UNIT-9

Psychology and Sports

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What do you mean by personality?

Ans. Personality refers to the patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours persistently
exhibited overtime that strongly influences one's expectations. self-perceptions, attitudes and
values.

Q 2. What do you mean by Introvert?

Ans. Introverts are people who opt to live in their own inner world of feelings and tend to shy
away from in public interactions and social connects.

Q3. Define the term intuition.

Ans. Intuition refers to a preference for perceiving the world through concepts, theories and
abstractions. People use their intuition to understand the situation and people around them.

Q4. Name the big five traits of personality.

Ans. Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism are the
big five traits of personality.

Q5. Define Conscientiousness.

Ans. Conscientiousness refers to well-organised, careful, responsible, hardworking and
dependable individuals. Individuals high on conscientiousness have been found to perform
better in academics as well as in sports.

Q6. What do you mean by the term aggression' in

sports?
Ans. Aggression is any interpersonal behaviour intended to cause mental or physical harm
to a person which can be done by abusing or showing unkind behaviour, etc.

Q7. What do you mean by Self- esteem?

Ans. Self-esteem is how we value and perceive ourselves,
It is based on our opinions and beliefs about ourselves. It is also defined by the degree of
worth and competence that we attribute to ourselves.

Q8.What are some traits of Type A personality?

Ans. Some traits of type A personality are as follows:
(i) Very competitive
(ii) Overly ambitious
(iii) Dislike wasting time
(iv) Feel impatient or irritated when delayed.
(v) Associated with hypertension.

Q9. What do you mean by extroverts and introverts?

Ans. Extroverts are the persons who have a tendency to be friendly, talkative and social in
nature. They are generous, supportive and courageous.
On the other hand, introverts are shy, socially withdrawn and talk less. They are sensible
and future-oriented.

Q10. What do you mean by extraversion and

conscientiousness?
Ans. Extraversion includes the traits of having enthusiasm, high energy, positive emotions,
talkativeness and assertiveness. Conscientiousness refers to well-organised, careful,
responsible, hardworking and self-disciplined individuals.

Q11. Explain briefly the two types of aggression in sports.

Ans. Types of aggression in sports:
( Hostile or Reactive Aggression: In hostile aggression, the main aim is to cause harm or
injury to the opponent. It is usually an unplanned, impulsive reaction towards a player who
may have become a threat in achieving the goal.
(ii Instrumental or Channelled Aggression:
In instrumental aggression, the main aim is displaying aggressive behaviour in order to
achieve a goal.

Q12. Why is mental imagery important?

Ans. Mental imagery help athletes to stay confident, focused and motivated. It also helps
athletes to regulate the anxiety they experience during competitions. It also helps in
promoting rest, recovery and recuperation.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Discuss Jung's classification of personality in brief.

Ans. Jung has classified personality as:
(i) Introverts: People who have characteristics like shyness, social withdrawal and tendency
to talk
less.
They are sensible and future oriented.
(ii) Extroverts: People who have a tendancy to be friendly, outgoing, talkative and social in
nature.
They are generous, supportive and courageous. (iii) Ambiverts: People who possess both
the qualities of introverts and extroverts in a balanced manner.
They are neither too reserved nor too outgoing in nature.

Q2. Differentiate between introverts and extroverts?

Ans. The difference between Introverts and Extroverts are as follows:
Q3. Define aggression. Discuss any two types of
aggression.
Ans. Aggression is a deliberate behaviour to harm or injure and can be either physical or
psychological, ie. hitting, pushing or abusing someone purposely. with an intent to hurt.
Types of aggression:
(i) Hostile Aggression: Hostile aggression is a type of aggression that is committed in
response to a perceived threat or insult. It is unplanned, reactionary, impulsive, and fueled
by intense emotion as opposed to desire to achieve a goal.
Aggressors typically have a sense of a loss of control during outbursts, and characteristically
experience physiological hyperarousal.

(ii) Instrumental Aggression: Instrumental aggression refers to aggressive behaviour meant

or used to attain some non-aggressive goals like winning, getting money, prestige or gaining
any other advantage. An instrumental aggression does consist of an aggressive intent to
harm an opponent physically or psychologically without necessarily being angry.

