STUDENT PROJECT PROGRAMME : 2018 - 19

Biofuel / Bioenergy projects

Compendium Of
42 series SPP: Biofuel Projects
nd

Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology

Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru

Supported by

Karnataka State Bioenergy Development Board

Department of Rural Development and Panchayath Raj, Government of Karnataka
This book published by KSCST contains the summery of 42nd series of Student
Project Programme on biofuel/bioenergy projects selected during 2018-19. This
programme is implemented by Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology
(KSCST) in collaboration with Karnataka State Bioenergy Development Board
(KSBDB), Government of Karnataka, Bengaluru.

Compiled and Edited by:

Mr. S.N. Jayaram
Senior Project Engineer, Bioenergy cell, KSCST

Ms. Prajanya G.P.

Project Associate, Bioenergy cell, KSCST

Mr. Nagarjun M.G.

Project Associate, Bioenergy cell, KSCST

© KSCST

Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology

Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru - 560 012
Telephone: 080 - 23341652, 23348848, 23348849
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Website: www.kscst.org.in/spp.html

Funded and Supported by:

Karnataka State Bioenergy Development Board, Government of Karnataka
MGIRED Campus, Srirampura Cross, Jakkur, Bengaluru – 560 064
 CONTENTS

Sl.
Description Page No.
No.

1 Foreword 1

2 About KSCST 3

3 About KSBDB 5

4 Acknowledgement 7

5 B.E. Seminar Projects 9

6 M.Sc Seminar Projects 65

7 M.Tech Seminar Projects 92

8 MBA Seminar Projects 105

9 B.E. Exhibition Projects 115

10 List of projects sanctioned under 42nd series of SPP - Biofuel projects 136
 FOREWORD
Since inception, KSCST through its flagship Student Project Program (SPP) has provided impetus to motivate
student and faculty of engineering institutions to take up innovations to support issues faced by society and the
state government. The Student Project Programme, popularly known as, SPP is one of the longstanding
programmes among all S&T Councils in the country and viewed as a “Role Model” programme. This programme
has been implemented nonstop and successfully, year after year, for more than four decades.
KSCST also played the pivotal role in developing and popularising the non-conventional energy systems such as
solar energy, wind energy and bioenergy. Under the guidance and technology support of Indian Institute of
Science, KSCST was able to implement the community biogas project in rural areas. The programmes and
projects of KSCST in bioenergy programmes were appreciated by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE) at the national level.
Currently, importance is being given to bioenergy development, vis-à-vis the production of biodiesel and
bioethanol to be blended with diesel and petrol respectively thereby creating scope for reducing the import of
crude oil and reducing the burden on the national exchequer. The Government of India has approved the national
biofuel policy and has given impetus to its growth as an industry. Karnataka State Bioenergy Development Board
(KSBDB) established by the department of Rural Development and Panchayath Raj, (RDPR) Government of
Karnataka, has pioneered the development of bioenergy in the State and set an example for the rest of the
country to follow. KSBDB has entrusted the task of creating awareness and capacity building to KSCST since its
inception. The main objectives of biofuel cell are to encourage research and development in the area of biofuel
and bioenergy. Hence, SPP was also extended to the bioenergy area with the support of KSBDB
KSBDB has been for funding the projects on biofuel and bioenergy since 2011. Unlike regular SPP, KSBDB has
also encouraged science (M.Sc), management (MBA) as well as M.Tech students to take up projects in this area
and come up with new technologies and applications. KSBDB has supported more than 400 project under this
category of SPP. For the 42nd series, 181 project proposals were received; out of which 98 (BE- 69, M.Tech-04,
MSc-20 & MBA-05) projects were selected by a panel of experts and sanctioned for funding. As a result of the
midterm evaluation of the sponsored project, 65 project (BE – 39, M.Tech – 04, M.Sc – 17 and MBA – 05)have
been selected for the final evaluation.
We also have the pleasant task of organising the state level Seminar and Exhibition. This compendium of biofuel /
bioenergy projects compiled under the 42nd series will be released on the occasion of the state level seminar and
exhibition to be held on 26th and 27th July 2019 at K.L.E. Dr. M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering & Technology,
Belagavi. I hope these endeavours would inspire the creative minds of young talented students to work towards
clean and green energy. I take this opportunity to thank KSBDB for their constant support and encouragement. I
also thank K.L.E. Dr. M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering & Technology, Belagavi for hosting this important
event of KSCST.

Prof. S. Subramanian
Secretary, KSCST

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 1

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 2
 ABOUT KSCST

Located in the prestigious campus of Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology
(KSCST)has been pioneering in providing solutions to the problems that require immediate attention through S&T
interventions. Established in 1975, KSCST is the first State Council to be set up in the country to fulfil the long-felt need of
bringing together administrators, field level officers from various government departments, scientists and technologists from
research laboratories and research institutions. The focus has always been in the energy, agriculture, water, housing, waste
management, health and education sectors. The objectives of the Council are:
 To identify areas for application of Science and Technology to development needs, objectives and goals for Karnataka,
and in particular, to the prevailing conditions of backwardness, rural unemployment and poverty;
 To advise government on the formulation of policies and measures including technical, administrative and legal devices,
which will promote such applications to identified needs, objectives and goals; in particular to health, education and
manpower utilisation with special emphasis on the development of human skills in the rural areas and in the slums; and
which will promote the scientific management of the natural resources of the State;
 To promote effective coordination and to develop and foster communication and other links between centres of
scientific and technological research, Government agencies, farms and industries so that promising Research and
Development work is initiated, promoted and effectively deployed in agriculture, in government and elsewhere;
 To initiate, support and coordinate applied research programmes in universities and other institutions in areas identified
to be specially suitable for the application of Science and Technology;
 To prepare Science and Technology plans relevant to the development needs of the State;

 To advise the government on such other matters as relevant to the application of Science and Technology to the
problems of Karnataka State.
To identify research areas of major concerns in sectors like housing, energy, water supply, ecology and environment,
industries and rural employment KSCST has networked with several institutions and governmental agencies for effective
implementation.
KSCST has taken lead in the renewable energy sector by becoming the first to popularize solar water heaters and wind
energy projects by conducting wind potential survey in the State which has culminated into major solar and wind energy
projects in the State.
Another major programme of the Council is the Natural Resources Data Management System (NRDMS) programme
which has been assisting the district administration and Planning by using the latest GIS and Remote Sensing based
planning tools through its 30 district centres established in the premises of Zilla Panchayaths.
Rainwater Harvesting is one of the important programmes of the Council. Council has opened a “Help Desk” jointly with
BWSSB, to promote Rainwater Harvesting in Bangalore City. The Council has conducted state-level survey on treatment of
municipal solid and liquid wastes and their recycling. Patent Information Centre (PIC) has been functioning to bring
awareness about Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) among scientific and student communities and to assist in filing
applications.
Objectives of the Council has been to improve the quality of education in engineering and Science colleges and in view
of this; the Student Project Programme (SPP) was started during 1978–79 to sponsor engineering student projects. This
innovative programme has been playing a very important role in engineering education for last four decades and has
become a flagship programme of the Council. Many projects, sponsored in this programme, deal with technology
applications relevant to the needs of State. Since its inception in 1978, the Council has supported more than 9,500 projects
under this programme including 400 projects under Biofuels and Bioenergy sector.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 3

 This is the 42ndseries of SPP (2018-19) and it is for the eighth time in the series of SPP (35th Series onwards) that the
Biofuel projects have been supported and sponsored for the students of final year BE, MTech, MSc and MBA.
This year (2018-19) 98 Biofuel/Bioenergy projects have been supported by Karnataka State Bioenergy Development
Board (KSBDB)and 65 projects have been selected for the State level Seminar and Exhibition to be held at K.L.E. Dr. M.S.
Sheshgiri College of Engineering & Technology. This compendium provides glimpse of the projects under taken by the
students of BE, M.Tech, MSc and MBA. The detailed project report of all the projects has been prepared separately by the
students themselves for submission to VTU and KSCST. The compendium reflects the student’s potential in bringing out a
product from an idea conceived during their final year guided by the faculties of the department. The results and discussion
of the work carried out under the project indicates that the projects have the scope for further development in the field of
Biofuels. All the Projects are going to be presented by the students at the State level Seminar and Exhibition before a panel
of experts and awards and certificates will be presented to the best projects during the valedictory function.

*~*~*

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 4

 KARNATAKA STATE BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT BOARD (KSBDB)
The State government constituted the Biofuel Task Force during September 2008 for effective planning and
implementation of the biofuel program in the state. The Task force was entrusted with the responsibility of
advising the Government and to create an enabling atmosphere in the State. Further, the task force also drafted
the State Biofuel policy which was approved by the Government of Karnataka and also adopted by the Central
Government. Based on the recommendation of this task force and the work carried out indicated the potential of
biofuel development in the State, the Government constituted Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board under
Registrar of Societies Act. Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board (KSBDB) was constituted under the Rural
Development and Panchayat Raj Department during December 2010 with the objectives of taking forward the
Biofuel programs in Karnataka. Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board currently has been renamed as
Karnataka State Bioenergy Development Board.

Aims and Objectives of KSBDB

KSBDB acts as an independent autonomous body with the following objectives

1. Help Government design and adopt Biofuel programme.

2. Implementation of such programme in tune with the policy.
3. Identification of suitable land for raising Biofuel crops.
4. Selection of suitable mix of plant species for different geo-climatic conditions.
5. Raising of quality seedlings through self help group, Village forest, committees (VFCs).
6. To ensure total participation of the communities.
7. To create awareness among the farmers to adopt Biofuel activities for the additional income.
8. To provide right impetus to Bio-ethanol production from agro waste and its applications
9. Setting up information and Demonstration centers for creating awareness and promoting biodiesel usage
in rural areas.
10. Establishment of seed collection networks.
11. Programmes for value addition and usage of value added products in rural areas.
12. Establishment of clonal orchards in different regions across the State.
13. Encouraging various research activities in the entire Biofuel value chain involving Universities and
research organization.

KSBDB launched several programmes such as “Bardu Bangara”& “Hasiru Honnu” for producing seedlings for
raising of Biofuel species for establishing plantation and also for the community to grow in the marginal land. The
large-scale planting requires supply of the feed stock supply is assured with high oil content and good yield of
seeds. In this context, clonal orchards of the selected species are established across the State in different agro
climatic zones. To meet the required demand of the planting material, appropriate species suitable to the different
agro-climatic / ecological regions several clonal orchards have been established for different species. This effort is
expected to meet the requirement of the seed material for nurseries to raise quality seedlings with known high oil
content and yield of seeds.

The biofuel programme in Karnataka is designed to bring about total participation of the farming community,
landless labourers, Self Help Group and NGOs. The plantation on Government land has been taken up with the
total involvement of Village Forest committees, Tank User Groups and Watershed Committees set up at village

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 5

level. KSBDB development programme has been recognised both at the National and International level. The
Karnataka model biofuel programme is being implemented in other States of the country and also abroad.

KSBDB has set up Bioenergy, Research, Information and Demonstration Centres (BRIDC) in all the 33 districts of
the State to provide information on biofuel for students, scientists, entrepreneurs, farmers, biofuel cultivators,
researchers and general public. The BRIDC centres provide information of harvesting, processing, marketing,
value addition and serve as a role model. BRID Ccentres are functioning with an installed pilot plant capacity of
hundred litres per day. The responsibilities of the information and Demonstration Centres are to meet the needs
of all stake holders in biofuel development. The BRIDC Centres shall endeavour to contribute to the socio-
economic development of the nation by demonstrating the entire Biofuel value chain.

To ensure effective implementation, monitoring ,evaluation of programs of KSBDB District Level Committees are
formed at all the Districts under the Chairmanship of Chief Executive Officer of Zilla Panchayat and the members
are from Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture, Sericulture, Representatives of lead NGOs, Principal
Coordinators of I & D centres of KSBDB and convened by the Deputy Conservators of the Forests, Social
Forestry Division and Co-convened by the integrated Rural Energy Programme (IREP Engineer).

KSBDB recognised the activities of KSCST in the energy sector and showed a keen interest in its projects and
programme, considering the potential of research and training in the field of Bioenergy and Biofuel. KSBDB and
KSCST collaborated to setup Biofuel Cell in KSCST. The aim was to promote R&D in the Biofuel area through
SPP and also to organize workshops and training to students, faculties and officials.

Research programme are initiated in association with Universities and various Educational Institutions. KSBDB
has initiated many activities in promoting and implementing biofuels across the State with focus on use of non-
edible oil species and community participation. KSBDB has associated with KSCST for various levels of research
to be carried out in this direction. This attempt of associating with KSCST under their Student Project Programme
and inviting Engineering students and Post graduates students to take up biofuels as their academic project has
received a tremendous response from many colleges and Universities across Karnataka. The support from
KSBDB came during the 35th series of SPP wherein 31 projects were sponsored. So far KSBDB has supported
more than 400 Engineering and Science projects till date. Under the 42ndseries of SPP, KSBDB has supported98
projects. 65 projects (BE – 39, M.Tech – 04, M.Sc – 17 and MBA - 05)were selected during the mid-term
evaluation held at Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru for the final seminar and exhibition to be held at
K.L.E. Dr. M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering & Technology, Belagavi.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 6

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This compendium of Bioenergy Projects is a compilation of the works carried out by the students of the final
semester B.E., M.Tech, MSc and MBA whose project were sponsored by KSCST and selected for the State level
Seminar and Exhibition to be held at K.L.E. Dr. M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering & Technology, Belagavi.
Although under the 42nd Series 98 projects were sponsored for funding and during the midterm evaluation only 65
projects were selected for the final Seminar and Exhibition.
We place on record our sincere gratitude and appreciation for Karnataka State Bioenergy Development Board
with a special mention to Shri. Manoj Kumar Shukla, IFS, Managing Director, KSBDB for their constant guidance
and encouragement for Biofuel / Bioenergy Projects and its activities.
The exercise of compiling the compendium involves several activities including the framework for the booklet to
be published and printed. This effort requires all the valuable support of the decision makers, staff and team
members of the project. Although, we may fall short of words to express our gratitude to all those who have
sincerely contributed to this publication, but we are privileged to express our gratitude to one and all.
We sincerely express our gratitude to Prof. S. Subramanian, Secretary, KSCST, for his wholehearted
encouragement and support for our efforts in completing the SPP Biofuel Projects of 42nd Series.
This compendium consists of synopsis of 65 projects selected for the final Seminar & Exhibition of SPP out of the
98 projects sanctioned. These projects were scrutinized before sanction of support and evaluated for the selection
to final Seminar and Exhibition by the Working Group Members consisting of
1. Prof. UdipiShrinivasa, Chairman of working group
2. Sri. Divakar Rao, Member, KSBDB
3. Dr. H.N. Chanakya, Chief Research Scientist, CST, IISc
4. Dr. R. T. Naik, Senior Scientific Officer, Dept. of Mechanical Engg., IISc
5. Dr.Ravindranath H. Aladakatti, Senior Scientific Officer, Centre for Animal facility., IISc
6. Prof. PanneerSelvam, Dept. Management Studies, SIT, Tumakuru
7. Dr. GSVL Narasimham Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineer, IISc
8. Mr. Dayananda G. N. Manager Operations, KSBDB

We appreciate their support and guidance with all sincerity and place on record our gratitude to all the members
of the Working Group who spent their valuable time and provided their expertise in the process of scrutiny and
evaluation and also for their constant support and guidance.
We thanks all the Principals, Head of the Departments, faculties and guides of those Engineering colleges and
University Departments who actively responded to our call for proposals and encouraged and guided their
students to take up projects in this field.
Our sincere appreciations to all the students who have put in their hard work in carrying out the project work in all
sincerity and on time.
We sincerely thank Mr. S. N. Sondur, for his support and in coordinating the 42nd series of SPP Biofuel projects.

Bioenergy cell team members:

Ms. Prajanya G.P., Project Associate, Bioenergy cell
Mr. Nagarjun M.G., Project Associate, Bioenergy cell

(S. N. Jayaram) (H. Hemanth Kumar)

Co-coordinator Principal Coordinator

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 7

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 8
 BE Seminar
Projects

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 9

 OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE FRYING OIL USING CALCINATED EGGSHELLS AS
HETROGENOUS CATALYST IN A MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYSYTEM

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_138

College : K.L.E. Dr. M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology, Belagavi
Branch : Department of Biotechnology
Guides : Dr. Sc Mali
Co-Guide: Prof. S N Hosamane
Students : Ms. Manasi A T
Ms. Chaitra Morabad
Mr. M Krishna
Mr. Savant Mahadev

This study intends to explore the most affordable and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of
biodiesel. Due to its advantages of being renewable and eco-friendly, biodiesel production has the potential to become the
major substitute of petrol/diesel fuel. The research is carried out to produce biodiesel from waste frying oil in order to reduce
the cost and waste associated with biodiesel production. The application of a microwave heating system towards enhancing
the production of biodiesel from waste frying oil has been given little consideration in the preceding research, particularly
with the application of eggshell as a heterogeneous catalyst. Waste eggshells are calcined and characterized using various
tests. Optimization of the transesterification of waste frying oil to biodiesel, is done using CCD (Central Composite Design)
software, subject to parameters like methanol-to-oil ratio, reaction time and catalyst concentration. The percentage
conversion of waste frying oil to biodiesel, under a microwave assisted system is compared with the conversion using
conventional methods
The depleting trend of conventional, non-renewable, fossil-based fuel as well as the environmental consequences
of increasing greenhouse gas emissions has triggered research and development alternative fuels. One such solution is
biodiesel, originating from different natural oils or fats (vegetal, animal, or algal). Biodiesel a product of alcoholysis of
triglycerides, has many superior properties as compared to petro-diesel: it produces lower exhaust emissions and is
biodegradable, non-toxic, renewable. Research has established that one of the key obstacles to the commercialization of
biodiesel is the high price of biodiesel production due to the shortage of suitable raw materials. Thus, waste frying oil might
be utilized effectively in the production of biodiesel, so as to reduce the raw material cost. Additionally, the high cost of
biodiesel production can also be considerably reduced by using catalysts from waste materials.
The major raw materials required for the experiments are waste frying oil, egg shells and methanol. The waste
frying oil (2.5 L) was collected from a local street vendor in Belgaum. Chicken eggshells were collected from the college
campus canteen. Analytical grade methanol (2.5 L, Rankem) was purchased.
The Experimental Setup is based on a Microwave assisted system. A domestic microwave oven (700W) was
modified and fixed with an external agitator unit of constant rotation speed (200 rpm) to build the experimental setup. About
200g of eggshells were collected for the preparation of catalyst. The collected eggshells were washed several times and
dried. Then the dry eggshells were crushed using a mortar and pestle and sieved to a uniform size.100g fine powdered
eggshells were calcined in a muffle furnace at 900⁰C for 4 hours. The prepared catalyst was characterized using
Fourier Transform Infrared and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis.
Free fatty acid (FFA) content of Waste Frying Oil(WFO) was determined following the procedure from literature [11], the FFA
content of the waste frying oil was estimated through titration against 0.1 N KOH. The solvent used was Isopropyl Alcohol
(IPA), with phenolphthalein as indicator.

Biodiesel production using calcined eggshells in a Microwave assisted System (MAS):

100g of oil was weighed and taken in a conical flask and preheated for 1 min at 60℃. The required amount of
methanol was calculated, measured and taken in a separate conical flask and the weighed catalyst was added to it. The
mixture was stirred. The preheated oil was added to the reaction vessel, containing the methanol-catalyst mixture and
placed in the microwave under constant agitation of 200 rpm for transesterification to occur. At the end of the reaction, the
mixture was separated from the catalyst by decantation and filtration. The mixture was later transferred to a separating
funnel and allowed to settle overnight.The glycerol bottom layer was separated from the biodiesel layer. The biodiesel was
purified by washing with warm water thrice.The biodiesel yield was calculated as follows:
Biodiesel yield (%wt) = [weight of the biodiesel in g/weight of the oil in g]*100
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 10
 It was found from litrature that parameters such as methanol to oil ratio, reaction time and catalyst loading
concentration were critical to the success of the transesterification. Central composite design (CCD) with three parameters
was used to study the response pattern and to determine the optimum combination of variables. The effect of methanol to oil
molar ratio (M/O), catalyst loading concentration (CL), and reaction time (RT) evaluated between the specified ranges in
the transesterification process are presented in table 2.

Table: Range of parameters

Parameter Range
Methanol to oil ratio 6:1 to 15:1
Catalyst Concentration 3-7% weight of the oil
Reaction time 2-10 minutes.

A total of 20 experimental runs were carried out in a random order to minimise the effects of explained variability in
the observed responses due to extraneous factors. The experiments were carried out in duplicate and the mean biodiesel
yield obtained are shown in table 3. ‗Minitab 18 Statistical Software‘ was used for the regression and the plotting of the
response surface plots.
The experimental data obtained from the transesterification reaction was analysed by the response surface
regression using the polynomial equation shown in Eq. (1)
𝑘 𝑘
𝑘 𝑘
Y = 𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑖2 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑒
𝑖=1 𝑖>𝑗
𝑖=1 𝑗

where Y is the response factor (biodiesel yield), Xi is the independent variables, bo is the intercept, bi is first order coefficient
of the model bii is the quadratic coefficient of the ith factor, bij is the linear coefficient of the model for the interaction between
the ith and jth variables, k is the number of variables and e is the experimental error.
The statistical significance of the model was checked using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the coefficient of
determination (R2). The ANOVA was also used to determine the significance of each term in the model. The model was
considered satisfactory when the ANOVA data showed a high level of significance.

~~~*~~~
PRODUCTION OF BIOBUTANOL FROM WASTE LIGNOCELLULOSIC RESIDUES

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_060

College : N.M.A.M. Institute Of Technology, Nitte

Branch : Department Of Biotechnology
Guide : Mr. Sandesh K
Students : Ms. Shreelaxmi
Ms. Deepthi Pai M
Ms. P C Varsha
Ms. Shetty Akshatha Ashok

World demand for energy has been projected to double by 2050 and will be more than triple by the end of the
century. Since the industrial revolution in the 1850s, the human consumption of fossil fuels has been one of the growing
causes of international concern and unease among some industrial nations. The reasons for which can be attributed to the
rapidly depleting reserves of fossil fuels. Over the past few decades, with the success achieved in genetic engineering
technology, advances made in the field of biofuels offer the only immediate solution to fossil fuels.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 11
 Bio-fuels is one such renewable energy source that shows great promise due to its energy value and its eco-
friendly nature. Biobutanol is a competent alternative to conventional transportation fuels due to its higher energy content
and relatively less emissions. It can be used in IC engine with minimal modifications. The biobutanol is produced by ABE
(Acetone: Butanol: Ethanol) fermentation using Clostridium acetobutylicum MTCC11274 at anaerobic environment. In the
present study Kans grass and Cocoa Pod shell biomass were used as biomass resource for biobutanol production. These
biomass were subjected to physicochemical pretreatment to release fermentable sugars. The fermentation of the released
sugar by Clostridium acetobutylicum produces biobutanol. The variation of biobutanol yield was studied by varying
fermentation parameters such as % inoculum, broth pH and time of fermentation. which is reported in this project report.
~~~*~~~

IMPROVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE BIOGAS ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL AND FISH WASTE
USING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_054

College : Manipal Institute Of Technology, Manipal

Branch : Department Of Chemical Engineeering
Guide : Dr. Gautham Jeppu
Ms. Sneha R
Students : Mr. Siddharth Mitra
Mr. Ankith Shetty

Introduction:
One of the current challenges facing the earth is in its ability to reduce its energy dependency on finite, expensive,
environment polluting fossil fuels, with eco-friendly, sustainable and renewable energy resources. Biogas refers to a mixture
of different gases produced by the breakdown of a variety of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. It is a renewable,
minimal carbon foot print (non-polluting) and sustainable yet low cost solution to the world‘s increasing energy needs as it
strives to save the only habitable planet in the vast cosmos. Hence our project on innovating towards more efficient Biogas
production using cyclical chains of degradation of various organic substrates/ startmaterials.
Our laboratory biogas plant design was built around two sets of batch reactors, conceived & designed such that
each is indistinguishable from the other. Various organic additives are used for investigation of gas generation capacity of
the digesters. Biogas generation from various feed ratios (solids/ liquids) are examined and their efficiencies are noted and
studied. The variety of organic additives include bagasse, weeds (wedelia trilobata), nanoparticles, cooking oil and cattle
manure. Timeline for the experiments were fixed over a 40-day period and the following outcomes using testing protocols as
outlined were observed:
Total solids & volatile solids (%) were determined using hot air oven and muffle furnace. Density of Gas (kg/L) and
Total Organic Content (PPM) were determined using TOC analyzer. Methane and Carbon-dioxide content was determined
using the Gas Chromatography.
It was observed that a mixture of flax seeds along with fish viscera stimulated biogas production which was higher
than the control by 42.5%. Increase in the yield is due to the adsorption of the substrate on the surface of the additives,
which could lead to a more favorable environment for microbial growth. The addition of Ca salts (CaC03) and micronutrients
enhanced methane production.

Objective:
 Optimize the production of biogas from agricultural waste, food waste and fish meal waste using chemical
additives.
 To find the optimal co-digestion substrates to enhance biogas production from fish wastes (solid as well as
liquid).

Methodology:
To conduct a detailed monitoring of the biogas system, ten identical batch reactors and semi batch reactors were
made and studied. The gas production capability of both types of digesters with different additives was analyzed. Biogas
production from different solid to liquid ratio have been analyzed and along with that food wastes such as vegetable waste,
fruit waste, jaggery waste, Nano particles of iron and ash were analyzed along with the cattle manure.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 12
 Fish waste (solid and liquid) is added along with agricultural wastes and chemical additives as they have great
potential as a source for high valued organic carbon, thereby increasing the biogas yield. This takes place by the process of
co-digestion. The main issue for co-digestion
process lies in balancing several parameters such as macro and micronutrients, pH, toxic compounds, C-N ratios,
biodegradable organic matter and dry matter.

Schematic Diagram for Biogas Set-up

Experimental Results 1.Study of Dilution Ratio

In this study we used different ratio of solid cow dung to water to analyse the biogas yield in 5 reactors. Dilution
ratio is an important factor. The dilution of the cow dung helps in better mixing inside the reactors. Different ratios of cow
dung and water were fed to analyse the biogas production.
Volume(ml)

Fig. Normalized cumulative graph (biogas /kg cow dung) to compare yield at different feed dilution ratio. C: Cow dung, W: Water

In the above graph we can observe that the maximum cumulative biogas yield occurred at feed to water ratio 1:5.
The feed to water dilution ratios of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 all yielded more biogas than the control (1:1).The bacterial strains is
favored for faster movements in a slurry medium especially during hydrolysis stage thereby increasing the yield. 1:3 ratio is
considered to be the most suitable due to the phenomena of substrate inhibition, wherein the activity of the methanogenic
bacteria decreases with increasing substrate concentration. From the above graph, it can be observed that as the water
content increases, the cumulative methane production is higher. This would also result in an increase in the size of the
reactor.

Study of co-substrates and additives

Table 1: Quantity of Chemical additives used for the experiment
Sl. No. Additive Base feed ratio Quantity
1 Control 1 1C:1W Base feed
2 Used Oil 1C:1W 5ml
4 Wedelia Trilobata (w/o PT) 1C:1W 5g
3 Wedelia Trilobata (PT) 1C:1W 5g
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 13
 5 Jaggery 1C:1W 1g
6 Wedelia Trilobata (PT)+ Jaggery 1C:1W 5g+1g
7 Jaggery +Moringa seeds 1C:1W 1g+5g

Fig. Cumulative biogas yield in 1L Batch reactors Total solids content: 9.2%, Volatile solids Content: 88.471%

This experiment shows that the mixture of fish waste, sugarcane waste and flax seeds produces 40% more
productivity compared to the control reactor 1. Increasing the amount of jaggery from 2g to 3g produced comparatively
higher biogas yield.

Conclusions:
Experiments are carried out in lab scale batch setups.
1. From this project, we can conclude that the current practice of mixing cow dung with water in 1:1 ratio before being fed
in the biogas digester needs to be revised as it has been observed that cow dung to water in the ratio of 1:3 produces
the highest cumulative biogas. This is due to substrate inhibition, wherein the bacterial activity of the methanogens
decreases with an increase in substrate concentration.
2. The overall mass transfer limitation results in accumulation of inorganic carbon, dissolved methane and dissolved
hydrogen, leading to inhibition of methanogenesis.
3. A mixture of fish waste (both solid and liquid), sugarcane bagasse and flax seeds yield higher cumulative values
compared to the control (500 mL cow dung: 500 mL water) by 42.5%. This yield can be further improved by changing
the feed dilution ratio to1:3

~~~*~~~

BIOPLASTIC EXTRACTION FROM WASTE GREASE PRODUCED IN INDUSTRIES USING AS GLYCEROL AS A

SUBSTRATE

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_003

College : Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Biotechnology
Guide : Mr. Prashanth Kumar H P
Ms. Shobha G
Students : Ms. Debika Chakrabarty
Ms. Disha D B
Ms. Keerthana N
Ms. B Varshini

Introduction
The used cooking oil and trap grease can contain much more than 15% FFAs. These feedstock need additional
processing before they can undergo traditional alkali-catalysed transesterification to form glycerol and biodiesel. This
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 14
process converts triacylglycerol and methanol into glycerol and fatty acid methyl esters (namely biodiesel) using alkali or
acid catalysts. The amount of crude glycerol produced from this transesterification reaction accounts for approximately 10%
of the final weight of biodiesel. Conversion of crude glycerol into higher-value products improves the economic viability of
biofuel industry by coupling the production of value-added products to the production of biodiesel and eliminating the cost of
treatment for crude glycerol disposal. Fermentation of glycerol has been reported to produce many value-added by-
products, such as 1,3-propanediol, dihydroxyacetone, succinic acid, propionic acid, ethanol, butanol, hydrogen, citric acid,
lactic acid, glyceric acid, bio surfactants, pigments, and PHAs. Among these by-products, 1,3-propanediol,75 succinic acid,
lactic acid, and glyceric acid, have been used as bio monomers for production of plastics, i.e. polyesters, polyethers, and
polyurethanes, through chemical synthesis. In the present work glycerol obtained after transesterification will be used for
bio plastic formation.

Materials and methodology:

Production of Glycerol:
Transesterification of waste grease using alkaline catalyst was carried out using a two-step process. The two-step
reaction utilized 100% excess methanol, 6:1 molar ratio of alcohol to oil and 1% KOH as a catalyst. In each step, 3 ml of
alcohol and 0.5% KOH were used and reaction was carried out at 25 °C for 30 min. After the first step the waste grease
having a high free fatty acid formed a thick soap which interfered with the glycerol separation (Issariyakul et al., 2006).

Test for Glycerol

The presence of glycerol were confirmed by Acrolein test Dichromate test and Dunstan's test
Bio plastic production from grease
Preparation of bio plastic was done by modifying the agar concentration and keeping volume of a glycerol as a
constant.1.5%, 3%, 4.5% of agar concentration was prepared in water to which 4.5 ml of glycerol was added and heated at
500 C for 30 min. The solution was mould on suitable support and was dried in oven at 50°C.

Characterization of Bio plastic

a. Moisture Absorption Test
Bio plastics, which had been previously dried for 24 hours in an oven at 50°C, were cut into 2mm x 2mm and checked for
moisture absorption by soaking them in water for 24 hours. After that, the bio plastics were dried with a cloth and
immediately weighed.
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 (%) = (𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡−𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) − (𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑥100
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

b. Bio plastic Mechanical Test

The tensile strength and elongation properties were calculated by plotting the graph load verus deformation and
stress versus strain

c. Biodegradability
Biodegradable behaviour of bio plastics was determined using soil burial degradation test, i.e. bio plastics were
buried in the soil, so that it would be degraded completely. Degradation testing serves to determine the extent of damage of
bio plastics. The damage can be seen from the mass reduction of respective specimens buried in the ground. Bio plastics
were cut into 10 mm x 10 mm. Then, they were buried into the ground at 8-cm depth; the burial duration varied (3, 6, 9, and
12 days). Prior to burial, the initial mass (mass before degradation) was determined. The final mass (mass after
degradation) of the bio plastics was measured afterwards. Any changes in mechanical properties due to degradation
process were observed and when the bio plastics were completely degraded, the biodegradability was measured.
𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (%) = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠−𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑥10
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠

Results :
Production of Glycerol
Acid catalyst transesterification was carried out which resulted in formation of biodiesel and the glycerol from
waste grease obtained from industries.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 15

Test for Glycerol
When fat is treated strongly in the presence of a dehydrating agent like potassium bisulphate (KHSO4), the glycerol
portion of the molecule is dehydrated to form an unsaturated aldehyde, acrolein that has a pungent irritating odour and in
the change of brown colour to blue indicate the presence of glycerol by dichromate test.The pink colour appears on adding
2-3 drops of glycerol, the pink colour disappears on heating and disappears on cooling again indicate the presence of
glycerol when a drop of phenolphthalein is added

Bio plastic production from grease

As the concentration of the agar was increased, the flexibility, strength, elasticity of the product obtained differed. Each
concentration was used for different applications.

Characterization of Bio plastic

The increase in weight of bio plastic was recorded which indicates the positive result for moisture absorption. 4.5%
agar concentration showed 72.15% moisture absorption. Tensile strength was measured with polariscope as the load
increased the elasticity of the component increased at 4.5kg of load the deformation of the plastic was observed and has the
stress increase strain of the product decreased.

Biodegradability
Degradation testing serves to determine the extent of damage of bio plastics. The damage can be seen from the
mass reduction of respective specimens buried in the ground. For 4.5% agar concentration the initial mass of plastic was
2.08g and after 12days it was found to be 0.787g. Decrease in the mass indicate degradation of plastic.

Conclusion :
The glycerol obtained from waste grease was used for making of bio plastic with addition of agar as a substrate. Tensile
strength was measured at 4.5kg of load the deformation of the plastic was observed and has the stress increase strain of
the product decreased with increase in elasticity. Biodegradability test was performed and decrease in the mass indicate
degradation of plastic. The obtained bio plastic showed maximum moisture absorption.

Fig 1: Collection of Grease Fig 2: Transestrification Process Fig 3: Confirmatory tests of Glycerol

Fig : Bio plastic obtained at different concentration of Agar

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 16

 ~~~*~~~

ADVANCE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND BIODIESEL FROM MICROALGAE

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_049

College : S.D.M. College of Engineering and Technology, Dharwad

Branch : Department Of Chemical Engineeering
Guide : Prof. S.S. Inamdar
Students : Mr. Abhishek Patel
Mr. Laxman Uttur
Mr. Akash M

Introduction:
The search for sustainable and renewable fuels is becoming increasingly important as a direct result of climate
change and rising fossil-fuel prices. Even using a conservative scenario, microalgae have still predicted to produce about 10
times more biodiesel per unit area of land than a typical terrestrial oleaginous crop. There are, however, various
technological and economic obstacles, which have to overcome before industrial-scale production of microalgae biodiesel
can take place. The selection and successful outdoor large-scale cultivation of a robust Microalgal strain, which has
optimum neutral lipid content, possesses an elevated growth rate, and is immune towards invasion by local microbes,
remain a major upstream challenge. On the other hand, the development of an effective and energetically efficient lipid
extraction process from the Microalgal cells is critical for the successful upscaling of the downstream processes. Despite the
routine use of laboratory-scale extraction protocols to determine Microalgal lipid contents, the variables affecting lipid
extraction from Microalgal cells are not well understood and no method for industrial-scale extraction is currently
established. This project attempts to address the knowledge gap surrounding Microalgal lipid extraction by summarizing and
analysing recent studies in the field. We report on the suitability of Microalgal lipid compositions for biodiesel conversion and
review the different conventional downstream bioprocessing steps required for Microalgal biodiesel production. We then
examine the technologies currently available for laboratory-scale Microalgal lipid extraction, paying special attention to the
use of organic solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction.
Objectives:
1. Characterization of advanced structural analysis of isolated species of harvested microalgae using SEM.
2. Analysis of specific growth rate and lipid productivity profile from previously isolated species which includes the
testing of lipid, glycerol, oils etc. (if necessary)
3. Extraction of oil from Chlorella vulgarissp. using mechanical, non-mechanical and biological methods.
4. Analysis of extracted lipid contents and classify the different types of free fatty acids (FFAs) and acylglycerols using
GC-MS and FTIR.
5. Conversion of bio oil to bio diesel using Trans-esterification with different solvents and solvent ratios (i.e.
chloroform and methanol 1:1 v/v).
6. Testing of biodiesel for various properties viz. viscosity, density, cetane number etc.
7. Study on blending with conventional diesel on IC engines.
8. Cost estimation and feasibility economics.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 17

Results and Conclusion:
FTIR Analysis: The lipid content was extracted by following Acidic Hydrolysed method and the samples were
subjected to FTIR analysis to know the absorption spectra in the range of 4000 to 500 cm-1 for the confirmation of lipid.

Figure: FTIR Spectral image of algal oil (lipid).

Table: Expected compounds of algal oil (Lipid) with Reference to the FTIR absorption spectrum chart.
Wavenumber of Class of Absorption, cm-1 Intensity Assignment
FTIR graph Compounds
3214.14 Alcohols 3300-3400 strong broad O-H stretch
2445.79 Acids and thiol 2400-3400 and ≈ Very broad C-H stretch and S-H
2550
1652.72 Alkenes 1640-1670 Very medium C=C stretch
1402.25 Alkanes 1400-1470 Strong C-H bend
1179.70 Aromatic 1170-1260 Medium strong C-O stretch
alcohols
983.34 trans- 960-980 Strong =C-H bend
RCH=CHR‘
trans alkenes
585.58 Alkyl halides 500-700 Strong R-X
535.40 Alkyl halides 500-700 Strong R-X
505.07 Alkyl halides 500-700 Strong R-X

GC-MS Analysis: The result of the FAME components analysis of the biodiesel using GC-MS analysis is presented in
below figure:

Light Biodiesel
100
Retentiion Time

50

0
0 5 10 15 20
-50
Area %

Figure: Graphical representation of FAME composition using GC-MS.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 18

 Table: Retention time v/s Area % of fractionated FAME Fragments
PEAK NO. RETENTION TIME AREA %
1 2.433 81.35
2 3.708 1.3
3 5.592 0.18
4 12.617 0.75
5 13.250 6.69
6 14.233 0.25
7 14.367 0.99
8 14.592 0.65
9 14.700 0.34
10 14.883 3.45
11 15.217 3.05
12 16.325 0.15
13 16.442 0.28
14 16.808 0.57

Table: Different Composition of FAME in light Biodiesel

SI FAME NAME X:Y COMPOSITION % COMPOSITION %
NO.
1 Hexadecanoic Acid (C17H34O2) 17:0 0.75 2.53
2 Palmaitic Acid (C16H32O2) 16:0 6.69 4.21
3 Tridecanoic acid (C13H26O2) 13:0 0.25 1.30
4 Myristic acid (C14H28O2) 14:0 0.99 2.09
5 Heptadecanoic acid (C17H34O2) 21:0 0.64 0.61
6 Stearic acid (C18H36O2) 18:0 3.05 0.96
7 Oleic acid (C18H34O2) 18:1 3.45 1.39
8 Erucic acid (C22H42O2) 22:1 0.34 0.39
9 Eicosadienoic acid (C20H36O2) 22:2 0.57 0.33

The summary of GC-MS result was depicted in above table. It shows that methyl palmitate, oleic and steric were
the two main methyl esters present in the product, with a percentage of 6.69%, 3.45% and 3.05% respectively.

