Using Numerical

Overcurrent
Protection Relays
© Siemens AG 2009
Unrestricted Energy Sector
Slide show contents

Time-overcurrent protection
§ Functions
§ Characteristics
§ Application

Directional time-overcurrent protection

§ Functions
§ Application

Direction Comparison
§ Principle
§ Application
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Time-overcurrent protection Introduction

Time-overcurrent
protection

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Time-overcurrent protection Functions

Time-overcurrent protection

Criteria for fault: overcurrent

Criteria for selectivity: time

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Time-overcurrent protection Functions

I>> t
IL1

TRIP

IL2 I> t

IL3

IE>> t

IE
IE> t

Valid for all devices with 4 CT inputs

© Siemens AG 2009
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Time-overcurrent protection Characteristics

Tripping characteristic of a two stage time-overcurrent

protection device - definite time

t [sec]
2.0

1.5 Tripping area

1.0

0.5

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 x IN

I> I>>

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Time-overcurrent protection Characteristics

Tripping characteristic of a time-overcurrent protection device -

inverse time

t [sec]
2.0 Characteristics:
n IEC
1.5 n ANSI
n user defined

1.0

0.5

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 x IN

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Time-overcurrent protection Application

As main protection Used as:

1 Line protection
Selectivity by time-grading
x

x
x

2 Motor protection
O/C O/C O/C with short circuit- and
overload protection,
start protection,
x

start inhibit

O/C M 3 Transformer protection

for network transformers
with short circuit- and
1 2 3 overload protection,
Inrush-stabilisation

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Time-overcurrent protection Application

Main protection as line protection

x x x x

O/C O/C O/C O/C

t = 900ms t = 600ms t = 300ms t = 0ms

Advantage: simple device,

only current transformers are necessary
Disadvantage: near infeed higher tripping time

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Time-overcurrent protection Application

Main protection as distribution transformers protection

< 800kVA >800kVA >1600kVA

Short circuit and Short circuit Short circuit (Inrush Stab)

overload protection (Inrush Stab) and overload protection

x
HV-fuse
Typ: GTr
O/C O/C
2
x I t
x

x
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Time-overcurrent protection Application

As back-up protection

Used for:
x

x
1 Line differential-
protection
I O/C O/C

I 2 Transformer-
differential protection
I O/C
x
x

1 2

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Time-overcurrent protection Application

Back-up protection of transformers

Settings:
100[%]
I>> > * IN[A], t=0
uk[%]
x

UMZ uk = short-circuit voltage of the transformer

IN = nominal current of high-voltage side
I therefore I>> responds only
on high-voltage side faults of transformer

I>: pickup value for faults of the low-voltage side.

x

The value must be larger as the sum

of all nominal currents of all feeders, converted
to the high-voltage side.
t = 300ms + largest time in the feeders

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Breaker failure protection Application

Energy direction

TRIP breaker fail

TRIP over current prot.

I>
&
t1
OC function

t2
CB I> &
t2= t CB + t BFdrop off + t safety
BF function = 150 - 250ms

© Siemens AG 2009
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Time-overcurrent protection SIPROTEC 4

• Time overcurrent Protection (50/50N, 51/51N)

• Thermal overload Protection (49)
7SJ61 • Inrush blocking
• Motor Protection (14, 37, 48, 66/68)
• Negative Sequence Protection (46)
• Trip Circuit Monitoring (74TC)
• Lock-out (86)
• Circuit Breaker Failure Protection (50BF)
• Auto reclosing (79M)
• Fault Recording

• Synchronised Real Time

• User programmable Logic Functions
• Measured Value processing
Max demand, metered Values
• 3 serial Communications Interfaces
(Remote temperature device interface)
• CB Control Function (Interlocking)

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Dir. time-overcurrent protection Introduction

Directional
time-overcurrent
protection

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Dir. time-overcurrent protection Functions

Directional time-overcurrent protection

Criteria for fault: overcurrent

Criteria for selectivity: direction + time

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Dir. time-overcurrent protection Functions

I>> t
IL1

I> t

Direction
& TRIP

UL1

Fast stage (I>>): directional

Back-up stage (I>): non-directional

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Dir. time-overcurrent protection Application

Energy direction
As main protection

x
x

of parallel lines
O/C 1 O/C 2

t = 300ms t = 300ms Devices 1 2 3 are picking up

Device 4 blocks (‘reverse’ direction)

t = 0ms t = 0ms Device 3 trips instantaneously
O/C 3 O/C 4
Device 2 drops off
x
x

Device 1 trips after 300 ms

x

t = 0ms
O/C

© Siemens AG 2009
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Dir. time-overcurrent protection Application

Energy direction
As main protection

x
x

1 2 of parallel lines
O/C O/C
t = 300ms t = 300ms
Devices 1 2 5 are picking up

Devices 3 4 blocking (‘reverse’ direction)

t = 0ms t = 0ms
O/C
Device 5 trips instantaneously
O/C
x
x

3 4 Devices 1 2 are dropping off

x

t = 0ms
O/C 5

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Dir. time-overcurrent protection Application

x x x x x x
O/C O/C O/C O/C O/C O/C

t = 600ms t = 0ms t = 300ms t = 300ms t = 0ms t = 600ms

1 2 3 4 5 6

Devices 1 2 4 6 are picking up

As main protection Device 2 trips instantaneously

of lines with
two end infeed Devices 4 6 are dropping off

Device 1 trips after 600ms

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Dir. time-overcurrent protection Application

x x x x x x
O/C O/C O/C O/C O/C O/C

t = 600ms t = 0ms t = 300ms t = 300ms t = 0ms t = 600ms

1 2 3 4 5 6

Devices 1 3 4 6 are picking up

As main protection Devices 3 4 are tripping in 300ms

of lines with Devices 1 6 are dropping off
two end infeed

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Directional comparison Introduction

