8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 1

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND MOBILE

COMPUTING

Academic Year 2022

Chapter -1-
An Overview of Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 2

Introduction – What is Network?
A

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 3

What is Wireless?
Having no wires.

It is any computer network where there is no physical wired connection

between the sender and receiver, but rather the network is connected by
electromagnetic waves to maintain communications.

Wireless networking utilizes specific equipment such as NICs and Routers in

place of wires (copper or optical fiber).

The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete spectrum (or continuum) of all

forms of “light”

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 4

What is Wireless, cont. …?
Properties of electromagnetic waves include speed (s), frequency (f) and
wavelength (l). They are related in the formula:

s=f x l

All light waves travel at a speed of 3 x 108 m/s in a vacuum

All parts of the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the same speed.

Therefore, wavelength and frequency have an indirect relationship, this

means that as one characteristic increases, the other decreases and
vice-versa.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 5

What is Wireless, cont. …?
Electromagnetic wave characteristics:
oA short wavelengths have a high frequency and vice-versa.

Electromagnetic waves & energy:

oA high frequency waves have high energy and vice-versa.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 6

What is Communication?
It is a process in which two or more computer or devices transfer data, information and
instructions through air by using electromagnetic waves like radio-waves, infrared,
micro-waves, etc..

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 7

What is a Wireless Communication?
It is a communication in which information is transferred between two or more
points without any wire.

Guglielmo Marconi invented wireless telegraph in 1986 (analog comn.).

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 8

Mobile vs Computing
Mobile is that someone / something can move or be moved easily and
quickly from place to place.

Computing - is the operations of the computer.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 9

Mobile Computing
It is a computing that connects a mobile device to network or another computing
device, anytime, anywhere.
Mobile Computing Functions
User Mobility – a user should be able to move from one physical location to another
and use the same service.
Network Mobility – a user should be able move from one network to another and use
the same service.
Device Mobility – a user should be able to move from one device to another and use
the same service.
Session Mobility – a user session should be able to move from one user-agent
environment to another.
Service Mobility – the user should be able to move from one service to another
Host Mobility – the user should can be either a client or a server.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 10

Mobile Computing Software
Mobile OS – like Android, iOS, Windows, Symbian,
Mobile Application User Interface –
Micro-browser – a wireless web-browser designed to operate with small screens and
limited bandwidth and memory requirements.
Wireless Application Protocol – is a suite of network protocols designed to a wireless
devices to access a WAP readable files on an Internet-connected web-server.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 11

Mobile Computing – Markup Languages
Wireless Markup Language (WML) - is a scripting language used to create a content
in the WAP environment;
Based on XML, minus unnecessary to increase speed.
Compact Hypertext Markup languages (cHTML) – is a scripting language used to
create content in i-mode (Internet Mode).
Voice XML (VXML) – is an extension of XML used to accommodate voice.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 12

Mobile Computing Services
Short Message Service (SMS) – is a service that supports the sending and receiving of
short text messages on mobile phones.
Enhanced Message Service (EMS) – is an extension of SMS that can send simple
animation, tiny pictures, sounds, and formatted texts.
Multimedia Message Service (MMS) – is the emerging generation of wireless
messaging;
oIt is able deliver rich media.
Micropayments – electronic payments for small purchase amounts.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 13

Mobile Computing – Location-Based Services
Global Positioning System (GPS) – a worldwide satellite-based tracking system that
enables users to determine their position anywhere on earth.

Mobile Computing - Voice-Support Services

Interactive Voice response (IVR) – a voice system that enables users to request and
receive information and to enter and change data through telephone to a computerized
system.
Voice Portal (VP) – is a website with an audio interface that can be accessed through a
telephone call.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 14

Wireless vs Mobile Computing
Wireless
It is a transmission or information transport method that enables mobile computing.
Mobile Computing
It is the ability to compute no matter where the user is.
It focuses on the application side.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 15

Wireless Transmission Media
It is a methods of carrying data through air or space using infrared, radio,
microwave, or satellite signals.
Satellite

