MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

LOGARITHMS
SYNOPSIS - 1
1. Logarit hm : - If N, a (  1) are any two positive real numbers and for
some real x, a x = N, then x is said to be the logarithm of N to the
base a. It is written as x = log a N.
Example: If 2 4  16  4 log 2 16

1 1 1
If  2  32  2  log 3 9
9 3
System of Logarithms: There are two systems of logarithms, natural logarithms
and common logarithms, which are used most often
Natural Logarithms: These were discovered by Napier. They are calculated
to the base e which is approximately equal to 2.71. These are used in higher
mathematics.
Common Logarithms: Logarithms to the base 10 are known as common
logarithms. This system was introduced by Briggs, a contemporary of Napier.
For the rest of this chapter we shall use the short form log rather than
logarithm.
Properties
1. If a x  N then x  log a N

replacing x by log a N in a x  N , we get an important identity a log a N  N

a log a N  N
2. The logarithms of the same number of different bases are different.
Example: 26  64 can be written as log 2 64  6

43  64 can be written as log 4 64  3

3. The logarithm of unity to any non zero base is zero
If a  0 , a 0  1 , so log a 1  0 (where a  0 )
4. The logarithm of any non-zero positive number to the same base is unity
a1  a  log a a  1 (where a  0 , a  0 )
5. Logarithm of a product:
log x ab  log x a  log x b
log x ab  p   ab  x p (Exponential form)  1
Proof: Let log x a  q  a  x q   2 

log x b  r  b  x r   3
from (2) and (3) ab  x q .x r  x q  r

67 IX Class - Maths
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from (1) ab  x   4 
p

from (1), (2), (3) and (4) x p  x q  r

p qr
 log x ab  log x a  log x b
i.e. the logarithm of the product of two numbers is equal to the sum of
the logarithms those two numbers.
log x ab  log x a  log x b

Extension: log x  abcd .....z   log x a  log x b  log x c  log x d  ........  log x z
6. Logarithm of a quotient:

a
log x    log x a  log x b
b
 a, b  0 

a a
Proof: Let log x    p then  xp
b b
log x a  q then a  x q
log x b  r then b  x r

a xq qr xm m n
 r x since n  x
b x x
a
from (1)  xp x p  x qr
b
 p  qr

a
i.e., log x    log x a  log x b
b
The logarithm of a quotient of two numbers is equal to the different of the
logarithms of those two numbers in the order.

a
log x    log x a  log x b
b
7. Logarithm of a Power:
log x a m  m log x a

Proof: Let log x a m  p then x  a  1

p m

log x a  q then a  x q   2 

 
m
from (1) and (2) a m  x q  x qm   3

x 
n
(since m
 x mn )
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MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

from (1) and (3) a m  x p  x qm

 p  qm
i.e. log x a m  m log x a
The logarithm of any power of a number is equal to the product of the
logarithm of number and the index of the power.
8. log x a  log y a.log x y

m m
9. logban  log b a
n
ab
10. log  log ab  log cd  log a  log b  log c  log d
cd

a p .b q
11. log
c r .d s

 log a p .b q  log c r .d s  log a p  log b q  log c r  log d s 
 p log a  q log b  r log c  s log d

Solved Examples

 
 x5  y 7 
log  
1. Simplify
 
3
 z3 
 

 
 x5  y 7 
log  
Sol.
 
3
 z 3

 

 5 7

 
 x2 .x 2  3
 
 log  
 log z3

5
 32 
7
 log x  log y  3log  z 
2 2

 
5 7 9
 log x  log y  log z
2 2 2
1
  5 log x  7 log y  9 log z 
2

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162 7 1
2. Show that log  2 log  log  log 2
343 9 7
162 7 1
Sol. log  2 log  log
346 9 7
 log162  log 343  2 log 7  2 log 32   log1  log 7 

 
 log 2  34  log 73  2 log 7  2 log 32  log 7 (since log1  0 )

 log 2  4 log 3  3log 7  2 log 7  4 log 3  log 7

 log 2
3. If x 2  y 2  10 xy prove that 2log  x  y   log x  log y  2log 2  log 3 .

Sol. x 2  y 2  10 xy
x 2  y 2  2 xy  10 xy  2 xy  12 xy

 x  y
2
 12 xy

 x  y
2
 22.3.x. y
taking logarithms on both sides

log  x  y 
2
 log 2 2.3.x. y

2 log  x  y   2 log 2  log 3  log x  log y

If log 4  x  x   log 4  x  1  2 then find the value of x =_________

2
6.