Directional comparison -

an alternative protection concept

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Directional comparison Introduction

HV infeed

20kV
20kV

20kV 400V 400V 20kV

400V 400V
20kV

400V

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Directional comparison Principle

TRIP TRIP
E E
A I>
S I> B
& S &
Data link
t1 t1

Sense “inoperative direction”

S Send information “inoperative direction”
E Receive information “inoperative direction” -> blocking
I> Start time-overcurrent stage
Sense “operative direction”
t1 Time delay

© Siemens AG 2009
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Directional comparison Application

fault in the network part B–C with two end infeed

A B C D

I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t

I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t
I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t
I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t
R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2

R 1.1 forward, R 1.2 reverse è R 1.2 blocks R 1.1

R 3.1 reverse, R 3.2 forward è R 3.1 blocks R 3.2
R 2.1 forward, R 2.2 forward è high speed trip in t1 (100ms)

© Siemens AG 2009
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Directional comparison Application

fault in the network part C–D with single end infeed

A B C D

I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t

I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t
I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t
I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t
R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2

R 1.1 forward, R 1.2 reverse è R 1.2 blocks R 1.1

R 2.1 forward, R 2.2 reverse è R 2.2 blocks R 2.1
R 3.1 forward, R 3.2 no pickup è high speed trip in t1 (100ms),
because no block signal is received

© Siemens AG 2009
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Directional comparison Application

Principle “reverse interlocking”

O/C 1
Blocking
2 T = 50ms Outgoing protection
Energy direction t = xxms
initiates and blocks
the infeed protection
stage within 50 ms

2
O/C O/C O/C Infeed protection
+ + + gives a trip after
start start. start.
50 ms since no
M outgoing feeder has
picked up and
1
blocked the infeed
protection

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Directional comparison Application

Combination of directional comparison & reverse interlocking

Busbar Blocking busbar
Ring panel Ring panel
TRIP TRIP
E E
Fibre optic Fibre-optic
I> I>
S & & S
Binary signal- Binary signal-
t1
transmitter t1
transmitter
I> I>
& & Fast tripping stage by
t3 t3
busbar fault (t3 app. 50ms)

Outgoing feeder panel TRIP TRIP Outgoing feeder panel

I> I>
& &
t4 t4

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Directional comparison Application

Fault on ring section B-C

A B C D

I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1

I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2
I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3
I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4

R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2

I>,t R4
R1.1 forward, it is blocked from R1.2
R1.2 reverse, blocks R1.1
R5 I>,t R2.1 forward, blocks BB-Protection, trips
R2.2 forward, trips
I>,t R6 R3.1 reverse, blocks R3.2
R3.2 forward, it is blocked from R3.1
R4 no reaction
R5 no reaction
R6 no reaction

© Siemens AG 2009
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Directional comparison Application

Fault in one outgoing feeder panel of the busbar at B

A B C D

I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1

I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2
I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3
I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4

R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2

I>,t R4 R1.1 forward, it is blocked from R1.2

R1.2 reverse, blocks R1.1
R5 I>,t
R3.1 reverse, blocks R3.2
I>,t R6
R3.2 forward, it is blocked from R3.1
R4 no reaction
R5 no reaction
R6 blocks BB-Protection, trips

© Siemens AG 2009
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Directional comparison Application

Fault on the busbar at B

A B C D

I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1

I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2
I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3
I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4

R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2

R1.1 forward, it is blocked from R1.2

I>,t R4 R1.2 reverse, blocks R1.1, trips with BB-stage
R2.1 reverse, blocks R2.2, trips with BB-stage
R5 I>,t
R2.2 forward, it is blocked from R2.1
I>,t R6 R3.1 reverse, blocks R3.2
R3.2 forward, it is blocked from R3.1
R4 no reaction
R5 no reaction
R6 no reaction

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Directional comparison Application

Transmission of 2 binary information via fibre optic

Störmelde- Störmelde-
kontakt kontakt

Binäreingange
Binäreingange

FSMA-Anschlüß e für den LW L

FSMA-Anschlüß e für den LW L

Fibre-optic,
Multimode,820nm
Kommando
Kontakte Kommando
SV Kontakte
SV

Binary signal transmitter

7XV5653

© Siemens AG 2009
Page 32 Energy Automation Energy Sector
Time-overcurrent protection SIPROTEC 4

• Directional time-overcurrent Protection (67/67N)

• Time overcurrent Protection (50/50N, 51/51N)
• Thermal overload Protection (49)
• Inrush blocking
7SJ62/63/64 • Sensitive Ground Fault Protection (64, 50Ns, 67Ns)
• Motor Protection (14, 37, 48, 66/68)
• Under / Over voltage (27, 59)
• Under / Over frequency (81)
• Negative Sequence Protection (46)
• Trip Circuit Monitoring (74TC)
• Lock-out (86)
• Circuit Breaker Failure Protection (50BF)
• Synchronisation (25), only 7SJ64
• Auto reclosing (79M)
• Fault Recording
• Synchronised Real Time
• User programmable Logic Functions
• Measured Value processing
Max demand, metered Values
• 3 serial Communications Interfaces
(Remote temperature device interface)
• CB Control Function (Interlocking)
© Siemens AG 2009
Page 33 Energy Automation Energy Sector