Conclusion:
Acid hydrolysis pre-treatment increases the release of lipids in microalgae biomass through contact and lysis of the
cellular wall with disrupting agents and catalysts of the process, such as Sulfuric acid. The hydrolysis and solvent extraction
times affect significantly the lipid extraction efficiency due to the access of solvent to components of lipid constitution. The
results of extractive-transesterification of Chlorella Vulgaris sp. showed that the highest biodiesel yield was 32% w/w of dry
biomass, obtained at biomass weight solvent volume ratio of 1:5 using acidic (sulfuric acid) catalyst. This study concludes
that extractive-transesterification with Soxhlet extraction may provide a sustainable alternative to the existing two-step
extraction and transesterification reactions due to reduced chemical and energy consumption.
Table: Analysis of biodiesel produced from selected algae and its comparison with international standards.
PROPERTIES UNIT Chlorella Vulgaris sp. ASTM Standard
Kinematic viscosity at 40°C mm2/s 5.2 1.9-6.0
Flash point °C 59 >139
Fire Point °C 52 <60
Density Kg/m3 0.81 0.76-0.85
Specific gravity at 28°C g/ml 0.916 0.8 max
Water contents %vol 0.06 0.08 max
Calorific value (gross) MJ/Kg 41.2 (literature) -----
(Source by: Fatty acid esters: a potential cetane number improver for diesel from direct coal liquefaction)

Scope of the Future work:

The specific objectives of this future work include:
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 19
 Assessment of the current status and perspectives of different macro- and microalgae strains, in terms of chemical
composition and productivities under specific cultivation conditions (i.e. technology, resource supply and climatic
conditions);
 Investigation of the downstream processing, such as harvesting, drying and conversion technologies for production of
algal biofuels and non-fuel commodities.
 Identification of promising pathways that can provide favourable energy and GHGs emissions balance, while
recognizing the main hotspots, in terms of energy consumptions and GHGs emissions.
~~~*~~~

PRODUCTION AND OPTIMISATION OF BIO-DIESEL FROM WASTE TEMPLE OIL

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_044

College : Basaveshwar Engineering College (Autonomus), Bagalkote

Branch : Department of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Dr. B. K. Venkanna
Prof. S. B. Wadawadagi
Students : Mr. Shivanagouda Kamat
Mr. Vaibhav V Mahishi
Mr. Shridhar Hanamantappa Nimbannavar
Mr. Krishnappa Machanahalli

Abstract:
This study involves production of biodiesel from nonedible oil (Waste Temple Oil). And optimizing the same by
varying the process parameters (temperature, time, methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration) to get the maximum yield.
Due to the environmental problems caused by the use of fossil fuels, considerable attention has been made to biodiesel
production as an alternative to petro-diesel. Indian refineries import over 80% of their crude oil feedstock which affects the
Indian Foreign reserves. This weakens the value of Indian National Rupee (INR). Biodiesel is an eco-friendly, alternative
diesel fuel prepared from domestic renewable resources i.e. produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. The general
method to produce biodiesel is trans-esterification of oil with methanol in the presence of either base or strong acid
catalysts. This work describes the fuel properties of biodiesel, production process (trans-esterification) and the most
important variables that influence the trans-esterification reaction.

Objectives
1. To reduce the dependency on fossil fuels.
2. To produce biodiesel from waste temple oil using base catalyst.
3. To determine and compare various chemical properties for temple oil and Waste. Temple Methyl Easter (WTME)
and neat diesel.
4. To optimise biodiesel by varying different parameters.
5. To help the growth of nations economy.
6. To reduce air pollution and hence, global warming.

Project Methodology
The execution of the project occurs in five stages. The first stage involves literature reviews on the historical
background of various biodiesels already in use in India and other parts of the world. The various available biodiesels in
India were studied in brief. The second stage of the project involves selection of a suitable oil for the production of biodiesel.
After a short survey involving various criteria, we have chosen waste temple oil as the suitable oil for production of biodiesel.
The third stage involves determination of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) in the oil, based on the content of FFA in the oil, suitable
process is chosen to convert it into biodiesel (single stage/double stage). The fourth stage involves the conversion of waste
temple oil to biodiesel, and optimisation of waste temple oil biodiesel. The fifth stage involves the study of chemical and
physical properties of waste temple oil biodiesel.

Conclusion:
The objective of this study was to characterize WTO, WTOB and how the properties changed when the oil is
treated with varied parameters and also compare it with neat diesel oil.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 20
 Waste temple oil could be trans-esterified. A two-stage transesterification process has been studied which comprised of
alkali transesterification and post treatment. The alkali catalyzed transesterification with 7gm of NaOH at 60±1 0C for 120
min at 03:10 methanol to oil ratio(w/w) this combination giving optimum reaction conditions for alkali transesterification of
waste temple oil, followed by thrice gentle washing of the Bio-diesel with distilled water at 600C. The kinematic viscosity and
specific gravity of the waste temple oil has reduced to a great extent by the transesterification process and calorific value
has slightly increased. The Bio-diesel obtained by means of this process (there is no un-reacted oil and glycerol) is suitable
for use in direct injection diesel engines.
~~~*~~~

DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF BIODIESEL PLANT

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_026

College : Girijabai Sail Institute Of Technology, Karwar

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Prof. Manjunath G.P
Students : Mr. Shubham Gurav
Mr. Patekar Sarvesh S
Mr. Ganapati V Salaskar
Mr. Prajyot P Malsekar

Introduction:
The present scenario of world fuel consumption is massive and still increasing. The main source of fuel being fossil
fuel, with alarming levels of pollution and the fear of depletion of petroleum products it is become inevitable to explore new
possibilities in fuel production sector. Initiating from this point of view various sources were looked at for production of
alternative fuels. In India we have a variety of tree born non-edible oil seeds species that are in long standing local
production and usage in associated supply chains of bio oils, especially used as domestic lighting from time immemorial.
There is also a history of bio oil used in engine largely in the rural or agriculture sector either because of scarcity of diesel or
due to in accessibility of getting it in remote areas.
In order to fulfill those fuel requirements alternately it is necessary to get good quality of non-edible seeds but the
seeds we are getting from the producers are not clean and meet the quality aspects. So it is necessary to clean those seeds
in order to get good quality of bio fuel.
Biodiesel is a liquid fuel obtained from the addition of alcohol to any source of complex fatty acids: vegetal oil or
animal fat. The following describes how vegetable oil mixed with methanol yields biodiesel through the reaction of trans-
esterification, whereby glycerin is separated from used vegetable oil via a caustic catalyst. The methyl-ester product, once
purified, is known as biodiesel, while the glycerin by-product can be used as an environmentally friendly commercial
degreaser.
Biodiesel has been produced since the mid-1800s; however the fuel itself was simply a by-product of soap
production (glycerin) 1. Although bio-fuels were developed and promoted by individuals such as Rudolf Diesel, the inventor
of the diesel engine, and Henry Ford, the petroleum companies, who could offer lower prices, controlled the fuel industry
from the early 1920s up to today.
Biodiesel represents a largely closed carbon dioxide cycle (approximately 78%), as it is derived from renewable
biomass sources. Compared to petroleum diesel, biodiesel has lower emission of pollutants, it is biodegradable and
enhances the engine lubricity and contributes to sustainability .Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than diesel fuel, no
aromatics, no sulphur, and contains 10–11%oxygen by weight .

Objectives
1. To create awareness among the public regarding alternative fuel for IC engine due to the depletion of fossil fuels.
2. Use of waste cooking oil for production of biodiesel.
3. Installation of small scale biodiesel plant.
4. Finding the different properties of biodiesel produced like flash and fire point, Viscosity, Density, Calorific value.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 21

Flow Diagram of Biodiesel Process

Fig. Flow Diagram of biodiesel

Conclusion
1. We have successfully carried out the process and we found the FFA of about 0.987.
2. We used 22.5gms of NaOH and 1.5 litres of methanol.
3. We were able to obtained almost 75% of biodiesel that is about 3.5 litres from 5 litres of waste cooking oil.
4. We also have found By–products like glycerine, phenol.
5. As we found the viscosity of about 11 mm3/sec as compared to diesel so blinding is needed in order to make it
useful.
~~~*~~~

EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE AND INJECTION TIMING ON DIESEL ENGINE BY PERFORMANCE,

COMBUSTION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS FUELLED WITH WASTE VEGETABLE OIL AND DAIRY WASTE
OIL

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_068

College : H.K.B.K. College Of Engineering, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Prof. Harish H
Students : Mr. Nanjegowda H M
Mr. Balaji E
Mr. K Kalyana Kumar
Mr. Sanjay G R

Introduction
The rapidly increasing consumption of fossil fuel and petroleum products has been a matter of concern for many
countries which imports crude oil. It causes huge foreign out-go on one hand and increasing exhaust emissions on the other.
Hence it becomes necessary for the development of renewable energy sources. Biodiesel developed from non-edible oils
and other waste resources promise to be a very important prospective alternative fuel for diesel engines. Biodiesel
commands crucial advantages such as technical feasibility of blending in any ratio with diesel fuel, use of existing storage
facility, superiority from emission reduction.
The major concern in biofuel usage is the higher production cost. This problem can be addressed by mixing
cheaper raw materials with non-edible oils for biodiesel production. In the present work it is proposed to produce dairy scum
oil. Diesel engines are the prime movers that are highly efficient compared to their counter part of petrol engines.
Renewable fuels like biodiesel and their blends are suitable and substitute for different applications as they are renewable in
nature and provide satisfaction for fossil fuels of diesel which are exhaustible in nature and add burden to the Indian
economy. In this direction the experiments were planned on the diesel engines to study the effects of Dairy waste oil.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 22

Experiments were conducted in accordance with the standard procedure. This study revealed that implementing the
injection pressure up to 200 bars at and injection induces significant improvement in the performance characteristics.

Objectives
1. Find out alternate fuel.
2. Effective utilization of waste dairy scum oil.
3. To analyse the capital investment required for setting up a biodiesel plant.
4. To Produce Biodiesel from dairy wash water scum as a Dairy Scum Oil (DSO)
5. To validate various thermo physical properties for Straight DSO and Appropriate Proportionate blends of DSO.
6. Study the Injection Pressure varying from 180 bar to 220bar on Diesel Engine by Performance, Combustion and
Emission Characteristics.
7. Study the Injection Timing 27o 30o degrees on Diesel Engine by Performance and Emission Characteristics Fuelled
with and Dairy Waste Oil.

Methodology
Step1: Collection of Bio Oil sample and Preparation of Bio Diesel with Various Blending
Step2: measurement of blended Biodiesel fuel properties.
 Flash point temperature
 Fire point temperature
 Kinematic viscosity (v)
 Calorific value
Step3: Selection of fuel and running engine
 Study the Performance and Emission Characteristics by varying Injection Pressure from 180 bars to 220bar in
Diesel Engine.
 Study the Performance and Emission Characteristics by varying Injection timings from 27o, 30o degrees on
Diesel Engine.
 Step4: Performance Characteristics
 Specific fuel consumption(SFC)
 Brake thermal efficiency.
 Exhaust gas temperature
 Step5: Emission characteristics
 CO
 CO2
 HC
 NOX

Conclusion
 The study of effect of fuel injection pressure on the engine performance and emission of DI-CI diesel engine has
been experimentally conducted at various load conditions using DSO biodiesel blends with diesel fuel.
 Injection pressure was varied from 180 bar to 220 bar in steps of 20 bar. The observations drawn from this study
were summarized.
 BSFC is found to be higher for all fuels at very higher injection pressure; the BSFC is found to be minimum for B20
at 200 bar injection pressure.
 B20 records higher BTE (close to diesel) compared to other blends at all injection pressure. And it is maximum at
200 bar injection pressure.
 For all fuel blends the lower EGT was observed at 220 bar injection pressure.
 When compared to other injection pressure, at 200 bar injection pressure the engine CO emission are very low for
all fuels. The lowest CO emission was observed with B20 at 200 bar injection pressure
 The highest NOX emission was attained with B20 at 200 bar injection pressure.
 At full load the engine exhibits very good performance and emission characteristics for all the fuels at injection
pressure of 200 bars.
 From the above discussion it is recommended to use B20 blend in the existing diesel engines without any alteration
and better performance.
~~~*~~~
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 23
 EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE AND INJECTION TIMING (IT) AND EGR ON THE PERFORMANCE AND
EMISSION OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATED WITH TALLOW OIL METHYL ESTER (TOME)

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_082

College : Hirasugar Institute Of Technology, Nidasoshi

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Prof. Bm Dodamani
Co-Guide : Dr. Noorullah Sharief
Students : Mr. Nagaraj Badiger
Mr. Manjunath D Shikkeri
Mr. Milind Kamble

Introduction:
Biodiesel is an ester based oxygenated fuels consisting long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils (both
edible and non-edible) or animal fats and it is non explosive, biodegradable, non flammable, renewable, non-toxic. It can be
used in diesel engine as alternative of diesel fuel without major modification of the engine with same or better performance
in comparison to ordinary diesel fuel. Currently, the sources of biodiesel include soybean oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, used
fried oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, lesquerella oil, milkweed (Asclepias) seed oil, Jatropha curcas, Pongamia glabra
(karanja), Madhuca indica (Mahua) and Salvadora oleoides (Pilu), Calophyllum inophyllum, palm oil, linseed oil, algae etc.
Biodiesel can be produced from vegetables oils in four different ways namely pyrolysis/cracking, dilution with hydrocarbons
blending, emulsification, and Transesterification. The vegetable oils and their esters are the most suited substitute fuels for
diesel engine applications as they have lower emission levels with comparable thermal efficiency. However, the atomization
of biodiesel is poor due to its higher viscosity (almost twice the diesel). Biodiesels can replace diesel fuel completely
however it being less volatile needs to be blended with other low viscosity fuels such as diesel or ethanol to get better
performance
In this study, the production of biodiesel from the fat that extracted from tallow waste using alkali-catalyzed
Transesterification was investigated. Two methods of Transesterification were employed including single-step
Transesterification (SSTE) and two-step Transesterification (TSTE). In both methods, KOH or NaOH with methanol was
used. The reactions were performed at two temperatures (32 and 60 °C) for a fixed duration that is 1 h. The fuel properties of
the produced biodiesel were assessed. The results indicated that, both methods of the Transesterification were successful to
enhance the fuel properties of the tallow as compared to the direct use of it as a fuel. Besides, the values of the assessed
properties met the specified limits according to the ASTM standards. Furthermore, blending of the optimum biodiesel sample
with diesel was made using different volume percentages (10, 20, 30 and 40 %). The results disclosed that biodiesel had a
slight influence on the assessed properties of diesel.

Objectives:
By studying various literatures we conducted experiments on single cylinder four stroke diesel engines operated with
rope brake dynamometer by tallow oil bio-diesel and diesel blends. So we estimated to achieve the following objectives.
 The present study determines the effect of Injection opening pressure (IOP), Injection timing (IT) and Exhaust gas
recirculation (EGR) on the performance and emission of Diesel engine operated with tallow oil as a biodiesel.
 This study depicts the determination of the proper percentage of diesel and tallow oil biodiesel composition which is
expected to give better performance.
 Investigation on injection opening pressure and injection timing on the performance of diesel engine operated with
biodiesel.
 Comparing results of optimized blend with diesel by plotting a graph of load v/s brake thermal efficiency.

Methodology:
a. Extraction of Biodiesel by Transesterification: Before starting the Transesterification process we have to find
out Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content of the tallow oil after that we go for Transesterification process
b. Characterization of Fuel: In this project, we have used Tallow oil methyl ester (TOME) as a test fuel. Its
characters such as flash point, fire point, density, viscosity and calorific values are found using different
instruments.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 24

 Table : Physical & Chemical Properties of TOME and diesel
Sl. No. Properties Diesel TOME biodiesel Apparatus used
1. Density (kg/m3) 825 786.0 Mass/Volume
2. Kinematic viscosity (centistokes) 2.52 5.0 Redwood viscometer
3. Calorific value (kJ/kg) 45843 38350 Bomb Calorimeter
4. Flash point (°C) 55 127 Cleveland apparatus
5. Fire point (°C) 58 151 Cleveland apparatus

Experimental Setup:
Below figure is the experimental set up used to carry out the study with all the necessary components and the details
are explained below

Fig: Experimental setup

Table .Technical specification of experimental test rig.
Engine (Kirloskar TV1) Specifications
No. of cylinders 1
No. of strokes 4
Fuel H.S.Diesel
RPM 1500
Rated power 3.5 kW
Cylinder dia. 80 mm
Stroke length 110mm
Connecting rod length 234mm
Compression ratio very 17.5:1
Orifice dia. 20mm
Dynamometer arm length 185mm
Type of loading Mechanical Type
Cooling Water cooled engine
Fuel Injectors: The below figure and table shows the specification of fuel injectors

Table . Specifications of fuel injectors used in the study

SL.NO Number of Holes Orifice diameter in mm Pressure in bar
1 3 hole injector 0.20 mm 240
2 5 hole injector 0.30 mm 260

Fig 2. Fuel injectors with 3 and 5 nozzle holes Fig 3. Blends of TOME Biodiesel

TOME biodiesel and Diesel Blends

Different diesel-Biodiesel Blends used for the testing are illustrated below

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 25

 Table : Blends used in the study
TOME Biodiesel (%) Diesel (%) Blend code
10 90 B10D90
20 80 B20D80
30 70 B30D70
40 60 B40D60
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

Fig. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) equipment

The above fig. is EGR setup used for the study to reduce the oxide of nitrogen emissions
Smoke meter

Fig. Smoke meter

Smoke meter is device used to measures the smoke opacity and soot content in the exhaust of diesel engines, as
the above shown in figure smoke meter used for study.

Exhaust Gas analyzer

Fig. Exhaust Gas analyzer

Gas analyzer is device used to measure the CO, CO2, HC and NOx content in the exhaust of diesel engine, as the
above shown in fig 4.8 gas analyser used for the study.

Conclusion
The diesel engine designed to run on bio-fuel has been tested with pure diesel and blend of TOME biodiesel.
 The viscosity and density of the biodiesel is comparatively higher than the diesel and also the calorific value of the
biodiesel is less that is 38350 KJ/Kg
 From the exhaustive study it is observed that for 260bar the blend B40D60 gives good results having break thermal
efficiency of 29.7% than the other blends, this is because of complete combustion of fuel takes place with biodiesel.
 From the study as compared with diesel BTE 30.13% for blend B40D60 it‘s having 29.7% and slightly decreases
for blend B40D60 in BTE.
 From literature survey Injection timing for blends Biodiesel having 19°bTDC and that of diesel is 21°bTDC.
 From the study there is decrease in CO, CO2, HC and smoke for blend B40D60 as compared with other blends
B10, B20, B30 and diesel.
 For the blend with 20% EGR there is increased in the BTE and decrease in emission of CO, CO2, HC and smoke.
 The use of TOME biodiesel in internal combustion engine needs no modification in the engine configuration
 The oxides of nitrogen from the emission of exhaust gas can be reduced with the help of EGR.
 At high injection pressure of about 260bar the atomization of the fuel takes place resulting in complete combustion
of fuel takes place with less appreciable amounts of hydrocarbons exhausted to the atmosphere.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 26

Scope for future work:
For further by adopting Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) system to existing engine which is controlled by
Electronic Control Unit (ECU) will leads to still higher performance and lesser emission as the Injection opening pressure of
CRDI is ranging from 1000bar to 3000bar.
The same study can be extended by adopting Turbocharger technique to expect still improved result in the form of
BTE and Emission.
~~~*~~~

EFFECT OF AL2 O3 (ALUMINUM OXIDE) NANO PARTICLES ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION

CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE FUELED WITH DAIRY SCUM METHYL ESTER BIO
DIESEL

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_034

College : K.L.E. College Of Engineering And Technology, Chikkodi

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Prof. Veeranna H. Modi
Students : Mr. Manish Kalagouda Patil
Mr. Bhartesh Chandrakant Gadale
Mr. Rohan Jaggouda Patil
Mr. Sachin Nandkumar Jagdale

Introduction:
1. Biodiesel is a liquid Biofuel obtained by chemical processes from vegetable oils or animal fats and an alcohol that
can be used in diesel engines, alone or blended with diesel oil. Diesel engines are mostly used for economical and
better operation prospective.
2. Demand of petroleum fuels is depleting due to population growth and enormous energy usages. Bio Diesel is a
clean burning alternative fuel produced from domestic, renewable resources.
3. Bio Diesel is simple to use Biodegradable, Nontoxic, and Essentially free of Sulphur and Aromatics.

Objectives
1. To convert waste diary scum into bio diesel.
2. To conduct performance studies on CI engine to check the suitability and advantages of the blends of dairy scum
methyl ester with neat diesel and AL2O3 Nano particles.
3. To study the effect of emissions on CI engine fueled with dairy scummethyl ester with neat diesel and AL 2O3 Nano
particles.

Methodology:

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 27

  Collection of Dairy Scum from nearby Milk Dairy.
 Heating and filtering the collected sample to remove wastes like sand,insects etc.
 Preparation of scum oil.
 Production of Dairy scum methyl ester Bio diesel through Transesterification process.
 Testing of fuel properties.
 Blending of dairy scum methyl ester and Al2O3 Nano particles withneat diesel, ( B30 and B30+Al2O3 100 ppm).
 Testing the Blend Properties.
 Testing the engine for Performance and Emission characteristicsfueled with blended bio diesel.
 Comparing Performance and Emission Characteristics of Bio-Dieselwith Neat Diesel.

Fig. Computerized VCR Engine

Table: Engine Parameters.

Sl. No Engine parameters Specifications
01 No.of cyclinders 1
02 No. of Strokes 4
03 Fuel H.S. Diesel
04 Rated Power 5.2 KW at 1500 RPM
05 Cylinder Diameter 87.5 mm
06 Stroke Length 110mm
07 Connecting rod Length 234 mm
08 Compression Ratio very 12 to 18:1
09 Orifice Diameter 20 mm
10 Dynamometer arm Length 180 mm

Results and Conclusion:

1. Use of waste dairy scum as a bio diesel in diesel engines.
2. Reduction in Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC).
3. The increase in Brake thermal Efficiency. The reductions in CO and CO2 emissions.

Future Scope:
This project is expected to reduce harmful emissions by the diesel engines, impacting the environment and
creating health issues of living animals on the earth.
~~~*~~~

PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM COCOA POD AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS STUDY ON

SINGAL CYLINDER SI ENGINE

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_018

College : Karavali Institute Of Technology, Mangaluru

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Mr. George Johny
Students : Mr. Nikhil M.C.
Mr. Nishanth N
Mr. Aditya Rao
Mr. Nazeb Sajjan
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 28
Introduction
21st century has been facing many problems like energy sustainability, environmental problems and raising fuel
prices. Convectional fuels are known for polluting air by emission for Sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, particulate matter and
other gases. This has resulted in increased research in alternative fuels and renewable source of energy. Moreover, energy
consumption of the world is ever increasing; this has caused the fuel sources to dwindle. The transport sector worldwide has
considerably increased the fuel consumption reaching 61.5% of the total; especially in the last decade. Recent research
expects that the amount of petrol in the world can be used merely for the next 46 years. Hence, interest in research for an
effective substitute for petrol is increasing. Another important reason for alternative fuel development is the fact that a large
percentage of crude oil must be imported from other countries for example gulf countries, which control the larger oil fields.
Fossil fuels are currently the dominant global source of CO2 emissions and their combustion is stronger threat to
the environment. Increasing of the industrialization, energy demand, limited reserves of fossil fuels and increasing
environmental pollution have jointly necessitating the exploring of some alternative to the conventional liquid fuels. India
imports the petroleum products at an annual cost of 50 billion USD in the year 2012-2013.Just by replacing 5% of petroleum
fuel by bio fuel could enable India to save 2.5 billion USD. According to latest documents from April 2013-Feb 2014 got an
import of 57335.97 million USD but from April 2014-Feb 2015 got an import of 53739.04 million USD. We come to know that
the demand import of petroleum products decreased by 6.27%. Fossil fuels are the most developed energy source, but raise
many doubts regarding issues related to environmental sustainability and economy.

Objectives
 To successfully produce neat bioethanol from cocoa pod waste.
 Optimization test has to be done on engine.
 Plot various graph of efficiency.
 To blend the neat bioethanol with regular petrol and obtain the blended fuel sample.
 To study the properties such as calorific value, viscosity, etc. of the blended fuel sample.
 To successfully arrive at a conclusion and put light on future possibilities and scope in this particular sector.

Methodology

Material Required:
Cocoa pod, Demineralized water, Sodium Hydroxide pellets, Sulphuric acid, Baker Yeast

Apparatus Required:
Thermometer, Heater, Funnels, Standard Flask, Glass rod.

Production of Bioethanol:
The production of bioethanol was carried out in
Stage 1: Collecting of cocoa pod
Stage 2: Milling of Cocoa pod
Stage 3: Fermentation
Stage 4: Distillation

Collecting of Cocoa pod:

The Cocoa pod is initially collected from farmer field in Hosanagar,
Shivamoga district. That pod contains water content, so it can be dried by Sunlight
and make that pods into pieces like 1cm size for easy drying process.

Milling or Powdering of Cocoa pod:

The above Cocoa pod can powder with the help of mixer, and it can powder
in fine form that can be used for bioethanol production process. The powder is fully
dried.

Soaking in Sulphuric acid and hydrolysis of sample:

For the sample 150ml of NaOH is mixed and heated up for 30 minutes and
cool it down for room temperature and 150 ml of dilute sulphuric acid is mixed and
again heated up to 90 minutes. Afterwards the sample were placed in the autoclave for hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis was done
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 29
due to its economic important.
Fermentation Process:
Chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down
anaerobically. More broadly, fermentation is the foaming that occurs during the
manufacture of wine and beer, a process at least 10,000 years old. The frothing
results from the evolution of carbon dioxide gas, though this was not recognized until
the 17th century. French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur in the 19th century
used the term fermentation in a narrow sense to describe the changes brought about
by yeasts and other microorganisms growing in the absence of air (anaerobically); he
also recognized that ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are not the only products of
fermentation. Fermentation of sample was done at a room temperature. The fermentation can be done by adding baker
yeast in the sample. The yeast can be added in a proper concentration 1.2 gm respectively. The sample were placed at a 30
C for the fermentation for about 92 hours.

Distillation Process: After fermentation the sample were ready for the distillation.
The distillation was done in the distillation assembly for about 8 hours. The
distillation can be held twice in order to optimize the production of bio ethanol in the
final product. By this distillation process we got the final sample bio ethanol from the
cocoa pod.

Conclusion
Alternative fuels for SI engine have become increasingly important due to
diminishing petroleum reserves and awareness of the increased environmental problems. The use of ―renewable fuels‖ may
be the key to overcome these problems. The objective of the present work was to analyze the suitability of blend of
Bioethanol-petrol as an alternative SI engine fuel. The most important advantage of this bioethanol is that it is a renewable.
The engine performance test was carried out on SI engine using blend of 10% ethanol-90% petrol and 25% ethanol-75%
petrol while pure petrol was used as a reference fuel.
The experimental results show that engine performance with blend was found to be slightly poorer in comparison
with reference fuel. From the present experimental study of alternative engine fuel, it can be concluded that a SI engine can
be successfully operated with blends of bioethanol-petrol without any major engine modification and operational difficulty.
Conclusion can be drawn based on the SI engine performance and emission characteristics of bioethanol-petrol blends and
petrol in a multi cylinder spark ignition engine without any modification in the engine at various engine speeds. The result
may conclude as:

 The use of ethanol as a fuel additive to gasoline causes in the improvement in engine performance and exhaust
emissions.
 Since ethanol has lower calorific value so the brake specific fuel consumption of the ethanol-gasoline blends are
found to be higher than gasoline.
 Brake thermal efficiency of the ethanol-gasoline blends is found to be higher in comparison to gasoline.
 Due to oxygen contain by ethanol-gasoline blends, the exhaust gas temperature of the blends are found to be
lower in comparison to gasoline.

From the results, it can be concluded that ethanol blends are quite successful in replacing pure Petrol in Spark
Ignition Engine. Results clearly show that there is an increase in Specific Fuel Consumption because of low calorific Value of
ethanol than petrol and also increase in the mechanical efficiency and Brake thermal efficiency. So from the curves it is seen
that 10% and 25% ethanol blended petrol is the best choice for use in the existing Spark Ignition Engines without any
modification to increase Efficiency. A little consideration has to be taken on material used as maximum pressure inside
cylinder is increased by blending.
~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 30

 EXTRACTION OF BIO-DIESEL FROM WASTE FISH OIL WAX

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_040

College : Mangalore Institute Of Technology And Engineering, Moodbidri

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Prof. M Lokesha
Students : Mr. Rajat Ravindra Patankar
Mr. Vasantha Kumar K
Mr. Mithun V Naik
Mr. Rohan Gowda N

Introduction:
Biodiesel is generally known as sustainable alternative fuel for petroleum-based diesel in recent time the increasing
in the industrial activities and the increase in world population have drastically increased the consumption of fossil fuels
derived oils the current use of fossils in various sector for heat and power generation continues to threaten global stability
and sustainability. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from material available within a
country. In addition, the use of alternative fuels like biodiesel as fuel is less polluting than petroleum fuels considering all this
factor fish waste that is nonedible parts were taken from production of biodiesel. Fish waste as raw materials for biodiesel. In
order to overcome this problem, there are suggestions that biodiesel can be produced by using other alternative oil
resources such as non-edible oil or from waste. Extracted oil from fish waste is an example of raw material for biodiesel
production.

Objective
 Selection of new renewable energy sources for the production of biodiesel like Waste fish oil wax.
 Development of new proper oil extraction method.
 Development of easy and low cost method of conversion to produce higher grade biodiesel like transesterification.
 Study on the properties of the developed biodiesel blends with pure diesel to accept the biodiesel like diesel.
 To conduct the engine test to estimate the performance and emission parameters using single cylinder 4-stroke
diesel engine.

Methodology:
 Measure 1 liter of oil.
 Transfer this oil into a 3-neck flask provided as part of the laboratory set.
 Place the 3-neck flask on a magnetic stirrer.
 Put the magnet pellet into the flask.
 Fix the reflex condenser to the central neck of 3 neck flask. Connect the water pipeline to the condenser and then
check-up for water circulation from the tap to condenser and outlet.
 Connect the magnetic stirrer to electric connections.
 Switch on the magnetic stirrer.
 Setup the heating control to 60 degrees Celsius.
 Adjust the speed between 600- 800 rpm to get a homogenous/uniform heating of the oil.
 Take the glass thermos well and add some oil into the thermowell. Insert the thermowell into the side neck of 3
neck flask. Place the thermometer into the thermowell and check the temperature.
 Take 300 ml of methanol for 1 liter of oil in a 500 ml capacity beaker.
 Weigh the required Noah based on the FFA % determined earlier for the oil (i.e., for 0(zero) FFA 3.5 grams of
Noah) and add to methanol. Stir well and this mixture is called ‗methoxide‘ mixture.
 When the temperature reaches 63 degrees Celsius, add the methoxide mixture slowly to the hot oil into the 3-neck
flask through the loading opening neck and maintain the speed at 600 rpm. close the opening with stopper.
 Maintain the temperature at 60 to 63 degree Celsius (total reaction time is 2 hours). (boiling point of methanol is
64.07 degree Celsius).
 Run the process for 30 minutes and observe the colour of the mixture turns from turbid orange to transparent chilly
red (in the reaction vessel).

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 31

  After the first 30 minutes drain a sample and allow it to settle.2 distinct layer will be obtained indicating the
chemical reaction is proceeding in the right direction. The bottom
layer is glycerin.
 After 1 and half hour, drain one more sample and observe for glycerin separation. And switch off the power and
remove the reflex condenser.
 Transfer the mixture into separating funnel and allow to settle for 2 hours.
 After 2 hours, glycerin will settle at the bottom and biodiesel settle as top layer.
 Drain the glycerin layer from the separating funnel from the bottom carefully and store it.
 Allow the biodiesel layer to settle for another half hour and observe if any further glycerin content settles, if
glycerin layer is seen, then drain the same.
 Please note: obtained glycerin is crude glycerin.it contains waxes, gum, alkaloids and NAOH and methanol traces.
 After production of biodiesel, blending with catalyst aluminum oxide using Ultrasonicator.

Result and Conclusions

Properties of Liquid Fuels Used
Property offuel Diesel Fishoil B20 B20 with B20 with B100
catalystAl2o3 catalystCao
Density(kg/m3) 840 900 860 855 850 870
Viscosity at400C (cst) 3.24 35.2 3.5 3.42 3.4 5.1
Flashpoint(0C) 55 205 74 72 70 150
Firepoint(0C) 64 216 84 83 81 162
Calorific value(MJ/kg) 43.5 38 42.5 42.7 42.9 39.5

Emission Table for B20 with Al2o3

LOAD 0 4 8 12
SPEEDIN RPM 1419 1453 1433 1411
TIME(10CC) 81sec 55 41 32sec
CO % 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01
HC (PPM) 12 12 15 16
CO2% 1 1.70 2.40 3
O2 % 20.30 19.82 19.30 18.82
NOx(PPM) 22 99 235 336
SMOKE OPACITY 9.8 27.9 34.4 46.8