Sol. log 4  x 2  x   log 4  x  1  2

 x2  x 
 log 4    2  log 4 x  2  x  42  16
 x 1 
7. Find the value of 22log2 5
Sol. 22log2 5
22 4
log 2 5
  a log a m  m 
2 5
1 1 1
8. Find the value of log xyz  log xyz  log xyz
x y z

1 1 1
Sol.  
log x xyz log y xyz log z xyz

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 log xyz x  log xyz y  log xyz z

 log xyz xyz  1

9. 9log3 2  _______

9log3 2   32 
log3 2
Sol.  32log3 2  3log 3 4  4  a log a m  m 

10. a log b  b log a  _______

Sol. x  a log b  log x  log a log b  log b.log a
= log a.log b  log b log a
b
 log x  log blog  x  blog a
 a log b  b log a  x  x  0
11. Given x  1  log a bc; y  1  log b ca; z  1  log c ab show that xy  yz  zx  xyz .

Sol. Let 1  log a bc  x

then log a bc  x  1

ax
bc  a x 1 
a

ax 1
abc  .a  a x  a   abc  x
a
1
similarly abc  b y b   abc  y
1
abc  c z  c   abc  z
1 1 1 1 1 1
 abc    abc  x   abc  y   abc  z   abc  x
1  
y z

1 1 1 xy  yz  zx
   1 1
x y z xyz
 xy  yz  zx  xyz

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WORK SHEET - 1

Single Answer Type

1. log 3 2 324 
1.4 2.6 3.8 4.2
2. log1/128
4
2

1.28 2.-28 3.-7/4 4.7/4
21
3. log a2  log a4  log16
a
 then a =
4
1.8 2.4 3.2 4.16
4. log ba .log bc .log cd .log ed .log ea 
1.abcde 2.1/abcde 3.-1 4.1
5. If log 5x x 1  log 6x  2 then x =
1.-1/6 2.1 3.-1 4.Does not exist
x y 1 x y
6. If log   log x  log y  , then  
5 2 y x
1.20 2.23 3.22 4.21

7. 
If log10 98  x  12 x  36  2, then x =
2

1.4 2.8 3.12 4.4,8
an  an  1 x 
8. If x  n n
then log a  
a a  1 x 
1.n 2.2n 3.3n 4.4n
1 1 1
9.   
log  1 log  1 log cab  1
bc
a
ca
b

1.1 2.0 3.3 4.4

log x log y log z
10. If   then xyz =
l  m  2n m  n  2l n  l  2m
1.0 2.1 3.-1 4.-2
1 1
11. If a 2  b 2  c 2 then log b  log b 
ca ca

1.1 2.2. 3.-1 4.-2

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MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

12. If a x  b y  c z  d w , then log abcd  

11 1 1  1 1 1 yzw x yz

1.     2. x     3. 4.
x y z w  y z w x w

1 1 1
13.   
log xy log yz log xyz
xyz xyz
xz

1.1 2.0 3.2 4.4

1 1
14. If  4.2    0.42   100 then
x y
 
x y
1.1 2. -1/2 3.1/2 4.-1
x 5  x
15. If log log
7
5
 0 then x =
1.3 2.4 3.3 4.1
log11 log11
16.
9
 3

log13
25 log13
5

1.1 2.-1 3.0 4.2

log x log y log z
17. If   , then yz in terms of x is
2 3 5
1.x 2. x 2 3. x3 4. x 4
18. If 9a 2  4b 2  18ab, then 2log  3a+2b  
1. log 5  log 3  log a  log 5b 2. log 5  log 3  log 2 a  log b
3. log 5  log a  log b 4. log 5a  log 3b
log 2 log 3 log 5
19. If   , then 2 y-z .3z  x.5 x  y 
x y z
1.0 2.1 3.2 4.3.
log x log y log z
20. If  2  2 , then x a-b . y b  c .z c  a 
a  ab  b
2 2
b  bc  c 2
c  ac  a 2

1.0 2.-1 3.1 4.2

21. If  x-y  =121xy and 2log  x+y  =k+logx+logy then k=
2

1.log5 2.log25 3.log125 4.log625

7 343 64
22. 3log  log  log 
8 216 9
1.log2 2.log3 3.2log2 4.log7

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23.  
log 2 log 3 log 327
3

 
1.1 2.0 3.3 4.2
24. If x  log bc
a , y  log b , z  log c , then
ca ab

1. xyz  x  y  z  2 2. xyz  x  y  z  1 3. x  y  z  1 4. xyz  1

25. If log  a+b  =loga+logb then the value of "a" of b is

b b b+1 b-1
1. 2. 3. 4.
b+1 b-1 b b
log a log b log c
26. If   then a a .b b .c c =
bc ca ab
1.0 2.1 3.abc 4.2abc
27. If x  log bc
a , y  log b , z  log c then
ca ab

1 1 1 1 1 1
1.   1 2.   1
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 1 y 1 z 1
3. xyz  x  y  z  1 4.xyz = 1
28. 2 2 log2 
5