Q4. Distinguish between hostile aggression, instrumental aggression and assertive

behaviour.
Ans. The difference between hostile aggression, instrumental aggression and assertive
behaviour are as follows:
Long Answer Type Questions

Q1. Define personality. Elucidate its types in detail.

Ans. Personality is an individual's unique and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts
and feelings.
It is the integration of those systems and habits that represent an individual's characteristic
adjustment to his environment.
Types of Personality: There are four different types of personality:
(i) Type 'A' Personality: Individuals with this type of personality are highly competitive and
multi-tasking. They become impatient or irritated
when delayed. Such individuals can be easily aroused to anger, hostility and aggression and
are highly focused.

(ii) Type 'B' Personality: These individuals are self-confident, calm open to social
relationships and are not hostile. They are easy going and are able to cope with stress
effectively. They are not over-ambitious but are successful in lives.

(iii) Type 'C' Personality: In this type of personality. individuals are accurate, precise,
detail-oriented. conscientious and even-tempered, and incapable
of expressing their own feelings.

(iv) Type 'D' Personality: Individuals with this type of personality have tendency to
experience increased negative emotions and tend not to share these emotions with others
because of fear of rejection.

Q2. What are the personality traits according to the

Big Five theory.
Ans. This theory describes the underlying traits that make-up an individual's overall
personality. The distinct factors of personality are:

(i)Openness:
(a) This trait features characteristics such as imagination and insight.
(b) People who are high in this trait tend to
be more adventurous and creative.

(ii) Conscientiousness:
(a) Standard features of this dimension include high levels of thoughtfulness and
goal-directed behaviours.
(b) Highly conscientious people tend to be reliable and pursue their goals with determination.

(iii) Extoversion:
(a) This is characterised by sociability.
talkativeness and assertiveness.
(b) People who are high in this trait are friendly and tend to gain energy in social situations.

(iv) Agreeableness:
(a) This personality dimension includes attributes such as trust, kindness. affection, etc.
(b) People who are high in agreeableness tend to be more cooperative.
(c) People who are low in this trait tend to be selfish, rude and manipulative.

(v) Neuroticism:
(a) This trait is characterised by jealousy, moodiness, and emotional instability.
(b) People who are high in this trait experience mood swings, anxiety.
sadness and worry.

Important Note-The Big Five Personality Theory can be easily remembered through the
word OCEAN.

Q3. Write a detailed note on psychological attributes in sports.

Ans. Some of the psychological attributes in sports are
as follows:
(i) Self Esteem: Self-esteem is how we value and perceive ourselves. It is based on
our opinions and beliefs about ourselves. It is also defined by the degree of worth and
competence that we attribute to ourselves. Our self-esteem can affect whether we:
a. like and value ourself as a person
b. are able to make decisions
c. recognise our strengths and positives
d. feel able to try new or difficult things
Through Sport we may enhance our self-esteem by having a positive image of our
bodies and the physical skills and abilities that we develop. We feel positive
self-worth through the recognition that we receive from family and friends and the
social relationships that develop as a result of our involvement in sport and physical
activity.
(ii) Mental imagery: Mental imagery involves the athlete imagining themselves in an
environment performing a specific activity using their senses (sight, hear, feel and
smell). The images could have the athlete performing successfully and feeling
satisfied with their performance. Mental imagery can be helpful in:
a. developing self-confidence and motivating the athlete
b. reducing negative thoughts and removing stress-related reactions
c. developing pre-competition and competition strategies
d. refocussing or concentrating on a particular skill
e. promoting rest, recovery and recuperation

(iii) Self-talk: Self-talk refers to the thoughts and words athletes and performers say to
themselves, usually in their minds. Self-talk phrases (or cues) are used to direct
attention towards a particular thing in order to improve focus or are used alongside
other techniques to facilitate their effectiveness. These uses are typically fit into two
categories of self-talk: instructional and motivational. Instructional self-talk refers to
cues that an athlete might use to focus and remind oneself of proper technique.
Motivational self-talk signifies cues that might build confidence, maximise effort, or
reaffirm one's abilities.

(iv) Goal Setting: Goal setting is the process of systematically planning ways to
achieve. specific accomplishments within a certain amount of time. Research
suggests that goals should be specific, measurable, difficult but attainable,
time-based, and written down. Each long-term goal should also have a series of
short-term goals that progress in difficulty. 50, the sportsperson should be
encouraged to set few ambitious but achievable long-term goals.