Emission Table for B20

LOAD 0 4 8 12
SPEEDIN RPM 1419 1453 1433 1411
TIME(10CC) 81 55 41 32
CO % 0.05 0.01 10.2 0.02
HC (PPM) 14 11 13 14
CO2% 1.10 1.11 2.4 3.2
O2 % 20.03 19.69 19.14 18.64
NOx(PPM) 28 114 262 370
SMOKE OPACITY 14.6 37.2 41.5 85.3
Conclusion
 The fish oil wax having high FFA content. Hence it is used two step transesterification process.
 The properties of fish oil biodiesel are goods that it can be used in diesel engine as an alternative fuel without
doing any alteration of engine.
 The properties of B20 sample are closer to diesel properties and hence it gives better performance.
 Addition of catalysts will still more improves the properties of biodiesel closer to the diesel properties.
 There will be proper combustion occurred inside the engine cylinder due to addition of catalysts.
~~~*~~~
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 32
 A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF CI ENGINE USING NANO PARTICLES
(ZnO, Al2O3, GRAPHENE) BLENDED WITH DIESEL-DWS BIODIESEL-ETHANOL BLENDS

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_041

College : Mangalore Institute Of Technology And Engineering, Moodbidri

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Prof. Vijaykumar Meti
Students : Mr. Bradley Mathias
Mr. Karthikeya S P
Mr. Mohammed Toufeeq
Mr. Prathwiraj

Introduction:
Modern generation is much dependent on fossil fuel energy. Energy obtained from fossil resources is very much
higher when compared to other energy resources. Majority of the world‘s energy wants are satisfied through fossil extracts
such as petrochemical resources, coal, oil and natural gas etc. The consumption of fossil fuels is increasing day by day. As
the fossil resource is non- renewable, fuel price is increasing as a consequence of drastic increase in demand and decrease
in supply. In the present energy scenario of increased energy demand and rapid depletion of non- replenishable energy
resources like petroleum products the search for new renewable and alternative fuels has gained momentum.
Diesel, a petrochemical derivative has high energy density when compared to other gasoline fuels. Therefore,
diesel engines are extensively used in heavy duty transports, large scale power generation sectors and also in agricultural
sectors. Diesel engines are considered to be fuel efficient and good performing than gasoline engines, also the diesel
engines have advantages like durability, reliability and fuel economy. Therefore, the depletion rate of diesel fuel is high when
compared to other gasoline fuels. So, to overcome this issue various researches are being carried out to find an alternative.
Biodiesel, being an alternative for biodiesel is extracted from various natural renewable resources such as
vegetable oil, animal fat, seeds etc. Due to the presence of excess of oxygen in biodiesel they result in increased
combustion. But the problem associated is miss match of physical properties when compared to existing diesel fuel and less
heat release rate, so ethanol is added to match the physical properties such as volume and density of biodiesel with existing
diesel and nanoparticles to increase the heat release rate.
Nano particle blended fuels are known to exhibit good thermo physical properties when compared to base fuels. Nano-
particles have higher surface to volume ratio and this enables a larger contact surface area during rapid oxidation and
improves heat conduction capabilities of the fuel. The nanoparticles blended fuel inside the combustion chamber create a
swirl which helps in improvised combustion in every nook and corner of the combustion chamber. Hence by adding some
metal and metal oxide nanoparticles to biofuel will improve the engine performance as well as reduce the harmful gases
from engine exhaust.

Objectives
Nature offers us different types of atoms but it takes human intelligence to put them in an effective manner in order
to obtain the products which would replace the existing, with improvised physical and chemical properties. Diesel, an extract
of crude oil being non-renewable is being fast depleted. In order to overcome this problem an alternative is found out that is
biodiesel, biodiesel is blended with existing diesel in order to reduce the diesel consumption. Even though it helps in
complete combustion and less CO emission, the problem associated with it is less calorific value, ignition delay and
particulate matter emission, to overcome this problem diesel-biodiesel is blended with nanoparticles which improvise the
radiative mass transfer properties, reduce ignition delay and improve the ignition temperature of the fuel in the combustion
zone. This is because of the increased surface area and swirling capability of nanoparticles. Other problem associated in
biodiesel-diesel blend is difference in physical properties such as volume and density when compared to existing diesel, to
overcome this physical property mismatch ethanol is added.
In this experiment Dairy Waste Scum oil is used as biodiesel which is blended with aluminium oxide, Zinc Oxide
and Graphene nanoparticles along with ethanol so as to increase the performance and decrease the emission
characteristics of the diesel engine.

Methodology
Making Biodiesel:
Biodiesel from Dairy Waste Scum is usually prepared by transesterification process.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 33
Biodiesel blend preparation:
The biodiesel prepared from Dairy Waste Scum is mixed with diesel. Biodiesel in 20% is blended with 80% existing
petrochemical with the help of magnetic stirrer at the stirring speed of around 750-800 RPM in order to achieve uniform mix.
Magnetic stirrer is as shown in fig 5.1. The blend is simply called as B20 blend because 20% biodiesel is blended in 80%
diesel.

Alumina blend preparation:

Aluminium Oxide is weighed to a predetermined mass fraction of 50ppm. This weighed Aluminium Oxide and 2-3ml
isopropyl 2-propanol are added to the beaker and is ultrasonicated for 30 minutes using ultrasonic bath. The surfactant is
taken 4 to 5 times the weight of Aluminium Oxide and is dissolved in 3ml of De-mineralised (DM) water. This dissolved
surfactant is added to the above solution of aluminium oxide liquid. This mixture is again ultrasonicated for about 30
minutes. This solution is added with the blended biodiesel and is again ultrasonicated for 1 hour for uniform dispersion and
stirring is done using magnetic stirrer for another 1 hour.

Graphene blend preparation:

The graphene is weighed to a predetermined mass fraction of 50ppm. 2-3ml isopropyl 2-propanol and graphene
are added to the beaker and is ultrasonicated for 30 minutes. The surfactant is taken 4 to 5 times the weight of the graphene
and is dissolved in 3ml of De-mineralised (DM) water. This is added to the above Graphene solution and is ultrasonicated for
30 minutes. This is mixed with the blended biodiesel and is ultrasonicated for 1 hour and the stirring is done using magnetic
homogenizer for further 1 hour.

Zinc Oxide blend preparation:

Zinc Oxide is weighed to a predetermined mass fraction of 50 ppm. This is
added with 2-3ml isopropyl 2-propanol in a beaker and is ultrasonicated for 30
minutes. The surfactant is taken 4 to 5 times the weight of zinc oxide and is dissolved
in 3ml of De-mineralised (DM) water. The surfactant is added to the above zinc oxide
solution and is ultrasonicated for 30 minutes. This solution is mixed with the blended
biodiesel and is ultrasonicated for 1 hour and the stirring is done using the magnetic
stirrer for another 1 hour.

Experimental setup:
The experiments were carried out on a single cylinder, four-stroke water cooled, naturally aspirated, direct injection
diesel engine. The compression ratio of the engine was 18:1 and was capable of developing a power of 3.5kW at a constant
speed of 1500 rpm. The injection nozzle used has 3 holes of diameter 0.3mm each with a spray angle of 120º. The injection
opening pressure was 200 bar and static injection timing was 23º before top dead centre as specified by the engine
manufacture.

Results And Discussion

During the experiment, injection timing, injection opening pressure and compression ratio were kept at 19º BTDC, 200 bar
and 17.5 for engine operation. The results obtained is discussed below.
FUEL NOTATION
Diesel D
75% Diesel + 20% Bio-Diesel + 5% Ethanol DB
75% Diesel + 20% Bio-Diesel 5% Ethanol + 25 ppm Al2O3 DB-A
75% Diesel + 20% Bio-Diesel 5% Ethanol + 25ppm Graphene DB-G
75% Diesel + 20% Bio-Diesel 5% Ethanol + 25ppm ZnO DB-Z
Performance:
Variation Of Indicated Power
Table 1 : Variation of Indicated Power with load
LOAD D DB DB-A DB-G DB-Z
0 3.36 6.72 6.06 6.32 6.04
25 4.19 7.52 7.55 8.5 7.9
50 4.59 7.29 6.59 7.36 7.51
75 5.77 7.96 6.61 6.6 7.24
100 6.29 7.62 6.8 6.47 5.41
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 34
Figure shows the variation of Indicated Power (IP) with
variation of load for Diesel (D), Biodiesel-Diesel blend (BD)
and nanoparticle-biodiesel-diesel blends of Alumina (DB-A),
Graphene (DB-G) and Zinc Oxide (DB-Z) nanoparticles.
Indicated power is the power developed by the combustion
of fuel inside the cylinder of an engine. In the above figure of
IP versus Load the indicated power increases progressively
with the load but where as in Diesel-biodiesel and
nanoparticles-biodiesel-Diesel blends the indicated power is
high even at the low load condition.

Variation Of Brake Power

Table 2: Variation of BP with load
LOAD D DB DB-A DB-G DB-Z
0 0 0 0 0 0
25 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83
50 1.68 1.65 1.64 1.64 1.64
75 2.46 2.46 2.43 2.43 2.44
100 3.27 3.26 3.21 3.21 3.21

Figure shows the variation of Brake Power (BP) with variation of load for
Diesel (D), Biodiesel-Diesel blend (BD) and nanoparticle-biodiesel-diesel
blends of Alumina (DB-A), Graphene (DB-G) and Zinc Oxide (DB-Z)
nanoparticles. Load in percentage is taken along X axis and Brake power
along Y axis. The Brake power increases linearly with the load because the
power is kept constant hence, we get the brake power linearly with the
load. The brake power for all types of blend increases as load increases.

Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency

Table 3: Variation of brake thermal efficiency with load
LOAD D DB DB-A DB-G DB-Z
0 0 0 0 0 0
25 15.35 15.52 15.48 15.55 15.4
50 21.02 23.09 22.89 25.14 24.93
75 27.31 29.48 29.18 29.29 29.06
100 30.15 30.39 29.9 31.81 31.52

Figure shows the variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) with variation of load for Diesel (D), Biodiesel-Diesel blend
(BD) and nanoparticle-biodiesel-diesel blends of Alumina (DB-A), Graphene (DB-G) and Zinc Oxide (DB-Z) nanoparticles.
The increase in the engine power can be attributed to the increase of the surface to volume ratio of nanoparticles that
causes an increase in heat transfer of biodiesel blends. This phenomenon increases heat transfer inside the combustion
chamber and increases the quality of combustion and thus higher power output is obtained. The maximum brake thermal
efficiency of Diesel, blended biodiesel, Al2O3 blended biodiesel, Graphene blended biodiesel and ZnO blended biodiesel is
30.15%,30.39%, 29.90%, 31.81% and 31.52% respectively for full load conditions.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 35

Variation Of Specific Fuel Consumption
Table 4: Variation of specific fuel consumption with load
LOAD D DB DB-A DB-G DB-Z
0 0 0 0 0 0
25 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.52
50 0.41 0.36 0.38 0.35 0.35
75 0.3 0.29 0.3 0.3 0.3
100 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.28

Figure shows the variation of Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) with

variation of load for Diesel (D), Biodiesel-Diesel blend (BD) and
nanoparticle-biodiesel-diesel blends of Alumina (DB-A), Graphene (DB-G)
and Zinc Oxide (DB-Z) nanoparticles. At the low load condition, the
specific consumption rate of fuel is high for Diesel and its blends up to
quarter load and then decreases. The specific fuel consumption for diesel
is slightly more when compared to biodiesel blends this is due to the
presence of more oxygen content in biodiesel which increases the
combustion properties and nanoparticle presence which will help the fuel
to improvise its heat conduction capacity thus increasing the heat release
rate and decreasing the specific fuel consumption.

Emission
Variation Of Co Emission
Table 5: Variation of CO emission with Load
LOAD D DB DB-A DB-G DB-Z
0 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
25 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03
50 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02
75 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02
100 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01

Above figure shows the variation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) with variation of load for Diesel (D), Biodiesel-Diesel blend (BD)
and nanoparticle-biodiesel-diesel blends of Alumina (DB-A), Graphene (DB-G) and Zinc Oxide (DB-Z) nanoparticles. The
CO emissions for Diesel were higher. However, CO emissions were marginally lower for the blended biodiesel compared to
Diesel, this could be due to the higher catalytic activity and improved combustion characteristics of nanoparticle blended
biodiesel with improved combustion that resulted in better performance. The CO emission is reasonably low for biodiesel
and its nanoparticle blends when compared to existing petrochemical Diesel.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 36

Variation of HC Emission
Table 6: Variation of HC emission with load
LOAD D DB DB-A DB-G DB-Z
0 14 12 12 12 10
25 13 11 10 11 9
50 14 10 9 8 9
75 13 9 7 5 6
100 14 10 9 8 6

Figure shows the variation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) with variation of load
for Diesel (D), Biodiesel-Diesel blend (BD) and nanoparticle-biodiesel-diesel
blends of Alumina (DB-A), Graphene (DB-G) and Zinc Oxide (DB-Z)
nanoparticles. Due to the presence of more oxygen in biodiesel and its
nanoparticle blends there will be increased combustion there by reducing
the release of unburnt hydrocarbons when compared to petrochemical
diesel.

Variation Of Nox Emission

Table 7: Variation of NOx emission with load
LOAD D DB DB-A DB-G DB-Z
0 17 20 21 20 22
25 61 56 48 44 46
50 128 121 111 119 120
75 205 181 180 176 172
100 278 288 280 274 272

Fig 7 shows the variation of Nitrogen Oxide (NOX) with variation of load for Diesel
(D), Biodiesel-Diesel blend (BD) and nanoparticle-biodiesel-diesel blends of
Alumina (DB-A), Graphene (DB-G) and Zinc Oxide (DB-Z) nanoparticles. The
NOX emission is also more for the diesel when compared to biodiesel and its
blend so the emission characteristics are good for biodiesel when compared to
existing petrochemical diesel.

Variation of Smoke Emission

Table 8: variation of smoke emission with load
LOAD D DB DB-A DB-G DB-Z
0 20.1 20.9 21 21.1 20.7
25 36.9 43.7 42.8 44.1 42.9
50 51.4 61.8 63.1 66.2 61.7
75 52.9 69.8 69.6 69.8 69.4
100 62 71.2 68.6 70.1 69.7
Figure shows the variation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) with variation of load for Diesel (D), Biodiesel-Diesel blend (BD) and
nanoparticle-biodiesel-diesel blends of Alumina (DB-A), Graphene (DB-G) and Zinc Oxide (DB-Z) nanoparticles. Smoke for
B20 and its nanoparticle blend is higher compared to that of diesel. The smoke emission for Graphene is still higher
because graphene which is allotropic form of carbon which constitutes smoke. However, Smoke were marginally lower for
DB-A and DB-Z, this could be due to higher catalytic activity and improved combustion characteristics. The smoke emission
is less for diesel because it contains less oxygen when compared to biodiesel.

Variation of CO2 Emission

Table 9: Variation of CO2 emission with load
LOAD D DB DB-A DB-G DB-Z
0 1.1 1 1 1 1
25 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4
50 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.6
75 2.4 2.2 2 2.1 1.9
100 3 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.2

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 37

Figure shows the variation of Carbon di-oxide (CO2) with variation of
load for Diesel (D), Biodiesel-Diesel blend (BD) and nanoparticle-
biodiesel-diesel blends of Alumina (DB-A), Graphene (DB-G) and Zinc
Oxide (DB-Z) nanoparticles. Carbon di-oxide liberation is more for
diesel and comparatively less with biodiesel this is because the
carbon is let out in the form of smoke in biodiesel and its blends where
as in diesel it reacts with available oxygen forming CO and CO2..

Variation of O2 Emission
Table 10: Variation of O2 emission with load
LOAD D DB DB-A DB-G DB-Z
0 19.25 20.23 19.31 19.35 19.38
25 18.85 19.96 18.38 18.62 18.53
50 18.50 19.65 17.63 17.57 17.53
75 18.14 19.38 16.71 16.68 16.81
100 17.89 19.1 15.6 15.65 15.72

Fig 10 shows the variation of Carbon di-oxide (CO2) with variation

of load for Diesel (D), Biodiesel-Diesel blend (BD) and
nanoparticle-biodiesel-diesel blends of Alumina (DB-A), Graphene
(DB-G) and Zinc Oxide (DB-Z) nanoparticles. The oxygen
liberation is more for biodiesel because it processes excess of
oxygen but for nanoparticles it is lost in reaction with oxygen
forming CO, CO2 and NOX.

Conclusion
The performance and emission characteristics of Alumina, Graphene and Zinc Oxide with blended biodiesel,
biodiesel and diesel were investigated in a single cylinder diesel engine.
Based on the experimental data, the following conclusions are made
.
 The Indicated Power (IP) is more for biodiesel and its nanoparticle blends when compared to existing Diesel.
 Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) is also high for biodiesel-nanoparticle blends in comparison with existing diesel.
Graphene and Zinc Oxide nanoparticles blended biodiesel produces excellent BTE in comparison of other fuels.
 By using nanoparticles in the blend, CO, HC and NOx emissions were decreased when compared with diesel.
 There is increase in smoke emission for all of the nanoparticle blend and also the B20 blend when compared with
standard diesel.

Scope For Future Work

 There exist many nanoparticles of varying thermal conductivities they can be blended with DWS biodiesel and best
of them can be determined.
 Addition of ethanol in percentage can be varied and best percentage of ethanol bend can be determined.
 Addition of nanoparticles in PPM can also be varied and best emission and performance can be determined.
 Emission of nanoparticle exhaust and its effect on environment can be studied.
 Addition of percentage of biodiesel and diesel blends can be varied and best should be determined.

~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 38

 STUDY ON GREEN FUEL (ETHANOL) AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL
FOR SI ENGINE

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_062

College : Navodaya Institute Of Technology, Raichur

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Dr. Ananthachar
Co-Guide : Prof. Srikar G Kulkarni
Students : Mr. Praveen Gouda Rampur
Mr. Shrinivas
Mr. Manjunath M Pujari
Mr. Jagadeesh C.

Abstract
The most efficient and useful fossil Fuel is playing a major role in developing countries particularly in Transport and
also in all the sectors of modern day living. India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world and will continue to
enjoy the demographic dividend for few decades. Energy is a critical input towards raising the standard of living of citizens.
The energy strategy of country aims to chart the way forward to meet the Government‘s recent ambitious announcements in
the energy domain such as electrification (24X7 electricity) of all census villages by 2022, It is estimated that there is an
energy demand of 175GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022. Fossil fuels will continue to occupy a significant share in
the energy basket. However, conventional or fossil fuel resources are limited, non-renewable sources are to be extracted.
The rapid depletion of petroleum-based fuels, their over increasing costs and the environmental pollution caused
by the burning of these fuels have led to an intensive research for Alternate Fuels. Bioethanol is a promising alternative fuel
for Spark Ignition Engine. In this project an attempt has made to investigate the performance characteristics of Single
cylinder 4-stroke VCR SI Engine using 0% (pure petrol), 5% (E5), 7.5% (E7.5) and 10% (E10) bioethanol-petrol blended
fuels. The results of this work depict that 7.5% blend can perform successfully in engine designed for use with petrol without
any modification.

Objectives
 The study of alternate fuels for S I Engine have become increasingly important due to diminishing fossil fuels
reserves and awareness of the increased environmental problems associated with burning of these fuels. Among
different alternate fuels for petrol in S I Engine, bioethanol is considered to be most promising future fuels. The
purpose of this experimental investigation is to study the effect of using various blends of bioethanol and petrol on
performance of single cylinder 4 stroke VCR SI engine. The main objective of this works are as follows.
 To investigate Physico – Chemical properties of Petrol bioethanol blend as a fuel for Spark Ignition Engines.
 To Analyze the Petrol bioethanol blend as a fuel in Four stroke engine performance.
 To identify the best Petrol bioethanol blend that can be used as Alternative fuel to operate Spark Ignition Engine.

Methodology
The Test Rig consists of Four-Stroke Petrol Engine (Air Cooled) to be tested for performance is coupled to Alternator. To
facilitate the change in compression ratio, an auxiliary head-piston assembly above the main head has been provided. The
auxiliary piston is operated up-down by hand wheel-screw rod assembly to fix the required compression ratio.

Working Procedure of VCR Petrol Engine Test Rig:

 Release the locking bolt of the auxiliary piston screw rod assembly.
 Rotate the hand wheel and bring the indicator to the required compression ratio.
 Lock the screw rod assembly before conducting the experiment for the compression ratio selected.
 Open the 3- way cock, such that fuel flows into the engine.
 Supply the cooling water to the engine head.
 Start the engine and allow it to run on load condition for few minutes.
 Apply the load on the engine by operating the Torque controller which is synchronized with Alternator.
 Allow the engine to run at this load for few minutes and note the following readings.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 39
  Engine Speed
 Energy meter
 Manometer
 Time for 10CC of fuel consumption & temperature readings
 Repeat the above-mentioned procedure at different loading conditions.
 Stop the engine after removing load on the engine.
 Change the compression ratio and repeat the above procedure.

RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS

SFC v/s BP
2 CO & Co2 v/s BP
SFC kg/KWhr

1.5
1 6 5.4
0.5 4 4.1 3.9
3.3
2 2.8
0 SFC 1.75 CO
0 0.81 0.79
1.5
0.7666
0.7743
0.7871
0.7889
0.794

1.526
1.541
1.542
1.566

Co2
1.533 1.54 1.54 1.541
(E0) (E5) (E7.5) (E10)
BRAKE POWER KW

Fig 1. SFC v/s BP Fig 2. Emission Performance of various blends

The VCR Test results clearly depicts that performance curve will satisfies the standard condition. Bio ethanol can
be effectively used for blending with petrol. The Specific Fuel Consumption increases with increase in Brake Power. This
can be seen in the graph. The SFC v/s BP graph for Compression Ratio 4 and 4.67 are accordance with SFC increases with
increase in BP, but there is slight variation is observed in Compression Ratio 5.5 for E10 blend. The Brake Specific Fuel
Consumption v/s Compression Ratio graph for E7.5 blend is accordance with BSFC decreases with increase in CR. This
clearly shows that 7.5 % bio ethanol blend with petrol is the best blend for SI Engine. The emission test results are plotted
for the CO & CO2, the 7.5% blend has less CO & CO2 value. Hence 7.5% is the best Petrol bioethanol blend that can be
used as Alternative fuel to operate Spark Ignition Engine without any modification.

Scope For Future Work

This work can be extended to higher percentage of blends such as E25, E30 etc. Further this work can be
extended to investigating the heat transfer characteristics and combustion behavior for different fuel blends for other engine
designs. This work can be extended to carry out cost analysis. This work can be carried out for Specific bioethanol like corn
based, sugar cane based, algae based, sorghum based, etc.

~~~*~~~

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT ON CONVERSION OF LDPE (LOW-DENSITY POLYTHYLENE) PLASTIC WASTE

INTO LIQUID FUEL BY SEQUENTIAL PYROLYSIS TECHNIQUE

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_010

College : New Horizon College Of Engineering, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Dr. M S Ganesha Prasad
Prof. Rakesh C
Students : Mr. S Akilesh
Mr. Shiva Kumar B R
Mr. Shivaraj Kumbar
Mr. Vinuth Kumar

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 40

Introduction
Pyrolysis process becomes an option of waste-toenergy technology to deliver bio-fuel to replace fossil fuel. The
advantage of the pyrolysis process is its ability to handle unsorted and unused plastic. The pre-treatment of the material is
easy, Plastic is needed to be sorted and dried. Pyrolysis is also nontoxic or non-environmental harmful emission unlike
incineration. In this investigation, plastic waste (poly propylene) are utilized for pyrolysis to get fuel oil that has comparable
physical properties as the energizes like petroleum, diesel and so on Converting waste plastics into fuel hold great promise
for both the environmental and economic scenarios.The heat loss was very high leading to low conversion efficiency. In this
electric heater as source of heat enclosed in a ceramic blanket insulator which reduced the heat loss and increased the
efficiency.
The performance study for the different blends of the plastic oil was been tested on twin cylinder 4-stroke engine
and it was found that the performance parameters such efficiency & emission was within marginable limit. The Project deals
with the extraction of oil from the waste plastics termed as plastic pyrolysed oil which can be marketed at much cheaper
rates compared to that present in the market.

Objectives
 To build up the reason for the improvement and execution of waste plastics reusing with the use of environmentally
sound technologies (EST). To advance asset protection and ozone depleting substances
 To reduce the dependency on gulf countries for fossil fuels, thereby contributing to the economic growth of the
country.
 To collect the household plastic waste from different places.
 To develop and fabricate the pyrolysis unit to produce liquid fuel from plastic waste. To purify the produced liquid
fuel by water washing method.
 To conduct the different experiments to determine the different properties of liquid fuel.
 Compare the properties of liquid fuel with diesel fuel.

Methodology
The plastic chips were washed, dried, and fed into a pyrolysis reactor unit. The pyrolysis reactor used in this
process was in cylindrical chamber. The reactor was placed inside the electric heater. The heater has a capacity of 3Kw
which is insulated by glass wool

Distillation process
About 250ml of fuel is poured in a round bottom flask and mounted on a heater. The temperature of heater is
maintained at around 70 degree Celsius with the help of thermostat. Water in and water out is provided for condensation.

Performance Test setup & Exhaust Gas Re-Circulation

The experimental test system is as exposed in the below diagram. It includes 4-stroke, 4- cylinder diesel engine is
to be tested for performance, is couple to hydraulic dynamometer with swinging field dynamometer and with load all by
universal coupling. The engine is water cooled. The course of action is made for the accompanying estimations of the setup.
The complete frame and instrumentation is mounted on anti-vibration mounts and separate control panel
Results and Conclusions
Comparison of Fuel Properties
SI. NO. Properties Plastic Oil Petrol Diesel
1 Density (Kg/m ) 3 760 740 832
2 Calorific value (KJ/Kg) 47528.55 45800 45500
3 Kinematic viscosity (m2/s) @ 40o C 1.99× 10−6 2.1× 10−6 2.5 × 10−6
4 Flash Point (o C) 28 29 48
5 Fire Point (o C) 32 33 55

Comparison table for different blends

Biodiesel blends
Sl
Data For B10 For B20 For B30 For B40
no Diesel
blend Blend Blend Blend
1 Load 10.7 10.7 10.73 10.74 10.74
2 Speed inrpm 1821 1810 1814 1807 1791
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 41
 3 Brake power inKW 7.28 7.24 7.25 7.22 7.16
4 Specific fuel consumption in kg/KW.hr 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24
5 Brake thermal efficiency in% 32.0 32.9 39.90 37.71 31.65
we can conclude that pyrolysis of plastic into fuel can solve both the problem of plastic waste management as well
as shortage of fossil fuel if plant is set up at the commercial level.The parametric study for the different blends of distilled
plastic oil such as B10,B20,B30 and B40 we tried out of which B20 give the best results interms of efficiency, economy and
emissions.
The LDPE plastic was heated in a closed atmospheric conditions by sequential pyrolysis technique such as higher
bond of carbon hydrogen atom at broken down into simpler molecules and the resulting oil was separated and the following
properties were measured flash point, fire point, density, viscosity, calorific value and specific gravity and it is tabulated and
the Comparative Study Was Performed In Blends Of Oil.

Scope of Future Work

1. It can be used as alternate source of fuel in diesel engines.
2. It can be used as a fuel in diesel generators.
3. It can be used for heating in sugar industry, steel industry, etc.
4. It can be used for heating boilers.
5. The application of this project could help in reducing the dependency on the gulf countries and promote a step
towards innovation.
6. The waste plastic after distillation can be reused for construction purpose can be mixed thar and the research also
carried out for converting into ink.
7. Different catalyst can be tried out which can enhance the power output and within the suitable emission limits.
8. Different materials for the reactor can be utilized which has high thermal conductivity at the core and utilised for
enhancing the efficiency of the reactor.
9. Power loss equipment and more of electronic components such as solenoid motors and actuators can be used for
further research work.
~~~*~~~
BIO -CNG PRODUCTION, BOTTLING AND UTILIZATION FOR CI ENGINE

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_019

College : P.E.S. Institute Of Technology And Management, Shivamogga

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Dr. Basavarajappa Y H
Students : Mr. Swaroop N
Mr. Dilip Kumar B N
Mr. Vijay T V
Mr. Darshan B M

Introduction:
This project is focusing on the investigations and studies on emissions of applying the Bio-CNG in the Diesel
engines. As well as, the project is also highlighting studies that involves in the search for alternative fuels to be used for less
emissions and good performance vehicles. As observed, many researches indicate that there is a significant decreasing in
emissions in the existence CNG-Diesel and other alternative fuels when comparing with the conventional pure diesel heavy
duty vehicles engines.
As we know that fossil fuels which are widely used in Automotive are at the verge extinction. Their usage also has
impact on human being and also on environment. The project aims to operate the conventional diesel engines with gaseous
ecofriendly and renewable fuels in dual fuel mode. In this project work a diesel, biogas and Bio-CNG were used as a fuels.
CI engine was modified to run in dual fuel mode. Engine performance in terms of brake thermal efficiency, smoke emission,
HC emission, CO emission and NOx emissions were analyzed with different combinations of fuel like Diesel+Biogas,
Diesel+Bio-CNG.

Objectives
 Production of Biogas.
 Measurement of Biogas.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 42
  Upgradation & Storing of Biogas.
 Performance analysis by running engine using Biogas & Diesel.
 Emission analysis.

Methodology
The main part of a biogas system is a large tank or digester. Inside this tank, bacteria convert organic matter in to
methane gas through the process of anaerobic digestion. Biogas system feeds the digester with biodegradable wastes such
as kitchen waste, manure, sewage, sludge and manure from livestock. Waste that has been fully digested exits the biogas
system in the form of organic fertilizer.
 Studying and understanding of floating drum type biogas plant.
 Incorporation of modifications desired and fabricating a model of the designed plant.
 Fabrication of scrubber.
 Collection of hostel kitchen waste.
 Digester with storage system.
 Biogas scrubbing and purification.
 Filling the biogas to tyre tube.
 Performance test using Bio-CNG in CI engine.
Types of feed:
 Cow dung slurry (for initial intake)
 Kitchen waste like rice slurry, wash water of rice.
 Tea powder and coffee powder.
 Waste atta, left out rice and sambar.
 Over ripened fruits, vegetables waste.
 Waste edible oil and other cooked waste from kitchen.

Generation of biogas:

Figure: Generation of Bio-gas

A floating-drum plant consists of a cylindrical or dome shaped digester and a moving, floating gas-holder, or drums.
The gas holder floats either directly in the fermenting slurry or in a separate water jacket. The drum in which the biogas
collects has an internal and/or external guide frame that provides stability and keeps the drum upright. If biogas is produced,
the drum moves up, if gas is consumed, the gas-holder sinks back.
Floating-drum plants are easy to understand and operate. They provide gas at a constant pressure, and the stored
gas-volume is immediately recognizable by the position of the drum and painted regularly. The steel drum is relatively
expensive and maintenance-intensive. Removing rust and painting has to be carried out regularly. The life-time of the drum
is short. If fibrous substrates are used, the gas-holder shows a tendency to get "stuck" in the resultant floating scum.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 43

Sulphur dioxide scrubbing:

Figure: Sulphur dioxide scrubber

• The generated biogas is fed into the inlet of the scrubber where the inlet valve can be controlled.
• Inside of the scrubber contains 50% of charcoal and 50% of limestone.
• The generated biogas will passes through the charcoal and limestone.
• In which the moisture contents in the biogas will observed.
• And further it will be passed to the burner for kitchen use.

Filling of Bio-Gas

Working
• Gas from the scrubber is sucked by hand pump through the filter
• The dust particles will removes by filter
• Then the gas will fills in the tire tube by the pressure from the hand pump
•
Setup for filling the Bio-Gas to the tire tube

Volume of Biogas Produced Per Day:

We have poured the kitchen waste approximate of 4 kg per day and we obtained the results in the form of
generation of Bio-Gas in litres. We have daily note down the reading by initial height of previous day and final height in that
day. This reading is multiplied with area of circle with the diameter of floating drum (103cm). The day by day generation of
Bio-Gas is listed in table below.

Initial Final Volume of

Time Kitchen Diameter of
Height Height the gas in
period waste (kg) drum (cm)
(cm) (cm) (lts )
Day 1 4 103 18 21 24.996
Day 2 4 103 21 25 33.329
Day 3 4.5 103 25 30 41.661
Day 4 4 103 30 35 41.669
Day 5 3 103 18 24 49.993
Day 1 4 103 18 21 24.996

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 44

Results And Discussion
Table . For diesel supply
Sl. No Particulars Symbol Unit Maximum Load

1. Net brake load W Kg 3 6 10 13 16

2. Engine speed N RPM 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
3. Time taken for 25cc of fuel consumption Air T Sec 187 130 94 73 57
box
4. Monometer Reading Emission of Hw mm 50 50 50 50 50
5. Hydrocarbon HC PPM 52.6 51.4 55 62 70

6. Emission of Carbon monoxide CO % 0.12 0.113 0.12 0.14 0.17

Sl.
Particulars Symbol Unit Maximum Load
No
1. Net brake load W Kg 3 6 10 13 16
2. Engine speed N RPM 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
3. Time taken for 25cc of fuel(diesel) consumption T Sec 150 108 80 60 50
4. Bio-CNG consumption in 100 sec Vcc ml 153.48 213.45 288.9 376.26 461.5
5. Air box monometer reading Hw mm 50 50 50 50 50
6. Emission of Hydrocarbon HC PPM 48 47 50 57 65.3
7. Emission of Carbon monoxide CO % 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.102 0.125

The final tabulations for the diesel and the duel fuel supply are tabulated in the table above. The results for the
experimentation for diesel supply are tabulated in figure. It contains the values of net brake load, engine speed, mass of fuel
consumed (mfc), brake power (BP), indicated power (IP), specific fuel consumption (SFC), mechanical efficiency and brake
power efficiency. The obtained results for different net brake load (3, 6, 10, 13, and 16) kgs are tabulated in their respected
columns.
The results for the dual fuel mode are tabulated in the table 2. The table is same as the table 1 but it has 2 extra
rows of diesel and Bio-CNG for mass of fuel consumed and specific fuel consumption.
It is observed that there is lot of difference obtained after the comparison of table 1 with table 2. For the load of 3 kg
oat BP 1.04kW the obtained IP is 1.74kW for diesel and 1.94kW for dual fuel mode. Here the increase in indicated power is
noted. For the same value of BP, the difference of mechanical efficiency between diesel and duel fuel mode is noted, here
the value of mechanical efficiency is decreased for dual fuel mode, and at the same manner for the brake power efficiency
for dual fuel mode is decreased when compared with diesel supply mode. The results obtained for the values of net brake
loads are noted and the decreases in indicated power, mechanical efficiency and brake power efficiency for dual fuel mode
is observed from least of 3kg to the highest of 16 kg.
Hence it is noted that the using of Bio-CNG as an alternative fuel for diesel engine in dual fuel mode is better than
only diesel supply mode. It can reduces the mechanical efficiency of engine and also the fuel consumption.

Figure: Brake power vs indicated power Figure: Graph BP v/s Brake thermal efficiency

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 45

Emission Graphs

Figure: Graph emission of HC Figure: Graph emission of CO

Conclusion
Testing of gas consumption has been carried out by running IC engine. It is also observed that with raw biogas oil
replacement takes place from 16.6% to 44.64% , whereas the purified and bottled biogas could successfully replace from
40.35% to 60.7%. Finally, therefore it is very clear that purification and bottling of biogas will ease mobilization of gas as an
energy source while improving the efficiency. Thus, it is felt that commercial application of bottling of bio energy could led to
revolutionaries use of renewable energy and could reduce the foreign exchange pressure.

Scope for future work

 Increasing the methane content of Biogas.
 Portable equipment.
 Storing in cylinders.
~~~*~~~

PERFORMANCE AND COMBUSTION OF BIOFUEL USING GRAPHENE AS NANO ADDITIVE

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_029

College : Reva University, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Prof. Vinod Kumar
Students : Mr. Sayeed Ahmed
Mr. C H.Ravindra
Ms. Swagata Panigrahi
Mr. Anjan Dravid

Introduction:
This study is an attempt to develop the alternative fuel which is economical, environment friendly and a simple
technology which is easy to understand and to implement. From the study of many researchers we came to know that,
biofuels are having the potential need to serve as a fuel in compression ignition engine. In the present study, Rubber seed
oil biodiesel and Graphene nanoparticles blends with diesel were used as a fuel. Performance parameters such as brake
specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake power (BP) and emission were investigated in a
direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The test results shown that the Rubber seed oil biodiesel and Graphene nanoparticles
blends at 0.5gm in B20 blend is having good performance with low emission, except for emissions of oxides of Nitrogen.
The test results are also showed that performance and emissions of Rubber seed oil biodiesel and Graphene nanoparticles
blends are very near to that of diesel and can be used as an alternative.

Methodology
Methodology of Biodiesel Production
Selections of Raw Materials and Chemicals
The Selection of raw material play a major role in many research as far as biodiesel is concerned seed selection
and the way the oil has to be processed for the manufacture of biodiesel are most important aspects. The Raw material is
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 46
collected from various geographical locations and stored in such a condition that are not varied by external factors like
humidity, moisture etc. If, variation adds up, then it leads to process complications. Moisture content in the seeds should be
maximum 3 to 5% Oil content should be minimum 32%. The raw oil should be free from moisture, sediments and floating
impurities. It should be unadulterated and clear.

Pure Rubber Seed Oil

Pure Rubber Seed Oil was purchased from Index International, Madhurai, Tamilnadu.Rubber seed oil is oil
extracted from the seeds of rubber trees. In the latex manufacturing process, rubber seeds are not historically collected and
commercialized. Recent analysis shows that rubber seed oil contained the following fatty acids:
 Palmitic (C16:0) - 0.2%
 Stearic (C18:0) - 8.7%
 Oleic (C18:1) - 24.6%
 Linoleic (C18:2) - 39.6%
 Linolenic (C18:3) - 16.3%

Extraction of Oil from the Seeds

The process of extraction is the first step in the refining process. Oils and fats are extracted from the Rubber seeds
using a mechanical expeller. In this case the oil is extracted directly from the seeds by means of mechanical press. This
process is known as cold pressing.

Mechanical Expeller Method

An Expeller is a screw press type machine that presses oil seeds through a cage banner Expeller pressing is a
Mechanical method for extracting oil from raw materials. Seeds enter one side of the press and pressed cake exits the other
side. The machine usesfiction and continuous pressure from the screw to move and compress the seedswhich is continuous
in operation. The oil purges through the small openings in thecaged barrel that do not allow seeds to pass through. Normally
the oil cake contains about 8-10% of oil that can be extracted only bysolvent extraction process. The expeller mainly
consists of three sections namely controlfeeding section, crushing chamber and drive assembly.

Determination of Free Fatty Acid Content in Raw Oil (Feed Stock)

The determination of the free fatty acid content of the raw oil becomes the most critical aspect of the biodiesel
manufacturing. Listed below are the steps taken and the method to arrive at the free fatty content of the raw oil. Titration and
Calculation of free Fatty acid content in Raw Oil 2 litre of oil was taken in the reaction vessel, preheated to 60°C to remove
moisture and volatile impurities and then set to a temperature of 55°C.1ml of oil is taken in a conical flask and 10ml of
propanol is added to it.2 drops of Phenolphthalein Solution is added (indicator) to the solution. Titration is done using 0.1N
NaOH, pale pink color didn't appeared. FFA is found out to be greater than 5.

FFA Calculation:
If the free fatty acid (FFA) content of the raw oil is more than 4%, double stage (alkali base +alkali based catalyst)
process has to be undertaken. Maintain the temperature at 60˚C methanol 150ml and concentrated H2SO4 as per lab
calculation, H2SO4 should be added with the methanol first and then it is to be added to oil, very slowly and carefully.
Agitate the mixture in the reaction vessel (3-neck flask) at 60°C for 1 to 1 ½ hours.
FFA value of Rubber Seed Oil was found to be 2.256%. Since this value is less than 4% therefore single stage
transesterification is used.

Recovery of Methanol from Biodiesel:

Transfer the biodiesel into the reaction vessel, make the necessary arrange for the distillation setup like heating,
stirring and fixing the double wall condense along with the recovery flask, maintain the rpm speed at 1000rpm and the
temperature at 70˚C.Methanol starts evaporating. Collect the methanol condensate, measure the quantity and record it.
Switch off the system when the methanol condensation stops.

Washing of Biodiesel:
Transfer the biodiesel after methanol recovery into the plastic washing funnel specially assembled for this purpose,
spray 300ml of warm water slowly into the biodiesel without any agitation. Allow to settle for 15 minutes. A bottom layer of
soap water will slowly start to form, drain the bottom layer carefully. Repeat the above procedure (300ml water) for third time

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 47

and shake vigorously and allow it to settle for 1 hour and drain the soap water. Check up the pH value of the third drained
soap water using the pH paper. Continue washing with the warm water till the biodiesel reaches a pH value of 7.

Drying of Biodiesel:
Transfer the washed biodiesel from the washing funnel to the 1 liter beaker, add the magnetic pellet and adjust rpm
to suitable speed. Heat the biodiesel to a temperature of 100'C, allow the biodiesel to cool gradually, measure the final
finished biodiesel. Record the quantity and store it in a clean, dry container.

Preparation of Blends:
The blends are done with the help of clean measuring jars. Based on the blend percentage the required quantity of
biodiesel (rubber seed) and diesel are calculated and taken. It is then mixed together to form the blend. For example the
blend B20+D80 (here ‗B‘ stands for biodiesel and ‗D‘ stands for Diesel) ie. 20% of Biodiesel is mixed with 80% of Diesel.

Table: Percentage composition of blends

Sl No. Blends Composition in % -
Rubber Seed Biodiesel Diesel
1 B20+D80 20% 80%
Table: Quantity of Blends
SL No. Blends Composition (ml)
Rubber Seed Biodiesel Diesel
1 B20 120ml 480ml
2 B40 240ml 360ml

Engine Testing in a 4-stroke Single Cylinder Engine

Figure shows the schematics diagram of the complete experimental

setup for determining the effects of the Rubber Seed biodiesel fuel on the
performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine. It
consists of a single cylinder 4 - stroke water cooled compression ignition engine
connected to an Eddy current dynamometer. It is provided with temperature
sensors for the measurement of jacket water, calorimeter water and calorimeter
exhaust gas inlet and outlet temperature. It is also provided with pressure sensors
for the measurement of combustion gas pressure and file injection pressure. The
built in program in the system calculates Break Power, Break Thermal Efficiency
and Break Specific Fuel Consumption.
Mixing of Graphene in B20 Blend (Sonicator Device)
Sonication is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for
various purposes such as the extraction of multiple compounds from plants,
microalgae and seaweeds. The enhancement in the extraction of bioactive
compounds achieved using sonication is attributed to cavitation in the solvent, a
process that involves nucleation, growth, and collapse of bubbles in a liquid,
driven by the passage of the ultrasonic waves.Ultrasonic frequencies (>20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process
also being known as ultra-sonication.

Emission Testing
The exhaust of automobiles is one of the major contributors to world's air
pollution problem. Recent research and development has made major reductions in
engine emissions, but a growing population and a greater number of automobiles
mean that the problem will exist for many years. Four major emissions produced by
internal combustion engines are hydro carbons (HC). Carbon Monoxide (CO),
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and solid particulates.

~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 48

 COMPARISION OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TESTS USING BIO DIESEL FROM SIMAROUBA AND HONGE
OILS IN CI ENGINE

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_128

College : Rural Engineering College, Hulkoti

Branch : Department of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Prof. Siddesh N Bevinahalli
Students : Mr. Pavan D Raykar
Mr. Basavaraj Ganager
Mr. Mallikarjun Hooli
Mr. Shakuntala Bellihal

Introduction
India is one of the developing countries which imports crude oil from other countries to full fill their requirement also
to meet the local demands of petroleum products. Hence the government is going for another alternative way for fuel like
India‘s biofuels policy, biodiesel derived from non-edible oils is considered as a substitute for diesel. Among the available
non-edible oils, Honge oil and Simarouba oil has considerable potential for the production of biodiesel.
Simarouba belongs to the family Simaroubaceae Quasia It is also known as paradise tree, Laxmi taru, Acetuno, a
multipurpose tree that can grow well under a wide range of hostile ecological condition. Its origin is native to North America,
now found in different regions of India. It was a medium sized tree generally attains a height about 20 m and trunk diameter
approximately 50 – 80 cm and life about 70years.
The botanical name of the Honge is Pongamia pinnata and is a medium sized tree. It generally attains a height of
about 8 m and a trunk diameter of more than 0.50 m. The alternate, compound pinnate leaves consists of 5 or 7 leaflets
which are arranged in 2 or 3 pairs and a single terminal leaflet. Its pods are elliptical and each pod contains usually a single
seed which has30 to 35% oil content. The seeds are 10 to 20 cm long and light brown in colour. The number of honge plants
which can be planted in an acre is 200. The yield per tree is 25 to 40 kg depends on the age, region, soil, climate etc.

Objectives
 To produce a biodiesel from Simarouba and honge oil.
 To Determine the properties of simarouba & honge oils.
 To Compare the properties of simarouba and honge with ASTM standards.
 To determine the performance test on simarouba and honge oil in CI engine.
 To determine the emission test on simarouba and honge oil in CI engine.

Experimental procedure for production of Bio-diesel.