1.-1 2.5/4 3.20 4.4/5

29. If 4 log 39
+9 log 24
=10 log83
x
then x=
1.4 2.9 3.83 4.10
30. 5 5 7
log 7 log57

1.log2 2.1 3.0 4.-1
31. 2 log 75
7 log 52

1. log 72 2.47 3.log5 4.0

 1-x   2x 
32. If f  x  =log   then f  2 

 1+x   1+x 
1.f(2) 2.2f(x) 3.1/2f(x) 4.4f(x)
33. If log 51+1/5 +log51+1/6  +log1+1/7
5 +. . +log 5
1+1/24 

1.5 2.1 3.3 4.2
34. If logx:3=logy:4=logz:5; then zx=
1.2y 2. y 2 3.8y 4.4y

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MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

Reasoning Answer Type

35. Statement I : The value of 57log5 2=128 .
Statement II : If  a  1 be a positive real number, then a log a x  x .
1) Both Statements are true
2) Both Statements are false
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.

2012  1
36. Statement I : log 2012
Statement II : log x 1  0 where x is a non-zero positive number.
1) Both Statements are true
2) Both Statements are false
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
37. Statement I : log b a  log x a  log y x  log b y .
Statement II : log10 2  log 5 2  log 7 5  log10 7 .
1) Both Statements are true
2) Both Statements are false
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.

Comprehension Type
WRITEUP-1
If ax = N  a  1 and a  0  , then x  log a N
38. If log1 x  3 , then x 
1) 1 2) 9 3) –8 4) Does not exist
3
39. If log 81 x  , then x =
2
1) 243 2) 729 3) 81 4) 719
40. If log10 x  a , then 10 in terms of x is
a–1

x 10
1) 2) 3) 10 x 4) x
10 x
WRITEUP-2
log b m
If a  1, b 1 are positive real numbers, then log b a  1 and log a
m
 .
log ba
log a b
1 1
41. If log xy  log xy  1 is
x y

1) 2 2) -2 3) 1 4) –1

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3 
42. If log 28 .log 27
1) 0 2) 1 3) -1 4) 2
log10 16
43. If log 2 =
10

1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

Matrix Matching Type

44. Column-I Column-II
1
a) log 0.2 0.008 1)
3
b) log 8 2 2) 4

log16
c) log 2 3) 3

log 216
d) 4) 6
log 6
5) 1/3
45. Column-I Column-II
a) If 16  4 , then 1) 0.1 101

1 1
2) log16 
4
b) If 325  2 , then
2
1
c) If log100.1= –1, then 3) log 2 32 
5
d) If log636 = 2, then 4) 36 = 62
1
5) log 32 2 
5

Integer Answer Type

1 1
46. If log x  , then x = _____________
5
2 5

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SYNOPSIS - 2
Variation of log a x with x
For 1  a and 0  p  q, log a p  log a q
For 0  a  1 and 0  p  q, log a p  log a q
Example: log10 2  log10 3 and log 0.1 2  log 0.1 3
Bases which are greater than 1 are called strong bases and bases which are less than 1 are called
weak bases. Therefore, for strong bases log increases with number and for weak bases log
decreases with number.

Sign of log a x for different values of x and a

Strong bases ( a > 1)
1. If x  1 , log a x is positive
Example: log 2 10, log 5 25 are positive
2. If 0  x  1 , then log a x is negative.
Example: log 3 0.2, log10 0.25 are negative.
log 0.2 log 2  log10
Consider log 3 0.2  
log 3 log 3
log 2  log10 and 0  log 3 for strong bases.
log 2  log10
As   0, log 3 0.2  0
log 3

Weak bases  0  a  1

3. If x  1 and, then log a x is negative

Example: log 0.4 2, log 0.5 25 are negative
Consider log 0.4 2

log 2

log 0.4

log 2

log 4  log10
log 4  log10 (for any base)
log 4  log10  0

77 IX Class - Maths
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log 2
 0 (for strong bases)
log 4  log10
In the same way, log 0.5 25 can be shown to be negative
4. If 0  x  1 , then log a x is positive.
Example: log 0.1 0.2 is positive.
log 0.1 0.2  log1/10 1/ 5
1
log101 51  log10 5
1
 log10 5 which is positive.

 Characteristic and mantissa of common logarithm:

 For the single digit numbers 2 to 9, logarithms lie between 0 and 1.
 For the double digit numbers 11 to 99, logarithms lie between 1 and 2.
So, logarithms of numbers contain integral and decimal parts. The integral part of the logarithm
of a number is called the characteristic and the decimal part is called the mantissa.

