U.S.

-PAKISTAN CENTER
FOR ADVANCED STUDIES
IN ENERGY (USPCAS-E)

Advanced Power System Analysis

EE-863 (Core)
Lecture#2
By
Dr. Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi
 Lesson Summary
Power System Analysis (Lecture-2)
1. Revision of Basic Concepts

2. Per Unit System

3. Complex Power Balance

4. Power Factor Correction

5. Complex Power Flow

6. Balanced Three-Phase Power

7. Numericals

2
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Revision of Complex Numbers:
Phasors:

Rectangular form:

Polar form:

Euler identity:
3
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Phasors:

4
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Phasors:

5
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Phasors:

6
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Phasors:

7
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Phasors:

8
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Phasors:

9
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Phasors:

10
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Phasors:

11
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Phasors:

12
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Phasors:

13
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Revision of terms impedance and admittance:
Impedance:

Admittance:

14
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Single subscript notation and double subscript notations:

Single subscript notation: :

Double subscript notation: :

15
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Instantaneous Power:

16
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Review of Instantaneous Power in
Resistive circuits:

17
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Instantaneous Power in Resistive
circuits:

18
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Instantaneous Power in Inductive
circuits:

19
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Instantaneous Power in Inductive
circuits:

20
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Instantaneous Power in Capacitive
circuits:

21
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Instantaneous Power in Capacitive
circuits:

22
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Instantaneous Power in RLC circuits:

23
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Instantaneous Power in RLC circuits:

24
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Instantaneous Power in RLC circuits:

25
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Real Power:

26
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Reactive Power:

27
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Power Factor:

28
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Complex Power:

29
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Complex Power:

30
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Complex Power:

31
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Complex Power:

32
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Review of Complex Power:

33
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Power In Single Phase AC Circuits:
Mathematical Expression: :

34
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Power In Single Phase AC Circuits:
Phasor Diagram: :

35
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Power In Single Phase AC Circuits: Phasor Diagram:

Instantaneous power is positive when v

and i are of same polarity and negative
when any one of them is of opposite
polarity.

36
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Power In Single Phase AC RL Circuits:

37
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Complex Power:

Power Triangle:

38
Assignment Q-1: Explain this Diagram.

39
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Balanced 3-Phase System:

40
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Balanced 3-Phase System:

41
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Balanced 3-Phase System:

42
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Balanced 3-Phase System:

43
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Balanced 3-Phase System:

44
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Balanced 3-Phase System:

45
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Balanced 3-Phase System:

46
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Balanced 3-Phase System:

47
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Line-to-neutral Voltage And Currents In Balanced Three-phase Circuits:

Phasor diagram: Equivalent 1-Phase Circuit:

48
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Line-to-neutral Voltage And Currents In Balanced Three-phase Circuits:

Alpha operator (a):

Phasor Diagram of various

powers and functions of a:

49
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Line-to-line voltage and currents in balanced 3-phase circuits (with wye connected load):

Phasor Diagram of line to line

voltage w.r.t line to neutral
voltage in 3-phase circuit:

Alternate method of Drawing:

50
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Line-to-line voltage and currents in balanced 3-phase circuits (with delta connected load):

Phasor Diagram of line current

w.r.t line to phase current
balanced in 3-phase delta circuit:

Alternate method of Drawing:

51
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Star (Wye) - Delta Transformation:

52
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Numerical # 01:

53
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Numerical # 02:

54
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Power in balanced three-phase circuits:
For Wye(Star)-connected load: For delta-connected load:

55
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Single line diagram and Symbols:

56
 Revision of Basic Concepts
Impedance and Reactance Diagrams: For Network Reduction.

57
 Per Unit System
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

𝑉𝑝𝑢 = 𝐼𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍𝑝𝑢 =
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

For machines, normally the specifications are given for voltage and power
ratings i.e. V (kV) and S (kVA, MVA))
Normally, the base values are chosen for voltages and power (i.e. Vb, Sb) and the
base values for other quantities are normally derived from them.
𝑆𝑏 𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑏2 𝐾𝑣𝑏2 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏
𝐼𝑏 = 𝑍𝑏 = = = 𝑍𝑝𝑢 = = 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑉𝑏 𝐼𝑏 𝑆𝑏 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏 𝑍𝑏 𝑘𝑣𝑏2

Knowing the base values of the two quantities i.e. the ratings of the equipment,
we can write the per unit values of other quantities.
Per Unit values are studied because mostly quantities in Power Systems are available in
P.U values. Using P.U quantities makes the computation much simpler. 58
 Per Unit System
Changing the base value to calculate new pu values:
Why we use P.U System? Consider an example where an alternator is connected to a
transmission line via step-up transformer. The specifications of all the equipment's are
rated on the base values (i.e., base V and base S of that equipment). It is normally
required to calculate the base value and per unit values with respect to a common base
value. All the reactance's are calculated w.r.t new base values.
Actual value remains the same. We need to calculate the per unit values with
respect to common base.
2
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑍𝑝𝑢,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢,𝑜𝑙𝑑 2
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑘𝑣𝑛𝑒𝑤

Care should be taking while calculating Rpu, Xpu, Ppu and Qpu. They have to be
computed w.r.t Zbase and Sbase .

𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑋𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

𝑅𝑝𝑢 = 𝑋𝑝𝑢 = 𝑃𝑝𝑢 = 𝑄𝑝𝑢 =
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑅+𝑗𝑋 𝑃+𝑗𝑄
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍 = Rpu + jXpu 𝑆𝑝𝑢 = 𝑆 = Ppu + jQpu
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 59
 Per Unit System
Per unit system (3-phase system (Delta configuration)

𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑃 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑃 𝑆3𝜃 =3 𝑆1𝜃 = 3𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿

𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝑃 If taking line voltage, base should

𝑉𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝐿 𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉 =𝑉 = 𝑉𝑃 𝑝𝑢 be line voltage as well. If taking
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
phase voltage, base should be phase
voltage.

This highlights another advantage of PU system. PU values for line and phase voltages are same.

𝐼𝐿 3𝐼𝑃
𝐼𝐿 𝑝𝑢 = 𝐼 = =𝐼
𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3𝐼𝑃 𝐵 𝑃 𝑝𝑢

𝑉𝑏2 3𝑣𝑃
2
3𝑣𝐿2
𝑍𝑏 = = =
𝑆𝑏 3𝑆1𝜃 𝑆3𝜃

60
 Per Unit System
Per unit system (3-Phase system (Star configuration)

𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑃 𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑃 𝑆3𝜃 =3 𝑆1𝜃 = 3𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿

𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 If taking line voltage, base should

𝑉𝐿 3𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉𝐿 𝑝𝑢 = 𝑉 = = 𝑉𝑃 𝑝𝑢 be line voltage as well. If taking
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3𝑉𝑃 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 phase voltage, base should be phase
voltage.

This highlights another advantage of PU system. PU values for line and phase voltages are same.

𝐼𝐿 𝐼𝑃
𝐼𝐿 𝑝𝑢 = 𝐼 = =𝐼
𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑃 𝐵 𝑃 𝑝𝑢

𝑉𝑏2 3𝑣𝑃
2
𝑣𝐿2
𝑍𝑏 = = =
𝑆𝑏 3𝑆1𝜃 𝑆3𝜃

There is difference in the base values of a star connected load.

61
 Per Unit System
Per unit system (3-Phase system)

𝑃 3𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 cos 𝜃
𝑃𝑝𝑢 = 𝑆 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 3𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝,𝑝.𝑢. 𝐼𝑝,𝑝.𝑢 cos 𝜃
3𝜃,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑝,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
If taking power in p.u for a three-
OR phase system, we don’t take three.
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜃
𝑃𝑝𝑢 = = = 𝑉𝐿,𝑝.𝑢. 𝐼𝐿,𝑝.𝑢 cos 𝜃
𝑆3𝜃,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 √3𝑉𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑄 3𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑄𝑝𝑢 = 𝑆 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 3𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝,𝑝.𝑢. 𝐼𝑝,𝑝.𝑢 sin 𝜃
3𝜃,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑝,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

If taking power in p.u for a

three-phase system, we don’t OR
take three.
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑄𝑝𝑢 = = = 𝑉𝐿,𝑝.𝑢. 𝐼𝐿,𝑝.𝑢 sin 𝜃
𝑆3𝜃,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 3𝑉𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝐿,𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

Multiply per unit voltage and per unit current regardless of the type of connection gives
per-unit power in three-phase system.
62
 Per Unit System: Problem
A 100 MVA, 33 kV, 3-phase generator has a sub transient reactance of 15%. The
generator is connected to three motors through a transmission line and transformers
as shown in the figure. Selecting the generator ratings as the base quantities,
determine the base quantities and p.u values in other parts of the system. Also draw
the reactance diagram of the system.

63
 Per Unit System: Solution
Circuit Diagram.
Base kV = 33
Base MVA = 100
New Base kV, line = 33 x (110/32) = 113.43
New Base kV, Motor = 113.43 x (32/110) = 33
P.U Reactance of alternator = 0.15
𝐾𝑣𝑏2
P.U Reactance of transmission line = 50/{𝑀𝑉𝐴 } =50/{(113.43)2/33} = 0.3886
𝑏

P.U Reactance of motor 1 = 0.2 x (100/30)x(30/33)2 = 0.559 Reactance Diagram.

P.U Reactance of motor 2 = 0.2 x (100/20)x(30/33)2 = 0.826
P.U Reactance of motor 3 = 0.2 x (100/50)x(30/33)2 = 0.3305

64
Complex Power Balance

65
Complex Power Balance

66
Power Factor Correction

67
Power Factor Correction

68
Complex Power Flow

69
Complex Power Flow

70
Complex Power Flow

71
Y Connected Loads

72
Y Connected Loads

73
Delta Connected Loads

74
Delta-Wye Transformation

75
Delta-Wye Transformation

76
Balanced Three Phase Power

77
Balanced Three Phase Power

78
Balanced Three Phase Power

79
Balanced Three Phase Power

80
Balanced Three Phase Power

81
Balanced Three Phase Power

82
Balanced Three Phase Power

83
Balanced Three Phase Power

84
Balanced Three Phase Power

85
End of Lecture # 2

86