Transestrefication Process:
 Now take 1 litre of sample oil.
 That oil is to be heated up to 55 to 600c temperature but not exceed 700c.
 Now take 200 ml of methanol or ethanol, in to that add 4.5 grams of KOH. Shake that mixture well up to KOH
dissolved fully. It will become potassiummethoxide solution.
 Now add that solution to 1 litre sample oil with constant stirring of raw oil, Stir up to 10 to 15 minutes.
 Leave that solution to settle down up 8 to 10 hours.
 It will form two distinct layers.
 Upper layer is called Bio-diesel and lower dark and thick layer called glycerine which is used to make soap.
Expected Outcome of the project:
To get Simarouba and Honge oils as alternative fuels.
 To compare both Simarouba and Honge bio-diesels and selecting the best one.
 To obtain the Simarouba and Honge bio-diesels with almost same properties of Diesel.
 To get good performance with simarouba and honge Bio-Diesel in CI engine.
 To reduce the emissions with simarouba and honge Bio-Diesel in CI engine.
 To provide alternative fuels to the society.
~~~*~~~
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 49
 EXTRACTION OF BIODIESEL FROM RUBBER SEEDS

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_055

College : Sahyadri College Of Engineering And Management, Mangaluru

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Mr. Prakashkumar Kavalur
Students : Mr. Deviprasad Rai E
Ms. Dhanusha
Mr. Akshay Rai E
Ms. Chaitra

Energy is a basic requirement for every sector of economic development in a country. As a result, energy demands
have been steadily increasing along with the growth of human population and industrialization. Common sources of energy
are petroleum, natural gas and coal from fossil fuels. This growing consumption of energy has rapidly depleted non-
renewable sources of energy. Rising price of fossil-based fuels and potential shortage in the future have led to a major
concern about the energy security in every country.
Moreover, there are many disadvantages of using fossil-based fuels, such as atmospheric pollution and
environmental issues. Fossil fuels emissions are major contributors of greenhouse gases which may lead to global warming.
Combustion from fossil fuels is major source of air pollutants, which consist of CO, NOx, hydrocarbons and particulates. The
disadvantages and shortages of fossil fuels have motivated many researchers to find an alternative source of renewable
energy.
The concept dates back to 1885 when Dr. Rudolf Diesel built the first diesel engine with the full intention of running
it on vegetative source. He first displayed his engine at the Paris show of 1900 and astounded every one when he ran the
patented engine on any hydrocarbon fuel available - which included gasoline and peanut oil. In 1912 he stated ―the use of
vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem in significant to day. But such oils may in the course of time become as important
as petroleum and the coal tar products of present time ".
Scientists discovered that the viscosity of vegetable oils could be reduced in a simple chemical process. In 1970
and that it could work well as diesel fuel in modern engine. This fuel is called Bio - Diesel. Biodiesel is one of the most
promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. The demand of biodiesel has significantly increased from 2005 in all over the
world. Biodiesel is defined as a fuel comprising of monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oil or
animal fat. The main components of vegetable oils and animal fats are triglycerides or also known as esters of fatty acids
attached to a glycerol. Normally, triglycerides of vegetable oils and animals fats consist of several different fatty acids.
Different fatty acids have different physical and chemical properties and the composition of these fatty acids will be the most
important parameters influencing the corresponding properties of a vegetable oils and animal fats.
Direct use of vegetable oils and animal fats as combustible fuel is not suitable due to their high kinematic viscosity
and low volatility. Furthermore, its long term use posed serious problems such as deposition, ring sticking and injector
chocking in engine. Therefore, vegetable oils and animal fats must be subjected to chemical reaction such as
transesterification to reduce the viscosity of oils. In that reaction, triglycerides are converted into fatty acid methyl ester
(FAME), in the presence of short chain alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, and a catalyst, such as alkali or acid, with
glycerol as a by-product.
~~~*~~~
EVALUATION OF BIOFUEL BLENDED WITH PREPARED ETHANOL, N-BUTANOL AND PETROL BASED ON
PERFORMANCE AND POLLUCTION LEVEL TESTS ON AN SI ENGINE

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_123

College : Sapthagiri College Of Engineering, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Mr. P Raghuthama Rao
Students : Mr. Ajeya V
Mr. Anirudh Rk
Mr. Dayananda M
Mr. Madan Kumar L

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 50

Introduction
Energy is one of the major resources responsible for mankind and its survival. In the present world, fossil fuel
contributes to 80% of the total energy needs. Fossil fuels are fast depleting & require alternate fuels to be evolved.
Increasing global concern due to air pollution has generated much interest in the environmental friendly alternative fuels.
A lot of research has been going on to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and to develop an alternative fuel. In
this regard, researchers such as Surakat Ayodeji Saheed, J. Mařík, Ashraf Elfasakhany, H S Arcade and many more have
tested the performance and pollution levels of spark-ignition engines by using blended fuels. Blended fuels are fuels that are
obtained by mixing fossil fuels with any alternate fuel such as petrol with ethanol, petrol with N-butanol, etc. These
researches have shown better performance as well as reduced pollution levels with blended fuels when compared with
regular fossil fuels.

Objectives
1. To show that the addition of alcohols such as Ethanol and N-butanol to petrol enhances the performance and
reduces the emission levels in automobiles
2. To conduct performance and pollution level tests on an SI engine by using different blends of Petrol, Ethanol and
N-butanol as fuel
3. To prepare Ethanol by using fruit wastes (Pulp and Peels) and evaluate its properties
4. To carry out performance and pollution level tests with varying blends of Ethanol and N-butanol with the following
proportions:
 100 % Petrol
 70% Petrol + 30% Ethanol
 70% Petrol + 30% N-butanol
 80% Petrol + 10% Ethanol + 10% N-butanol
 40% Petrol + 30% Ethanol + 30% N-butanol
5. To analyse test results and conclude about optimum blend proportions for
 Higher performance
 Lower pollution levels

Methodology:
1. Preparation Of Ethanol
a) Collection and Preparation of Fruit Wastes
b) Preparation of Growth Medium
c) Saccharification with Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
d) Ethanol Production
e) Testing and Estimation of Ethanol

2. Testing and Evaluations

In the current experimental study, different blends of mixture of Petrol, Ethanol and N-butanol are prepared and
their effects on petrol engine is studied for performance and emission characteristics.
The experiments were performed on a Kirloskar (TV1) single cylinder, 4-stroke petrol engine. The experimental
test-rig mainly includes a petrol engine, ECU (Engine Control Unit), Exhaust Gas Analyser, Fuel Burette, Digital Manometer,
Data Acquisition System and K-Type Thermocouples. ―Engine soft LV‖ software with piezoelectric sensors and crank angle
sensors is used for online combustion examination. An orifice is fitted to air box to determine the air flow rate. The test
engine is directly coupled to an electric dynamometer. To avoid overheating of the dynamometer, water circulation is
provided. Rotameters are used to find out the flow rate of water.
Speed of the engine is varied between 1800 rpm to 1200 rpm during the experimental tests. To obtain the baseline
parameters, the engine is first operated on petrol. Airrex Automotive Emission Analyser HG-540 is used to determine the
exhaust emissions like Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx).

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 51

Results and Conclusions
5 P100 0.45 P100
E30+P70 E30+P70

Brake specific fuel consumption (kg/kW.hr)

B30+P70 0.40 B30+P70
E10+B10+P80 E10+B10+P80
4
0.35

0.30
Brake power (kW)

3
0.25

0.20
2
0.15

0.10
1

0.05

0 0.00
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Speed (rpm) Speed (rpm)

GRAPH 1 GRAPH 2
P100 40
E30+P70
30 B30+P70 35
E10+B10+P80
25
Brake thermal efficiency (%)

30

Cylinder pressure (bar)

20
25 P100
E30+P70
20 B30+P70
15 E10+B10+P80
15

10
10

5 5

0 0
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460

Speed (rpm) Crank angle (degree)

GRAPH 3 GRAPH 4
40 80

35 P100 70
Heat release rate (J / crank angle)

E30+P70
30
B30+P70
60
25
E10+B10+P80
HC Emission (ppm)

20 50
0

15
40

10 P100
30 E30+P70
5 B30+P70
E10+B10+P80
0 20

-5
10
-10
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

Crank angle (degree) Speed (rpm)

GRAPH 5 GRAPH 6
3500
P100
E30+P70
0.06 B30+P70 3000
E10+B10+P80
2500
NOx Emission (ppm)
CO Emission (%)

0.04 2000

1500

P100
0.02 1000 E30+P70
B30+P70
E10+B10+P80
500

0.00 0
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

Speed (rpm) Speed (rpm)

GRAPH 7 GRAPH 8

Performance analysis
a) Brake Power
At maximum speed, about 2.03% of brake power is increased E10+B10+P80 when compared to the pure
petrol as shown in Graph 1.
b) Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 52

 At maximum speed, about 10.52% of BSFC is decreased with E10+B10+P80 when compared to the pure
petrol as shown in Graph 2.
c) Brake Thermal Efficiency
At maximum speed, about 9.90% of BTE is increased with E10+B10+P80 when compared to the pure petrol
as shown in Graph 3.

Combustion analysis
a) Cylinder Pressure
At maximum speed, about 2.58% of cylinder pressure is increased with E10+B10+P80 when compared to the
pure petrol as shown in Graph 4.
b) Heat Release Rate
At maximum speed, about 2.17 % of Heat release rate is increased with E10+B10+P80 blend when compared
to pure petrol as shown in Graph 5.

Emission analysis
a) Hc Emissions
At maximum speed, about 12.06% of HC emission is decreased with E10+B10+P80 when compared to pure
petrol as shown in Graph 6.
b) Co Emissions
At maximum speed, about 15.35% of CO emission is decreased with E10+B10+P80 when compared to pure
petrol as shown in Graph 7.
c) Nox EMISSIONS
At maximum speed, about 1.87% of NOx emission is decreased with E10+B10+P80 when compared to pure
petrol as shown in Graph 8.

Conclusions
This present experiment investigated the influence of ethanol and N-butanol addition on the performance,
combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a spark direct injection engine. The results could be summarized as
follows:
1) From the performance analysis it is noticed that, the Brake Power tends to increase with the increase in engine speed.
At maximum engine speed, about 2.03% of Brake Power and 9.90% of Brake Thermal Efficiency is increased with
E10+B10+P80 fuel blend when compared to the pure petrol. However, 10.52% of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
is reduced with E10+B10+P80 fuel blend when compared to the pure petrol at maximum engine speed.
2) From the combustion study it is noticed that, about 2.58% of Cylinder Pressure and 2.17% of Heat Release Rate is
increased with E10+B10+P80 fuel blend when compared to the pure petrol.
3) From the emission analysis it is concluded that, about 12.06% of HC, 15.35% of CO and 1.87% of NOx emissions are
decreased with E10+B10+P80 fuel blend when compared to the pure petrol.

On the whole, Ethanol‘s physical and chemical properties show that it can be used as an alternative fuel or additive
in SI engine. Ethanol-N-butanol-Petrol blends show very effective results. Further both blends also reduced emissions like
HC, CO and NOx as compared to pure petrol.

Scope for future work

1. Carry out Performance and Pollution Level Tests on an SI Engine using blends of various alternative fuels.
2. Carry out Performance and Pollution Level Tests on an SI Engine using varying proportions of Petrol, Ethanol and
N-Butanol respectively.
3. Preparation of N-Butanol and comparing its Quality with respect to commercially available N-Butanol and testing it
for Performance as well as Pollution Levels (In the form of Blends) in an SI Engine.

~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 53

 DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICAL NEURAL NETWORK MODEL FOR THE ESTIMATION OF PERFORMANCE AND
EMISSION PARAMETERS OF DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH WCO AS BIODIESEL

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_078

College : Seacab Institute Of Engineering And Techniology, Vijayapura

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Dr. Syed Abbas Ali
Co-Guide : Dr. Noorullah Sharief
Students : Mr. Manohar
Mr. Shivakumar S Allapur
Ms. Vaishnavi S Gattennavar
Ms. Ishwari S Byakod

Introduction:
Biodiesel is one of the alternatives that has become the centre of attraction for the researchers in recent years.
Lots of experiments are being done from production to performance and storage of biodiesel by the scientists and
researchers of various countries and as per the results obtained, it has a strong potential to replace the petroleum diesel in
coming days and thus it is tagged as the ‗fuel of the future‘.
Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) refers to the used vegetable oil obtained from cooking food. Repeated frying for
preparation of food makes the edible vegetable oil no longer suitable for consumption due to high free fatty acid (FFA)
content. Waste oil has many disposal problems like water and soil pollution, human health concern and disturbance to the
aquatic ecosystem so rather than disposing it and harming the environment, it can be used as an effective and cost efficient
feedstock for Biodiesel production as it is readily available. Furthermore, Animal fats with high acid value and fat-containing
floating sludge discharged in water systems are subject to environmental concern due to their high pollutant potential and it
is a challenge for wastewater treatment plants to purify it. Therefore, conversion of low quality lipid-rich sources from
slaughterhouses into commercial grade biodiesel is an opportune strategy for minimizing environmental damages while it
can help meeting the energetic challenge. WCO collected can also be used to prepare soaps and additive for lubricating oil
.Many researchers have successfully converted used vegetable oil into biodiesel. Vegetable oil contains saturated
hydrocarbons (triglycerides) which consist of glycerol and esters of fatty acids . Used vegetable oil(UVO) is a by-product
from hotels, fast food restaurants and shops selling fritter and by-product of an operating vegetable oil refinery.For serving
better quality food, they usually throw this waste cooking without any treatment . In some places, UCO from restaurants
were re-used by street sellers to fry their food ,this waste oil is termed as second –used cooking oil can also be utilized by
converting to biodiesel. Distillate that is produced by deodorization of palm oil (DDPO) is also a promising and cost effective
feedstock . Infact, using waste vegetable oil reduces the need for biodiesel-producing crops and the competition with food.
UCOs have different properties from those of refined and crude vegetable oils .The chemical and physical properties of
WCO are different from those of fresh oil since some changes due to chemical reactions - such as hydrolysis, oxidation,
polymerization, and material transfer between food and vegetable oil occur during the frying process.

Objectives:
The objectives of the proposed work concentrate on performance & emission characteristics of CI engine.
1. To produce the biodiesel from WCO (Waste Cooking Oil).
2. To evaluate the properties of biodiesel from WCO.
3. To investigate the performance & emission parameters of CI engine over the entire operating domain of engine.
4. To develop an artificial neural network model for estimating the engine performance & emission parameters over
entire operating range.
5. To examine the prediction capabilities of artificial neural network model in entire operating domain of engine which
can be used for future engine control and diagnostics applications

Methodology, Results & Discussion:

The work is focusing on production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil & WCO.

Biodiesel Production
The steps to be followed to produce the biodiesel from Rapeseed/waste cooking oils are as given below
Step1: Preheating of Oils
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 54
 Step2: NaOH pellets and methoxide solution
Step3: Transesterification reaction
Step4: Settlement of different layers
Step5: Three time washing of biodiesel

Properties of prepared biodiesel samples.

After preparing the biodiesel samples produced by transesterification process of corresponding WCO. Some of the
properties of prepared biodiesel samples, diesel will be investigated with the help of various apparatus. Further, the
properties of Diesel & WCO blends are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Properties of Diesel and WCO blends

Sl. No. Property Diesel(B0) WCO

B10 B20 B30 B40
1. Density (kg/m3) 832 837.5 843 848 854
2. Calorificvalue (kJ/kg) 44000 43152 42304 41456 40608
3. Flashpoint(°C) 69 64.7 69.2 96.8 104.9
4. Firepoint(°C) 53.4 78.9 84 110.9 121.9

Experimentation
In the presented work, the various parameters are measured using experimental set up: It is a single cylinder, four
stroke water cooled compression ignition (CI) engine. Further, the measurements will be taken at a grid of engine speed and
load torque.

Table 2. Engine Specifications

Engine Type 4 Stroke, Diesel, Water cooled
Engine Make & Model Kirlosker TV1
Rated Power 5.20 kW @ 1500 rpm
Compression ratio Variable
Bore 87.50
Stroke 110

Neural Network Model:

The Multilayer Neural Network (MLNN) shown in Fig. 2. is also an artificial neural network based model employed for
mapping every parameter since it is supposed to be a universal approximate and is largely appropriate for demonstration of
non linear systems/plants. The advantages of ANN over the other modeling techniques are that it can be employed to model
the nonlinear system, can provide input-output mapping with nonparametric statistical inference, adaptive and is fault
tolerant. The parameters are modelled using single MLNN. The NN output is expressed by equation (1).
P  w   f [ x1 , x2 ,...xn , w ]
where P  w  be the expected output of multilayer neural network. The hyperbolic tangent function given by equation (2) is
used as the starting function for the unseen layer whereas linear starting function specified by equation (3) be employed for
the output layer.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 55

 Input Layer Hidden Layer Output Layer

BSFC
Load

BTE

CO

Blends HC

NOX

1
1
Fig. Multi-layer neural network
tanh  v   tanh  v  (2)
lin     (3)
where,  is the net input to the neuron. Further, w is the weight factor vector to be recognized throughout the training
course of action and x1 , x2 ,...xn characterize the system inputs.
The inputs to MLNN considered are compression ratio, load, blends and mixtures. The weights w are estimated by
minimizing the cost function   w  given by equation (4).
1 1 T
 w   w 
2
 w Dw (4)
2N N
where   w   y  yˆ  w  and D is the weight decay matrix and is given by equation (5).
D    I m  m (5)

where,  is the weight decay term and I is the identity matrix. To get better of the overview, data on network points are
separated arbitrarily into three subsets consists of 70%, 15% and 15% of data. The first subsets are employed for training
while the other two subsets are employed for confirmation and cross confirmation, in that order. The early stopping
technique is employed to choose most excellent epoch.
Using various blends of biodiesel and diesel the CI engine is tested at constant speed, varying the load up to the rated
load keeping cooling water flow and calorimeter water flow constant to evaluate various performance parameters. A test is
conducted on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine.In this testing of engine using conventional diesel and bio-diesel
blends is carrying with varying load from 2.5 kg to10 kg. Performance characteristics include variation of brake power
(BP), specific fuel consumption (SFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of diesel engine running on mineral diesel and
different biodiesel blends.

Results and Discussion:

In this section, results of a developed multi-layer neural network for the estimation of performance and emissions
viz., BSFC, BTE, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), carbon-mono-oxide (CO) are presented. Further,
the accuracy of the developed model is evaluated by regression analysis. The criterion used for measuring the model
accuracy in regression analysis is correlation coefficient(R). The correlation coefficient (R) ranges between -1 and +1. R
value close to +1 indicates a stronger positive linear relationship, while R value close to -1 indicates a stronger negative
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 56
linear relationship. The comparison of measured and estimated performance and emissions is done for all operating points
in data set. The correlation coefficient (R) for performance and emission parameter is depicted in Figures 6(a), (b), (c), (d),
(e), and it is concluded that developed model allows the accurate prediction of BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, NOx.

Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE):

The figure shows the measured and estimated values of BTE for all operating points. It is seen from the figure
that, R value is 0.91

Fig.4. Measured vs estimated BTE values for all operating points

ii. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

The figure shows the measured and estimated values of BSFC for all operating points. It is seen from the figure that, R
value is 0.99 Data
: R=0.99009

Fit
25 Y=T
Output ~= 0.99*Target + 0.31

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Target

Fig.5. Measured vs estimated BSFC values for all operating points

iii. Carbon Monoxide

The figure shows the measured and estimated values of CO for all operating points. It is seen from the figure that, R value
is 0.93

Fig.6. Measured vs estimated CO values for all operating points

iv. Hydrocarbons (HC)

The figure shows the measured and estimated values of HC for all operating points. It is seen from the figure that, R value
is 0.95

Fig.7. Measured vs estimated HC values for all operating points

nd
KSCST: SPP – 42 Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 57
v. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX )
The figure shows the measured and estimated values of NOx for all operating points. It is seen from the figure that, R
value is 0.92

Fig. 8. Measured vs estimated NOx values for all operating points

Conclusion:
1. In this study, biodiesel is produced successfully from waste Cooking oil
2. The properties of biodiesel are found very similar to that of mineral diesel. It can be used directly at the place of
diesel fuel without any significant alterations in diesel engines.
3. The Neural Network Model is developed for the estimation of performance and emission parameters of CI engine.
The developed MLNN models are capable of predicting BSFC, BTE, NOx, HC, CO emission for inputs as it gives good R
value.
~~~*~~~
PRODUCTION AND TESTING OF BIOLUBRICANT FROM NON EDIBLE COMPONENTS

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_088

College : Sri Venkateshwara College Of Engineering, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Mr. Raghavendra P Nilugal
Students : Mr. H S Yashas Gowda
Mr. Kaushik N
Mr. Kiran Gr
Mr. Kiran Kumar

Introduction
The world is progressing at a very rapid rate. After the first revolution the world has seen phenomenal changes in a
short span of time. One of the major contributors to this rapid development is Automobile. These automobiles helped in
moving people and goods from different places to the work location at a faster rate. These automobiles have been running
on the petroleum products.
Engine, transmission and other mechanical systems consist of various moving parts. Though the metal surface
looks smooth, metal surfaces are actually full of microscopic peaks and valleys. When the peak of one surface comes in
contact with its mating surface, it causes damage and it may lead to component failure. For reducing the wear, component
failure and smooth running of the mechanical systems Lubrication is used. Petroleum hydrocarbon molecules are covalently
linked carbon atoms in an array of molecules with different carbon skeletons approximately 85% of lubricants being used
around the world are petroleum-based oils. These oils are made up of two basic components that is base oil and additives.
Excess use of petroleum based oils causes many negative effects on environment.
A lubricant is a substance applied between two moving surfaces to reduce wear and friction between surfaces. A
lubricant provide protective layer which allows for two mating surfaces to be separated, thus reducing the friction between
them. Bio lubricants are renewable, meaning their sources can be re-grown and depending on the feedstock, the processing
technology and the type of lubricant produced, they can offer environmental benefits such as lower carbon emission and
lower sulfur compared with conventional petroleum-based lubricants.

Objectives:
1. To choose proper catalysts (enzyme or chemical) for production of bio lubricant via non-edible components
(cashew nut shells, pongamia seeds, castor seeds)
2. To study the different physic-chemical parameters like system pH, temperature, catalyst concentration, flash
point, fire point, etc., to establish optimum conditions of the process parameters for both the steps
3. To compare the properties of bio lubricant produced with that of the conventional lubricants

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 58

Methodology:
Materials Used:
Pongamia seeds, Castor seeds, Cashew nut shells, Isopropanol, Phenolphthalein indicator, Methanol, 0.1N NaOH,
H2SO4, NaOH pellets, Trimethylolpropane (TMP), Sodium Methoxide, Pipette, Burette, Conical flask, 3 neck flask, Magnetic
stirrer with hot plate, Thermometer, Settling tank, Condenser and Fractional distillation setup

Methods:
The following methods are used to convert a seed into the bio lubricant
a) Extraction of crude oil using mechanical expeller
b) Synthesis of Methyl Ester (Bio-fuel) using Transesterification method
c) Synthesis of Trimethylolpropane Ester (Bio-lubricant)

Procedure:
Initially crude oils of respective seeds are extracted from mechanical expeller. Before converting these oils to the
bio fuels FFA (Free Fatty Acid) test was conducted, based on FFA result transesterification of crude oil was carried out.
Resultant oil is poured in settling tank to separate glycerol and bio fuel, later bio fuel was water washed to remove glycerol
present in bio fuel. After water wash bio fuel was heated to remove moisture content present in that. Obtained bio fuel was
converted to the bio lubricant with the help of TMP and sodium methoxide using fractional distillation setup at 120 - 130°C.

Results & Conclusion:

Test Type of Oil Bio Fuel Bio Lubricant
Density Pongamia 814.46 846.08
(kg/m3) Castor 808.68 806.96
Cashew Nut Shell 797.92 845.88
pH Pongamia 5.7 5.3
Castor 5.8 5.4
Cashew Nut Shell 8.2 5.8
From above table it indicates that densities of Pongamia and Cashew nut shell bio lubricants increases sufficiently
while of castor bio lubricant decreases slightly compared to their respective bio fuels. Whereas pH value of all three bio
lubricants are less compared to their bio fuels.
Still we have to conduct viscosity, flash, fire, cloud and pour points.

Scope For Future Work:

1. Bio lubricant can be tested for anti-wear and load carrying capacity.
2. It can be used in working condition and after every 2 hours viscosity can be calculated.
3. Viscosity of bio lubricants can be improved by adding additives for the application of engine oil

~~~*~~~
INFLUENCE OF INJECTION TIMING IN PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION USING MILK SCUM BIODIESEL BLENDS ON
CI ENGINE

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_090

College : St. Joseph Engineering College, Mangaluru

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Mr. Sushanth H Gowda
Students : Mr. Vaishakh Vimalraj
Mr. Sharmith Shankar T
Mr. Binilshaji
Mr. Ahmed Ibrahim Masood
Introduction: The ever increasing energy demands in the power generation and transport sectors together with the
limited availability of fossil fuels and the negative environmental effects resulting from their use have attracted researchers
towards finding alternative fuels to progressively substitute conventional ones. Among the alternative fuels, biodiesel has
received increasing attention due to their attractive characteristics of being renewable in nature and decreasing effect on HC
and CO emissions. These fuels are bio-degradable, non- toxic, contain trace amount of sulfur, and produce comparatively
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 59
fewer engine Different types of biodiesel have been tested and reported as a renewable alternative fuel 14source; and out of
this pool of biodiesel cottonseed, rapeseed, soybean, linseed, peanut, sunflower, palm and coconut oils are the most
investigated ones. Significant researches have already been put forward in investigating the performance of biodiesel in
diesel engine application. Experimental studies have revealed that selective amount of biodiesel blends with diesel fuel
yielded comparable engine performance similar to diesel.
Biodiesel is a diesel fuel substitute that can be made from a variety of oils, fats, and greases, is of interest to
farmers for a number of reasons: It can provide an additional market for vegetable oils and animal fats; it can allow farmers
to grow the fuel they need for farm machinery; and it can decrease the dependence on imported oil since fuel feedstock can
be grown domestically. Biodiesel is a renewable source of energy that can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
minimize the ―carbon footprint‖ of agriculture. It contributes less to global warming because the carbon in the fuel was
removed from the air by the plant feedstock. Two chemists, E. Duffy and J. Patrick, are credited with first experimenting with
trans- esterification using vegetable oils to make soap in 1853.The resultant biofuel by-product was later named biodiesel
after a motor engine inventor. In 1983 in Austria, Dr. Mittelbach developed a commercial process to turn old cooking oil into
biodiesel. Rudolph Diesel, on August 10, 1893, first demonstrated the use of peanut oil to run his compression ignition
engine. This date has since come to be known as International Biodiesel Day. Gas chromatography was used to determine
the fatty acid composition of Dairy Waste Scum Oil. Results revealed that the low free fatty acid content was a notorious
parameter to determine the viability of alkaline Transesterification.
Objectives
In the present investigation, experimental work will be carriedout,
 To successfully produce neat biodiesel from milkscum.
 To blend the neat bio diesel with regular diesel and obtain the blended fuelsamples.
 To study the properties such as calorific value, viscosity, etc. of the blended fuelsamples.
 To successfully run performance tests and emission tests on compression ignition engine for different blend
samples at different ignitiontiming.
 To compare the performance of blended fuel with that of diesel in order to distinguish effect of different blends
onperformance.
 To generate cost analysis of the entire process in order to know the economic feasibility of the concept inreality.
 To successfully arrive at a conclusion and put light on future possibilities and scope in this particularsector.
Methodology
Extraction of scumoil
1. The scum collected was first purified by hand picking of coarse and floatingimpurities.
2. It was later heated till it reaches 100 degree centigrade to lose all it moisture contents and was strained
which in turn filteredit.
3. After the filtration process purified scum/clarified butter wasobtained.
4. Purified scum was used forexperimentation.

Free fatty acidtest

1. 10ml of is propanol is taken in aflask.
2. 3-4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator is added topropanol.
3. 1 gram of scum oil is then added to propanol and phenolphthalein indicatormixture.
4. KOH (0.01) solution is allowed drop by drop to the scum oil solution till the solution become pink for 5-
10sec and then disappear.
5. KOH (0.01) solution consumed to get pink colour is noted down. Depending on the amount of KOH (0.01)
consumed fatty acid present in the oil isdecided.

Trans-esterification Process: Trans-esterification process was carried out for the purified scum by a 2 stage process
depending upon the FFA Test results whichinvolves
1 Acid catalyzedesterification
2 Base catalyzedesterification

Acid Catalyzed Esterification

1. Scum is heated to 70 degree centigrade.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 60
 2. Add 300ml methanol and sulphuric acid into a beaker.
3. Transfer the heated scum to the round bottom flask of the esterification setup.
4. Pour the methanol and acid mixture to the other beaker in the setup.
5. Slowly allow the methanol acid mixture by opening the valve into the flask containing scum.
6. The magnetic stirrer stirs the mixture of scum, methanol and acid, there by does not allow the mixture
tosolidify.
7. The stirring is carried on for 90minutes.
8. In a test tube a sample of mixture is taken and kept aside for few minutes to check if the FFA are forming
a separate layer on top.
9. If the FFA form a separate layer the process is complete.
10. Pour the mixture in the flask to the settling flask and allow settling for 60 minutes for the FFA to form a
separate ayer.
11. Separate the FFA layer from the remaining.

Base Catalyzed Esterification

1 The product of acid catalyzed esterification obtained from is heated for 70 degree centigrade.
2 In a beaker add 166.6ml of methanol and 12 grams of NaOH pellets and allow it to dissolve.
3 Transfer the heated scum to the round bottom flask of the esterification setup.
4 Pour the methanol and NaOH mixture to the other beaker in the setup.
5 Slowly allow the methanol NaOH mixture by opening the valve into the flask containing scum.
6 The remaining procedure follows similar to acid transesterification as mentioned above.
Result and Conclusion
B20 when compared to B10 and diesel. The B10 blend has higher BTE than B20, however its smoke and CO
emissions are higher than B20 hence B20 is optimized and carried for further investigation. When the ignition timing is
advanced from standard 23.5.deg. TDC to 28.5.deg. TDC the BTE is increased from 31.34% to 31.38% whereas BSFC
remains the same at 0.27kg/kW.hr at full load. At maximum load HC reduced from 19 ppm to 14 ppm and CO remains
0.02%, whereas NOx is reduced from 518 ppm to 322 ppm when ignition timing is advanced from 23.5.deg. TDC to
28.5.deg. TDC. Also smoke reduced from 58.7 HSU to 42.9HSU.
An improvement in the peak pressure and heat release is noticed with advancement of fuel injection time from
23.5.deg. TDC to 28.5.deg. TDC, hence ignition delay increased which is due to earlier injection of fuel in compression
stroke hence more time available for mixing of air and fuel, vaporization and pre combustion reaction in the combustion
chamber. On whole based on performance (BTE and BSFC), combustion (Peak pressure, HRR, CHRR, and Pressure rise)
and emission characteristics (HC and CO) of diesel engine it is concluded that the 28.5.deg. TDC is optimum for B20 blend.
Future Scope:
To get maximum efficiency and least emission of diesel engine some modifications in fuel and engine like variation
of injection timing, injector opening pressure, compression ratio and application of nano additives etc will play the majorrole.

~~~*~~~

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF METHANOL (CH3OH) AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL EXTRACTED FROM

ATMOSPHERIC CO2.

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_005

College : Vemana Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

Branch : Department of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Mr. S Puneeth
Mr. Vasantha V T
Students : Mr. Chetti Akshay
Mr. Abin K Thomas
Mr. Monish T S

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 61

Introduction:
 As we, all know due to rapid increase in consumption of conventional energy sources, the fuel resources are
depleting continuously.
 So as a solution to this problem researches were carried on alternate forms of energy sources that is the non-
conventional energy sources and to extract energy from them.
 Methanol is an alternative, renewable, environmentally and economically attractive fuel, considered being one of
the most favorable alternative fuels to conventional fossil-based fuels.
 The work represents an important step that could lead to a future "methanol economy," in which fuel and energy
storage are primarily based on methanol.
Objectives:
 The process removes harmful CO2 from the atmosphere, and the methanol can be used as an alternative fuel to
gasoline.
 Conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol by hydrogenation, using catalyst.
 Testing performance characteristics by blending methanol with petrol in a SI engine test rig.
 To increase the performance of the engine to achieve better power and emission characteristics without altering the
engine design.

Methodology:
CO 2 sequestration process
 To obtain CO2from atmosphere we used quick lime (calcium oxide).CaO in crystalline form was exposed to
engine‘s exhaust gas to obtain CaCO3and its activeness and stability was checked with Atomic Absorption
spectroscopy.
 Now using CaCO3 with hydrochloric acid in Kipp’s apparatus, we obtain CO2 gas.
CaO+ CO2 =CaCO3
CaCO3 +2HCl =CaCl2+H2O+ CO2
Catalyst preparation
 The name of the catalysts prepared were Copper-Zinc (CZ), Copper zinc Alumina(CZA).
 The composition of CZ is 60:40 & CZA40:30:30
 Aqueous solution of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was prepared.
 Aqueous solution of Copper-Zinc and Copper-Zinc-Alumina was prepared.
 The liquid was stirred up to 15 min‘s until dark blue gel was obtained.
 The solution was filtered using glass filter and dried at NTP.
 The dried element was heated to 348K upto 15Hrs for CZ 403K upto 15Hrs for CZAand then powdered to 60
micrometer.
 Calcination process was done @623K for 3Hrs.
 The resultant Catalysts were obtained.

Hydrogenation of Gaseous CO 2 to CH 3 OH
 The pressure was maintained at 3 atmospheres (3.03 bar).
 The catalyst tube was loaded with 0.5gm of catalyst, measuring around 6mm length.
 The end of the catalyst in the tube were closed with glass wool.
 The loaded catalyst tube and the reactor bed setup were connected and the temperature of 550K and pressure of 3
atmospheres were maintained.
 The obtained CO2 gas was connected to the pressure regulator and H2 inlet manifold.
 Then the mixture of CO2 and H2 gas was passed through the catalytic chamber.
 Obtained gas was passed to the gas analyser and the water was condensed to the condenser tube.
 When the gas was passed to the gas analyser methanol gas was detected.
 The conversion percentage of CO2 to methanol using CZ was 13% &CZA was 10.75%.
Performance test of petrol and petrol blend using SI engine te st rig
 The calorific value of the petrol (43000kJ\kgK) and the blended fuel (38093kJ\kgK) were analyzed in the laboratory.
 Petrol-methanol blends were done as follows
 90% petrol and 10% methanol(Calorific Value =41010kJ/KgK)
 85% petrol and 15% methanol (Calorific Value=40043kJ/KgK)
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 62
  80% petrol and 20% methanol (Calorific Value=38093kJ/KgK)
 Then the values were tabulated for full load conditions under constant speed.
 The performance characteristics of petrol sample was calculated for full load conditions.
 The results were compared with the original fuel characteristic values.
 Emission of CO2 was noted down for different fuel blends.
 Plots were drawn and results were obtained.
Results and discussion:
 CO2extraction process from limestone and calcium carbonate had a yield rate of 42% i.e. 50ml for 130gm of
CaCO3used.
 The yield rate of CO2 obtained was quite amazing & successful since the CO2 comes out as a bi-product.
 Using industrial setup and promoters in the reaction of CO2 extraction process the CO2 yield can be increased.
 Hydrogenation reaction did not provide satisfactory conversion results but the results obtained were better when
compared to the previously conducted experiments by chemical analysts.
 The results of hydrogenation were analyzed experimentally by gas chromatographs.
Conclusion:
 CO2 gas was obtained with a yield of 42% using Kipp‘s apparatus.
 The catalysts used (CZ, CZA) were economical & has good thermal stability to withstand high pressure.
 CO2 conversion to methanol was found to be 13% max and min of 10.75%.
 The methanol conversion rate was good for CZA(13%).
 The methanol selectivity was 64% for CZA.
 As methano l % increases in petrol, efficiency increases, specific fuel consumption increases
 The efficiency was max for the 15% blend when compared to other blends.
 CO2and CO emission decreases with increase in blend percentage.
 The 20% fuel blend has the least CO2 and CO emission in comparison.
Future scope
 A reasonable catalyst with better conversion efficiency can be used.
 Design can be made so that the entire conversion system can be compressed and fit in the silencer system.

LOAD(N) CO Blends (%) CO2 Blends (%) NOx(ppm) Blends (%)

0 10 15 20 0 10 15 20 0 10 15 20
9.81 0.12 0.27 0.31 0.15 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.2 61 48 46 45
19.62 0.13 0.11 0.15 0.15 5.1 4.8 5.3 5.0 109 89 82 77
24.52 0.13 0.06 0.19 0.19 5.9 5.7 6.2 6.1 228 186 174 151
29.43 0.35 0.02 0.17 0.19 6.6 5.7 6 6.3 412 395 365 342

~~~*~~~

SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF PONGAMIA VEGETABLE OIL LUBRICANT FOR IC ENGINE APPLICATIONS

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_065

College : Vidyavardhaka College Of Engineering, Mysuru

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Prof. Gurudatt H M
Students : Mr. Chiranjeevi G J
Mr. Shreyas S Shetty
Mr. Akash C
Mr. Sagar N R
The depletion of the world‘s crude oil reserve, increasing crude oil prices, and issues related to conservation have
brought about renewed interest in the use of bio-based materials. Emphasis on the development of renewable,
biodegradable, and environmentally friendly lubricants has resulted in the widespread use of natural oils and fats. Vegetable
oils are promising candidates as base fluid for eco- friendly lubricants because of their excellent lubricity, biodegradability,
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 63
viscosity-temperature characteristics and low volatility. In view of agriculture based Indian economy, there is a great
potential of producing vegetable oil based lubricants, which has ecological compatibility in addition to technical performance.
However, suitability of the vegetable oils for a specific application either needs chemical modification or may be used as it is
with additive blending route in order to get base stocks as per specifications for a particular end use application.
About 5 to10 million tons of petroleum products enter the environment every year, with 40% of that representing
spills, industrial and municipal waste, urban runoff, refinery processes, and condensation from marine engine exhaust. Thus,
strict specifications on biodegradability, toxicity, occupational health and safety, and emissions have become mandatory in
certain applications. Vegetable oils, a renewable resource, are finding their way into lubricants for industrial and
transportation applications.
This study presents some of the tribological characteristics study of non-edible pongamia vegetable oil with
different percentage of Zinc-Dialkyl-Dithio-Phosphate (ZDDP) additive. The additive is added to the base oil in different
proportions, that is 1.5vol%, 2vol%, 2.5vol%, 3vol% and 3.5vol%, then the tribological characteristic such as viscosity is
studied using canon-fenske viscometer. The wear and frictional force test are conducted by using 4 ball testing machine
under a normal load of 147 N and variable rotating speed of 1140-1260 rpm. Wear and friction test results indicates that, at
a particular concentration of 2wt% ZDDP is an effective anti-wear and anti friction additive for pongamia oil.

~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 64

 M.Sc
Seminar Projects

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 65

 PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM AGAVE LEAVES USING MICROORGANISMS

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_025

College : Department Of Biochemistry, Davangere University

Branch : Department Of Biochemistry
Guide : Prof. Vadlapudi Kumar
Dr. Santosh Kumar M
Students : Mr. Raghavendra Y T
Mr. Pramod H M
Ms. Vathsala D M
Ms. Ramya T

Introduction:
The world‘s present economy is highly dependent on various fossil energy sources such as oil, coal, natural gas,
etc. These are being used for the production of fuel, electricity and other goods. Excessive consumption of fossil fuels
results in the depletion of fossil fuels. Hence the discovery of renewable source is required. Ethanol is a simple alcohol
which can replace fossil fuels, production of ethanol using biological source is one of trending concept in this 21st centre.
Plant biomass is a source of chemical energy that can be converted to combustible transport fuels and
biochemicals by fermentation or chemical conversion of plant-derived sugars. Currently, plant materials from farming-
intensive food production systems, such as corn, wheat grain or cane sugar, are being used to make bioethanol and
biochemicals. Agave is one of the plant which is independent from food chain, which can replace the crops in the food chain
for the production of ethanol. Agave can also be former friendly scene it can be grown in dry and less water conditions.
Agave produces high yields of energy-rich biomass, and the sugar-rich stem tissue has traditionally been used to
make alcoholic beverages. Agave leaves are fruit-like rich in moisture consists of soluble sugars, cellulose, non-cellulosic
polysaccharides, lignin, acetate, protein and minerals. Since Agave juice sugar it can be fermented by using microorganisms
to produce ethanol.

Objectives:
 To estimate the concentration of reducing sugar present in Agave juice
 Identification of organism which can produce maximum amount of ethanol by using the sugar content present in
of the Agave juice
 Optimization of environmental conditions for the production of maximum amount ethanol.
 To estimate the amount of ethanol produced for every 12 hours.

Materials and method:

Extraction of juice from Agave leaves:
The fresh Agave leaves were collected from the region of Chitradurga and Davangere. These leaves are washed
and juice is extracted by pressing in a mill. This juice is autoclaved at 1210C for 20 min and then used for fermentation.

Estimation of reducing sugar content in the juice:

The total concentration of reducing sugar in the juice is estimated using DNS (3,4-Dinitro Salicylic acid) method.
The glucose is used as standard.

Isolation of Yeast strain: The yeast strain which can yield maximum ethanol is isolated from the jaggery waste.