Example :
log 2 = 0.3010. Here the characteristic is ‘0’ and the mantissa ia 0.3010.
log 16 = 1.2040. Here the characteristic is ‘1’ and the mantissa is 0.2040
 Rule 1:
If a number has ‘n’ digits the characteristic of its logarithm is ‘n-1’. Conversely, if the character-
istic of the logarithm of a number is n, the number will have ‘n+1’ digits.
Examples: log10 5426 has ‘3’ as its characteristic.
Characteristic and Mantissa Logarithmic form
Power of 10, 100  1 log10 1  0
1
101   0.1 log10 0.1  1, 1 is written as 1
10
1
102   0.01 log10 0.01  2, 2 is written as 2
100
1
103   0.001; log10 0.001  3, 3 is written as 3
1000
 Rule 2:
If in a decimal fraction there are ‘n’ zeros after the decimal point and before the significant


number, the characteristic of that logarithm is n  1 . 
Example : log10 0.005427 has 3 as its characteristic.

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MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

Note : 1. The characteristic is always an integer. It may be +ve or -ve or zero

2. The mantissa is never negative. It is always less than 1
3. If a number has both integral and decimal parts, to find its characteristic of the
logarithm we have to consider the number of digits in its integral part.
ANTILOGARITHMIC TABLES
We use antilogarithm to obtain the number, if the logarithm of a number
given.
Type I:
Example - 1: Find antilog(2.6235)
Step - 1: Characteristic = 2 and mantissa = 0.6235
Step - 2: From antilogarithm tables, we refer to the row headed 0.62 under the
column headed 3 and obtain 4198
Step - 3: The mean difference for 5 in the same row i.e., 5 will be added to 4198
and obtain 4203.
Step - 4: Since characteristic is 2, then the number of digits in the integral part
must be 3.
 antilog (2.6235) = 420.3
Type II:

Example - 2: 
Find anti log 4.4561 
Step - 1: Characteristic = 4 and mantissa = 0.4561.
Step - 2: From antilogarithm tables, we refer to the row headed 45 under the
column headed 6 and obtain 2858.
Step - 3: The mean difference for 1 in the same row i.e., 1 will be added to obtain
2859.
Step - 4: Since the characteristic is 4 , the number of zeros after decimal point should
be 3.

 
 anti log 4.4561  0.0002859

Solved Examples
1
1. If log10 2  0.3010 then find the value of log10
8
1
Sol. log10  log10 2 3  3log10 2
8
 3  0.3010 
 0.9030
2. log10 2  0.3010 find the number of digits in 825
Sol. Let x  825 then log x  log 825
 25 log 8  25log 23

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= 25  3log 2
= 75  0.3010
= 22.5250
The characteristic is 22.
So the number of digits in 825 is 23.
3. Find the number of zeros between the decimal point and the first significant figure in
 0.0432 
10
given log10 2  0.3030, log10 3  0.4771 .
10 10
Let N   0.0432  = 1432 106    24  34  106 
10
Sol.

log N = 10  4 log 2  3log 3  6log10

=  4  0.3010   310.4771  6   10  5.6353

= 10  4  0.6353  34.353
 Required number of zeros = 33

WORK SHEET - 2

Single Answer Type

1. Characteristic of an ‘n’ digit number is.........
1) n + 1 2) n – 1 3)  n  1 4)  n  1
2. The value of log 40.34 is
1) 2.6053 2) 1.6057 3) 3.6057 4) 0.6053
3. Number of digits in the number whose characteristic of logarithm is n
1) n + 1 2) n – 1 3)  n  1 4)  n  1
4. The antilog 1.861 is
1) 72.61 2) 726.1 3) 7.261 4) 0.7261
5. If logarithms lies between 1 and 2 then number of digits in the number
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
6. The log 11.48 is
1) 2.0600 2) 3.0569 3) 1.0600 4) 1.0569
7. The characteristic of 34.263 is
1) 3 2) 0.263 3) 34 4) 34263
8. The antilog 1.869 is
1) 2.7396 2) 1.7396 3) 0.07396 4) 0.7396
9. The mantissa of log3 = 0.4771 is
1) 3 2) 4771 3) 0 4) 0.4771

IX Class - Maths 80
MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

10. If log10 100  2 then antilog102 is

1) 0.3010 2) 100 3) 10 4) 2

11. Characteristic of antilog (5.2450) is __________

1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 4) 6
12. If log10 3  0.477 , then the number of digits in 3 40
is __________
1) 18 2) 19 3) 20 4) 21

Multi Answer Type

13. For 3 digit number logarithms lies between
1) 2 and 3 2) 1 and 3 3) 2 and 4 4) 3 and 4
14. 0.6084 is the mantissa of
1) log 4058 2) log 405.8 3) log 40.58 4) log 0.4058

Reasoning Answer Type

15. Statement I: Characteristic of logarithm of 1234 is 3
Statement II : Characteristic of logarithm of ‘n’ digit number is (n – 1)
1) Both Statements are true
2) Both Statements are false
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
16. Statement I: If log x = 2.789 then x = 190.1
Statement II: If Characteristic is n, then number of digits in integral part is
(n + 1)
1) Both Statements are true
2) Both Statements are false
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.