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 16

Wireless Transmission Media, Cont. …
Infrared (IrDA)
oIt carries data via light beams.
oTransmitter and receiver must be in line-of-sight.
oAn IrDA port is needed to use infrared with a computer.
Radio
oIt carries data via radio frequency signals.
oRadio signals can be long-range (between cities or regions) or short-range (within a
building).
oRadio signals are susceptible to noise and electrical interference.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 17

Wireless Transmission Media, Cont. …
Microwaves
oIt is a high frequency radio-waves.
oIt carries data much of a long-distance.
oIt travels in a straight line.
oMicrowave relay stations are built about 30 miles apart.
Satellites
oIt a microwave relay stations suspended in a space.
oThey are positioned in a geosynchronous orbit.
oIt uses a microwave signals to transmit data to and from earth-based microwave relay
stations.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 18

1G Technology
It refers to First Generation telephone technology, mobile communication which was first
introduced in 1980s and completed in early 1990s.
Its speed was up to 2.4kbps.
It allows the voice calls in 1 country.
It uses an analog signal.
AMPS, FDMA, TACS (Total Access Communication System) and NMT ( are the technology
used.
Drawbacks of 1G:
Poor voice quality
Poor battery life
Large phone size
No security
Limited capacity
Poor handoff reliability

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 19

2G Technology
It refers to the Second Generation.
It was launched in Finland in the year 1991.
It uses a digital signal.
It’s data speed was up to 64kbps.
The technologies used are GSM, CDMA, and TDMA.
Features:
It enables services such text messages, pictures messages and MMS.
It provides a better quality and capacity.
Drawbacks:
It requires a strong digital signal to help mobile phone work. If there no network
coverage in a specific area, digital signals would weak.
It is unable to handle complex data such as Videos.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 20

2.5G Technology
It is a technology between 2G and 3G of mobile telephony.
It uses a technology GPRS and EDGE.
Features:
Send / receive e-mail messages.
Web browsing.
Speed: 64-144 kbps.
Camera phones.
Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins. mp3 song.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 21

3G Technology
It refers Third Generation which was introduced in year 2000s.
Data transmission speed increased from 144kbps – 2Mbps.
It is called smart phones and features increased its bandwidth and data transfer rates to
accommodate web-based applications and audio and video files.
It uses a technology UMTS, and WCDMA.
Features:
Provide faster communication.
Send / receive e-mail messages.
High speed with more security.
Video conferencing / 3D gaming.
TV streaming / mobile TV / Phone calls.
Large capacities and broadband capacities.
11 sec. – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min mp3 song.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 22

3G Technology
Drawbacks:
Expensive fees for 3G License Services.
It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G.
High bandwidth requirement.
Expensive 3G phones.
Large cell phones.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 23

4G Technology (Anytime, Anywhere)
It refers to Fourth Generations which was started from late 2000s.
Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC:
M – Mobile Multimedia;
A – Anytime Anywhere;
G – Global Mobility Support;
I – Integrated Wireless Solution;
C – Customized Personal Services.
Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere.
It uses a technology LTE (Long Term Evolution).
High QoS.
Provide any kind of service at anytime as per the requirements, anywhere.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 24

4G Technology (Anytime, Anywhere)
Features:
More security
High speed.
High capacity.
Low cost per-bit etc.
Drawbacks:
Battery use is more.
Hard to implement.
Need complicated hardware.
Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 25

Comparison of 3G vs 4G
No. Technology 3G 4G
1. Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec. 100 MB/sec.
2. Internet services Broadband Ultra Broadband.
3. Mobile – TV Resolution Low High
4. Bandwidth 5 – 10 MHz 100 MHz
5. Frequency 1.6 – 6 GHz 2 – 6 GHz
6. Download and Upload 5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 26

5G Technology
It refers to Fifth Generation which was started from late 2010s.
Complete wireless communication with almost no limitation.
It is highly supportable to WWWW (Wireless World Wide Web).
Benefits of 5G:
High speed, high capacity.
It provides a large broadcasting of data in Gbps.
Multi-media Newspapers, watch TV programs with best clarity.
Faster data transmission that of the previous generations.
Large phone memory, dialing speed, clarity in Audio / Video.
Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and others.
It is more effective and more attractive.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 27

Comparison of 4G vs 5G
No. Technology 4G 5G
1. Switching Circuit / Packet Circuit /Packet
2. Data Rate Up to 20Mbps Up to 1 Gbps
3. Technology Combination of broadband Combination of broadband
LAN / WAN / PAN PAN /LAN/ WAN

Evolution of 1G – 5G Technology

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 28

Types of WC Technology – Bluetooth (1)
It transmits data via low-power radio waves.
It communicates on a frequency of 2.45GHz.
It doesn’t require line-of-sight between communicating devices.
It is built on IEEE 802.15 standard.
It is a PAN network technology.
It can connect up to eight devices simultaneously (called piconet – 1 Master and
others slave).