Fermentation:
The fermentation was carried out in a glass jars with a working volume of 100ml. The different concentration of
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeis inoculated into the sterile Agave juice and they are placed at 25 0C in a dark place for
fermentation. The amount of ethanol produced is estimated for every 12 hours using potassium dichromate method and
further conformed by GC analysis.

Result and Conclusion:

 The percentage of reducing sugar in a sterile Agave juice is 2.1%
 Yeast strain is isolated from jaggery waste, isolated yeast strain is used for production of ethanol.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 66
  The ethanol concentration for every 12 hours

Concentration of Yeast cells used for production (%)

Time in hours
1g 2g 3g 4g
12 0.52 0.55 0.54 0.55
24 0.98 1.09 1.1 1.13
36 1.2 1.42 1.39 1.4
48 1.9 2.06 2.01 1.9
60 2.2 2.33 2.83 2.19

Scope for future work:

 Instead of sugar agave leaves mainly contains cellulose (47%-50%) which can be used to produce ethanol using yeast
cells.
 The microorganism which can produce cellulase enzymes can be isolated and used for pretreatment.
 Cellulase enzyme can be used to degrade cellulose into simple sugars, and finally these sugars can be fermented by
yeast to produce ethanol.
~~~*~~~
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM GREEN COCONUT SHELL

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_008

College : Garden City University, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Biotechnology
Guide : Dr. Prema Kulkarni
Dr. Nagamani J E
Students : Ms. Chahat Sharma
Ms. Shalmali Chatterjee

Introduction:
Modern life demands high mobility and, as a result, transport is one of the largest and fastest growing energy
demanding sectors. Also, increase in competitive agribusiness automatization leads to a high energy demand. However,
due to concern on the negative impact of fossil fuels on the environment, the use of biofuels emerges as a promising
alternative that is gradually becoming technically and economically feasible.
Ethanol is the leading liquid biofuel used for transportation. First-generation ethanol has a simple production
process using sugar or grain as raw material (sugarcane juice in Brazil and corn in the USA and EU, for example), while 2G
ethanol (bioethanol) has more complex steps of production and uses lignocellulosic material as a substrate. Among the
major byproducts generated by agroindustry‘s, lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant, conflict-free with food
production and is available throughout the year at low prices. All of these characteristics show that lignocellulose waste
might be considered the most feasible option for fossil fuel replacement, having a significant potential for bioethanol
productivity while giving a destination for an environmental liability.
There are many projects around the world focusing on the use of lignocellulosic residues for biofuel production.
These residues can come from homes or city dumps. Nowadays, biofuels have an important part in the global liquid fuel
market and over a hundred companies in different countries base their production on various types of 2G biofuels. Coconut
husk and shell is a very promising substrate that can be used as raw material for 2G ethanol production, since coconut palm
plays an important role in the economy of several tropical countries. Coconut palm tree is a perennial crop grown in tropical
climate countries. Due to the coconut structure, many valuable products can be obtained from it, such as meat (copra), oil,
water, milk, and fibers; therefore, this fruit is of great economic importance. Coconut harvesting time is determined by its
purpose and is usually carried out in two stages of ripening. The green fruits are destined to the coconut water market, while
mature fruits are destined to the dry coconut market (for meat, milk and oil). Therefore, depending on the plantation site, the
residue is made of green or mature coconut husks, which have different compositions.
The estimated annual worldwide coconut production in 2015 was around 55 million tons and the main producing
countries are Brazil, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. The food industry uses coconuts to obtain various
products leaving the husk and shell as waste. Moreover, coconut husk encompasses 80 to 85% of the weight of the fruit,
which is left as waste. It is important to note that coconut husk has a high lignin content that during husk decomposition

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 67

penetrates the soil and can reach the water table imposing a great environmental risk. Since it is discarded in high volumes
it is mandatory to find a safe destination for this waste. Therefore, the use of coconut husk for 2G ethanol production may be
a solution to reduce the environmental impact. Moreover, if the technology is cheap and simple enough it can be used by
small producers. As mentioned earlier, coconut producing countries are part of the third-world economy; in this way, turning
trash into jobs and income, which also an extra advantage of bioethanol production.

Objectives
The major objectives of this project are:
 Delignification of the husk fibres using alkaline pre-treatment
 Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and hemi-cellulose present in the husk fibres.
 Isolation of saccharomyces sp. from fruit peels.
 Fermentation of the husk fibres using saccharomyces sp. for production of ethanol.

Methodology:
The husk was cut to smaller sizes, sanitized with 100ppm sodium hypochlorite solution for 15min and dried at 50°C
until constant weight. Subsequently, the coconut husk pieces were crushed mechanically and finally blended in grinder. The
fibers were separated from the powder by sieving. After sieving four major steps are being followed ie.
1. Alkaline pre-treatment,
2. enzymatic hydrolysis,
3. isolation of saccharomyces sp. from fruit peels, and
4. Fermentation

Results And Conclusions

alkaline pre-treatment: Alkaline pretreatment was carried out by adding 5g of coconut fiber to 100mL of 5% NaOH solution
in an Erlenmeyer flask with capacity of 500mL. Mixture was then autoclaved at 121°C and 1atm for 40min. Afterwards, the
reacted mixture was filtered to separate the liquid phase from the solid fraction. total reducing sugars were measured by
hydrolysis with 1.5M H2SO4 solution and neutralization with 2N NaOH. The solid fraction was washed with distilled water at
room temperature until pH becomes neutral and dried in an oven at 50°C until constant weight.

The solid phase recovered after alkaline pre-treatment (husk fibres).

The liquid phase recovered after alkaline pre-treatment (lignin).

Isolation of saccharomyces sp. from fruit peels.

Fruit samples (pineapple) were collected from local market, and their peels were extracted. One gram of sample
was soaked in 250 ml yeast maintenance media (YMM) broth at 30 °C for 3 days. After 3-day incubation, each 100 μl of
suspension was spread on a plate containing YMM, which consisted of 3 g yeast extract, 3 g malt extract, 5 g peptone, 10 g
glucose, and 15 g agar, in 1 l water, initial pH 5.5, and was incubated aerobically at 30 °C for 3 days. Single colony formed
was picked, and the cells were observed under a microscope. the morphology of cells of the selected isolates and their
appearance on yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) agar media was examined. the plates were inoculated with 48-hour-
old yeast strain and incubated at 30 °C for 48 h.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 68

 Two major steps ie. Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation is still need to be done to conclude this project.

Scope For Future Work:

Nowadays, the most economical way to produce 2G bioethanol is the biorefinery scheme, which is important for
strengthening and supporting the growing biobased economy. The world is entering a new scenario where many countries
are taking substantial steps towards a biobased economy. New bioproducts are beginning to replace fossil-based products,
greenhouse gas emissions are decreasing and innovative policies are emerging to support these changes. To establish the
foundation of a biobased economy, the use of biomass resources must be efficient and sustainable. That goal can be
achieved by biorefinery systems.
In an energy driven biorefinery system, the biomass is primarily used to produce energy (biofuel, power and/or
heat), and other byproducts are upgraded to more added-value products to optimize the economic and ecological
performance of the whole production process.
Advances in biorefineries allow the development of alternative products to avoid the accumulation of different residues. As
an example, 1,3-propanediol obtained from maize residues is important in the formation of polymers. Also, succinic acid
removed from various lignocellulosic residues is used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. An important
alternative to polyethylene is the use of ether amylose derived from various wastes such as sugarcane, potato, and corn.
Other applications for coconut husks different from ethanol production and possible byproducts were found, such
as polymer composites and adsorbents to remove a wide range of water pollutants. As the focus of this work is ethanol
production, further studies should be made to see if the biomass remaining after the chosen process to obtain ethanol can
still be used for these purposes and analyze if this strategy is economically viable.

~~~*~~~
FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH STRESS FOR INCREASED LIPID METABOLISM IN
MICROALGAE

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_004

College : Indian Academy Degree College, Autonomous, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Biotechnology
Guide : Dr. Sibi G
Students : Mr. Sagar Grover
Ms. Shaily Rubina
Mr. Veeramalle Gowda

Physiological response in microalgae triggered by nutrient stress to induce triacyl glycerol accumulation is a
promising solution to produce microalgae based biofuel. Change in macronutrients in the environment will result in the
change of cellular macromolecular composition. The growth and lipid accumulation of microalgae are affected by nutrient
concentration of the growth medium. Cellular lipid levels of microalgae will increase under nutrient stress with
triacylglycerols as the dominant proportions. Nutrient limitation caused significant changes in the fatty acid and lipid
composition of microalgae.

Objective
 To understand the expression of key Fatty acid biosynthesis genes and TAG production gene.

Methodology
Organism used: Chlorella vulgaris which was isolated during the implementation of 41S_B_MSc_005 was used in this
study. The nutrient stress undergone C. vulgaris that had produced lipid droplets were subjected to RNA isolation.

RNA isolation: RNA from C. vulgaris was isolated using Standard RNAsolTM kit. In brief, appropriate amount of fresh algal
samples was washed, thrice, with double distilled water to remove the media components followed by rinsing with DEPC
treated water. This sample was taken in a DEPC treated pestle and mortar, placed on dry ice. The sample was
homogenized and 600 µl of RNAsolTM was added, along with constant grinding until a fine paste is formed. This viscous
liquid was transferred to an Eppendorf‘s tube and vortexed. 200 µl of Chloroform: Isoamylalcohol mixture (24:1) was added
to the vial and mixed.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 69
Selection of genes: The genes were selected based on their over expression in nitrogen deficient conditions. The short-
listed genes were then studied based on literature, for their involvement in lipid biosynthesis and the presumed key gene
was selected for the specific gene expression studies.

Designing of gene specific primers: The nucleotide sequence of the selected gene was obtained in FASTA format from
NCBI database. This FASTA sequence was copied and pasted in the query box of Primer3Plus web tool, and parameters
were set to default and query was submitted. The results were obtained in the form of various forward and reverse primers,
out of which the apt forward primer and reverse primer were selected.

cDNA Synthesis: The cDNA was synthesised using the isolated RNA as template in a q-RT PCR. The ‗First Strand
Synthesis kit‘ was used for reverse transcription process followed by the use of SYBR Green for real-time PCR (non-
specific). The isolated RNA was incubated with the oligo dT primer at 65°C for 15 minutes. The RT buffer, RNasin, dNTPs,
DTT, MMuLV RT was added (all dilutions were made in DEPC treated water). The mixture was incubated at 42°C for 1
hour. The reverse transcription reaction was inactivated by heat treatment at 94°C. At this temperature, RNasin was
denatured and both the strands were separated. RNAse was then added to the mixture to degrade the RNA strand and the
only remaining ssDNA (a.k.a. the first strand) was used for the further qPCR.

PCR experiments: PCR Conditions included Template (first strand cDNA) 2.0 μl; Forward Primer (100ng/μl) 2.0 μl; Reverse
primer (100ng/μl) 2.0 μl; 10X Assay Buffer 5.0 μl; dNTPs (10mM) 2.0 μl; FasTaq (3U/μl) 0.5 μl; Water 37.5 μl; Total reaction
volume 50.0 μl. The PCR conditions were set as per following-

94°C 94°C 52°C 72°C 72°C

5 min. 5 sec. 10 sec. 10 sec. 5 min.
40 cycles

qRT-PCR details: The master-mix for qPCR was added to the ssDNA along with the SYBR Green dye and gene specific
primers (both forward and reverse primers). First strand cDNA was used for PCR. and the conditions included Template
(first strand cDNA) 2.0 μl; Forward Primer (100ng/μl) 2.0 μl; Reverse primer (100ng/μl) 2.0 μl; 2 X PCR SYBR green ready
mix 25.0 μl; Water 20.0 μl; Total reaction volume 50.0 μl. All reactions were kept in triplicates and run was taken on ABI
Step-one Real Time PCR machine.

Results and Conclusion

Total RNA loaded in 1% agarose gel

Genes under the study
Chlorella FP-5‘ CGGCTACTCCTTCACCACCA 3‘ 113 bp 52
Beta-Actin RP-5‘ AGGAGTTGAGCGAGGTCTGC 3‘
accD FP-5‘GATGCTGTTCAAACAGGAACAGGAC 3‘ 198 bp 52
RP-5‘AATACCTTCTTGCATTCGAGCTCC 3‘
The house keeping gene (Beta actin) was used for normalization of the amount of cDNA taken across all samples.
The qRT-PCR gene level expression analysis was performed in comparison to given control sample.
Relative Gene Expression analysis data
Mean CT
Gene
Test Control
Beta Actin 23.428 26.986
accD 21.7277 33.9285

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 70

 Relative Expression of AccD
Gene

CT Value
Sample

A 2^ΔΔCt fold variation was calculated. As compared to the test sample (1.000), the control sample gave a fold variation of
0.003, indicating very high level of regulation (as compared to the control sample).

Scope for Future Work

The scope for future research involves isolation of the accD gene from nutrient stress undergone C. vulgaris and its
regulation for higher lipid production. Further, expression of this particular gene into other microalgae would facilitate the
researchers to overcome the difficulties associated with other microalgal

~~~*~~~
EXPLORING AND HARNESSING THE POLYPLOIDY INDUCED DIVERSITY TO IMPROVE THE LIPID PRODUCTION
AMONG THE TISSUE CULTURE BASED PHENOTYPES OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA SP.

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_027

College : Indian Academy Degree College, Autonomous, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Biotechnology
Guide : Prof. Sudhakar Malla
Ms. Prajanya G P
Students : Mr. Ritam Biswas
Ms. Shaik Mubeena

Introduction
Biofuels are one of the most trending topics in the field of scientific research and debate. It is quite evident because
we need to meet our growing demands for energy consumptions. Biomasses from Arabidopsis sp. holds promises in
increasing biofuel production once treated with autoploidy variations.
For the first time we are trying to establish cell culture suspension lines using plant tissue culture. These diploid
plants are supposed to be over expressing the GDP gene (the gene responsible for lipid production).

Hypothesis: We are willing to observe an increase in the lipid productivity in Arabidopsis thaliana plants by studying
autoploidy levels and thereby observing the over expression of the GDP (GPS1 geranyl diphosphate synthase 1) gene.

Objectives:
Before treatment:
 To establish cell suspension cultures for the leaf explants of Arabidopsis.
 Extraction and estimation of biochemical characterization of the oil.
 Gene expression studies by Q-PCR using SybR green.
Yet to be done:
 To induce polyploidy using colchicine treatment.
 To screen and confirm the polyploidy traits using phenotypic and cytogenetic studies.
 RNA extraction from treated cell suspension biomass.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 71

Methodologies:
 Growth and culture of Arabidopsis: Seeds were surface sterilized and implanted on suitable media for callus
induction. Suitable callus clones were transferred into suspension culture, which was later implanted to shoot and
root generation mediums subsequently.
 Lipid efficiency percentage

Results:
Culture of Arabidopsis: Properestablishment of Arabidopsis plants through seeds and plant leaves was carried out.

Lipid efficiency percentage: The total lipid content from about 200mg plant extracts were estimated, in which on and
average of three readings the lipid efficiency percentage was found to be 3.25%.

Outcome: The project is aimed for inducing polyploidy among the Arabidopsis sp. explants and to screen for increased
levels of lipid and biomass production. To confirm efficient results additional gene expression and extraction studies will be
carried out.

Future Work:
Till now we established proper plant tissue cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana and found the total lipid content of
samples that were not treated with colchicine. In the near future we are going to treat callus cultures with colchicine in order
to check either up-regulation or down-regulation of the GDP gene which will help us to infer the change in lipid productivity
levels.

~~~*~~~
DEVELOPMENT OF POLYPLOIDY STRAINS OF CHLAMYDOMONAS TO STUDY THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE
STRESS RESISTANCE AND LIPID PRODUCTION

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_029

College : Indian Academy Degree College, Autonomous, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Biotechnology
Guide : Prof. Sudhakar Malla
Dr. Sibi G
Students : Mr. Rajan Ramanand Chdurasiva
Ms. Haritha Kinnera

Introduction
Biodiesel are an alternative to diesel engines and produced by transesterification process of the fats or oils from
animals and plants. In India 51% of the fuel is utilized only for transportation as such biofuel can be used by the heavy
vehicles and city transport services. Microalgae is also at the rise regarding biofuel production, owing to their fast growth in
limited space. Induction of polyploidy or doubling the chromosome content was found to be promising in terms of biomass
production and increase resistance to oxidative stress.

Hypothesis:
Our hypothesis aims at increasing the lipid content by studying the over expression of the specified gene on inducing
polyploidy. We aimed to figure out the relation of polyploidy on the biomass production and its enhancement in the lipid
production. The study was mainly focussed to screen for the lipid and biomass enhancement along with development of
stress resistance.

Objectives
Before treatment
1. To isolate and establish pure culture of Chlamydomonas reinhartdii.
2. To estimate the biomass and lipid efficiency.
3. To study the Gene expression of Geranyl Diphosphate (GPP, C10).

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 72

Yet to be done
1. To induce polyploidy among the strains by colchicine treatment.
2. To treat the stains with the biocide to induce stress.
3. To screen for the resistance development and biomass production
4. Extraction and estimation of biochemical characterization of the oil.

Methodology
Strains and culture conditions of C. reinhartdii:
Chlamydomonas reinhartdii cells were isolated from mixed culture obtained from pond water on TAP medium.

Biomass production:
Biomass can be obtained by weighing the dry weight of the pellet.

Lipid extraction:
Lipid extraction was performed by methanol chloroform extraction.

Results
After culturing the Chlamydomonas reinhartdii, the lipid extraction was done on the same day and lipid efficiency on an
average of three sample was found to be 4.2%.

Outcome
This study aims to establish a polyploidy cell line of Chlamydomonas species which would be ideal in terms of biomass and
lipid production. The mutant strain obtained would surely increase the resistance power of the strain to biocides and stress
which the biofuel industry is currently facing.

Future work
We have successfully isolated the pure cultured the Chlamydomonas reinhartdii cells and the lipid efficiency without
treatment is found.
The future work is to induce the polyploidy in Chlamydomonas reinhartdii with colchicine. Further stress would be applied
with biocide and to study the overexpression of the gene by RT PCR. Extraction and estimation of biochemical
characterization of the oil will be carried out once the polyploidy strains are established.
~~~*~~~

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOADSORBENT FROM PONGAMIA SEED SHELL FOR HEAVY
METAL REMOVAL FROM INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_001

College : Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College For Women (Autonomous), Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Biotechnology
Guide : Dr. Babitha B
Dr. Sunitha Kuppal
Students : Ms. Nethra L
Ms . Monica K
Ms. Janani S

Introduction
Excessive release of heavy metal into the environment due to industrialization and urbanization has a great
problem world Wide. Unlike organic pollutants the majority of ions do not degrade into harmless end products.
The need for safe and economical methods for the elimination of heavy metals from contaminants of waters has
necessitated research low cost agricultural waste by-products such as sugarcane bagasse, rice, saw dust, coconut etc.

Objectives
 Synthesis of bioadsorbent from pongamia seed.
 Characterization of bioadsorbent.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 73
  Evaluation by batch mode absorption studies by considering parameters as PH, concentration of adsorbent,
concentration of metal ion and contact time for heavy metal removal from industrial effluents.

Methodology
1 Collection and processing of Pongamia seeds.
2 Collection of industrial effluents.
3 Preparation of adsorbent.
4 Preparation of standard metal stock.
a. Preparation of chromium stock and chromium analysis.
b. Preparation of copper stock solution and analysis of copper.

Batch mode adsorption studies

 Effect of several parameters such as PH, Concentration of metal ion, concentration of adsorbent and contact time
on adsorbent of copper on powdered raw Pongamia pinnata seed was studied by batch technique.
 Batch experiments were carried out at an agitation of 100rpm samples at predetermined time intervals were
collected, filtered by whatman filter paper.
 Presence of copper and chromium was analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer as per standard
methods.
 All experiments were carried out at PH values ranging from 2 to 10,the initial concentration of metal ion from 10 to
50mg/L.
 Adsorbent dose of 0.6 to 3/L and particle size of 150 and the contact time of 30mins to 180mins based on
equilibrium conditions.
 The percentage of toxic metal removal can be determined.

Column adsorption studies

 The adsorption experiments were Carried out in glass column of internal diameters of 2.5cm and height of
50cm and that was equipped with a stopper for controlling the column flow rate.
 The sample solution was passed through the adsorption column by gravitation.
 The flow rate was kept constant by controlling the stopper value.
 Inlet of the column was connected to the 25litre feed bucket with plastic tubing.
 The column was filled with required quantity of Pongamia pinnata seed powder adsorbent with depth of 10cm.
 Some glass wool was filled at two sides of the column to ensure homogenous distribution of influent solution
from the top to bottom.
 Before feeding the column with an influent solution containing copper the column was run with pure distilled
water for 1 hour to get wet and preserve the equilibrium between the water and adsorbent.
 The concentration of residual individual toxic metal in the adsorption medium was determined with AAS after
the preparation of samples according to the standard methods.

Powder x-ray diffraction studies

The X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out to examine the structure of the adsorbent before and after adsorption.
~~~*~~~

RODUCTION OF LIPASE BY SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION OF BIOFUEL SEED CAKES AND ITS USE AS A
BIOCATALYST IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_002

College : Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College For Women (Autonomous), Bengaluru

Branch : Department of Biotechnology
Guide : Dr. S. Saraswati
Dr. Suneetha P
Students : Ms. Yashaswini N
Ms. Aashrutha R
Ms. Surekha A.Hiremath
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 74
Introduction:
The methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids, known as biodiesel, are an alternative and cleaner source of energy.
Biodiesel can be obtained by esterification of fatty acids to an alcohol or by transesterification of the fatty acids of vegetable
oils, animal fats as well as of waste oils and fats to methanol or ethanol by chemical or enzymatic methods. Enzymatic
transesterification processes are preferable to the conventional chemical methods using alkali as they can be carried out
under moderate conditions and a lower alcohol to oil ratio. Microbial lipase, both bacterial and fungal, can be used as
biocatalyst for transesterification of oils for biodiesel production (Azocar et.al., 2010).
Research on biodiesel production has been focused on non-edible oils since the use of edible vegetable oils as feedstock
will place stress on food reserves. The seedcakes obtained after production of oil from seeds still have some residual oil
content which can be utilized by lipase-producing bacteria. The lipase produced by these bacteria is an exoenzyme and can
thus be easily recovered and purified for use as a biocatalyst in biodiesel production.

Objectives
● To isolate lipase - producing bacteria from oil - contaminated soil or water samples.
● To use biofuel seed cakes as a substrate for lipase production.
● To carry out partial purification and immobilization of the lipase produced.
● To use this lipase for transesterification of Pongamia seed oil for biodiesel production.
Methodology
1. Screening and isolation of lipase producing bacteria:Screening of different samples (oil-contaminated soil,
wastewater from ice cream factory) for lipase-producing bacteria involves enrichment in Minimal Salt Broth with
olive oil as sole carbon source followed by plating on Minimal Salt Agar with 10% Olive oil containing the dye
Rhodamine B (Kouker and Jaeger, 1987) and incubation at 37°C for 24-48 hours. Lipase producing bacteria show
a bright orange fluorescence under UV irradiation.
2. Estimation of lipase activity: The isolates will be screened for lipase activity using lipase assay based on p-
nitrophenyl palmitate as substrate (Gupta et.al., 2002). The isolate showing maximal activity will be used for further
experiments. The characterization and identification of selected isolate will be carried out using standard
biochemical methods and 16S rRNA sequencing.
3. Solid state fermentation (SSF) using biofuel seed cakes as substrates: Seed cakes of Pongamia pinnata,
Ricinus communis, and Azadirachta indica will be used in the initial SSF studies(Shi et.al.,2017) and the lipase
activity will be estimated. The most suitable substrate (where highest lipase activity is seen) will be used in
subsequent experiments. from different sources and comparison of lipase yield. Following substrate selection,
different parameters -particle size, medium supplementation, moisture content , pH of the moistening solution,
inoculum size, incubation temperature and duration of incubation.
4. Fractionation of lipase and transesterification activity: This will be carried out using ammonium sulphate
precipitation following standard protocols. Estimation of lipase activity, total protein and SDS-PAGE(Laemmli,
1970) for fractionated lipase will be carried out. Transesterification of Pongamia pinnata oil with methanol using
the fractionated lipase (Karmee SK, 2015) will be performed and the products analysed using gas chromatography.
5. Enzyme immobilization: Immobilization of the partially purified lipase by entrapment in alginate gel and
assessment of its activity in transesterification of Pongamia oil will be carried out.

Progress made:
Screening and isolation of lipase producing bacteria:Samples were collected from ice cream
factory wastewater and oil - contaminated soil. Enrichment for lipase-producing bacteria was
carried out as explained earlier. Repeated screening was carried out by plating the bacteria on
minimal salt agar with 10% olive oil containing fluorescent dye Rhodamine B. Colonies of lipase -
producing bacteria gave a bright orange - red fluorescence under UV illumination. Thirteen isolates
of lipase producing bacteria were thus obtained.
Culture of lipase producing bacteria.
Results and Discussion:
Thirteen isolates of lipase-producing bacteria were obtained by screening on Minimal Salt with 10% Olive oil and
Rhodamine B. Rhodamine B forms a complex with the released free fatty acids which fluoresces bright orange under UV
irradiation. The intensity of the fluorescence depends on the amount of free fatty acids present which is indicative of the
amount of lipase produced. Hence, colonies were selected based on the intensity of fluorescence; those showing high

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 75

intensity were streaked on Rhodamine B agar to obtain pure cultures. These isolates are expected to show significant levels
of lipase activity which can be further increased by optimizing the culture conditions.
We propose to use seed cake obtained after the extraction of oil as the substrate for solid state fermentation by the
isolated lipase-producing bacteria. The seed cake has residual oil content which can support the growth of these bacteria.
Lipase production can be further optimized by supplementation with additional carbon sources like glucose or peptone. Thus
production of lipase, an important catalyst for transesterification, can be carried out by utilizing a by-product of the biodiesel
industry, which has the potential to decrease the cost of production and also improve sustainability. Moreover, the bacteria
can help in detoxification of the seed cake, which could be potentially used as feed for livestock. Thus, this approach could
help in optimal utilization of resources and reduction of wastage.

Future Work Plan

● Selection of the isolate with the highest lipase activity by culturing the isolates in Minimal Salt Broth and assaying
the lipase activity in the culture supernatant by the p-nitrophenyl palmitate assay.
● Characterization and identification of the isolate.
● SSF using this isolate and three different seed cakes (Pongamia pinnata, Ricinus communis, Azadirachta indica) as
substrates.
● Selection of the best substrate for lipase production and further standardization of parameters ( particle size,
medium supplementation, moisture content , pH of the moistening solution, incubation temperature and duration
of incubation) for maximal lipase production.
● Production and partial purification of lipase by ammonium sulphate precipitation
● Immobilization of partially purified lipase and assessment of transesterification activity with Pongamia pinnata oil
and methanol.
~~~*~~~
MANAGEMENTOF GANODERMA DISEASE OF PONGAMIA PINNATA

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_031

College : Department Of Botany, Gulbarga University, Kalaburgi

Branch : Department Of Botony
Guide : Prof. G M Vidyasagar
Students : Ms. Ediga Ambika

Pongamia pinnata(L.) or Milletia pinnata belonging to the family- Fabaceae, sub family-Papilionacea, popularly
known as Honge. It is known for its multipurpose benefits and as a potential source of biodiesel. Biodiesel is an effective
alternate energy source to fossil fuels. It is native to humid and sub tropical environment and it is cultivated throughout the
India. Pongamia is distributed throughout the world. It grows wild on seashores and along water lands from India and
Malaysia to Northern Australia, Philippines and Polynesia. The plant is affected by several fungal and bacterial diseases.
Among the diseases, Ganoderma is important causing severe damage to plant. The genus Ganoderma belongs to the
family Ganodermateceae, order Aphyllophprales and class Basidiomycetes. Ganoderma spp. are cosmopolitan
Basidiomycetes refered as white rot fungi that degrade lignin component and cause white rot disease. Ganoderma spp. are
pharmaceutically useful and harmful in some plant species. The climate in Gulbarga is generally dry, with temperature
ranging from 8 0c to 43 0c and annual rainfall of about 750nm. The most soil type is black soil. The maximum growth rate of
Pongamia pinnata is observed on well-drained soil with assured moisture. Many plants of pongamia have been cultivated
and also grown naturally fin and around Gulbarga.

Objectives:
1. Survey and occurrences of Ganoderma on Pongamiapinnata
2. Isolation and identification of Ganoderma
3. In vitro control and management of Ganoderm

Methodology
Several field trips were undertaken in and around Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi to record the incidence of
Ganoderma on Pongamia pinnata.The infected plant material was brought to the laboratory and isolated the pathogen using
standard methods. In vitro study on the efficacy of six fungicides against Ganoderma was conducted.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 76
Results: The infected plant material was collected (Fig 1) and isolated the pathogen using PDA medium (Fig. 2).

Fig1: Pongamia plant infected by stem rot and associated with Ganoderma.
Based on macro-morphological characters size, color and margin pattern, the pathogen was identified as Ganoderma
species. In vitro screening of fungicides namely, Tilt, Score, Bavistin, Caviet, Swadeen and Trisaf againstGanoderma was
performed by using well diffusion method.

Tilt Propiconozole 0.1ml /100ml (0.1%) _

Score Difenocozole 0.1ml /100ml (0.1%) +
Bavistin Carbendisum 0.1ml /100ml (0.1%) _
Caviet Tebucaonazole 0.1ml /100ml (0.1%) _
Swadeen Sulphur+Tebucaonazole 0.1ml /100ml (0.1%) _
Tilt Propiconozole 0.1ml /100ml (0.1%) _

Conclusion and scope for future

 Six fungicides were screened at 0.1% concentration and found five fungicides effective against
Ganoderma.Preliminary screening of TILT, SWADEEN, CAVIET, BAVISTIN and TRISAF at 0.1% reveals 100 %
inhibition of Ganoderma.
 The effect of fungicides at different concentration and their synergestic effect of are under study.
 Further studies will be continued on Integrated Disease Management Startegy of Root Top causing Ganoderma.
~~~*~~~
BIO-ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM HUSKS OF DIFFERENT SMALL MILLETS

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_024

College : University of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K., Bengaluru

Branch : Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences / (Biofuel)
Guide : Dr. K T Prasanna
Students : Ms. Ashwini R N

Introduction:
The burning of fossil fuels at the current rate is likely to create an environmental crisis globally through the
generation of carbon (IV) oxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and a significant quantity of nitrous oxides. Most of these harmful
gases are formed due to incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.As a result of this, there is a growing international quest for
an alternative energy source. Ethanol produced from biomass through fermentation contains 35 per cent O 2 that may result
in a more complete combustion of fuel and thus reduces tailpipe emissions (Chandel et al., 2007. The world interest has
been shifted to utilization of agricultural wastes for bioethanol production. The long-term benefits of using waste residues as
lignocellulosic feedstock will be to introduce a sustainable solid waste management strategy for a number of lignocellulosic
waste materials. (Mtui, 2009).
Lignocellulosic waste materials obtained from energy crops, wood and agricultural residues represent the most
abundant source of renewable biomass. Several agricultural wastes have been tested for their bioethanol-producing
potential. With this background the present study is undertaken to utilize certain agricultural residues mainly millet husks for
the production of bioethanol. Rabah et.al, 2011 showed the rumen of ruminant animals served as a source for isolation of
bacteria used in the hydrolysis of millet husks and guinea corn husks prior to fermentation.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 77

Objectives of the study
1. To isolate and screen the strains for bio-ethanol production from different biomass sources.
2. To determine the physico-chemical properties of feed stocks used in bio-ethanol production.
3. To standardize the pre-treatment methods for feed stocks for bio-ethanol production.
4. To evaluate husks of different small millets for their bio ethanol production potentials.

Methodology of the work

Isolation and screening of microorganisms for bioethanol production:
Microorganisms involved in ethanol production will be isolated from different sources viz., rotten fruits, millet husk
etc. and will be screened for ethanol production. The most efficient organism will be selected for fermenting the husks of
millets.

Feed stock preparation and characterization:

Husks from different millets will be collected from the department of post-harvest engineering, UAS, GKVK
campus, Bangalore-560065. The physico-chemical properties like particle size, pH EC, Org.-C, N, P, C/N ratio, cellulose,
hemicellulose, and lignin will be determined. The amount of reducing sugars will also be determined.

Optimization of pre-treatment conditions for millets husk:

The feed stock materials will be subjected to certain pre-treatment protocols and the best pre-treatment will be
used for hydrolysis and fermentation. Some of the pre-treatment methods that will be followed are Microwave alkali and acid
pretreatment, Steam-explosion, Lime Pretreatment, Acid Hydrolysis, Alkali hydrolysis and Pretreatment controls using water

Enzymatic hydrolysis:
Neutral cellulase enzyme used enzymatic hydrolysis of feed stocks

Fermentation and distillation of bioethanol:

Production and evaluation of bioethanol by fermentation of millet husks using promising microbial isolates.

Conclusion
The study clearly indicates the husk collected from three different millets (foxtail, little and barn yard) are useful in
the production of ethanol by subjecting them to different pre-treatments and fermentation process. This study also gives
information about best pre-treatment among all other pre-treatments useful for increasing the bioethanol yield in the millets
biomass.

Future line of work

Production of bioethanol from different substrates (agricultural biomass, vegetable and fruit waste, industries
waste) so as to decrease the use of fossil fuels and thus decreasing global warming.

~~~*~~~
EXTRACTION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BIOFUEL FROM MANIKARA ZAPOTA (L) P. ROYEN

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_026

College : Govt Arts And Science College (Autonomous), Karwar

Branch : Department Of Industrial Chemistry
Guide : Dr. Ulls N Shetti
Prof. Shivanand S Bhat
Students : Mr. S Vaishak
Ms. Preeti P Naik
Mr. Narendra Namadev Naik
Ms. Anita Naik

Introduction
The increasing industrialization and motorization of the world has led to a steep rise for the demand of petroleum –
based fuels. Today fossil fuels take up 80% of the primary energy consumed in the world, of which 58% alone is consumed
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 78
by transport sector. The sources of these fossil fuels are becoming exhausted and found major contribution in green house
emission which may lead to negative effects like climate change, loss of biodiversity etc. And these Fossil fuels are depleting
day by day and they are non -renewable, It is also assessed that these sources will be depleted in a certain period of time
and it is not possible to meet the future requirements. Hence there is a need for development of renewable energy sources
to meet the requirements of future and it has become an essential to explore the reasonable substitution of diesel. Biodiesel
helps in conservation of nature and natural resources in many ways. It produces lower emissions and is more energy
efficient when compared to other forms of energy. Biodiesel helps in the reduction of greenhouse emissions, biodegradation
and pollution. The present study is based on use of the Manilkara zapota for production of bio-diesel. Manilkara zapota,
popularly known as sapodilla, a forest tree with long life span is mostly found in southern Mexico, Caribbean and Central
America; It is also cultivated in larger scale in India.

Objectives
 Isolation of Biofuel from Manilkara zapota.
 Physicochemical Analysis of Extracted Oil.
 Physicochemical Analysis of Byproducts Obtained

Materials and methodology

1. Collection of Seeds: Seeds were collected mainly from the Juice centers of Karwar and Sapota farm in Bascod.

Juice centre Sapota farm

2. Extraction of Oil by Soxhlet method:

 The kernels which were separated from the dried seeds of M.zapota were crushed into the fine powder and
packed in Whatman no .1 filter paper.
 The packed filter paper containing the seed powder was placed in the Soxhlet Apparatus.
 The extraction process was carried out by using hexane as a solvent and Refluxed for 5-6 hours.
 Extracted Oil is then subjected to distillation to remove solvent.

3. Transesterification:
Oil is taken in a round bottom flask with thermometer, mechanical stirring and condenser. The oil is heated to 60˙c,
after reaching desired temperature methanol and catalyst were added and stirred using stirrer. The reaction was performed
for 60 minutes at 60˙c the reaction product was poured into a separation funnel and was left overnight for settlement. Two
layers were obtained upper layer consists of biodiesel, lower layer consists of glycerin .Biodiesel was washed with water to
remove unreacted oil and catalyst and further characterized.

Manilkara zapota Biofuel

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 79

Results
Properties of Sapota Seed Oil
Property Values
Yield of Oil 30%
Moisture content 3.7%
Density 0.8948g/cm³
Viscosity 37.347 poise
Refractive index 1.572
Saponification Value 269.344mgKOH/g
Unsaponified matter 17.3%
Acid Value 5.814mgKOH/g
FFA Value 2.90mg KOH/g
Ester Value 263.399 mg KOH/g
Iodine Value 67.45gm/100gm
Fatty acid Composition:
HPLC conditions
1. Column: Cl8
2. Mobile phase; methanol: water 90:10
3. Rate off low 0.2 ml/min
4. Sample dissolved in methanol
6. Injected volume 5 u lts.
7. uv-vis wave number 254 nm
MS conditions
1. L .probe
2. APCI: atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mainly used for non polar compounds to analyze
3. ESI: electron spray ionization mainly used for polar compounds to analyze
4. +Ionization: which gives protonated M+ I values
a. Ionization: which gives deprotonated M-l values?
5. +Or - ionization and the type of probe can be identified in data file name
6. In presence of halogens (chlorine and bromine) the values will show M and
7. M+2 in positive;
8. M and M-2 in negative
9. Liquid Chromatography analysis of M. Zapota Seed Oil
10. Fatty acid composition was found to be Palmitoleic acid of Mol wt 254.414g/mol, Linoleic acid of Mol wt
280.452g/mol and Oleic acid of Mol wt 282.452g/mol.

Properties of Biodiesel
Properties Values
Density 0.88g/cm³
Viscosity 29.88 Poise
Flash point 174̊ C
Acid Value 0.37mg KOH/g
Conclusion:
Oil was extracted from the collected M.zapota seeds and Biodiesel was obtained by the process of
transesterification. It was found that yield was better. Hence we conclude that in the era of industrialization and motorization
we can contribute towards our environment and our economic structure by using Eco-friendly biodiesel obtained from
renewable resources rather than using ecounfriendly fossil fuels.

Scope for Future work:

Oil quantity is good in the seeds of M.zapota. It is proved that it can be used as a source of biodiesel. Hence we
know that plant based oil is a renewable resource of energy; we can conduct research related to isolation and purification of
biodiesel in the seeds of wild and cultivated plant species. Even we can focus on the byproducts like cake as manure of
M.zapota seeds after the extraction of biodiesel. Even oil cake can be used in the study of antioxidants.
~~~*~~~
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 80
 A NOVEL APPROACH IN UTILIZATION OF WASTE ALGINATE GENERATED IN TISSUE CULTURE LABORATORY
TOWARDS PRODUCTION OF BIO-ETHANOL

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_022

College : Christ (Deemed To Be University), Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Life Sciences
Guide : Dr. Erumalla Venkatanagaraju
Students : Mr. S. William Joseph Kamal
Mr. Shiva Prasad P. S.
Ms. Maria Joy
Ms. Induresmi S