Comprehension Type
WRITEUP-1:
The integral part of logarithm of a number is called its characteristic and
decimal part is called its mantissa.
17. Characteristic of 0.1348
1) 0 2) 0.1348 3) 1348 4) 1
18. Mantissa of 1.2759
1) 1 2) 1 3) 0.2759 4) –0.2759
19. characteristic of 0.0098
1) 0 2) 2 3) 3 4) 3

81 IX Class - Maths
LOGARITHMS MATHEMATICS

WRITEUP-2:
Using logarithm table and antilogarithm tables answer the following
questions.
20. Characteristic of log10 1532 is
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1
21. Mantissa of log10 10 is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 0.1 4) 3
22. Antilogarithm of 1.3248 is
1) 21.13 2) 2.113 3) 0.2113 4) 0.02113

Matrix Matching Type

23. Column - I Column - II
a) Characteristic of logarithm of 256 is 1) 0.5673
b) Mantissa of 2.5673 2) 23
c) Characteristic of 23.767 3) 2
d) Mantissa of 587.123 4) 0.767
5) 0.123
24. Column - I Column - II
a) log 403.4 1) 0.6057
b) log 40.34 2) 1.6057
c) log 4.034 3) –1.6057
d) log 0.4034 4) 2.6057
5) 1.6057

Verbal Resonaning
Directions : In each of the following questions, a number series is
given with one term missing. Choose the correct alternative that
will continue the same pattern and replace
1. 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, ?
a) 30 b) 27 c) 29 d) 37
2. 10, 18, 28, 40, 54, 70, ?
a) 36 b) 38 c) 42 d) 46
3. 10, 100, 200, 310, ?
a) 400 b) 410 c) 420 d) 430
4. 1, 5, 13, 25, 41, ?
a) 51 b) 57 c) 61 d) 63
5. 1, 4, 10, 22, 46, ?
a) 64 b) 86 c) 94 d) 122
6. 4, 9, 25, ?, 121, 169, 289, 361
a) 49 b) 64 c) 81 d) 87

IX Class - Maths 82
MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

7. 1, 1, 2, 6, 24, ?, 720
a) 100 b) 104 c) 108 d) 120
8. 1, 2, 6, 7, 21, 22, 66, 67, ?
a) 70 b) 134 c) 201 d) 301
9. 9, 27, 31, 155, 161, 1127, ?
a) 316 b) 1135 c) 1288 d) 2254
10. 4, 10, ?, 82, 244, 730
a) 24 b) 31 c) 47 d) 52
11. 3, 7, 23, 95, ?
a) 111 b) 113 c) 114 d) 122
12. 198, 194, 185, 169, ?
a) 92 b) 112 c) 136 d) 144
13. 3, 12, 27, 48, 75, 108, ?
a) 147 b) 162 c) 183 d) 192
14. 2, 8, 16, 128, ?
a) 2042 b) 2046 c) 2048 d) 2056
15. 1, 3, 4, 8, 15, 27, ?
a) 37 b) 44 c) 50 d) 55
16. 6, 18, 3, 21, 7, 56, ?
a) 8 b) 9 c) 63 d) 64
17. 13, 35, 57, 79, 911, ?
a) 1110 b) 1112 c) 1113 d) 1315
18. 13, 32, 24, 43, 35, ?, 46, 65, 57, 76
a) 45 b) 52 c) 54 d) 55
19. 90, 180, 12, 50, 100, 200, ?, 3, 50, 4, 25, 2, 6, 30, 3
a) 150 b) 175 c) 225 d) 250
1 1 2 2
20. 11 ,12 ,14 ,16 ,?
9 2 7 3
1 1 1
a) 8 b) 19 c) 20 d) 22
3 2 3

83 IX Class - Maths
LOGARITHMS MATHEMATICS

Non-Verbal Resonaning

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

PROBLEM FIGURES ANSWER FIGURES

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

IX Class - Maths 84
MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

KEY & HINTS

WORK SHEET – 1 (KEY)

1) 1 2) 2 3) 1 4) 4 5) 4

6) 2 7) 4 8) 2 9) 1 10) 2

11) 2 12) 2 13) 3 14) 3 15) 2

16) 3 17) 4 18) 2 19) 2 20) 3

21) 3 22) 2 23) 1 24) 1 25) 2

26) 2 27) 1 28) 4 29) 4 30) 3

31) 4 32) 2 33) 2 34) 2 35) 2

36) 1 37) 4 38) 4 39) 2 40) 1

41) 1 42) 2 43) 4 44) A-3 45) A-2

B-1 B-3
C-2 C-1
D-4 D-4

46) 2

3 2 
4
4 2
1. log 324  log33 .22  log 3 2
3 2

Ans: (1)
7 7
log 2 1  log 22  28
2. 24 1
4
Ans: (2)
21
3. log a2  log a22  log a24 
4
 1 1  a 21
1    log 2 
 2 4 4

