value is higher than
(>) significant value = accept
1. Modular Students Ho
2. Online Class students (OCR)
Example:
- ONE-WAY ANOVA P value – 0.001
o Comparing 3 or more groups
Significance – 0.05
Example:
o Reject Null Hypothesis (Ho) –
Comparing the 4 Strands in there is a significance
SHS: STEM, HUMMS, GAS, ABM

P value – 0.73
- PRE-TEST & POST-TEST Significance – 0.05
o 1 group – experimentation
and want to know if the group o Accept Null Hypothesis (Ho) –
will improve there is no significance

Example: Study about effects of

diet – if the weight will decrease?

o The other test already has

experiment and the other test
have none
o PAIRED T-TEST –
INTERVENTION
(experiment, pre-test, post-
test)

MANUSCRIPT

RESEARCH LOCALE

- Geographic

RESEARCH DESIGN

- Approach/comparative or correlation

RESEARCH ETHICS

- Ethical, citations, consent, etc.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

- Tools