Multiple Choice Questions

Q1. Type…….... personality individuals are easy going, patient and do not become angry
and hostile.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

Q2. Type D personality individuals are suspectible to:

a, depression
b. hypertension
c. cancer
d. both a. and b

Q3. Match the following.

Ans. (b) 2 3 1 4

Q4. Who categorised the personality traits as introverts and extroverts?

a. CG Jung
b. GW Allport
c. WH Sheldon
d. MC Dougall

Q5. A person having both traits of introvert and extrovert is known as:
a. mesomorph
b. extroversion
c. ambivert
d. endomorph

Q6. A person who is bold and outgoing is an:

a. introvert
b. extrovert
c. ambivert
d. None of these.

Q7. In the 'Big Five Theory, five personality traits are described. These traits are the
attributes that describe a person. The traits given in Big Five Theory are collectively called
as OCEAN.
What does A stands in OCEAN?
a. Amiable
b. Adorable
c. Agreeableness
d. Aggression

Q8. Emotionally unstable, anxiety, sadness are attributes of which personality dimension?
a. Extroversion
b. Neuroticism
c. Agreeableness
d. Openness

Q9. Match List-I with List-Il and select the correct answer from the codes given below:

Ans. (b) ii iii iv I

Q10. Which of the following is a personality trait not

included in the 'Big Five Theory?
a. Neuroticism
b. Aggressiveness
c. Openness
d. Extroversion

Q11. Aggressive behaviour of a sportsperson is influenced by:

a. emotional identification with the team
b. tactical ability
c. goal orientation
d. All of the above

Q12. In hostile aggression, the main aim is to

using aggression.
a. cause harm to the opponent
b. express your feeling of jealousy
c. achieve a positive goal
d. show your hostility to an opponent

Q13. Which of the following is an example of assertive behaviour?

a. Sledging in cricket
b. Bowler throwing a bouncer deliberately
c. Rugby player tackling his opponent
d. All of the above.

Q14. Aggression is displayed in sports through:

a. assertion of views
b. use of abusive words
c. walking away from the opponent
d. strictly following the rules.

Q15. Mental imagery is not helpful in:

a. removing stress-related reactions
b. motivating the athlete
c. increasing negative thoughts
d. promoting rest and recovery.

Assertion and Reason Type Questions

There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements
and choose the appropriate option from the options given below:
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Q16. Assertion (A): Type'C' personality individuals are introverts.

Reason (R) : They are passive, hopeless and pessimistic.
A.16. b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Q17. Assertion (A): Extroverts may be called happy, go, lucky persons.
Reason(R): Extroverts are friendly, talkative and
social in nature.
A.17. a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Q18. Assertion (A): The big five personality theory is developed by William Herbert Sheldon
in the 1940s.
Reason (R): The big five traits of personality are Openness, Conscientiousness,
Extroversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism.
A.18.d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Q19. Assertion (A): Instrumental aggression and hostile aggression are the two types of
aggression.
Reason (R): Instrumental aggression is positive while hostile aggression is negative in
nature.
A.19.a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Q20. Assertion (A): Motivational self-talk signifies cues that might build confidence,
maximise effort or reaffirm one's abilities.
Reason (R): Motivational self-talk signifies cues that an athlete use to focus and remind
oneself of proper technique.
A.20.c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

Case Study Based Questions

Case Study 1

Read the following passage and answer the following questions.

Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and a disciple of Sigmund Freud, published a book
Psychology Typen (Psychology Types) in 1921 and presented his own theory of personality
by classifying personality based on two important aspects....personality attitude (introvert
and extrovert) and personality functions (Sensing, Intuitive, Thinking, Feeling).

Q1. The bases of Jung's classification of personality is:

a. body build
b. personality functions
c. personality attitude
d. mind

Q2. Extroverts are:

a. broad-minded
b. optimistic
c. highly socialised
d. All of these
Q3. An....... is a person whose behaviour changes
according to the situation she/he is in.
a. ambivert
b. extrovert
C. introvert
d. None of these

Case Study 2
Read the following passage and answer the following
questions.
Narayan is a football player of XYZ School. He is famous for his aggressive play in the field.
Because Of his aggression he scored many goals. At the same lime, he was punished for
his aggressive behaviour with the opponents.
91. What type of aggression is shown by Narayan?