85 IX Class - Maths
LOGARITHMS MATHEMATICS

 4  2  1  a 21
  log 2 
 4  4
7 21
log a2   log a2  3  a  23
4 4
Ans: (1)
log a log b log c log d log e
4. . . . . 1
log b log c log d log e log a
Ans: (4)
5x 1  a
5. log x 6  2  log a  log b  log 
 b
5x  1
x2 
6
6x 2  5x  1  0
6x 2  6x  x  1  0
 6x  1 x  1  0
1
x  1, x
6
1
x is not possible. Since for negative values logarithem not defined
6
x  1 is also not possible. Since base should not be one.
Ans: (4)
xy
6. log    log xy
 5 
xy
 xy
5

 x  y
2
 25xy

x 2  y 2  2xy  25xy
x 2  y 2  23xy
x y
   23
y x
Ans: (2)
7. 98  x 2  12x  36  102

IX Class - Maths 86
MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

 x 2  12x  36  2
x 2  12x  36  4
x 2  12x  32  0
 x  8 ,  x  4  0
x  8, 4
Ans: (4)
a n  a n
8. x
a n  a n

1 a n  a n

x a n  a n
By C & D
1 x an
  a 2n
1  x a n
 1 x 
  2x
 log  1 x 
a  log aa  2x
Ans: (2)
1 1 1
9.  
log  log a log b  log b log c  log cc
bc
a
a ca b ab

 1 
log aabc  log abc
b
 log abc
c
Q b
 log ab 
 log a 

abc  1
log abc
Ans: (1)
10. log x  k  l  m  2n 

log y  k  m  n  2l 

log z  k  l  n  2m 

 log x  log y  log  z  k  l  m  2n  m  n  2l  l  n  2m 

log axyz  0  log1a

 xyz  1
Ans: (2)
11. log ca a  log cba

87 IX Class - Maths
LOGARITHMS MATHEMATICS

2 2
 log cb a
2
 log bb  2
Ans: (2)
12. a x  b y  cz  d w  K
1 1 1 1
a  K ,b  K ,c  Kz ,d  Kw
x y

1 1 1
K y .K z .K w
 log bcd
a  log 1
Kx

1 1 1
 
y z w
 .log KK
1
x

1 1 1 
 x   
y z w
Ans: (2)
2 2 2

xyz  log xyz  log xyz  log xyz

log xy 2
yz xz x y z
13.
Ans: (3)

 4.2    0.42   10
x
14.
2
4.2  10 x ———— (1)
2

0.42  10 y

4.2  10 y .10
2
1
4.2  10 y ———— (2)
From (1) & (2)
2 2
 1
x y

1 1
2   1
x y
1 1 1
 
x y 2

IX Class - Maths 88
MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

Ans: (3)
15. log 5 x 5  x
 7 1

 x  5  x  51
By Verification  x  4
Ans: (2)

1 11
log11 log 3
11
32 log 2 log11
  3
 133
0
16. 13
log 52 log 1 13 log 5
13
log 5
5
2
Ans: (3)
17. log x  2K , log y  3K , log z  5K
log y  log z  3K  5K  8K
log yz  4.2K  4.log x
log yz  log x 4
 yz  x 4
Ans: (4)

 3a    2b 
2 2
18.  2.3a.2b  18ab  12ab

 3a  2b 
2
 30ab

log  3a  2b   log 6  5  a  b
2

 log 3  5   2a   b
 log 3  log 5  log 2a  log b
Ans: (2)
 y  z  log 2   log 3 z  x    x  y  log 5
19. x  y  z yz  x z  x  y

log 2 y  z log 3z  x log 5x  y

  K
x  y  z y z  x  z  x  y

 log 2 y  z  log 3z  x  log 5 x  y  0

 1 x 
2 log  
 1 x 
 2 y  z.3z  x.5x  y  1
Ans: (2)

89 IX Class - Maths
LOGARITHMS MATHEMATICS

 a  b  log x   b  c  log y   c  a  log z

20.
a 3  b3 b 3  c3 c3  a 3
log x a  b  log y b  c  log z c  a  0
 x a  b .y b c .z c a  1
Ans: (3)

 x  y
2
21.  121xy

 x  y
2
 4xy  125xy

 x  y
2
 125xy

2 log  x  y   log125  log x  log y

Ans: (3)
73 343 64
22. log 3
 log  log
8 216 9

73 64 73
log 3   log 3
8 9 6
23
73 62  361
log 
8 4  93 73
 log 3
Ans: (2)