This work was mainly aimed at the production of the Bio-Ethanol from the Plant tissue culture laboratory remnants
by using a novel microorganism that has the capability of breaking down the polymeric compounds into monomeric
compounds that can be made easy for the fermentation and thus for the production of Ethanol. For this work the
microorganism was isolated from the soil sample that was collected from Christ (Deemed to be University) dump yard in the
month of October, by the process of serial dilution and plating. Once the microbe is obtained it was tested for the capability
of producing Alginase enzyme. This was done using grams iodine stain. Some bacterial colonies formed a zone of clearance
around them showing the production of enzyme that has the capability of breaking down the polymeric compounds into
monomeric compounds. This organism which was producing higher zone of clearance was selected and was sent for the
16s r RNA sequencing for the identification of the organism. The result of the 16s r RNA sequencing proved that the
organism is Bacillus tropicus. By using this organism shake flask fermentation was done for the production of more enzyme
and the production of monomeric units. This was done as two sets with different media compositions and the finally obtained
sample was subjected to fractional distillation for the separation of the Ethanol that was produced, during the fermentation
process. To confirm the amount of ethanol first the preliminary tests were done by the potassium dichromate method. For
the further analysis the samples were analyzed using Gas Chromatography and the purity of the ethanol in the sample was
confirmed. In the present study the results infer that the production of Bioethanol was found in a medium which was having
only sodium alginate, NaCl. The other media with all the components shown less amount if bioethanol production. This is a
point where the reduction in the formation of monomers of alginate may be due to the Feedback Inhibition of the microbe
with the components of the media. The medium only with sodium alginate doesn‘t have anything to inhibit the conversion of
polymer to monomers and hence the yield of ethanol in this medium is high. Based on all the work that is done we can
conclude that the Bio-Ethanol which is having a great economic importance and uses can also be produced from the
remnants of the plant tissue culture laboratory instead of dumping them in waste, with the help of microorganisms that has
the ability of producing certain enzymes. This process of production of Bio-Ethanol is safe and Eco friendly, so it can be
further optimized and implemented in large scale for the production of Bioethanol. By this we can convert the waste matter
into useful Bio-Fuel.

~~~*~~~

EFFICACY OF PONGAMIA OIL AND HERBAL BASED FORMULATION SOAP AGAINST CONVENTIONAL - TO
ENCOURAGE HYGIENE PRACTICE AMONG RURAL FOLK FOR ENTEROPHATHOGENS.

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_020

College : Dept of Microbiology, Davangere University

Branch : Department of Life Sciences
Guide : Dr. Gayathri Devaraja
Students : Mr. Ponnanna M B
Mr. Prashanth Manjappa Kusugur

Introduction
Pongamia pinnata is a fast growing leguminous tree with potential for high oil seed production and the added
benefit of the ability to grow on marginal lands. More recently, the effectiveness of P. pinnata as a source of biomedicines
has been reported, specifically as both an antimicrobial agent and as a therapeutic agent targeting host pathways and
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 81
processes. Occurrence of most of the infections is by hand to mouth inoculation of microorganisms leading to dysentery,
diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera and others. In order to overcome this problem (especially among rural persons) posed by these
microorganisms and reduce the intensity of infections, a herbal based formulation of soap made from pongamia oil and
neem extract, was prepared. This would encourage rural folk to maintain hygienic practices thereby reduce the disease
burden and through soap preparation enter into small scale entrepreneurship. The usage of this formulated soap would
reduce microbial load transferred from intestine to mouth and thus health issues would be minimized. In this context,
pongamia and neem based herbal products have wide range of applications industrially and possess several biological and
pharmacological properties which are beneficial for hygienic practices among rural folk.

Objectives
1. Development of herbal (Neem extract) based soap with pongamia oil using formulation technique.
2. Isolation and characterization of (Biochemical) enteropathogens using hand scrub method from rural folk.
3. Optimization of herbal (Neem extract) based soap with pongamia oil based soap.

Methodology
Formulation of herbal based soap.
The basic saponification reaction between neutral fatty acid and alkali used to form soap. Hence, Pongamia oil as a
neutral fatty acid and lye as an alkali (NaOH) has been used for the soap preparation. Eighteen grams of alkali (Sodium
hydroxide) pellets were dissolved in a beaker containing 35 ml of ethanol and 35 ml of deionized water. About 140 ml of
Pongamia oil was added to the mixture slowly with stirring under 60° C until it forms homogenous solution. Then the Neem
extract was added (2g of extract/100g soap mixture) and mixed thoroughly. The formulated mixture was allowed to cool and
filtered using Whatmann No.1 filter paper. Then the residue was washed with saturated NaCl solution to remove impurities
and followed by acid wash using 10 ml of 0.1N HCl. Then formulated mixture was transferred into mould and allowed to
solidify for 4 days (Afsar et al., 2016; Ruckmani et al., 2014).

Physicochemical parameters of the formulated soap.

Various physicochemical parameters which are mentioned below were performed to establish quality of the
prepared formulations (Afsar et al., 2016). Determination of clarity, color and odour, pH, Determination of percentage free
alkali, Moisture Content, Foam Height, Foam Retention, Alcohol Insoluble Matter, High Temperature Stability.

Antimicrobial efficacy of herbal formulated soap

Total Microbial count
Sterile cotton swab was soaked in physiological saline (0.85%) which was used for collecting the sample among
human subjects before and after hand wash (From Tholahunse & Kurki village, near Davangere University) and determined
the total microbial plate count using pour plate method. For which one mL of the sample was transferred aseptically to sterile
petri plate and later 15 ml molten liquefied soybean casein digest agar was poured (45C) and later gently mixed on a flat
surface clockwise and anticlockwise. Allowed the agar to set at room temperature and incubated at 37C for 24 to 48 hours.
Isolation of pathogenic bacteria.
The hand wash sample was inoculated on different selective media such as Mannitol salt agar (Staphylococcus
aureus), Bismuth sulfate agar (Salmonella sp.),Eosin Methylene blue Agar (Escherichia. coli) and Cetrimide agar
(Pseudomonas sp.). Later the sample was inoculated by spread plate method, incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours and the
colonies were chosen based on their characteristic properties. The isolated colonies were sub-cultured onto nutrient agar
slants and pure cultures were maintained.

Identification of pathogenic bacteria.

The isolated colonies were identified by morphological studies using gram staining, motility and various
biochemical tests such as catalase test, carbohydrates fermentation test (glucose, sucrose, and lactose), Indole test, Methyl
red test, Voges-Proskauer test, Citrate utilization test, gelatin hydrolysis test and nitrate reduction test.

Antibacterial activity of soap against isolated pathogens

Agar Well diffusion assay
To determine the antimicrobial activity of neem extract and pongamia oil based herbal soap against the
pathogenic bacteria isolated from hand wash sample, agar well diffusion assay method was used. The pathogenic isolates
were inoculated into the nutrient broth and incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours. Mueller Hinton Agar medium was autoclaved
(121℃/15min/15 lbs /sq in), then poured into sterilized petri plates, and allowed to solidify. The agar plates were inoculated
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 82
by spread plate method with 0.1ml of 24 hour old broth culture of pathogenic bacterial isolates. Then 10 mm diameter wells
were made using sterile cork borer. Different concentrations like 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 150mg/ml of soap solutions were
added into the well. After overnight incubation at 37℃, the diameter of zone inhibition (including the diameter of the well)
formed were measured and recorded.

Turbidometric measurement.
This method was based on comparison of intensity of light scattered by the sample under defined conditions
with the intensity of light scattered by the solution. The higher intensity of scattered light, higher is the turbidity.
Spectrophotometer was used to find the optical density. To 9 ml of autoclaved, cooled Nutrient broth, 100µL of 1X105
bacterial cells/ml inoculatedaccording to Mc Farland standard. Later, 1ml of different concentrations of formulated soaps
samples (50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg) was added and incubated at 37℃ for a time interval of 5 min, 10 min, 15 min and optical
density (OD) was measured (590nm) (Bhat et al.,2011).

Results and discussion

The herbal soap preparation by general formulation technique was done and successfully completed.

Physicochemical parameters of the formulated soap.

Various physicochemical parameters of herbal soap were determined and the Physicochemical characters were
recorded.
Antimicrobial efficacy of Formulated herbal Soap.
Antimicrobial efficacy of formulated herbal soap was determined by total bacterial plate count by collecting
various hand scrub samples from human subjects before and after hand wash. The Formulated herbal soap exhibited
antimicrobial activity with lowering the colony forming units (CFU) in samples after hand wash.
Isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria.
A total of four human pathogenic bacteria were isolated from different human subjects by hand scrub method, using
selective media. The isolated bacteria were identified using morphological and biochemical test
Antibacterial activity of soap against the isolated pathogens.
The effect of soap on growth of different species of bacteria was measured by presence/ absence of clear inhibition
zones by well diffusion method. All the bacterial isolates exhibited sensitivity to the test soap, the zone of inhibition was
greater at maximum concentration and vice versa. Conventional soapsshowed minimum inhibition zone formation compared
to pongamia oil based soaps. Formulated herbal soap containing neem extract and pongamia oil showed greater inhibition
zone against tested pathogenic organisms compared to conventional as well as Pongamia oil based soap.
Turbidity analysis method:
The growth rate of pathogenic organisms in the broth medium varied with different concentrations of soaps at
different time intervals were determined as turbidometric measurements. The results were in concordant with well diffusion
method.

OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT

1. Spread of awareness to control possible disease causing bacteria, particularly of their own intestinal origin.
2. Encouragement to rural folk to grow more pongamia trees for biofuel production.
3. Pongamia oil production and preparation of soaps and effectively used to maintain hygiene.

APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

1. Health : Maintenance of personal hygiene avoid number of infectious disease
2. Agriculture and small scale industry: Encouragement to grow pongamia trees for water conservation and biofuel
/ oil / soap production. Particularly to encourage the small scale industry or home makers to develop the herbal
soap.
3. Societal: Particularly to women folk, encouragement to become self-employed with the development of soap using
available herbal products.
~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 83

 PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM THE OUTER RED FLOWER PETALS OF MUSA PARADISIACA: A MAJOR
AGRO WASTE IN INDIA AND INCREASING ITS EFFICIENCY IN NANOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_011

College : Garden City University, Bengaluru

Branch : Department of Life Sciences
Guide : Dr. Shruti Awasthi
Dr. Yasrib Qurishi
Students : Mr. Rohit Sharma
Mr. Himanshu Shekhar Das

Keywords:
Agro waste, Nanoparticles, Fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bioethanol.

Introduction:
The major source of energy worldwide is fossil fuels. The extensive use of fossil fuel leads to global warming,
climate change and various energy and security problems. Fossil fuels are non renewable sources and are unevenly
distributed within nations. Conversion of agricultural waste to energy is an unusual technique for the enhancement and the
management of the waste products, which reduces exhaust emissions and provides socioeconomic benefits. Bioethanol, an
ethanol liquid that is known to be a clean fuel for combustion engines and is a best substitute as it can be derived from plant
based materials. The total utilization of bioethanol in 2008 was more than 65,000 million litres and the consumption is
increasing exponentially as it has already replaced 5.4% gasoline usage in 2013. Bioethanol can be used as an alternative
either as an octane enhancer or main fuel tends to reduce the problems associated with fossil fuels.
Researchers in the recent years utilize banana peel, carrot peel, onion peel, potato peel and sugar beet peel as a
valuable biomass wastes which increase the yield of ethanol production by microbial fermentation, by appropriate
fermentation of substrate by suitable process technology providing a safe alternative to the use of fossil fuel. Combination
of nanoparticles and bioethanol acts as a winning pair in the world of biofuel production. The incorporation of nanoparticles
enhances the efficiency of the bioethanol produced.
This project aims at producing bioethanol from the outer Red flower petals of Musa paradisiacal. While on one
hand using the outer red flower petals of Musa paadisiaca help to control agro waste on the other hand bioethanol
produced give a sustainable solution to fuel production. Hence the project targets and solves two major environment
pollution issues with one single product.

Project Objectives:
1. The first objective of the project is to Synthesis of Cobalt nanoparticles from the petals of Musa paradisiaca and
characterize the nanoparticles by UV Spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM.
2. The second objective of the project involves bioethanol production by fermentation using Sacchromycescerevisiae
4. The third objective involves incorporation of the Cobalt nanoparticles in the bioethanol produed.
5. The ethanol estimation by Gas Chromatography technique.

Materials and Methods:

Schematic representation of Bioethanol production from waste Banana flower petals Work already carried out
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 84
 Extract Preparation Fermentation Using
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cobalt Nanoparticle Synthesis

Results and Conclusion:
Results:
Bioethanol is an important part of the move to more sustainable world. The usage of bioethanol is growing rapidly
because of the clear advantages they have in many applications. Since the bioethanol is produced from the renewable
resources, they can help to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, support sustainability initiative. Combination of nanoparticles
and bioethanol acts as a winning pair in the world of biofuel production. The extract of Musa paradisiacal petals was found
positive for tannins , saponis, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthroquinones and steroids. The reducing sugars test was carried out
by using Fehling‘s solution which gave a brick red precipitate indicating the presence of reducing sugars after the
enzymatic hydrolysis.Fermentation after 0th and 28th daywas carried out to estimate the ethanol production The synthesis
of nanoparticles was observed on the basis of colour change and was characterized by SEM and FTIR. Estimation of total
bioethanol production was carried out by gas chromatography before and after the addition of synthesized Cobalt Nitrate
nanoparticle.

Conclusion:
Musa paradisiacal petals is the commonly found agro waste in most of the parts of India. Despite of being an agro
waste it has remarkable phytochemical profile and other properties which can be positively utilized to synthesize bioethanol
which is a novel source of fuel. From the observations above we can also conclude that nanoparticles synthesized from the
petals can increase the efficiency of the bioethanol which can act as an upper hand over conventional method of bioethanol
production.

Scope and Future aspects of the project:

Continuous efforts towards the solution of the energy supply security problem and the environmental impacts
caused by the transportation sector have led to the development of the alternative fuels through extensive research
activities. Liquid biofuels, produced from biomass such as agricultural wastes, wood and food-processing residues, can be
used as transportation fuels in a large range of vehicles and offer the potential for development towards sustainable mobility
with the involvement of the agricultural, energy and automotive sectors With rapid depletion of the world reserves of
petroleum and other fossil fuels in recent years, bioethanol has emerged as one of the best alternative liquid fuel and has
generated immense activities of research in the production of ethanol and its environmental impact.
India is an agriculture based country but alongside the agro produce it also produces 1500 lakh tonne agro waste
every year. These tonnes of wastes enhance environmental pollution; One major concern of it also been its intrusion into the
groundwater system. In the process of burning waste material coming from agricultural practices for clearance of land,
certain chemical substances, smoke, and particulate matter are released which is the major cause of air pollution and are
harmful for health. These cause of concern have led to the utmost necessity to think of some alternative to turn this
―garbage into gold‖ to save the environment and in turn save the environment.
With the increasing need of Biofuel as an alternative source of commercial fuels production of Bioethanol from agro waste in
India has gained momentum. The outermost brownish red petals of banana flower also contribute to this agro waste. India
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 85
ranks first in banana production, contributing about 23% in world pool of banana production. Hence the amount of agro
waste generated from the discarded outer petals of the banana flowers is ample to produce sufficient bioethanol to run
transport on Indian roads. These petals; though a major agro waste in India has not yet been targeted for Biofuel production
and here is the novelty of this project. Moreover addition of metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized from the same source to
the bioethanol enhances the degree of mixing and chemical reactivity during the combustion, attaining better performance,
combustion and emission attributes. The project is designed targeting a major form of agro waste so that in turn can help
reducing agro waste pollution and also simultaneously benefit the society with Bioethanol.

~~~*~~~

PRODUCTION OF NANO-BIOPLASTIC FROM NANOPARTICLES OF SEED EXTRACT OF CARICA PAPAYA

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_006

College : Garden City University, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Life Sciences
Guide : Dr. Yasrib Qurishi
Dr. Shruti Awasthi
Students : Ms. Upasana Saha
Mr. Purva Sudesh Dharwadkar

Introduction:
Plastics have been used widely for packaging material since long time ago. Amongst all available packaging
materials, plastic is found to be the best because of its long life properties. Thus, its utilization is increasing day by day.
However, plastics cannot be degraded by natural processes in a short period of time; therefore, they are left as plastic
waste, causing environmental problems. However, environmentally friendly plastics or plastics whose raw materials come
from natural polymers are still very low in development. In recent years, a large progress has been achieved in the
development of biodegradable products based on agricultural materials, due to a growing concern on the environmental
impact and also the uncertainty of petroleum supply. One of the most studied and promising raw materials for the production
of biodegradable plastics is starch, which is a natural renewable carbohydrate polymer and an available low cost material.
However, films formed from starch are brittle and difficult to handle; plasticizers (glycerol) are normally added to the film-
forming solution before casting and drying procedures, as a way to overcome films brittleness. While these new
biodegradable plastics offer some hope for energy savings and trash reduction, they do little to solve the problem of the
huge volumes of plastic trash that already exist in landfills.
Nanoparticles and Bioplastics; their combination acts as a winning pair in the world of packaging materials.
Researchers in recent years have developed several prototypes based bioplastics materials and nanoparticles to be used in
packaging, achieving very promising results. One of the most interesting aspects of the use of nano-fillers is the possibility of
drastically reducing the quantity to be added to the polymer, minimizing the effects side determined by the addition of
conventional inorganic additives (increase in density, decreased processability and surface appearance modification of the
polymer).
This project aims at producing nano-bioplastic from the nanoparticles of papaya seed extract. While on one hand using
papaya seeds help control agro waste on the other hand bioplastic produced give a sustainable solution to food packaging.
Hence the project targets and solves two major environment pollution issues with one single product.

Keywords: Bioplastic, Nanoparticles, Nano-Bioplastic, Biodegradation, Carica papaya, Tensile strength

Objective:
Present investigations and our project aim to design a Nano-bioplastic from the Selenium Nanoparticles extracted
from Carica papaya seed extracts.
1. The first objective of the project is to synthesize Selenium Nanoparticles from the seed extracts of Carica papya
and characterize the nanoparticles.
2. The second objective of the project involves developing the Nano-bioplastic with the nanoparticles using potato
starch, acetic acid and glycerol.
3. The third objective involves characterization of nano-bioplastics against standard bioplastics including pH
comparison and tests to determine presence of chloride, carbonate and potassium
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 86
 4. The fourth step involves study of properties of Nano-bioplastics and comparison of enhancement of the properties
against standard plastics and bioplastics. The properties involve:
a. Tensile Strength.
b. Water Absorption capacity
c. Degradation capacity in sand, soil and water

Materials and Methods:

Bioplastic film
preparation
Nano-Bioplastic
Sample collection without
film preparation
Nanoparticles for
control
Characterization
of Nano-
Extract Extraction of bioplastics
preparation potato Starch (pH, odour, Chlo
ride, Potassium
and carbonate)
Property studies
of Nano-
Characterization Bioplastics
Synthesis of
of Nanoparticles (Tensile
Selenium
(FTIR, SEM, TE Strength, Biodegr
nanoparticles
M, EDX) adation and
Water
Absorption)
Work already carried out:

Ft-IR Analysis

SEM Analysis TEM Analysis

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 87

 EDX ANALYSIS

EDX Analysis

Potato Starch Extraction Bioplastic preperation (Control) Nano-Bioplastic Preperation

a) PH b) odour, Flame color, Burning Speed c) Chloride d) Carbonate e) Potassium

Analysis of Tensile Strength

Results Awaited: 1) Degradation Studies (In Soil, sand and Water)

2) Water Absorption property analysis.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 88
Results and Conclusion:
Bioplastics are an important part of the move to a more sustainable world. Bioplastics, currently accounting for less
than half of one per cent of all plastics manufacture, are growing rapidly because of the clear advantages they have in many
applications. Since they‘re made from renewable resources and/or biodegradable, they can help to reduce reliance on fossil
fuels, support sustainability initiative and allow manufacturers to diversify feedstock. Nanoparticles and Bioplastics; their
combination acts as a winning pair in the world of packaging materials. The selenium nanoparticles produced from the seed
extracts of Carica papya were found to have an average size between 40-50nm and were almost circular in shape. The
Nano-Bioplastics produced from these selenium nanoparticles showed a better tensile strength than standard bioplastics
without nanoparticles and even showed a reduced burning speed and odor on flame exposure. From these results it can be
concluded that selenium nanoparticles enhance the tensile strength of the bioplastics. Moreover the fact that the produced
odor and burning speed of the nano-bioplastics are reduced makes it a safe source to carry inflammables and also conclude
the fact that even if burnt the level of air pollution can be checked. Also these plastics on burning burns completely into
ashes unlike standard plastics which are expected to enhance its degradation. Further conclusion can be made after the
analysis of degradation studies.

Scope and Future aspects of the project:

The produced nano-bioplastics are expected to degrade completely and much faster than standard plastics and
bioplastics. To conclude the same the degradation studies in soil, water and sand are being set up as a part of this project.
Also studies are carried out to check the extent of water absorption by these nano-bioplastics. After analysis of these
properties the future scope of the project lies in application of these produced nano-bioplastics in fields like food packaging,
packaging of medicine, production of plastic goods like straws etc. This project intends to solve the challenges of the
environment faced due to commercial practice and aims to check plastic pollution for a cleaner and greener environment in
the future.

~~~*~~~
PHOENIX SYLVESTRIS NON-EDIBLE OIL SEED TRIACYLGLYCEROLS AS FEEDSTOCKS FOR THE PRODUCTION
OF BIOFUELS

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MSC_009

College : Garden City University, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Microbiology
Guide : Dr. Sharanagowda J Patil
Dr. Bhargava H. R.
Students : Ms. Durriya Ali
Mr. Sunny Don Abraham

Introduction
An increased necessity for energy independence and heightened concern about the effects of increasing carbon
dioxide levels have intensified the search for renewable fuels that could reduce our current consumption of fossil fuels. One
such fuel is biodiesel, which consists of the methyl esters of fatty acids, usually derived from plant oils, although other
sources including animal fat are possible. Plant oils are primarily composed of various triacylglycerols (TAGs), molecules
that consist of three fatty acid chains (usually 18 or 16 carbons long) esterified to glycerol. The fatty acyl chains are
chemically similar to the aliphatic hydrocarbons that make up the bulk of the molecules found in petrol (also called gasoline)
and diesel. The hydrocarbons in petrol contain between 5 and 12 carbon atoms per molecule, and this volatile fuel is mixed
with air and ignited with a spark in a conventional engine. In contrast, diesel fuel components typically have 10–15 carbon
atoms per molecule and are ignited by the very high compression obtained in a diesel engine. Early demonstration versions
of the diesel engine were designed to run on peanut oil, reflecting the fact that plant-derived triacylglycerols and petroleum
fuels are chemically similar, with structures consisting largely of chains of reduced carbons.
However, most plant TAGs have a viscosity range that is much higher than that of conventional diesel: 17.3– 32.9
mm2 s)1 compared to 1.9–4.1 mm2 s)1, respectively. This higher viscosity results in poor fuel atomization in modern diesel
engines, leading to problems derived from incomplete combustion such as carbon deposition and coking. To overcome this
problem, TAGs are converted to less viscous fatty acid esters by esterification with a primary alcohol, most commonly
methanol. The resulting fuel is commonly referred to as biodiesel and has a dynamic viscosity range from 1.9 to 6.0 mm 2
(ASTM D6751). The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) found in biodiesel have a high energy density as reflected by their
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 89
high heat of combustion, which is similar, if not greater, than that of conventional diesel. Similarly, the cetane number (a
measure of diesel ignition quality) of the FAMEs found in biodiesel exceeds that of conventional diesel.

Objectives
 To identification of non-edible oils seed plant Phoenix sylvestris for triacylglycerols production.
 To extract the Phoenix sylvestris seeds for oils and derived from triacylglycerols stored in seeds.
 To know the regulation of oil synthesis has suggested ways to produce triacylglycerols in abundant non-edible oil
seed tissues.
 To determine the fatty acid composition of Phoenix sylvestris non-edible oil seeds.
 To characterization and evaluation of produced triacylglycerols from Phoenix sylvestris non-edible oil seeds.

Methodology:
Triacylglycerols are soluble in organic solvents, including acetone and this differentiates them from phospholipids.
 On treatment by an alkaline hydroxide, they release one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid: the
saponification value determined by this method provides information on the average chain length (see below).
 Unsaturated fatty acid-containing triacylglycerols become rancid:
 When exposed to air they develop foul smells more or less rapidly.
 This phenomenon is linked to peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids: the resulting peroxides may
polymerize—the desired goal for paints based on flaxseed oil or other drying oils. They may also be cleaved
yielding aldehydes, ketones, and acids of unpleasant odor.
 At ordinary temperature, fatty acids are liquid if their carbon chain is shorter than 10 carbon atoms; otherwise
they are solid.
 They are all insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents.
 If unsaturated, they absorb UV light, and this may be applied to their quantitation.
 As acids they form salts: this is the basis of the soap and detergent industry (alkaline salts, organic base salts).
 As acids they may be esterified, resulted methyl esters are suitable for GC analysis.
 The principle of oil production has not changed: expression of the starting material yields the oil directly.
 Current procedures also use organic solvents, and in both cases the crude oil undergoes various refining steps.
 Required/Possible steps prior to oil extraction
 Strict quality control of the starting material (e.g., absence of foreign matter and of deterioration) is in order and
 preliminary procedures are often required,
 general (cleaning, drying),
 specific (washing the olives; delintering cotton; shelling peanuts, soybeans, or sunflower seeds) linters=short
fibers
Extraction by Expression
 Generally screw presses are used because they afford a better yield than the older hydraulic presses: they
operate at higher pressures and continuously, not in batches, which is an added advantage.
 Prior to expression, oilseeds rich in proteins undergo cooking at around 90°C, which frees the oil by bursting cell
structures, but also coagulates the proteins.
 Most often a fast drying step follows.
Extraction by Solvents
 It is applicable to intact seeds as well as to seeds partially extracted by expression.
 The solvent, generally hexane (bp 65°C), is added to the cleaned, hulled and rough-milled seeds.
 An organic phase is recovered which is a solution of the oil in the solvent called miscella and also a solvent-
soaked defatted meal.
 Industrial setups: commonly have a countercurrent design. Oil recovery: 95 - 99%.
Refining the Crude Oil
Refining includes the following sequence:
Degumming (mucilage removal).
 Its role is to eliminate lecithins, proteins, and other constituents present in the oil in colloidal suspension.
 To accomplish this, the hot oil is hydrated, whereupon the colloids form a dense gel which separates from the
lighter oil. The gel is discarded and the oil dried under vacuum.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 90
  In most cases, this treatment is replaced by an injection of phosphoric acid into the hot oil: the phospholipids then
precipitate upon neutralization by sodium hydroxide.
Neutralization.
 The free fatty acids, always present in the crude oil, are neutratized by dilute sodium hydroxide.
 The soap formed (soap stock) adsorbs part of the impurities: coloring matter, phenols, sterols, wax esters, traces
of metals, and miscellaneous oxidation products.
 The excess soap and sodium hydroxide are removed by washing with hot water.
Determination of the fatty acid composition by GC
 It is carried out on methyl esters obtained by methylation subsequent to saponification or, more directly, by alkaline
methanolysis.
 This method is by far the most often used for fat analysis.
 In isothermal chromatography, fatty acid esters are identified by their «equivalent chain length», i.e., the length of
the saturated fatty chain that would have, in the same operating conditions, the same volume of retention as the
fatty acid under study.
 This (non--integer) value is deduced from the relation between the logarithm of the reduced retention volume and
the number of carbon atoms of the fatty acid.
 The knowledge of the fatty acid composition is not always sufficient to confirm the purity of the oil:
 Additional tests are required, especially the study of certain constituents of the unsaponifiable fraction which act as
«tracers».

Phoenix sylvestrisplant fruit and seeds

Outcome of the project:

The selected seed oil was converted into triacylglycerols successfully by various processes and may be expectations are
as followed.
(1) Triacylglycerol is also an important part of our bio-economy, providing a source of highly reduced carbon for both
food and nonfood applications, such as supplying a feedstock for the production of petrochemical alternatives.
(2) Other metabolic engineering strategies targeted at increasing the triacylglycerol content of seeds have involved
manipulation of other reactions in carbon flow that provide building blocks for fatty acid and storage lipid
biosynthesis. There has also been considerable interest in modifying the action of transcription factors that can up-
regulate a series of biochemical reactions in carbon flow.
(3) The triacylglycerol yield may be found to be 95% after the optimization.
(4) The physical and chemical properties of triacylglycerol produced will found to be close to those of fuel and also they
meet the ASTM standard specifications for biodiesel.
The resulting fuel is commonly referred to as biodiesel and has a dynamic viscosity range from 1.9 to 6.0 mm2 (ASTM
D6751). The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) found in biodiesel have a high energy density as reflected by their high heat
of combustion, which is similar, if not greater, than that of conventional diesel.

Yield, color and consistency of the oil extracts ofP. sylvestris seeds
Extracts Yield/200gm Colour and consistency
Petroleum ether 65ml Yellow oily (light)
n-Hexane 80ml Dark yellow oily (thick & gummy)

~~~*~~~
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 91
 M.Tech
Seminar Projects

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 92

 DESIGN AND FABRACATION OF ENZYME BASED BIOSENSOR KIT FOR THE DETECTION OF FORMALIN
ADULTERATION IN PRESERVED FOODS

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MTECH_006

College : R.V. College of Engineering, Bengaluru

Branch : Department of Biotechnology
Guide : Dr. Lingayya Hiremath
Mrs. M Rajeswari
Students : Ms. Anubha

Introduction:
Formalin is a 37% solution of formaldehyde. It is classified as a human carcinogenic agent but it is fraudulently
added in food to prevent food spoilage. The present work aims at developing a sensitive, selective, cost effective and as
well as user friendly biosensor for the detection of formalin adulteration in preserved foods. For this purpose, an
Electrochemical and an Electro-optical biosensor were developed. The Electrochemical biosensor comprised of a graphene
sheet as working electrode (WE) coated with enzyme formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH) immobilized in chitosan and
calomel electrode as the reference electrode in 0.05mM potassium phosphate as supporting electrolyte at pH 7.6. Graphene
sheet was synthesized by combining chemical synthesis and mechanical exfoliation methods. The Electro-optical biosensor
is Photovoltic which gives output in the form of voltage by converting some amount of incident light into voltage. The voltage
is then converted to digital values by an ADC. This digital voltage values are then fed to a microcontroller, which is
programmed to convert the voltage values to optical density which is displayed on the LCD. The detection limit ranges from
0.5 to 2 ppm.

Objectives
1. Immobilization of the enzyme (formaldehyde dehydrogenase) and development of Graphene, chitosan & enzyme
composite.
2. Characterization of the composite.
3. Electrochemical sensor design and development.
4. Electro-optical sensor design and development.
Methodology
I. Electrochemical sensor design and development
1. Graphene sheet was synthesized by combining chemical synthesis and mechanical exfoliation methods.
2. Known dose of the enzyme formaldehyde dehydrogenase was taken & mixed with a known quantity of chitosan
to get sol gel state.
3. Thus derived colloidal suspension was immobilized on the synthesized graphene sheets (working electrode)
4. Characterization of synthesized Graphene sheet and graphene and enzyme interaction will be studied using
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD).
5. The working electrode was tested for formalin sensitivity.

II. Electro-optical sensor design and development

1. Light from LED passes through the sample and some part of it is absorbed by the sample.
2. The sample also transmits some amount of light which falls on the LDR (photo detector) which generates a
voltage proportional to the amount of light falling on it.
3. The voltage is then converted to digital values by an ADC.
4. This digital voltage values are then fed to a microcontroller, which is programmed to convert the voltage values
to optical density which is displayed on the LCD.
Constants:
Source of light source: LED (UV purple LED Light), wavelength 390 to 395nm
Photodetector: Light dependent resisitor (LDR)
Platform: Arduino UNO
Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P
Software: ArduinoIDE (Integrated Development Environment)
Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts Operating Voltage: 5 Volts

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 93

Results
I. Tabulation of OD for varying HCHO concentration using Biosensor
Concentration (ppm) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
OD @ 390nm 0.2881 0.2930 0.2979 0.3027 0.3027 0.3027 0.3027

II. Morphological analysis of synthesised graphene by SEM

Figure 1: Graphene sheet (A) scanning electron micrograph and (B) XRD pattern

III. Morphological Characterization of Modified electrode

Figure 2: SEM image of (A) chitosan, (B) chitosan and FDH mix on Graphene sheet

Conclusion
The present results demonstrated the feasibility to design a biosensor based on free form enzyme formaldehyde
dehydrogenase and immobilized in chitosan to improve its stability and then deposited on graphene electrode for directly
determining formalin. Both the biosensors yielded potential changes which are correlated with the concentration of
substrate.
Using Electro-chemical biosensor the peak‘s potential reduction of NAD+ was found at 11 V.
A limit of detection is 0.5 ppm of formalin and a response time less than 30sec. The proposed biosensors have potential
advantages owing to its rapid response, high selectivity and real time procedure for analysis.

~~~*~~~
SYNTHESIS OF PONGAMIA OIL BASED LUBRICANT FOR MACHINING

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MTECH_005

College : R.V. College of Engineering, Bengaluru

Branch : Department of Product Design And Manufacturing
Guide : Prof. Chandra Kumar R
Students : Ms. Sahana V N

Introduction:
The use of edible vegetable oil to produce lubricants and cutting fluids is not feasible in view of the big gap in
demand and supply of such oil. Hence, nonedible vegetable oils are finding importance due to their abundance and also,
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 94
this would save large quantities of edible oils which are in great demand. The forecast for eco-friendly lubricants for next 10–
15 years is a worldwide volume share of approximately 15% and in some regions up to 30%. Vegetable oil-based cutting
fluids are highly biodegradable, eco- friendly, renewable, less toxic, high flash point, low volatility, high viscosity index, wide
production possibilities, and economical in the waste management. Vegetable oils primarily consist of triglycerides; the
triglycerol structure of vegetable oil makes it a strong competitor as a base stock for lubricants and functional fluids. Thus,
the use of these oils should be promoted. Biofuels have already been accepted around the world for their advantages over
conventional petroleum fuels, including the opportunity for energy independency. Now, similar growth is expected for bio
lubricants, which are derived from renewable vegetable oils for different applications. Jatropha and pongamia based
cutting fluids have a huge potential owing to their abundant availability, renewability, and biodegradability. However, the
challenges with these oils in meeting lubricant performance is their low oxidative stability; they cannot be used in their raw
form. Many metal cutting processes are tested by researchers to employ the vegetable oil-based fluids as metal cutting oils
and observed a better performance. The demand for a balance in meeting both the technological and environmental
requirements of a new cutting fluid for machining process forms the basis of this research. In this regard, nonedible
vegetable oil that is pongamia was experimentally investigated and compared with mineral oil (MO) based on Taguchi‘s
design of experiments, for their sustainability as metal cutting fluids during turning of mild steel.

Objectives and methodology

Project objectives
 Manufactured a pongamia oil-based bio lubricant for machining application.
 Studied the influence of pongamia oil-based metal working fluids in machining.
 Analyzed the performance parameters in terms of surface finish and cutting force on the work piece with mineral
oil-based cutting fluids.
Project methodology
 Literature survey was done on Vegetable oil-based cutting fluids.
 The advantages and disadvantages of Vegetable oil-based cutting fluids over Mineral oil-based cutting fluids was
studied and noted.
 Pongamia Pinnata oil was selected for this project as vegetable oil-based cutting fluid
 It was chemically modified through the process of epoxidation.
 The modified oil was tested to suit it to lubricant properties such as flash point, fire point, viscosity was tested.
 Mild steel was selected as specimen for the Turning process.
 Specimens were loaded on to the lathe machine and turning process was done on the specimen using Mineral oil-
based cutting fluid and Vegetable oil i.e. pongamia Oil.
Surface roughness Ra and cutting force were measured using Mitutoyo Surf test SJ-210 surface roughness tester and
cutting tool dynamometer.

Results and discussion:

The main aim of this project was to manufacture a Pongamia oil-based bio- lubricant for machining application.
This oil cannot be used in the raw form and thus some amount of chemical modification of this oil was required to suit it to
the lubricant properties or in fact improve the properties too. Hence epoxidation process was chosen for chemically
modifying it. This process is explained in the previous chapter. To find out the percentage epoxidation, bromine was used as
a medium.

Conclusion
Through this chemical route it has been found that 71.5 % of epoxidation has occurred. Thus, chemically modified
Pongamia oil which can be used as a lubricant is manufactured.
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra provide the direction and identification of characteristic groups in a
material. FTIR spectra of epoxidized Pongamia oil are shown in the fig below. Alkene double bonds of Pongamia at 3500
cm-1 disappear upon epoxidation. Meanwhile the formation of epoxy groups in the epoxidized Pongamia oil is indicated by a
double bond at 800 cm-1 and 1200 cm-1. The epoxy groups were probably introduced at the double bond positions between
carbon atom 8 and 9 or carbon 11 or 12.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 95

 Comparison of FTIR images of Pongamia oil and epoxy Pongamia oil.
Comparison of Physiochemical properties of oils
Properties of mineral oil
Properties mineral oil (MO)
Viscosity 38 x 10-6 m2/s
Viscosity Index 135
Flash point ⁰C 160
Fire point ⁰C 165

Properties of Pongamia oil

Properties Pongamia oil (PO)
Viscosity 45 x 10-6 m2/s
Viscosity Index 172
Flash point ⁰C 254
Fire point ⁰C 267
Properties of epoxidized Pongamia oil
Properties Epoxy Pongamia oil (EPO)
Viscosity 50 x 10-6 m2/s
Viscosity Index 195
Flash point ⁰C 170
Fire point ⁰C 172

Cutting force and surface roughness for interfamily comparison.

cutting fluids depth of cut feed rate spindle speed cutting force surface roughness
(mm) (mm) (rpm) (kgf) (Ra)
MO 0.5 0.14 520 9 9.068
MO 0.5 0.15 900 4 4.201
MO 0.5 0.16 360 19 8.86
MO 1 0.14 900 5 4.6575
MO 1 0.15 360 9 7.92
MO 1 0.16 520 10 5.495
MO 1.5 0.14 360 11 6.797
MO 1.5 0.15 520 10 4.788
MO 1.5 0.16 900 9 9.25
EPO 0.5 0.14 900 4 2.06
EPO 0.5 0.15 360 3 3.076
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 96
 EPO 0.5 0.16 520 4 3.5665
EPO 1 0.15 520 2 7.11
EPO 1 0.14 360 3 4.4335
EPO 1 0.16 900 7 4.37
EPO 1.5 0.14 520 5 5.717
EPO 1.5 0.15 900 5 3.95
EPO 1.5 0.16 360 4 7.366
WO 0.5 0.14 360 6 5.809
WO 0.5 0.15 520 24 6.5445
WO 0.5 0.16 900 13.4 7.335
WO 1 0.14 520 21 3.022
WO 1 0.15 900 15 3.806
WO 1 0.16 360 10 8.882
WO 1.5 0.14 900 11 3.421
WO 1.5 0.15 360 7 6.91
WO 1.5 0.16 520 5 4.8405

Factors and levels used in the experiment.

Factors levels
Cutting fluids MO (mineral oil) EPO (epoxidized WO (without oil)
Pongamia oil)
Depth of cut (mm) 0.5 1 1.5
Feed rate (mm) 0.14 0.15 0.16
spindle speed (rpm) 360 520 900
The optimum parameters for main effects plot for SN ratios for cutting force was found to be, when Pongamia oil
was used at 1.5 mm depth of cut, 0.15 mm feed rate and 360 rpm being the spindle speed. The optimum parameters for
main effects plot for SN ratios for surface roughness were, when Pongamia was used at 0.5 mm depth of cut, 0.14 mm feed
rate and 900 rpm being the spindle speed.
Hence, vegetable oil-based cutting fluids performed well
compared to mineral oil with respect to cutting force and surface
roughness. The lower cutting forces of vegetable oils can be
attributed to better lubricity, higher viscosity index, and better thermal
conductivity compared to mineral oils. This was because the modified
version has more resistance to molecular breakdown, or a molecular
rearrangement at a higher temperature, due to which the presence or
absence of oxygen molecules was improved. Previous studies also
confirmed that, chemically modified vegetable oil exhibited better
lubrication ability and stronger adsorption film onto metallic surface.
The better performance with respect to surface roughness
was due to the fact that the longer carbon chains of vegetable oil
corresponded to a stronger adsorption film which enhanced the
surface quality.
Thus, using the graphs and by performing 27 experiments the
optimum parameters were found. The main effects plot for means
were also obtained, and found that Pongamia oil at 1.5 mm depth of
cut, 0.15 mm feed rate, and 360 rpm being the spindle speed was
optimum for cutting force. The Main effects plot for means for surface
roughness was found to be Pongamia oil at 1 mm depth of cut at 0.16 mm feed rate and 900 rpm was the spindle speed.
Thus, the entire process from the procurement of oil till the machining operation and the results that were obtained after
machining were noted and analyzed and the entire set of procedures and results are tabulated according to different
chapters as shown above. Therefore, Pongamia oil-based bio lubricant for machining application was manufactured.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 97

Conclusions and future scope of work
 The main reason for considering Pongamia oil is because of its availability, renewability, affordability and
biodegradability.
 The percentage of epoxidation was found to be 71.5 %
 The flash point and the fire point of the epoxidized Pongamia oil were suiting to the properties of the
commercialized lubricant with slight increase in the value i.e. flash point 160 ⁰C to 170 ⁰C and fire point 165 ⁰C to
172 ⁰Cwhich proved to be good as these lubricants must have high boiling point, but the flash and fire point of raw
Pongamia oil was more than 200 ⁰C, whereas the viscosity of the oil increased from 38 x 10-6 m2/s to 50 x 10-6 m2/s
which is a disadvantage. Further this must be reduced to suit to lubricant properties.
 The formation of epoxy groups in the epoxidized Pongamia oil is indicated by a double bond at 800 cm -1 and 1200
cm-1 in the FTIR images.
 The optimum parameters for cutting force was found to be, when Pongamia oil was used at 1.5 mm depth of cut,
0.15 mm feed rate and 360 rpm being the spindle speed and for surface roughness were, when Pongamia was
used at 0.5 mm depth of cut, 0.14 mm feed rate and 900 rpm being the spindle speed.
 Thus, in the present work the epoxidation was successful, whereas very few physiochemical properties were
tested. The other properties which could be tested were the saponification value, iodine value, density, cloud point,
pour point etc. and is recommended for future work.

Future scope of work

 Research work for only Pongamia non-edible vegetable oil was considered for bio lubricant production and
much more exploration is recommended. Non edible oils are promising source of bio lubricants owing to its
similar properties to petroleum-based products. Many more non-edible oils should be considered for
replacement of petroleum-based products where ever possible.
 Study can be done on oxidative stability of the oils which were not considered for characterization of the oils
which is an important factor to be considered by the industries while machining. Work has to be done to
improve this, cold flow properties and irregular ignition characteristics.
 Further it is recommended for blends of synthesized bio-lubricant base oil and different additives to identify,
establish and verify the correct formulation for finished products for specific applications.
~~~*~~~

OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS OIL USING TAMARINDUS

INDICA AS CaO NANO CATALYST AND PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF CI ENGINE WITH
VARYING BIODIESEL BLENDS

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MTECH_003

College : Centre for Graduate Studies, V.T.U., Mysuru

Branch : Department Thermal Power Engineering
Guide : Prof. Krishnamurthy K N
Students : Ms. Hurnaz

Introduction
The fuel cost is boosting day by day due to that world needs alternative fuel sources. So we need to develop an
eco-friendly fuel to reduce the dependency of fossil fuels, because of increase of fuel demand due to the increase in
Automobile industry, power plant, cooking purpose etc... Considering these reasons we found an alternative fuel one of the
major energy media is oil the fuel production of oil is expected to reach peak next few years. The abundant supplies of coal
also, so there is a need for an alternative fuel sources. Biodiesel will be a renewable source, clean and complete
combustion; biodiesel developed by animal fat, vegetable oils and used-cooking oil. Biodiesel characteristics meet ASTM
standards. Biodiesel and its blends to diesel can be used in diesel engine directly with no alterations of engine. Like that
various vegetable oils are considered for the running CI engine in worldwide but Jatropha bio-diesel oil is most promising
biodiesel among all these alternative fuel.
The CI engines are mostly used due to its stable operation and its economic nature. The fast growth of population
and consequent energy utilization leads to decreasing of conventional sources there is a need for renewable alternative fuel
source. Due to the effect of greenhouse gas and the regulation to follow the norms of emission to safe guard the eco-system

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 98

from pollution. Bio fuel is the replacing fuel for petroleum fuels. Biofuel obtained from vegetable oil is one of the renewable
energy that can be used in a CI engine without any modifications. Other characteristics of biodiesel are same as of diesel.
The present study reveals that bio-diesel from Artocarpus heterophyllus seed oil is suitable for alternative fuel to convert a
Biofuel.
Biodiesel is a substitute fuel just like a conventional or fossil diesel and a methyl ester of fatty acid derived by using
a range of organic sources of oils; biodiesel also a renewable fuel, biodegradable and non-toxic. But it will be produced from
animal fats, vegetable oil, sallow and left over cooking oil by using the process called Transesterification.
R. Rezaei was done research various catalysthe used CaO as the suitable catalyst because it's miles cheaper and
environmental friendly. Transesterification response changed into completed
in presence of soybean oil, methanol and mussel shell catalyst at temperature 60°C using RSM technique. The result
indicates that at most desirable situation the purity of the yield of produced biodiesel at calcination temperature 1050°C
catalyst concentration of 12 wt. % and methanol to grease ratio of 24:1. In this condition the purity and yield of produced
biodiesel is a hundred% and ninety four.1%. The result suggests that the catalyst re-calcination decreases the pastime of
the catalyst.