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 29

Levels of Bluetooth Networking Standard
1. Physical Level
The agreement is provided by using a radio-frequency standard.
2. Protocol Level
The agreement is provided based on the products that have to agree:
When bits are sent;
How many bits will sent at a time; and
How the parties in the conversation can be sure that the message received is the same
as the message sent.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 30

Applications of Bluetooth
Speakers
Headphones
Keyboards
Printers
Projectors

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 31

Types of WC Technology– Wi-Fi (2)
Wi-Fi stands for “Wireless Fidelity.”
It is used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to the wired
network.
It works on physical and data-link layer.
The main purpose of Wi-Fi:
Make access to information easier.
Ensure compatibility and co-existence of devices.
Eliminate complex cabling.
Eliminate switches, adapters, plugs, pins, and connectors.
It is built on IEEE 802.11 standards.
Operates at 2.4GHz radio spectrum.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 32

Elements of Wi-Fi Network
Access Point (AP)
It a wireless LAN transceiver or “base station” that can connect one or many
wireless devices simultaneously to the Internet.
Wi-Fi Cards
It accepts wireless signal and relay information.
It can be internal and external. E.g. PCMCIA – card for laptop and PCI – card
for desktop PC.
Safeguards
Firewalls and anti-virus software protect network from uninvited users and keep
information secure.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 33

Types of WC Technology – (3)
Li-Fi stands for “Light Fidelity.”
LED + Wi-Fi = Li-Fi
It is a light-based Wi-Fi.
It a transmission of data through illumination by taking data out from fiber optic
by sending data through LED light bulb.
It is fast and cheap wireless communication system which is optical version of
Wi-Fi.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 34

Application of
Vehicles
Traffic light
It can communicate to the cars and with each other.
Airlines
whenever we travel through airways we face a problem in communication media, because
the whole airways communication are performed on the bases of radio-waves.
Li-Fi is introduced to overcome this problem.
Hospital
Petroleum and Chemical Industries.
Street Lambs
On Ocean Beds
It works underwater for military / navigation operations.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 35

Limitation of
Light cannot pass through objects.
Interferences from external light sources like sun light, normal bulbs, and
opaque materials in the path of transmission will cause interruption in the
communication.
High installation cost for VLC system.
The receiving device will transmit back transmitter.
It requires a line-of-sight.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 36

Types of WC Technology – WiMAX (4)
WiMAX stands for “Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.”
It is a wireless technology that will connect devices to Internet and provide a
broadband access using a microwave.
It is based on IEEE 802.16 standard.
It is designed for creating wireless MAN technology.
It works on the data link and physical layer.
It provides up to 50km of linear service area range and allows users connectivity
without a direct line of sight to a base station.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 37

Architecture of WiMAX (4)
A WiMAX system consists of two parts:
1. WiMAX Tower (Transmitter):
It can provide cover to large area as big as 50km.
2. WiMAX Receiver:
It is a small box which built in devices like PCMCIA card.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 38

Advantages of WiMAX (4)
Single station can serve hundreds of users.
Much faster deployment of new users comparing to a wired networks.
Secure and flexible network.
Ordinary rates in roaming.
Disadvantages of WiMAX
Power consuming technology.
High installation.
Signal interruption in bad weather.
High cost.

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 39

Advantages of Wireless Communication
Speed
Cost
Durability
Flexibility
Place of device
Disadvantages of Wireless Communication
Power Consumption
Security Issues
Compatibility Issues

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 40

Future Wireless Network
5G – WWWW
IoT

8/15/2022 WCMC LECTURE NOTE, YEAR: 2022 41