23.   
log 2 log 3 log 33
9

log 2  log 93 

 2


log 2 log 33  log 22  1
Ans: (1)
24. x  log abc  a x  bc

y  log ca
b  b  ca
y

z  log ab
c  c  ab
z

a xyz   a x    bc    b y  .  c z 
yz yz z y

  ac  .  ab 
z y

IX Class - Maths 90
MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

 a z  y .c z .b y
 a z  y .ab.ac
1 1 1
   1
x 1 y 1 z 1
 xyz  x  y  z  2
Ans: (1)
25. log  a  b   log ab
a  b  ab
b  ab  a
b
a
b 1
Ans: (2)
a log a b log b c log c
26.  
a  b  c b c  a  c a  b

 a log a  b log b  c log c  0

log a a .b b .cc  1
Ans: (2)
27. x  log abc

x  1  log bc
a  log a
a

x  1  log abc
a

1 1 1
 log aabc log  log abc
b
,  log abc
c

x 1 y 1 z 1

1 1 1
   1
x 1 y 1 z 1
Ans: (1)
28. 22.2 log2
5

51
 4.2log2
1
 4
5
Ans: (4)
log32 22
29. 4 3
 9log 2  10log x
83

91 IX Class - Maths
LOGARITHMS MATHEMATICS

1
83
4 2.  92  10log x
83
83  10log x
 log 83
x  log10
83

 x  10
Ans: (4)
30. Let log 57  x  5x  7

log 57  y  7 y  5

xy  log 57 .log 57  1

5 x  7 y

1
 5 x  7 y  y

5 x
5 y

5 x
5 x

0
Ans: (3)
31. log 57  x
5x  7 —— (1)
log 52  y
5y  2 —— (2)
 2 x  7 y

  5 y    5x 
x y
Q from (1) & (2)
Ans: (4)
 1 x 
32. f  x   log  
 1 x 

 2x 
 1 
 2x 
 log  1  x
2
f 2  
 1 x  2x
 1  
 1  x2 

log xxy  log xyy  1

IX Class - Maths 92
MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

 2 f  x
Ans: (2)
7 8 25
33. log  log  ...  log
6 7 24
5 5 5

6 7 8 9 25
. . . ....
 log 55 8 7 8 24

log 55  1
Ans: (2)
log x log y log z
34.   K
3 4 5
log x  log z  8 K  2.4 K
log xz  2 log y  log y 2
 xz  y 2
Ans: (2)
35. Ans: (2) By definition
36. Ans: (1) Formula
37. Ans: (4) Change of the base Rule
log x
38. log1x  undefined
log1
Ans: (4)
39. x  2
Ans: (2)
40. x  109
109
9 1 x
10  
10 10
Ans: (1)
41. log xxy  log xyy  1

xy  1  1  1  2
log xy
Ans: (1)
42. log 82 .log 327
1 2
log 2 .3.log 33  1
3
Ans: (2)

93 IX Class - Maths
LOGARITHMS MATHEMATICS

log10 24
43.
16
2
 log16
2  log 2  4
log10
Ans: (4)
log 0.2   3
3
0.2
44. a)

1
b) log 223 
3
log 24
c) 4
log 2
3

d) log 6 1  3  2 log 66  6
6
2

Ans: a  3, b  1, c  2, d  4
45. a2
b3
c 1
d 4
1
1



2 5
46. log x
5
x  2

WORK SHEET – 2 (KEY)

1) 2 2) 2 3) 1 4) 1 5) 2

6) 3 7) 3 8) 4 9) 4 10) 2

11) 3 12) 3 13) 1,2,3 14) 1,2,3, 15) 1

4

16) 1 17) 1 18) 3 19) 4 20) 2

21) 1 22) 3 23) A-3 24) A-4

B-1 B-5
C-2 C-1
D-5 D-2

IX Class - Maths 94
MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

VERBAL REASONING (KEY)

1) C 2) D 3) D 4) C 5) C

6) A 7) D 8) C 9) B 10) B

11) D 12) D 13) A 14) C 15) C

16) A 17) C 18) C 19) A 20) C

1. (c) : The pattern is 2, 4, 2, 4,.....

So, missing term  28  11  39.
2. (d) : The pattern is 8, 10, 12, 14,....
So, missing term  70  18  88.
3. (d) : The pattern is 90  100, 110,....
So, missing term  310  120  430.
4. (c) : The pattern is 4, 8, 12, 16,....
So, missing term  41  20  61.
5. (c) : The pattern is 3, 6, 12, 24,....
So, missing term  46  48  94.
6. (a) : The given series consist of squares of consecutive prime numbers
i.e.22 , 32 ,52 ,....,112 ,132 ,17 2 ,192.
So, missing term  112  121 .
7. (d) : The pattern is 1, 2, 3, 4,....
So, missing term  24  5  120.
8. (c) : The pattern is 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1,.....
So, missing term  67  3  201.
9. (b) : The pattern is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,.....
So, missing term  1127  8  1135.
10. (b) : Each number in the series is one more than twice the preceding
number.
So, missing term  15  2   1  31.
11. (d) : The pattern is 2  1, 2, 2, 2, 3,.....
So, missing term  59  2  4  122.