Objectives
 To investigate new source for the synthesis of biodiesel from Artocarpus heterophyllus seed oil.
 To synthesis nanoparticle CaO catalyst from Tamarindus indica seed and to determine the characteristics of the
catalyst.
 To optimize the process parameters using nanoparticle CaO catalyst for maximizing the biodiesel yield using
response surface methodology (RSM) and to determine physical and chemical properties of biodiesel.
 To prepare the test samples by blending AHOME at various proposition of biodiesel with diesel (B20, B40, B60,
B80, B100 and diesel) and to determine its physical properties.
 To determine the performance, combustion and emission characteristics on CI engine for different blend samples
with diesel. The performance tests will be conducted at different compression ratios (16, 17.5 and 19).
 To generate cost analysis of the entire process in order to know the economic feasibility of the concept in reality.

Methodology
By using Soxhlet extractor to extract the oil from the Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds, using gas chromatography
(GC) analysis to determined the chemical properties like free fatty acid, saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acid. The
clean and dry Tamarindus indica seed were finely crushed by using a blender and obtained a dried powder of Tamarindus
indica, by calcinated and to extract the CaO nano catalyst. By using RSM method is incorporated to
determine the best potential combination of catalyst concentration, methanol/oil molar ratio, reaction time and reaction
temperature for maximum biodiesel yield. ANOVA technique is used to obtain statistical result for the optimization of
biodiesel production process with the use of central composite design (CCD). Using standard experimental set up to
determined the different physical properties like calorific value, density, specific gravity, viscosity, flash, fire, cloud and pour
point. Preparing Biodiesel samples by blending diesel with Artocarpus heterophyllus methyl ester such has [B20, B40, B60,
B80, and B100]. Performance, combustion and emission characteristic on produced Biodiesel samples are determine at
constant speed with varying load and compression ratios (16, 17.5, and 19). BP, BSFC, A/F ratio, mechanical, volumetric,
break thermal efficiencies etc., are determined for the prepared biodiesel samples. Combustion characteristics such as
combustion cylinder pressure & net heat release rate and emission characteristics like CO, CO2, NOx, UHC and smoke
opacity are determined. Various performance parameter graphs like BP V/S BSFC, break thermal efficiency and volumetric
efficiency are plotted. The obtained results will be compared with different compression ratios and different conclusions will
be drawn.
Optimization was done on CaO catalyzed process methanol to oil molar ratio is 6:1 to 10.5:1, catalyst concentration is
0.8 to 1.4, time is 30 to 90 min and temperature is 40 to 75ºC. Lowest yield obtained from CaO catalyzed process was 64 %
and highest was 97.19%.

1. Properties of Crude Artocarpus heterophyllus Oil and AHOME

Property specification Units Testing procedure ASTM Biodiesel Standard ASTM 6751-02 CAHO AHOME Diesel
Density at 15°C kg/m3 D1298 880 927 851 840
Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C mm2/s D445 1.9-6.0 44 5.25 3.72
Calorific Value kJ/kg D240 - 37415 37800 42500
Flash point °C D93 130 245 211 50
Cloud point °C D2500 -3 to -12 15 6 -7
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 99
 Pour point °C D97 -15 to10 8 4 -15
Acid value mg KOH/g D664 0.80 max 11 0.13 0.051
Copper strip corrosion for 3 h No.3 max. 1a 1a
D130 1
at 100°C
Sulphur content %m/m D5453 0.05 max. 0.015 0.04 0.08
Carbon residue %m/m D4530 0.05 max. 0.510 0.11 0.821
Cetane number D613 47 min. 29 51 49.7
Ash content % mass D0482 0.05 max. 0.0625 0.012 0.08
Distillation temperature 90% °C D1160 360 max at 95% distilled - 330 370
Oxidation stability, at 110°C Hour EN14112 Min. 3 h - 7.83 26.5
Ester Content mg, of KOH/g EN 14103 96.5 82.88 96.29 -
Saponification value mg KOH/g oil - - 208 181.5 -

Engine Specification
Kirloskar Engine TV 1 Specifications
Type: Four Stroke, Single Cylinder Vertical Water Cooled Diesel Engine
Rated power - 5.12 kW
Rated Speed - 1500rpm
Bore Dia (D) - 87.5 mm
Stroke (L) - 110 mm
Compression ratio - 17.5:1
C.V. of Fuel for diesel 42,500kJ/kg
Density of Diesel - 840 kg/m3

Fig.2 Experimental set up of the C.I. engine with exhaust analyzer

Result:
Number of tests have been carried out to inspect properties, performance and emission characteristics for unlike
blends such as [D100, B10, B25, B50, B75, and B100] in assessment with pure diesel for varying injection pressures like
160 bar, 180 bar and 200 bar pressure. Which improves the performance and emission characteristics of engine? From the
obtained result there is an increase in 2% of brake thermal efficiency and decrease of 0.08 kg/kW-hr of B.S.F.C for B10
blend at 180 bar pressure when compared to diesel. At 200 bar pressure the characteristics of blended fuels and diesel will
remain same. For 160 bar pressure, the performance of engine at high blend proportion like B50 and B75 shows very poor
performance when compared to diesel. At the same pressure (160 bar), all emission characteristics like HC, CO, CO2 and
NOx were much greater when compared to the emissions at other pressures.
From the emission characteristics graphs, the result shows that, for 180 bar pressure there is a reduction of 0.10%
in CO and 35 ppm of HC for a blend proportion of B10 when compared to diesel. But, there is a partial increase in CO 2 and
NOx for 180 bar pressure for all the blends of biodiesel when compared to diesel. At 200 bar pressure, all the emission
characteristics except CO2 decreases for all blend proportion when compared to diesel.
From the experimental investigation, it can be concluded that at 180 bar pressure for B10 blend performance and
emission characteristics gives the significant results when compared to diesel and other blend proportions among other
injection pressures. Hence, the experimental result suggests that B10 blend at 180 bar pressure is suitable to run the
compression ignition engine, with minimum modifications which meets global energy crisis and satisfies environmental
regulations.
The above figures shows the effect of load on CO, CO2, HC, and NOx emission when engine was made to run with
B10, B25, B50, B75 and B100 and diesel. The above figures shows that CO, CO 2, HC, and NOx emission increases with
increase in the percentage of load and decreases with increase in the biodiesel blends because of high oxygen content in
the biodiesel that make the combustion clean. As the load increases the cylinder temperature also increases.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 100

Conclusion:
The overall study was done on optimization and extraction of Biofuel from Artocarpus heterophyllus oil methyl ester.
The maximum yield of 97.19% is obtained from 9:1 molar ratio 1.2 CaO catalyst concentration 75 min reaction time at 64°C.
Various Thermo physical properties were determined Viscosity, Density, Calorific value, Flash and Fire point etc.., these are
all within ASTM standard values and biofuel is blended with Diesel in variable ratios. The Psychochemical properties of
Samples produced satisfied the ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 Biodiesel standards, from the experimentation we can say that
Calorific value decreases, Density and Viscosity increases with the increase in percentage of Blend. By using 4stroke Single
Cylinder engine, the engine performance parameters are all lesser compared to Diesel.Engine performance was done at
constant injection pressure of 200bar and various graphs were plotted and were tabulated.

~~~*~~~

PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM CANNABIS SATIVA (HEMP) SEEDS, PRFORMANCE AND EMISSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE FUELED WITH CANNABIS SATIVA BIODIESEL

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MTECH_001

College : P.D.A. College of Engineering, Kalaburagi

Branch : Department Thermal Power Engineering
Guide : Dr. Channappa H Biradar
Students : Mr. Mohammed Kinan Afif

Introduction:
In the modern world, the demand for non-renewable energy sources is increasing day by day due to modernization
and mechanization. The increasing demand for the petroleum based fuels has led to oil crises in the recent times. Therefore
attention has been focused on developing the renewable or alternate fuels to replace the petroleum based fuels for transport
vehicles.In the present study biodiesel was produced by cannabis sativa Hemp seeds oil. Single step base catalytic
transesterification process was used to convert seed oil into biodiesel. Hemp seed are non-edible and contain 30-35% of oil
which is use in cosmetic, medicines and other trading purposes. From the literature review, it is found that most of the
research works have been carried out on a number of alternative fuels in diesel engines especially biodiesel produced from
different kinds of vegetable oils, and very limited work has been done on biodiesel produced from Cannabis sativa known as
industrial Hemp seeds.Si-Yu, Stuart et al.2010; converted industrial hemp seeds into methyl esters, and compared
Physicochemical properties of hemp biodiesel with base diesel and concluded that quality of biodiesel was found to be
comparable with the ASTM D6751. Stamenkovic et al.2015; the methanolysis of hempseed oil catalyzed by potassium
hydroxide was studied using the full central composite rotatable design. More favorable optimum reaction temperature and
methanol: hempseed oil molar ratio (43.4 oC and 6.4:1) than the latter (56.8 oC and 8.5:1) at a somewhat higher catalyst
loading (1.2% versus 1.0%).

Objectives:
 To extract biodiesel from non-edible seeds of Cannabis sativa (hemp) as a feedstock to diesel engine using
mechanical expeller machine.
 Evaluate the Physicochemical properties of pure bio-diesel and compare it with the ASTM
Standards.
 To run a Kirloskar TV1 single cylinder, four stroke DI engine, with rated power of 3.5kW at 1500rpm.
 To run the diesel engine with different blend such as B10%, B20%, B30%, B50% and B100%
 To carry out engine performance such as Brake thermal efficiency and Brake Specific fuel consumption
 To carry out emission characteristic such as unburned hydrocarbon, Oxides of nitrogen, Carbon monoxide, Carbon
dioxide and Smoke opacity.

Methodology:
Biodiesel production: Hemp seeds were crushed in a mechanical expeller machine to
extract oil from it. Study reviles Hemp seeds contain 25-35% of oil. In the present study by
crushing 1kg of hemp seeds 340gms of oil was obtain. The Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content of
the produced oil is determined by titrating oil against NaOH solution using iso-propyl alcohol
with phenolphthalein indicator. If the FFA content is lesser than 2% single stage alkali base
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 101
process is chosen and if the FFA content is greater than 2% acid base and alkali base process is chosen. FFA of hemp oil
was found to be 1.69% so Biodiesel was preparedby single-step base catalyzed transesterification process with methanol in
presence of NaOH as catalyst. Before transesterification hemp oil was heated in a 1000ml round bottom flask on a heating
mental integrated with a magnetic stirrer rotating at 600 rpm. As shown in figure 1. In a separate beaker ‗Alcohol mixture‘
was prepared by mixing 300ml of methanol and 5.5g of sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). When the temperature of hemp oil
reaches to 60oC Alcohol mixture was added in round bottom flask. The mixture was stirred rigorously and heated to 70 oC for
2 hours.

Drying process: The chemical reaction takes place and biodiesel get yielded. The product was allowed to settle down in a
separation funnel for duration of 60 minutes. Separation takes place and two distinct phases was formed as shown in figure
2. Upper one is biodiesel and the lower one is glycerol. After separating glycerol from the funnel, 80% biodiesel yield was
noted. The hemp biodiesel obtain from the separation process is washed several time with water of temperature above
60oC.as shown in figure 3. Washing process is continued for 5-6 time, till the pH of water reduces to 7, the hemp biodiesel is
further send for drying process. In the drying process biodiesel is again heated on a heating mental till the temperature
reaches to 110oC to insure complete removal of trapped methanol.as shown in figure 4. Once the temperature reaches the
yield of biodiesel was found to be 92%. Finally the biodiesel was kept in a beaker to obtain room temperature.

Fuel properties: Numbers of tests were conducted to analyze the composition and physicochemical properties of biodiesel.
Properties of test fuels are presented in Table 1. The various properties like kinematic viscosity, density, calorific value, flash
point temperature of hemp biodiesel were determined by using ASTM methods and compared with base diesel properties.

Table.1: Physico-chemical properties of diesel and hemp biodiesel.

ASTM ASTMD6751
Property of fuels Units Biodiesel Diesel
Test method Limits
Density at 15 C
o kg/m 3 D-4052 0.871 0.828 0.86 - 0.89
Kinematic Viscosity at 40oC mm2/s D-445 4.82 2.57 1.90 - 6.0
Flash point oC D-93 176 53 130min
Cloud point oC D-2500 3.7 -3 -3 to 12
Pour point oC D-97 -1 -2.2 -15 to 10
Gross calorific value kJ/kg D-4809 41742 42600 Above 37656
Acid value mgKOH/g D-664 0.41 0.35 0.50 Max

Fig.5 Pictorial view of DI Engine setup

Results and discussion:
Experimental investigation was carried out on a typical Kirloskar TV1 single cylinder, four strokes constant speed
diesel engine. Pictorial view of test engine is shown in figure.5 the engine is started and allowed to warm-up for some time.
Data are obtained at various loads of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. All the performance and emission results are
presented and discussed in this section.

Performance Analysis:
Power: Brake thermal efficiency increases with increase in load up to 80% and then decreases at full load due to
incomplete combustion The maximum brake thermal efficiencies at full load condition for base diesel, B10, B20, B30, B50
and B100 are 28.2%, 27.5%, 26.8%, 25.3%, 24.1%, 23.6% respectively. From fig.6 it is clear that brake thermal efficiency of
diesel is high because of its lower viscosity, lower density, and higher heat content comparison to hemp oil methyl ester and
its blends. The reason that HME is showing low efficiency is due to high density, viscosity and lower heat value of base
diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is the actual mass of fuel consumed to produce 1kW power output in an
hour. Figure.7 shows the variation in BSFC of diesel and all biodiesel blends. It is noted that BSFC of hemp methyl ester
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 102
blends B10, B20, B30, B50 and B100 is higher than that of base diesel at various load conditions. But the blend B20 is
similar to diesel. This can be attributed to the low calorific values in the biodiesel blends. The percentage of hemp biodiesel
in blends influences the engine economy with better performance.

Emissions Characteristics:
Power: From fig.8 it is shown that at full load diesel had highest HC emission of 45 ppm whereas for B10 it shows 40ppm.
There was a reduction of 10% HC emission indicates better combustion of biodiesel for B10. This is because of complete
combustion of the fuel due to the presence of oxygen content in the biodiesel that leads to faster the combustion chemical
reaction. Fig.9 shows the lower CO emissions have been observed with blended biodiesel fuel and least in B10 and B20
samples this may be due to the oxygen content and less C/H ratio of biodiesel that causes complete combustion. However,
it is revealed that the decreasing trend of CO emission does not rely on biodiesel percentage in the blends.
The variation in NOx concentration with brake power for B10, B20, B30, B50, B100 and base diesel is plotted in
Fig.10 NOx emissions of all biodiesel blends are higher than that of conventional diesel. It is found that NOx emission of B10
is increased by 2% when compared to diesel at rated load and for B100 20% hike in NOx emission is greatly influenced by
the percentage of biodiesel in blends. The effect of the biodiesel blend on CO2 emission is shown in fig.11 for the biodiesel
and its blend, the CO2 emission where less up to 30% load after that, the CO2 emission is higher for B100 at maximum load
with a value of 5.1% by volume. Figure.12 shows the variation of smoke opacity with brake power for diesel, biodiesel and
its blends. There is a significant reduction in smoke emission of 14.6% for B10 at full load compared to diesel because of its
oxygenated nature. But at low and middle engine loads the smoke opacity is higher than diesel.

Smoke opacity V/S Brake power

Conclusions:
 During the investigation several test were carried out, Diesel engine can perform satisfactorily with Hemp biodiesel
and their blends without any engine modifications.
 BTE increases with increase in load up to 80% and then decreases at full load due to incomplete combustion.
B10% and B20% was noted nearly similar to base diesel.
 It was observed that BSFC first decreases for all the test fuels with increase in load i.e. up to 80% and then tends
to increase with increase in load. Brake specific fuel consumption for B20% was noted similar to base diesel and
B10% was nearest to base diesel, because of high density, high volatility and low heat content of biodiesel.
 CO and HC emissions are highest for diesel and lowest for all the blends because of higher oxygen content. It is
also concluded that with increase in load both CO and HC tends to decrease.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 103

  NOx emissions of all biodiesel blends are higher than that of base diesel. It was found that NOx emission of B10 is
increased by 2% when compared to diesel at rated load and for B100 20% hike in NOx emission is greatly
influenced by the percentage of biodiesel in blends.
 Smoke emissions were significant reduction in smoke emission of 14.6% for B10 at full load compared to diesel
because of its oxygenated nature.
 Thus, results indicate that Hemp biodiesel can be used as an alternative and environment friendly fuel for a diesel
engine. However, detailed analysis of more blends will surely give an emphasis on the kind of bio-diesel that can
be finally used in I.C. engines in the days to come in order to overcome the disadvantages of the petroleum diesel
fuel that can be commercially developed as well.

Scope for future work:

 The performance and emission characteristics of the engine with variation of compression ratio of the engine can
be studied for all blends.
 Experimentation can be carried out on multi cylinder engines to study the behaviour of these fuels to ascertain the
usage in the practical engines.
 Along with biodiesel blends some oxygenated fuel additives can be added and Performance characteristics can be
analysed.
 Preheated fuel can be used in order to get the reduction in viscosity which will result in similar characteristics to
that of diesel.
 The heat energy required for preheating of fuel can be obtained by utilizing the heat of exhaust gases.
~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 104

 MBA
Seminar Projects

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 105

 A STUDY ON THE SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN BIOFUEL COMPANIES

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MBA_002

College : Don Bosco Institute of Technology

Branch : Master of Bussiness Adminstration
Guide : Dr. Meera Uday
Mr. Brijesh Singh
Students : Mr. Bhaskara Rakshith
Ms. Meghana.G
Mr. Santhosh Kn
Mr. Ranjithkumar K.N.

Introduction:
 One of the most important question that's haunting us today is the Global warming, Climate change and the soil
and environmental pollution.
 All of us are seriously concerned about the future of the next generation.
 Will they live in a safe environment or they have to live on an earth, full of natural calamities, devastation and
disease.
 The world's energy consumption is continually rising and is predicted to increase by a further 37% over the next
two decades, while earth's natural energy resources such as coal and oil are fast depleting.

Objectives:
 To understand the distribution channel of bio-fuel.
 To understand the supply chain management strategies of bio-fuel
Methodology:
 The team planning to visit nearby bio-fuel companies in Karnataka (selected 3-5) and understand distribution and
supply chain management strategies.
 Biofuel park centre – Hassan
 Eco green india pvt.ltd (peenya), Bangalore
 India bio energy.com(ub city), Bangalore

Progress of the work

 Contacted the HR Manager of South India Paper Mills, Nanajanagud for the Plant Visit and the date of visit is to be
finalised.
 Requested the reference for, other nearby Plants in Mysore region.
 Trying to contact other Biofuel plants in Bangalore.

~~~*~~~

DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL FOR BIODIESEL MANUFACTURING FROM USED
COOKING OIL IN BANGALORE CITY.

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MBA_001

College : M.S. Ramaiah Institute Of Technology

Branch : Master Of Bussiness Adminstration
Guide : Dr. Y.M Satish
Students : Ms. C. Varsha
Mr. Rohit. K
Mr. Venkatesh N
Mr. Surya M

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 106

Introduction:
Bengaluru being the IT capital and Pub capital of India is growing in the means of population, which is directly
impacting the growth of various food ventures day-by-day. This increasing number in food ventures are generating a large
amount of used oil and used unusable oil. The used oil generated in the kitchens of all these food ventures are either been
dumped into garbage through BBMP or are been passed into the sewage system of the city. This may create problem in
future to the environment and society.
To overcome the problems of disposal of this used cooking oil, best methodology can be applied to utilize this used cooking
oil to generate biodiesel out of it.
Bengaluru will be the great source for non-edible cooking oil and its generation for biodiesel. But the challenge here
lies with the collection of used cooking oil from various sources spread across Bengaluru city. This report totally focuses on
the various sources, availability, variations and frequency of disposal of used cooking oil. This report will also focus on
various methodologies of collection of used cooking oil throughout Bengaluru. On the other hand, also will be considered as
important aspect for this procedure.

Objectives
1. To ascertain the availability of waste cooking oil in organized units in South Bangalore city.
2. To forecast the quantity of waste cooking oil generated from this region.
3. To identify an effective method of collecting waste cooking oil for production of Biodiesel.
4. To develop a sustainable Supply Chain Model of biodiesel manufacturing in Bangalore.

Problem Definition
Bio-diesel is an alternative fuel for fossil diesel, can meet the rising energy demand and also reduce environment
pollution. The cost of bio-diesel mainly depends on input cost. If the input cost is less, cost effective production of bio-diesel
is possible. Production of bio-diesel from used cooking oil serves this purpose. In addition to this it has an indirect benefit of
environmental protection as it results in conversion of waste into environmental friendly fuel. In this study we have tried to
identify the amount of used cooking oil that has been generated in all the organised outlets and few unorganised outlets viz
hotels, restaurants, bars, pubs, food industries etc. in Bengaluru city.
Bengaluru being a vast city, we focused on the northern and western parts of the city by setting a boundary line and covered
some major areas. The survey analyses the used cooking oil generated in these areas.

Design / Implementation:

A. Data Collection:
Primary Data: The study relies majorly on primary data which has been collected through a structured questionnaire.
Structured questionnaire had been administered to the administrative staff of the organized units and owners of the
unorganized units for collecting relevant data required for achieving objectives of the study.
Secondary Data: The secondary data has been collected from the published sources such as newspapers, magazines,
Govt Publications and other related websites.

B. Sampling:
A stratified random sampling has been followed to get samples from both organized and unorganized units operative in
South Bengaluru city. The major focus is relied on organized units. The samples have been drawn from different locations in
North Bengaluru which include Koramangla, JP Nagar, BTM Layout and Jaynagar.

Limitations of the study:

• Scope of the project was confined to very few areas of Bengaluru city due to time and budget constraints.
• Many unorganized and organized units had lack of information about quantity of used cooking oil which they
disposed.
• Study focuses on mainly organized units due to inadequate response from unorganized units.
• There is a low rate of response observed by the owners of the Organised and Unorganised units to deliver the
information about their waste cooking oil generation.

Observations
• Every specific area/ward has countable number of Organised units out of which many are unaware of benefits one
can follow by selling the used cooking oil for the production of bio-diesel.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 107
 • Lack of awareness of reusing used cooking oil again and again exist in handsome amount.
• Many grease producing industries are also procuring used cooking oil from many units.
• It has been also observed that motor vehicle washing centres also purchase this used cooking oil for washing the
vehicles.
• Deliberate disposal of used cooking oil in both Organized and Unorganized units is being practiced. The disposal
here is either through their Sewage system or into the garbage.
• A well-established communication network should be developed for the procurement of used cooking oil from the
organised and unorganised units.

Results
Mode of Disposal Maintained By Hotels

8
6
4
2
0
Independent Hotels Star Hotels Chain Hotels Suites Business Hotels

BBMP Private Vendor Registered Vendor Self-Disposal

Conclusion
• It is found from the study that there is an ample scope for enhancing the collection of used cooking oil for
production of biodiesel.
• Educating the organised units, proper government regulations for collection and disposal of used cooking oil would
definitely result in enhancing the production of biodiesel.
• BBMP involvement in collection of used cooking oil may play a proactive role as it is present in each and every
ward of Bengaluru City.

Scope for further Work

Since our study was confined to cover organized sectors of used cooking oil generation located in the southern
region of Bangalore such as Koramangala, JP Nagar, Jayanagar, BTM Layout, Electronic City. It may not reflect the true
potential of used cooking oil generation in south part of Bangalore city. Hence there is adequate scope for extending the
study to cover the entire Koramangala region which represents the southern part of Bangalore and seasonal variation in
generation of used cooking oils from organized units in Koramangala region. Once our study was confined to cover
organized sectors of used cooking oil generation location southern region of Bangalore.
What’s New
• To forecast the amount of non-edible oil generated from these units.
• To focus on one particular region of South Bangalore to get the cluster of data.
• To forecast the Supply chain of Used Cooking Oil of Koramangala Region.
• Using the Statistical Analysis through SPPS Software to examine the nature of the Data.

~~~*~~~

A STUDY ON LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT OF BIOFUEL

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MBA_003

College : M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology

Branch : Master of Bussiness Adminstration
Guide : Dr. Santhosh Kumar S
Students : Ms. Lindsey Catherine Sequira
Mr. Shahid Ahmed
Mr. Punith Kg
Mr. Omer Farooq Lone
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 108
Introduction
Biodiesel marketing and the distribution of biofuel products takes place on a vast, global scale. Every day,
hundreds of thousands of companies and individuals buy these products at wholesale or directly from retail outlets that now
number in the thousands. As one of the most geographically widespread suppliers of biodiesel in the developed countries,
Targray is ideally positioned to help bio-based fuel manufacturers create a stable source of income from the sale of biofuels.
But, there are various sources of non-harmful fuel such as biofuels, which can be obtained from diverse vegetable oils and
animal fats. Its primary advantage is that, it is being one of the most renewable forms of fuels currently available and it is
also non-toxic and biodegradable in nature. It can also be used directly in most diesel engines without requiring extensive
engine modifications. However, the cost of biodiesel is the major hurdle to its commercialization in comparison to petroleum-
based diesel fuel. The cost effective production of biodiesel provides an alternative fuel to its users, the cost incurred on
biodiesel manufacturing can be controlled by the usage of cost effective raw materials and by controlling the cost of
transportation of the feedstock from its hub to the biodiesel manufacturing unit. Used cooking oil from restaurants and hotels
in organized and unorganized sectors can be obtained at a minimal cost and it is a wise feedstock for converting into
biodiesel. This study focuses on identifying the prospective procurement, transport, storing, processing and effectively
managing the end product.

Statement of the problem

As the costs of procuring, managing and producing are high which result in higher prices of the product, the
management of cost is very important in order to compete with a very streamlined process which in recent years crude oil
management is able to achieve by managing costs in various different aspects in its logistics and production.
As raw material is majorly agricultural waste, agriculture in India is very unorganized it requires a very organized
approach towards the supply chain management.

Objectives
 To identify and address the problems in the Logistics management of Biofuel.
 To develop a model for the upstream and the midstream logistics.
 To suggest the customized models for rural and urban logistics management.

Methodology
The study involves comparative study between the different methodologies used by successful co-operative
societies and making a model which complements the situation and the need, requirements of the setup. Making a new
model which includes rural specific requirements and urban specific requirements. Finding cost effective ways to collect,
transport, manage the supply of the raw material in streamlined and potent ways.

Scope: The study is restricted to Bangalore urban and rural areas.

Expected Outcomes
 Develop a model which streamlines the process of collection of the raw material
 Include a decentralized system which can help in reducing cost
 Solutions and suggestions towards the development of sustainable systems
 It provides inputs to Government in policy making related to commercialization of biofuels in the segmented
markets.
~~~*~~~

BIOGAS AND ORGANIC VEGETABLES - FINANCIALLY FEASIBLE AGRI BUSINESS PROJECT WITH SPECIAL
REFERANCE TO DEDS SCHEME OF NABARD

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MBA_004

College : Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering, Mangaluru

Branch : Master of Bussiness Adminstration
Guide : Prof. K Abhaya Kumar
Students : Mr. Rakshit
Mr. Irshad
Ms. Alveeera Glenisha Fernandes

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 109

Introduction:
Biogas is a source of renewable energy which is produced by anaerobic digestion of biodegradable organic
feedstock like municipal an industrial waste animal and agricultural waste. Biogas contributes high methane content
(approximately 40-70%) which can be further upgraded to the quality of natural gas. The upgraded biogas can be injected
into gas grid or used as fuel for transport. In the rural areas family type biogas system exists which is facilitating daily need
of the household. Cattle-dung and agricultural waste is the main source of raw material for the house hold biogas digester.
This is mainly used for the cooking purpose. In 2014-15 about 20757 lakh cubic meters of biogas is produced in India which
is equivalent to 6.6 crore domestic LPG cylinders. Under the programme called, National Biogas and Manure Management
Program (NBMMP) with a budget of 650 crore government is planning to set up 6.5 lakh biogas plant across India. By
setting up of this plant it is estimated that nearly 1-6 cubic meter of biogas per day can be produced. DEDS scheme of
NABARD is the motivating scheme to households or young entrepreneurs to start dairy business by enjoying 25 to 33.33%
subsidy for all the capital expenditures related to dairy enterprise. Most of the young generation will not prefer farming or
dairy farming because of its poor yield rate. But this DEDS scheme will reduce the initial capital expenditure, which will result
in increased return for dairy business. Once households or young entrepreneurs decide to go for dairy business, obviously
they will decide to go for biogas plant to reduce the cost of LPG. As the DEDS scheme is applicable for more than 10 cows,
the amount of cow dung production from the cows will be in large scale. That makes the dairy entrepreneur to go for biogas
and one can think about organic vegetables farming also. The slurry what we get from the biogas plant will be a very good
organic manure for vegetables and fruits. With this background, it is necessary to do feasibility study by collecting some
primary data from experienced entrepreneurs and farmers in Udupi and Dakshina Kannada district.

Objectives:
1. To understand the land requirement for different capacity levels of dairy farming.
2. To determine the number of cows required for different quantity levels of bio gas production.
3. To estimate the milk yield from different breeds of cows.
4. To estimate the cash inflows and cash outflows for dairy business.
5. To estimate the capital expenditure for different capacity level‘s bio gas plants.
6. To apply the capital budgeting techniques and to evaluate the feasibility of dairy enterprise and biogas project with
DED scheme.

Methodology:
To answer the first three objectives primary data collection method, specifically survey method is used. Team
members are visiting different milk collection unions and filling the schedule by asking few relevant questions. Following are
the questions used in the survey.
1. Name:
2. Place: Village………… & Taluk………
3. Contact Number:…………
4. Family size:…………….
5. Are you using biogas?
6. Whether biogas is 100% substitute for LPG…………………..or partial?
7. If partial how often you buy the LPG now…............... & Earlier…………………
8. According to your experience to meet your family requirement how many cows cow dung is required to get
enough biogas?
9. When did you install ………………….and what was the installation cost…………………..
10. How many cows you have?........................
11. What is the quantity of milk you supply every day to the dairy? ………………..
12. Size of land holding?.................
13. For 10 cows dairy business, according you how much land is required?...........

 Collected data will be presented in tables, crosstabs and charts, descriptive statistics will be used to analyse and
interpret the data.
 Few literatures are also used in estimating cash inflows and outflows, further even for the land and cow requirement
estimation few literatures are used.
 Data with respect to pricing of organic vegetables and fruits are collected from ―Nisargika‖ an organic food supply shop
in Mangalore.
 Bio plant installation costs will be collected from one of the distribution agency locally.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 110
 To address the fourth, fifth and sixth objectives capital budgeting techniques will be used; specifically DCF techniques
will be used.

Results and conclusion:

As on 27th June 2019, detailed literature review is done and data are collected from 47 respondents out of 100
intended sample size. Survey is still going on and the same will be completed in another 2 days. Few analyses from the
collected data are done and they show the following results.

1. Geographical spread of respondents (as on 27th June 2019)

Villages Covered
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Ajekar 1 2.1 2.1 2.1
Ajjibettu 1 2.1 2.1 4.3
Balnadu 1 2.1 2.1 6.4
Bola 1 2.1 2.1 8.5
Irvalnur 1 2.1 2.1 10.6
Kallamundkur 1 2.1 2.1 12.8
Kallar 1 2.1 2.1 14.9
Kannur 1 2.1 2.1 17.0
Kedila 3 6.4 6.4 23.4
Kukkundu 5 10.6 10.6 34.0
Kuloor 1 2.1 2.1 36.2
Laila 1 2.1 2.1 38.3
LaILA 1 2.1 2.1 40.4
Moodiger 1 2.1 2.1 42.6
Nakre 4 8.5 8.5 51.1
Nallurr 1 2.1 2.1 53.2
Nitte 1 2.1 2.1 55.3
Padil 1 2.1 2.1 57.4
Paladka 1 2.1 2.1 59.6
Pasur 1 2.1 2.1 61.7
Permanki 2 4.3 4.3 66.0
Sarve 1 2.1 2.1 68.1
Savanal 6 12.8 12.8 80.9
Shirlal 1 2.1 2.1 83.0
Shirlalu 1 2.1 2.1 85.1
Shirlalu. B 1 2.1 2.1 87.2
Surathka 1 2.1 2.1 89.4
Surathkal 1 2.1 2.1 91.5
Thaneerbhavi 1 2.1 2.1 93.6
Vamanjoo 3 6.4 6.4 100.0
Total 47 100.0 100.0
As of today 47 respondents have responded for the survey instrument schedule and our target sample size is 100. These 47
represents 30 different villages of Mangalore, Belthangady and Karkala taluks from Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of
Karnataka.

2. No of Cows required to manage the LPG requirement

Family Size * No of Cows Required to manage your LPG requirements Cross tabulation
Count
No of Cows Required to manage your LPG requirements
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 10.00 13.00 Total
Family Size 2.00 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 111
 3.00 1 2 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 8
4.00 5 7 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 15
5.00 2 4 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 9
6.00 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 5
7.00 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
8.00 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 4
11.00 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
30.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
200.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Total 8 16 8 7 2 1 2 2 1 47

Table no 02 shows the crosstabs between family size and No of Cows required to manages households LPG requirement.
The maximum family size in the table is 200, is a catholic convent and minimum family size is 2. In today‘s nuclear family
system, the standard size of family will be 4; even in the above crosstab the frequency of this category is 15 out of 47. In
that majority (12 households) have said that to manage family of 4 member, 2-3 cows cow dung is required. Upper side
family with 8 members we had 4 respondents and they gave 4 different numbers that is in between 5 to 10. Finally the
lowest, family with 3 members we had 2 households and they said to manage their requirements 3 cows required.

3. Milk supply and no of Cows

No of Cows with you * Milk supply quantity Cross tabulation
Count
Milk supply quantity
.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 Tot
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 al
No 1.00 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
of 2.00 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
Co 3.00 1 0 1 3 1 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 16
ws 4.00 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9
with 5.00 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
you 6.00 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
7.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2
8.00 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3
9.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
10.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0
13.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0
22.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0
Total 8 1 3 3 2 1 1 7 3 5 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 47

Entire project is based on dairy enterprise and the DEDS scheme of NABARD, these two in turn will motivate the
households to go for biogas. Based on the collected data it is also true that few families go for dairy farming just to fulfill their
milk and cooking energy requirements. But a young entrepreneur of course expects attractive return rather than just
household requirements. That is how this cross tabulation makes sense in this bio energy project. But the challenge here is
cows of different variety of breeds, the common answer we got from the respondents were either cross or jersey. In fact few
households are not supplying any amount of milk to the society because of their family size and the local breed cow. From
table no 3 it is clear that there are 4 house hold with only one cow, in that one family supplies average 3 liters of milk per day
and other 3 households are not supplying any amount of milk to the society. Out of 47 households 16 (majority) have 3 cows
and in the same category 4 households supply average 10 liters of milk per day. Finally the interesting number is house hold
with 22 cows, which supplies average 60 liters of milk per day.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 112

4. Savings in LPG cost and number of Cows
What % LPG Cost Reduced * No of Cows with you Cross tabulation
Count
No of Cows with you
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 13.00 22.00 Total
What % LPG Cost Reduced 40.00 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
50.00 3 4 4 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 14
60.00 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 5
75.00 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2
80.00 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 6
85.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
90.00 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
100.00 0 1 4 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 15
Total 4 5 16 9 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 47
Table no:04, Source: Primary data

Table no 4 is the crosstab between reduction in LPG cost and number of cows owned by the households. 15 (majority) Out
of 47 said that their 100% LPG requirement is taken care by the biogas. Here savings of 50% category we have the next
highest frequency of 14. Further this number also varies with the size of family.