95 IX Class - Maths
LOGARITHMS MATHEMATICS

12. (d) : The pattern is 4, 9, 16,.....i.e.  2 2 , 32 , 42 ,....
So, missing pattern  169  52  169  25  144.
13. (a) : The terms of the given series are 3  12 , 3  22 , 3  32 , 3  42 , 3  52 ,3  62 ,....
So, missing term  3  7 2  3  49  147.
14. (c) : Each term in the series, except the first two terms, is 2 more than
the sum of the preceding two terms.
So, missing term  16 128  2048.
15. (c) : The sum of any three consecutive terms of the series gives the next
term.
So, missing number  8  15  27  50.
16. (a) : Each term at an even place in the series is the product of its two
adja cent terms.
Thus, if the missing term be x, then we have :
7  x  56 or x  56  7  8.
17. (c) : The terms of the given series are numbers formed by joining to-
gether consecutive odd numbers in order i.e. 1 and 3, 3
and 5, 5 and 7, 7 and 9, 9 and 11,......
So, missing term = number formed by joining 11 and 13 = 1113.
18. (c) :The given sequence is a combination of two series :
I. 13, 24,35, 46,57 and II. 32, 43,?,65, 76
The pattern in both I and II is 11 .
19. (a) : Clearly, 90  30  3,180  6  30,12  2  6, 50  25  2,100  4  25, 200  50  4.
So, missing term  3  50  150.
100 25 100 50 100 100 100 100
20. (c) : The given sequence is , , , ,.....i.e., , , , ,.....
9 2 7 3 9 8 7 6
100
So, missing term   20.
5

NON-VERBAL REASONING (KEY)

1) 4 2) 3 3) 5 4) 4 5) 1

6) 2 7) 2 8) 4 9) 1 10) 3

1. (4) : The line segment rotates through 900 and moves to the adjacent
portion of the rhombus in an ACW direction in first, third, fifth, ..... steps.
The other symbol moves to the adjacent portion of the rhombus in an
ACW direction and also gets replaced by a new symbol in second, fourth,
sixth, ..... steps.

IX Class - Maths 96
MATHEMATICS LOGARITHMS

2. (3) : In each step, all the existing arcs get laterally inverted and a new
arc is added which is oriented in a direction opposite to that of the last
added arc. The arcs are added at various positions in the following se-
quences :
3. (5) : The shading moves upwards sequentially from lower-left corner to
the upper-right corner of the rhombus and once it reaches the upper-
right corner, it moves to the lower-left corner in the next step. Also, in
each step, all the symbols move to the adjacent side ( of the rhombus ) in
a CW direction and the symbol that reaches the LHS position, gets re-
placed by a new symbol.
4. (4) : The bent pin gets laterally inverted and vertically inverted alter-
nately and moves to the adjacent side ( of the square boundary ) in a CW
direction in each step. As for the third element - in one step the outer ‘L’
shaped symbol gets laterally inverted and in the next step the element
gets vertically inverted. Or, similar figure reappears in every fourth step.
So, after fig . (E) , the fig. (B) should reappear.
5. (1) : In each step, the dot moves one space CW and the arrow moves two
spaces CW.
6. (2) : The upper-left element gets laterally inverted in first, third, fifth. ....
steps; the upper-right element gets rotated through 1800 is first, fourth,
seventh, .... steps; the lower-left element gets laterally inverted in sec-
ond, fourth, sixth, ...... steps; the lower-right element gets rotated through
180 0 in third, sixth, ..... steps and the pin at the middle-right element
position gets laterally inverted in every second step.
7. (2) : In one step, a black circle is added to the figure at the CW- end of
the existing circles and a line segment is added on the upper side. In the
next step, a white circle is added to the figure at the ACW-end of the
existing circles and a line segment is added on the lower side.
8. (4) : All the elements move half-a-side of the square boundary in ACW
direction in each step. Also, first, third and fifth elements are replaced
by new elements in one step and second, fourth and sixth elements are
replaced by new elements in the next step. The two steps are repeated
alternately.
9. (1) : Both the larger and the smaller squares move to the adjacent cor-
ner ACW in each turn. Also, the shading in the smaller square moves 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, ..... steps ACW sequentially and the shading in the larger
square moves 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..... steps CW sequentially.
10. (3) : The ‘=’ sign moves to the adjacent position in a CW direction in
each step. The symbol at the ACW-end position in fig. (A), moves to the
adjacent position in an ACW direction in each step and gets replaced by
a new symbol in first, third, fifth, .... steps. The symbol at the CW-end
position in fig. (A), moves to the adjacent position in an ACW direction in
each step and gets replaced by a new symbol in second, fourth, sixth, ...
steps.

97 IX Class - Maths