Conclusion:
Based on the collected data, to fulfill the LPG requirement of one family with 4 – 5 members on an average 4 cows
cow dung is required. And the Dairy enterprise will be a profitable business with the support of DEDS scheme of NABARD.
It is also evident from the collected data that even institutions or organizations, if there is huge requirement for milk, then
dairy farming with biogas plant will be profitable or cost effective.

Scope for future work:

The focus in this study is on biogas production for households. As we are linking our dairy enterprise with DEDS
scheme, the volume of dairy business will be definitely large. On the other hand there are lots of researches coming up with
respect to filling the Biogas to cylinders. These two factors give scope for the further development of the present work to
commercialize the biogas from dairy enterprises.
~~~*~~~

BIOFUEL FROM PALM SEEDS - A FEASSIBILITY STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_MBA_005

College : Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering, Mangaluru

Branch : Master of Bussiness Adminstration
Guide : Prof. Ajith Dmello
Students : Mr. Prajnesh
Ms. Aishwarya
Mr. Mahammed Sinan

Introduction:
The petroleum products are non-renewable sources of energy and very soon these resources might get exhausted.
India is a country which imports a huge volume of more than 85% of petroleum products from different countries across the
globe. In this regard bio fuel can be a replacement for petroleum and the motor engines manufactured are compatible with
bio fuel. The high use of petroleum results in emitting unsafe gasses to the eco system. The Kyoto Protocol1treaty speaks
about the permitted fuel emission to the eco system. The bio gas plants can help in this regard. The bio gas emissions will
not cause any damage to the ecology. This project was under taken to know whether capital budgeting decision on
installation of bio fuel plant is feasible or not. The feasibility study is done taking into account the palm seeds. The study
covers undivided Dakshina Kannada. Palm trees are abundant in these areas. Palm seeds are used for domestic
consumption as well as commercial purpose. The people in these areas use palm trees to extract toddy. It is possible to
extract the oil from palm seeds which can be used as fuel to run the vehicles. The people are not aware that these palm
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 113
seeds can be used to extract oil and this oil can be used as bio fuel. Moreover these trees are not grown by farmers. These
trees are naturally grown. The idea behind this project is to know how best the government unused land can be utilised to
grow these trees and use the seeds to extract oil. This study helps in determining the availability of palm seeds and capital
budgeting decision can be taken on installation of bio fuel plant using palm seeds to extract bio fuel.

Objectives:
1. To find out the available quantity of palm seeds in Dakshina Kannada district.
2. To find out quantity of government unused land in undivided Dakshina Kannada District.
3. To estimate the oil yield rate of palm seeds.
4. To find out the maximum oil yield from the available quantity of palm seeds and to estimate the cash flows for the
same.
5. To find the financial feasibility of installing bio-fuel plant from palm seeds

Methodology:
1. The data is collected from primary and secondary source.
2. Data is collected with respect to the number of palm trees available in 12 Taluk of 2 districts i.e Dakshina Kannada
and Udupi (Undivided Dakshina Kannada)
3. Palm seed yield, per tree, per year is collected.
4. Data with regard to unused government land is collected from government authorities. (Taluk level)
5. Data with regards to the oil content of palm seed is collected from The Bio fuel park, Madenuru, Hassan
belonging to the Bangalore Agriculture University which is involved in research for the overall development of bio
fuel field in our state.
6. Bio plant installation costs will be collected from the agencies involved in setting up of such plants.
7. Discounted cash flow techniques (NPV, IRR, and Discounted PBP) will be calculated to decide on the financial
feasibility of proposed project.

Results and conclusion:

Present status:
1. Data is collected on availability of palm trees in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi (Undivided Dakshina Kannada)
2. Data is collected on unused government land in Dakshina Kannada.
3. Data is collected on palm seeds availability per palm tree.

Further study: ( Will be completed before the 1st week of July, 2019)
1. Visit to The Bio fuel park, Madenuru, Hassan to find out oil content in Palm seeds.
2. Find out the cost of machine which is used to extract oil from the seeds.
3. Application of capital budgeting techniques (NPV, IRR and discounted PBP) to check the feasibility of the project.

Scope for future work:

The study will give scope for further advancement in producing oil from palm seeds. The availability of palm trees
and seeds are not so great in the area into discussion. The government can utilize the unused area( acres of land) to plant
the palm trees. The study made analyzed the project in smaller quantity i.e small scale operation. The scope is that it can be
implemented in large scale.
~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 114

 BE Exhibition
Projects

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 115

 PYROLYTIC OIL PRODUCTION CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ENGINE USING
PYROLYTIC OIL

PROJECT REFERENCE NUMBER: 42S_B_BE_083

College : P.D.A. College of Engineering, Kalaburagi

Branch : Department of Automobile Engineering
Guides : Dr. Sr Hotti
Students : Mr. Jadhav Ajinkya Sunil
Mr. Neelakanth
Mr. Rahul Karaguppi
Mr. Sharankumar Allad

Introduction:
Coal, petroleum and natural gas are fossil fuels. They are formed by dead and decaying plants and animals over a
millions of years ago. They play a vital role in the world today. The over-extraction of fossil fuels is slowly depleting the earth
of these resources. So the consumption of fossil fuels in should bring under control. The major consequences of over-
extraction of fossil fuels not only exhaustion of natural reserves but brings air pollution lead to threat of organisms. We
cannot completely stop the use of fossil fuels. However cutting down their use and shifting to renewable energy source is
prime important. Shifting of renewable sources of energy such as wind energy, hydroelectric energy, nuclear energy, solar
energy and Bio Fuels will help us conserve less fossil fuels as well as safeguard the environment.

Objectives:
It has become popular among coal power stations, which switch from coal to biomass in order to convert to
renewable energy generation without wasting existing generating plant and infrastructure. Biomass most often refers to an
energy source; biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various
forms of biofuel. Biomass is recognized as a renewable resource for energy production and is abundantly available around
the world. Biomass utilization in mainstream energy uses is receiving great attention due to environmental considerations
and the increasing demands of energy worldwide. Although complex in nature, biomass contains a small amount of sulphur,
nitrogen and ash. Therefore, combustion of bio-fuel produces less harmful gas emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx),
sulphur dioxide (SO2) and soot compared to conventional fossil fuels. Inaddition, zero or negative carbon dioxide (CO 2)
emission is possible from biomass fuel combustion because released CO 2 from the combustion of bio-oil can be recycled
into the plant by photosynthesis.

Methodology
Fabrication of Pyrolyzer

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 116

Pyrolysis:
Pyrolysis is the conversion of biomass to liquid (termed bio-oil or bio-crude), solid and gaseous fractions, by
heating the biomass in the absence of air to around 500 C depict the range and possible yields of pyrolysis energy products.
Pyrolysis can be used to produce predominantly bio-oil if flash pyrolysis is used, enabling the conversion of biomass to bio-
crude with an efficiency of up to 80%. The bio-oil can be used in engines and turbines and its use as a feedstock for
refineries is also being considered. Problems with the conversion process and subsequent use of the oil, such as its poor
thermal stability and its corrosivity, still need to be overcome. Upgrading bio oils by lowering the oxygen content and
removing alkalis by means of hydrogenation and catalytic cracking of the oil may be required for certain applications

Specification of pyrolyzer:

Table-3.1 Specification of pyrolyzer.

Sl. No. Parameters value
1 Heater Used Band Heater (Custom made), 2000Watt
2 Heater Size 12‖ Height 8‖ Diameter
3 Temperature sensor used Thermocouple
4 Temperature controller Model Creative DTC-204
5 Temperature Unit 0C

6 Temperature controller type J-type,

7 Supply Voltage 85 to 270V DC
8 Temperature controller range 0 – 5500C ± 20C
9 Minimum Capacity 1 Kg
10 Maximum capacity 5 Kg
11 Pressure Gauge 0 – 7 Kg/cm2
12 Control Action On/Off, PID
12 Safety Valve Manual
13 Weight 60 Kg
14 Dimensions 17‖ X 17‖ X 15‖

Feedstock Characterization and Production of bio oil and testing

 Feedstock preparation
 Proximate and ultimate analysis
 Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)

Production of Bio-Oil:
In batch pyrolysis systems, Organic matter(Seed cake) is introduced into a large oven-like reactor for gasification in
the absence of oxygen. The lysing occurs at temperatures between 300 and 450° C. or more. The pyrolysis process yields a
volatile gas, known as pyrolysis gas, which in addition to water vapor also contains hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide and other hydrocarbons and cooling of the pyrolysis gas yields pyrolysis oil products and pyrolysis gas products.
Various products are produced from the solid char that remains in the reactor after pyrolysis is completed such as activated
filtration material. The pyrolysis products obtained from organic matter consists approximately of 30-35% oil, 25% gas, and
other solid materials, together with approximately 30-50% carbon. The char from the pyrolysis process is further refined to
form, for example, products such as activated filtration material.

Bio-Oil Characterization
 Calorific value
 Flash point
 Viscosity
 Density

Engine performance
After pyrolysis process, the vapor obtained gives the bio-oil after condensation. This oil is blended proportionately
with diesel which can be used as a fuel to run the IC engine

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 117

Results and conclusions
At this study, Pongamia Pinnata, Madhuka Indica, blends of 10 % and 20 % of these two with commercial diesel
and commercial diesel fuels. The Pongamia Pinnata and Madhuka Indica biodiesels are produced by the pyrolyzer which is
fabricated. PPSC and MISC used for the production of Bio-Oil are collected from Gulbarga University, Gulbarga. The
viscosity, density, flash point, and calorific value of both samples were tested. CHONS test for all pure samples is done in
order to make the relation between physical and chemical properties of fuel more clear.
Proximate analysis of PPSC and MISC
SI NO. PARAMETERS UNITS PPSC MISC
1 Ash % 04.22 05.60
2 Moisture % 02.87 01.91
3 Volatile Matter % 77.67 79.53
4 Fixed Carbon % 15.24 12.96
5 Gross Calorific Value (A. D. B.) MJ/Kg 19.87 20.43

Ultimate analysis of PPSC and MISC

SI NO. PARAMETERS UNITS PPSC MISC
1. Carbon % 58.26 57.60
2. Hydrogen % 05.96 06.06
3. Nitrogen % 04.79 04.24
4. Sulphur % 00.05 00.06
5. Oxygen % 23.85 24.70
6. Net Calorific value MJ/Kg 18.55 19.09

Conclusion
This study is an attempt to show that the de-oiled seed cakes left after biodiesel production contains high volatile
matter which indicates high source of energy. The seeds used here are non-edible and hence they are perfect for biomass.
Pyrolysis could be one of the option for producing bio-oil which can be used formany applications including in diesel
engines. The oil obtained has comparable calorific value to most of the fuel used in day to day life but it has comparable
higher pour point , density and kinematic viscosity, so one can say that transportation and piping of these fuels can be a
tough task especially in cold areas.
PPSC has high volatile matter (77.67%), less moisture (2.87%), ash (4.22%) and sulphur (0.05%) content whereas,
MISC has volatile matter (79.53%), moisture (1.91%), ash (5.6%) and sulphur (0.06%) and the end product derived from this
feedstock will be a good quality fuel. TGA results showed the operating pyrolysis temperature of PPSC and MISC as 420 0C
and 3400C respectively. FTIR results showed that the waste de-oiled seed cake consisting of mainly aliphatic and aromatic
could be a viable option of biomass energy source.
The fixed carbon increases in the char as most of volatile matter is driven away due to pyrolysis. Also the volatile
matter in seeds is good which accounts for the production of fuel on pyrolysis.Seeing the physical properties one can say
that it is moderate grade fuel and can be used as blends.

Scope and suggestion

Following suggestion is to be incorporated in future:
1. Steam reforming of other model bio-oil compounds such as glucose, levoglucosan, acids (viz., formic acid and
acetic acid) should be studied as these compounds are present in higher fraction in bio-oil aqueous phase
composition.
2. Optimization of temperature of the reactor at which H2 selectivity is maximized. This would reduces by-product
formation and in turn decrease the probability of coke formation.
3. Catalyst development for enhancing H2 production via steam reforming of bio-oil. A catalyst with high activity in C-
C and C-H bond scission, high WGSR but low activity towards methanation would be desirable.
4. In-depth catalyst characterization should be conducted e.g., by XPS, AES and NMR techniques.
5. There is inadequate information on kinetics of bio-oil reforming in literature hence indepth information on reaction
mechanism and kinetics of bio-oil are desirable for designing a reactor.

~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 118

 PROCESS INTENSIFICATION OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION THROUGH SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION
AND EXTRACTIVE FERMENTATION

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_007

College : NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte

Branch : Biotechnology Engineering
Guides : Mr. Venkatesh Kamath H.
Dr. C. Vaman Rao
Students : Ms. Ashwini G. Shenoy
Ms. Inchara Crasta
Ms. Soumya Mahendrarao
Ms. Udbhavi K. B.

Keywords: Bioethanol, Consolidated Bioprocessing, Pongamiapressed oil cake.

Introduction:
One of the sources for renewable energy that has been recently gaining attention is biomass-based biofuel
because of the relevance it gains from the continuous rise in petroleum price and its environmental advantages. Fuel
ethanol is used as a blending component along with motor gasoline and it has been noted that up to 20% of blending can be
achieved. Biofuel and bioethanol are majorly being produced from lignocellulosic materials. These materials are rich in
cellulose and hemicellulose along with starch making up to 60% of biomass. These sugars can be hydrolysed to
fermentable sugars and converted into bioethanol by using different pre-treatment methods as well as with different micro-
organisms. Two mini reactors: Moving bed bioreactor and Wave Bioreactor is used to avoid improper mixing.

Objectives:
The major goal of this project is to produce bioethanol from Pongamia oil cake obtained from Biodiesel industry
using the bacterium Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579, facultative aerobic bacterium) using integrated approach. The objectives
set to achieve this goal are as follows.
1. To make use of the anaerobic simultaneous saccharification and fermentation [SSF] process to produce ethanol
using Bacillus cereus in shake flask system.
2. To measure the effect of simultaneous solvent extraction along with SSF for ethanol production [SSFE] in shake
flask system.
3. To examine the effect of solvent on growth of bacterium under anaerobic condition.
4. To choose appropriate solvent to feed ratio for SSFE and improve bioethanol production.
5. To fabricate mini-bioreactors to handle SSF and SSFE and compare their performance with shake flask reaction
systems.

Methodology:
The de-oiled cake was sieved to a size of range 1-2mm. This powdered oil cake was dried at 50oC in the hot air
oven. A culture media was prepared using 10%w/v solids (powdered cake) and an acidified solution of pH 4-5. The broth
volume was maintained at 20mL. The culture media was pre-treated by autoclave method. It is then inoculated with bacteria
and the fermentation was carried out for 6 days followed by quantitative estimations of reducing sugars and ethanol
production.
To overcome the problem of improper mixing, two mini reactors were fabricated.

Fig. 1. Moving Bed Bioreactor Fig.2. Wave Bioreactor

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 119

Results:

a) b)

a) Comparison of reducing sugar concentration in different reactor systems

b) Comparison of ethanol yield in different reactor systems
When the two pre-treatment methods, Microwave irradiation and Autoclave were compared, it was found that
autoclave pre-treatment gave better results. From the SSF and SSFE studies in shake flask, it was observed that the sugars
and ethanol were produced in a larger concentration with the use of no solvent compared to the use of solvent. Turbidimetric
analysis shows that the solvent does not affect the microbial growth but instead helps in its anaerobic growth.From the
liquid-liquid equilibrium studies, 1:1 ratio was selected as the suitable solvent to feed ratio for ethanol extraction and the
presence of xylose effects the partition coefficient of ethanol more adversely than the glucose.
Reactor studies were carried out to overcome the improper mixing in shake flask studies, the conversion of
reducing sugars to ethanol did not take place hence there is a high concentration of reducing sugar. Ethanol yield was found
to be highest in MBBR in comparison with shake flask and wave bioreactor, this may be due to difference in pattern of
mixing.

Future Scope:
 These mini-bio reactors can be scaled up,
 The modelling of these process systems can be done.

~~~*~~~

TYADYUTH: DEVELOPMENT OF BIO-BATTERY FOR W2E CONVERSION

Project Reference Number: 42S_B_BE_059

College : C.M.R. Institute of Technology, Bengaluru

Branch : Department Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering
Guides : Dr. Mohamed Iqbal M
Mr. Kashif Ahmed
Students : Ms. Vishakha Vijay Patel
Mr. Karan Varyani
Mr. Shrey Sharma
Mr. Aniket Abhishek

Introduction:
A bio-battery is an energy storing device that is powered by organic compounds. Bio-battery generates electricity
from renewable fuels (glucose, sucrose, fructose, etc) providing a sustained, on-demand portable power source. When
enzymes in our bodies break down glucose, several electrons and protons are released. Therefore, by using enzymes to
break down glucose, bio-batteries directly receive energy from glucose. These batteries then store this energy for later use.
This concept is almost identical to how both plants and many animals obtain energy. Bio battery use biocatalyst, either
biomolecules such as enzymes or even whole living organism to catalyze oxidation of bio mass-based materials for
generating electrical energy. Bio Battery can be called as energy accumulated device that is motorized by organic
compounds, usually being glucose, like glucose in human blood. Many electrons and protons are released due to break
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 120
down of glucose by enzymes present in our body. Thus, bio batteries directly get energy from glucose by using enzymes
present in a human body break down glucose. An interesting fact is that bacteria can generate electricity when a protein in
their cell membranes gets in touch with a mineral surface. Shewanella oneidensis is marine bacteria that can develop
electric currents when bared to heavy metals like iron and manganese. These proteins can transmit electrons transversely
a membrane at a rate faster enough so that the energy produced is sufficient so that bacteria can survive. Functioning of
these bacteria will help scientists in making those bio batteries that could store energy for sensors in remote environment.
Human blood and sugar glucose are considered as most priceless sources of power because they happen naturally, are
easy to get and no harmful emissions are reproduced. Another interesting battery uses human urine as its fuel. The size of
the device is like a credit card size and might form the source of economical, disposable disease testing kits. What makes it
more useful is that the battery and devices for testing is incorporated in one disposable chip.

Objectives
The objectives of the Proposed Project are,
 To assess the quantity and the quality of the food and vegetable waste generated from the hostel kitchen
 To measure the amount of glucose content in the generated waste by the process of enzymatic hydrolysis
 To generate electricity from bio-battery using the glucose produced by the waste
To analyze the feasibility of implementation for the Hybrid Solar-Bio-Battery System

Methodology
(i) Material
A bio- battery has three components- anode, cathode and separator.
(a) Anode
The anode is negatively charged as well as the cathode is charged positively. The main difference between the anode &
cathode permits the flow of electrons inside and away from them. In bio- battery construction, the anode terminal is placed
at the top of the battery. In this bio battery construction single strand aluminum wire is used as anode to carry out
conduction in the bio cell.
(b) Cathode
The cathode terminal is placed at the bottom of the battery. The cathode then consists of an oxidation reduction reaction.
This reaction uses the protons and electrons, with the addition of oxygen gas, to produce water.
O2 + 4H+ + 4e− → 2H2O
(c) Separator
Separator plays a key role by separating the anode and the cathode terminals from one another which can be lead to avoid
the short circuit otherwise the entire battery will damage. The separation is of great importance at that avoid the electrical
short- circuit otherwise the whole battery will burn. The flow of electrons and protons in the system is responsible for the
generation of the electricity. As the main source energy in our bio battery is glucose so plenty of glucose is required to
produce the energy. The breakdown of glucose in the bio battery is done on the same principle as it is broken down into
smaller and simpler pieces in the human body. During the construction of bio-battery we have used Polypropylene
membrane as a separator as shown in Fig 1. These separators very reliable for construction of bio battery because these
are easily available as these membranes are also used in the batteries which are used in mobile phones. These
membranes are like thin sheets of plastic.

Fig. 1. Polypropylene membrane as a separator

(ii) Method
As we are constructing Enzymatic Bio Battery so the process involved in the construction of bio battery. In an
enzymatic bio battery, sugar- digesting enzymes are immobilized on the anode and oxygen reducing enzymes are
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 121
immobilized on the cathode Along with these enzymes, both the anode and the cathode are also immobilized with electron
mediators which help in transfer of electrons between enzymes and electrodes. In addition, the cathode is exposed to an
environment rich in oxygen, so as to produce water. The concept of the working of an enzymatic bio-battery is similar to the
process of respiration in living cells. In living organisms, during the process of respiration, glucose (obtained by the
consumption of food) is broken down by several enzymes, so as to release energy. Similarly, enzymes break down sugar
present in the enzymatic bio-battery, which releases energy. The bio- battery then performs its function on the basis of this
released energy. When glucose first enters the battery, it enters through the anode. In the anode the sugar is broken down,
producing both electrons and protons.
Glucose → Gluconolactone + 2H+ + 2e−
These electrons and protons produced now play an important role in creating energy. They travel through the
electrolyte, where the separator redirects electrons to go through the mediator to get to the cathode. On the other hand,
protons are redirected to go through the separator to get to the cathode side of the battery. The cathode then consists of an
oxidation reduction reaction. This reaction uses the protons and electrons, with the addition of oxygen gas, to produce
water.
O2 + 4H+ + 4e− → 2H2O

(iii) Details of the Work Carried Out

The separator is filled with an organic fluid which functions as an electrolyte. Two semi permeable membrane made of
cellophane, separate the constitutes of anode, separator and cathode. We are constructing bio battery using copper
sulphate as cathode and sugar solution as anode to carryout process in order to find the voltage produced by the cells. Fig.
2 shows the bio cell which was implemented.

Fig. 2. Implemented bio-cell

Result
In this experimental implementation of bio-battery we tried various process for getting the output voltage as shown below:
i. For single cell we got following results (all the experiments were done on saturated solution) of 0.55 V from
copper sulphate and sugar solution which is super saturated solution as shown below in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Result using super saturated solution

ii. Output of 0.24 V (with raw potato and sugar solution) resulted as shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Result using raw potato and sugar solution

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 122

 iii. Output will be 0 V if the bio battery is without a membrane as shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5. Result without the use of membrane

iv. Output of 0 V (when we used same type of electrode on both side cathode and anode) resulted as shown in
Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. Result with same electrode on both cathode and anode side
v. Output of 2.40 V for 4 cells in series (copper sulphate and sugar solution) was obtained as shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7. Result with super saturated solution for four cells in series

vi. Output voltage of 3.71 V for seven cells in series and six cells in parallel was obtained without connection of
load as shown in Fig. 8

Fig. 8. Result with seven cells in series and six cells in parallel
vii. LED glows by the series-parallel combination of cells as shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 9. Glowing of LED with the series-parallel combination

Conclusion
 Bio-batteries have a very bright future ahead of them as test productions and research have been increasing over
recent years.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 123
  They serve as a new form of energy that is proving to be environmentally friendly, as well as successful, in
producing and reserving energy. Although the batteries are still being tested before being commercially sold,
several research teams and engineers are working to further advance the development of these batteries.
 Although all works which we have performed are based on theoretical concepts only, for practical implementation
of bio battery still many more research works are required
 This work provides a new approach to renewable technologies and their potential in developing countries like
India.
 It can be concluded that if bio-battery system is implemented properly it will be a viable green technology source
for rural electrification.

Scope for Future Work

 Improved design and performance leads to higher volumetric power density over existing prototype.
 The longer-term goal in this area is to further enhance performance to ultimately develop batteries suitable for
notebook, computers and other mobile devices.
 While many technological challenges still remain, bio-battery has great potential as a next-generation energy
device.
 Advantages include its excellent harmony with the environment as a product fuelled by a carbohydrate (glucose)
having high energy density. Bio-batteries have a very bright future ahead of them as test productions and research
have been increasing over recent years.
 If brought to market, the innovation could allow the public to top up the power of their mobile devices using waste
material.
~~~~*~~~

TRIBOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MILLING AISI D2 USING BIO SIMAROUBA GLAUCA

Project Reference Number: 42S_B_BE_114

College :Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology, Gubbi

Branch : Department of Mechanical Engineering
Guides : Mr. Natesh C P
Students : Mr. Subhash C M
Mr. Siddalinga Swamy Km
Mr. Varun Sc
Mr. Ziya Ur Rahman

During machining process, friction between work piece-cutting tool and cutting tool-chip interfaces cause high
temperature on cutting tool. This effect cause to decreases tool life, increases surface roughness and decreases the
dimensional sensitiveness of work material which causes unfavourable machining condition. The cutting fluids are used to
provide lubrication and cooling effects between cutting tool and work piece and cutting tool and chip during machining
operation. Various factors affects the selection of cutting fluid type during machining operation such as type of work piece
materials, cutting tool material and the method of machining processes. Cutting fluids increase the tool life and improve the
efficiency of the production systems providing both cooling and lubricating the work surface.
Bio lubricant from non-edible vegetable oils have received considerable research attention in the last decades
owing to their remarkable improved Tribological characteristics and due to increasing attention to environmental issues has
driven the lubricant industry toward eco-friendly products from renewable sources (Petroleum based coolant). Researches
on milling with non-edible vegetable oil based cutting fluids are limited. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and evaluate
performance on non-edible vegetable based cutting fluids.
In the present work, raw Simarouba oil (Simarouba glauca) and Bio-Lubricant obtained from Simarouba oil is used
as a cutting fluid during Milling of AISI D2 Stainless Steel. The various physical properties are tested and compared with
conventional synthetic coolant to choose a better one, The Bio-Lubricant get best choose in it. The effects of various cutting
fluids on machining process are studied and compare with petroleum based Synthetic coolant ―Divyol 52 ST Cut‖.

~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 124

 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BIO GAS PLANT

Project Reference Number: 42S_B_BE_129

College : Coorg Institute Of Technology, Ponnampet

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guides : Mr. Bidappa Ps
Students : Mr. Ayush R Vinod
Mr. Gouthaman R
Mr. Midhun P

Introduction
Worldwide energy crisis directed the attention to the alternative source of energy instead of underground fossil
fuels. Achieving solution to possible to shortage in fossil fuel and environmental problems that the world is facing today
requires long term potential actions for sustainable development. In CIT Hostel kitchen waste production is approximately
100kg per day and also utilization of LPG is used for cooking purposes. With the use of kitchen waste as feedstock can help
to reduce the utilization of LPG and also reduce the uneconomical disposal of the hostels Kitchen. We built a small
prototype of Bio gas plant in order to utilize the kitchen waste and also to improve the efficiency of the plant.

Objectives
The main objective of our project is all about utilizing the kitchen waste produced in our hostel as well as canteen to
produce the bio fuel which as a result can be used for domestic purposes. With the use of kitchen waste as feedstock can
help to reduce the utilization of LPG and also reduce the uneconomical disposal of the hostels Kitchen. Its moreover
considered as environmentally friendly recirculation of organic waste from the household and reduces the costs for artificial
fertilizers.

Methodology
We use two PVC tanks of 750l and 500l and PVC pipes and other joints for the construction of our plant. The 750l
tank will be drilled with 3 holes 2 90mm holes at the bottom and 1 63mm at the top. The two holes at the bottom are for the
entry of slurry into the tank and one for cleaning purpose. The one at the top is for exit of slurry. Once the cow dung and
waste are put in we need to wait for fermentation and gas production for around 3 weeks. Once the gas starts filling the 500l
tank starts coming up and floating. Through the gas cork at the top we can use the gas for our use.

Conclusions
1. Cost of production is low.
2. No need to purchase heavy machineries
3. Working principle is quite easy.
4. It is easy to construct
5. It requires low maintenance.

Scope for future work:

1. Gas chromatography can be conducted to test the constituents present in the biogas
2. System can be automated for efficient production of gas.

~~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 125

 DESGIN AND FABRACTION OF LEAF LOGER MAKING MACHINE FOR BIOFUEL

Project Reference Number: 42S_B_BE_093

College : Kalpataru Institute of Technology, Tiptur

Branch : Department of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Dr. Viswanatha Bm
Students : Mr. Manoj Kumar CN
Mr. Santhosh B
Mr. Basavaraja K
Mr. Manohar Nagappa Patil

Introduction:
With growing development of Indian economy, energy consumption is increasing day by day. Energy consumption
in household shares 40% of total energy consumption all over India. In the domestic household sector cooking is the largest
end user accounting for almost 90 percent of the total domestic energy use. The rural masses mostly depend on biomass or
kerosene for their energy needs. Gradual price hike in crude oil in international market has greatly affected the rural India. In
order to cushion fuel price hike, the rural masses are shifting more to biomass. Development of renewable energy sources
helps to reduce the degree of dependence on energy imports as well as it can be a tool for curbing carbon emission. So,
emphasis is given to the renewable energy program. The energy requirement in rural household is mainly for cooking and
sometimes heating in colder regions.
So there is enormous demand for fuel wood. The one option could be the densification or briquetting to counter this
problem. It has a great scope in rural India as India produces large amounts of bio waste material every year. This includes
rice straw, leaf wastes, wheat straw, coconut shells and fibers, rice husks, stalks of legumes and sawdust. Leaf Log Maker
Machine is a concept to make the dry leaves to be compressed for useful fire logs. Actually, the leaves which are left in
landfills get decomposed and produce the methane gas (toxic level is 20 times more than carbon-di-oxide) harmful to human
nature. In contrast, when leaves are burnt, they only give off the carbon they absorb while on the tree they add nothing extra
to the environment. So, we planned to make those leaves as fire logs instead of leaving in landfills, for the purpose of
reducing the tree cutting for the fire logs which leads to one of the way of the Deforestation.

Objective:
 The main objective of our project is to effective use of leaf logs (pellets) as a bio fuel instead of firewood‘s for the
same intent.
 The unused dead leaves which are dumped in landfills they give off 20 times more poisonous gas than carbon
dioxide, It can be easily accessible & eco-friendly
 The main aim of this project to reduce the amount of deforestation and make fuels from the natural resources like
dry leaves, wood wastes, papers, coconut husks and hence reduce the relay on the non-renewable energy
sources.
 The developed energy in the form of heat from the leaf logs (pallets) having high calorific value and it can enhance
with suitable additives.
 This machine has come across many design changes by modifying it for the purpose of easy operation and
transportation.

Methodology
 Concept development (CAD model) of the leaf log machine.
 Detail design and creating the manufacturing drawing for the concept.
 Creation of geometric modeling with CAD software.
 Fabrication as per the developed drawings.
 Testing the fabricated prototype.
 Characteristics of Briquettes are to be carried out.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 126

Leaf loger making machine

Fig.1 leaf loger machine

~~~~*~~~

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF DECORTICATOR FOR JATROPHA CURCAS SEED

Project Reference No.: 42S_B_BE_46

College : S.J.M. Institute of Technology, Chitradurga

Branch : Department of Mechanical Engineering
Guide : Prof. Gururaja K.K.
Students : Mr. Dhanush Kumar K
Mr. Ramesh G N
Mr. Srinivas Koushik M

Introduction
Our project is aimed at finding a device (decorticator) for the purpose of decortication of jatropha seeds. A
decorticator is a machine for stripping the skin, bark, or rind off nuts, wood, plants stalks, grain, etc., in preparation for
further processing. Seeds maybe separated from the shell by any of the following principles
 Hammering
 Attrition
 Grinding
 Impact
Whatever the principle which may be adopted for this purpose should have minimum damage to the shell of the seed.
Probably decortication through attrition principle would be most suitable for this purpose and hence a decorticator which
works on this principle, we are concentrating on this project work.

Objective:
1. Maximum pods decorticated in shortest time.
2. High performance and easy to maintain.
3. Our decorticator machine that can separate 80% of seed from the pod.
4. The designed decorticator machine that is simple easily maintained and comfortable to work.
5. The single phase electric motor is used to run the machine.
6. Standard quality of bearing blocks will be better efficiency to machine for better decortication.
7. Trouble free operation.

Methodology Adopted For Present Work

Decortication through attrition principle would be most suitable for this purpose and hence our decorticator which
works on this principle, we are concentrating on this project work.
The components of our decorticator:
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 127
 1. M S Frame
2. C R Sheet Metal
3. Shaft
4. Hopper
5. V-Belt
6. Motor
7. Puley
8. 16mm Mesh
9. Bearings Blocks
10. Blower

Design:

Fabrication:

Working Principle:
1. Jatropha decorticator is operated on the attrition process
2. Firstly, the input i.e., the jatropha are fed to the machine through the hopper, then jatropha come in contact with the
two members, one is semi circular mesh and another is rubber mount arranged rotating shaft.
3. Semi-circular net is a stationary member while the rubber mount arranged rotating shaft is rotating member. When
the jatropha comes in contact with these two members then the attrition action take place.
4. Due to attrition action the jatropha pods gets shelled and divided into two parts, the jatropha seed and a shell
5. The clearance is provided between the sheet and roll shaft, The clearance provided is depends upon the varies
size of the jatropha.
6. After shelling the jatropha, the seeds and shells of the jatropha falls into the conveyer from the semi-circular mesh,
in downward direction.
7. Then a centrifugal force is applied by a blower on the seeds and shell of the jatropha.
8. Due to more weight, the seeds gets moved downward and collected in the separator. But due to lighter weight the
shell of the jatropha are thrown outside the machine.

Result :
The weight of empty basket = 400g
The weight of basket and pods = 650g
The weight of pods = 650g-400g =250g

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 128

After decortications:
The weight of seed + basket =550 g
The weight of seed = 550g-400g =150g
The weight of shell +basket =450g
The weight of shell =450g-400g =50 g
Losses = Total weight of pods - (weight of seed after decortication + weight of shell after decortication)
Losses = 250g - (150g+50g) = 50 g
Decortications time = 42sec

Conclusion:
Our project was aimed to reduce the man power and time for separating seeds from the pods, we have used the
attrition principle for achieving the aim.
 The seeds are separated from the outer shell with minimum damage to them.
 The seeds and outer shell are completely separated from the blower which is installed below the shelling chamber.
 The overall machining operation is carried by the motor, thus man power is reduced.
 The seeds are collected separately and are ready for further process.

Scope for future work:

 The top of the Hopper should be covered, because there may be chances of spelling out of pods.
 The installation of vibrating mesh at the collecting section of seed helpful for separation of seed with different sizes.
~~~*~~~

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT AND FABRICATION OF OIL EXPELLER FOR NEEM SEEDS

Project Reference Number: 42S_B_BE_080

College : Secab Institute Of Engineering & Technology, Vijayapur

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guides : Dr. Syed Abbas Ali
Mr. Altaf Hussain Bagwan
Students : Mr. Kiran Kumar Nayak
Mr. Sachin Khakandaki
Mr. Shivaraj Kumar Sajjan
Mr. Vinay Madabhavi

Keywords: Oil expeller, Neem seeds, Fabrication.

Introduction:
Oil expeller: The Oil Expeller is a screw type machine, which presses oil seeds through a caged barrel-like cavity. Raw
materials enter one side of the press and waste products exit the other side. The machine uses friction and continuous
pressure from the screw drives to move and compress the seed material. The oil seeps through small openings that do not
allow seed fiber solids to pass through. Afterward, the pressed seeds are formed into a hardened cake, which is removed
from the machine. Expeller pressing (also called oil pressing) is a mechanical method for extracting oil from raw materials.
The raw materials are squeezed under high pressure in a single step. When used for the extraction of food oils, typical raw
materials are nuts, seeds and algae, which are supplied to the press in a continuous feed. If we scale down the Industrial Oil
Expeller we can see that the main workings of the expeller is the helical thread in the barrel that creates a large amount of
force pressing the raw material in the process of expelling the oil.

Neem: NEEM oil has become more attractive in the recent past owing to its environmental benefits and the facts that it is
made from renewable resources. Neem oil is a renewable and potentially inexhaustible source of energy with an energetic
content close to diesel fuel. Oils derived from fossils may in course of time become obsolete but not bio oils.
According to a rough estimate made in a quick survey conducted, India has around 140 lakhs neem trees and only
20% of seed crop is harvested due to scattered growth. The neem grows on almost all types of soils including clayey, saline
and alkaline conditions. The neem tree starts yielding after 5 years.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 129
 Neem oil is generally light to dark brown, bitter and has a rather strong odour. It comprises mainly of triglycerides
and large amounts of tri terpenoid compounds which are responsible for the bitter taste. It is hydrophobic in nature. The
neem oil is antiseptic, antifungal, antipyretic and antihistamine. Neem oil also contains several sterols, including
campesterol, beta sitosterol and stigmasterol. Apart from being used for the production of bio fuel, the neem oil is also used
in production of medicines, bio-pesticides, oil cake, manure and other agricultural products.

Summary of survey:
1. Needs oil expeller which is suitable for small-medium businesses where the total cost of setting up and running the
machine is low. (Because, the profitability of oil processing depends on reducing the capital and operating costs as
much as possible).
2. Less number of low cost machine is available but yet it must be very efficient in expelling oil.

Objectives:
The objectives of the present study are as given below:
1. To design the low cost neem expeller
2. To fabricate neem expeller
3. To check the performance of developed expeller.

Methodology:
The methodology adopted for this project as follows:
1. Design of frame & other parts.
2. Fabrication of frame & other parts.
3. Selection of rotor for the equipment.
4. Selection of capacity of battery required.
5. Assembly and testing of working model.

Detailed drawing of oil expeller

Hopper
Gear box
Motor
Crushing

Switch

Oil collector

Fig.1.3 Diagram of the oil expeller

5. Fabrication:

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 130

Expected outcomes :
The work will be focused to achieve the following deliverables:
1. Design and Fabrication of Neem Oil expeller.
2. The working model enables to reduce the heating of the expeller.
3. The project emphasis on fabricating a cost effective, which can be affordable to poor farmers.

~~~*~~~

AUTOMATION OF MINI PORTABLE BIODIESEL PRODUCTION UNIT

Project Reference Number: 42S_B_BE_063

College : Siddaganga Institute Of Technology, Tumakuru

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guides : Mr. B R Omkaresh
Students : Mr. Rahul Sanjay Gidaveer
Mr. Raju Kadappanavar
Mr. Rakshit Patil
Mr. Rakshit Patil

Abstract:
Given to the eco-friendliness of biodiesel and to mitigate the pollution generated by petroleum fuels, there is a
need to foster biodiesel production. Hence the aim of our project work is to upgrade the existing mini portable biodiesel
production unit sothat the manual labour put into the machine to convert non edible seed oil to biodiesel is reduced. The
existing biodiesel production plants require the assistance of automation. So in this project we have developed
temperature control system so that reaction temperature is automatically controlled. It is known as the integrated
temperature controller consisting of Thermocouple to sense the temperature of reaction mixture, Microcontroller to check if
the temperature is equivalent to required reaction temperature and Relay to work corresponding to the output signal of
microcontroller and supply or cut-off current supply to heating coil that supplies heat to the reaction mixture.

~~~*~~~

PONAGAMIA SEED HARVESTER

Project Reference Number: 42S_B_BE_134

College :Siddaganga Institute Of Technology, Tumakuru

Branch : Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Guides : Dr. R Suresh
Students : Mr. Naveen Reddy
Ms. Likhitha Bc

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 131

Introduction:
The Pongamia seed oil has been found to be useful in diesel generators and, along with Jatropha and Castor, it is
being explored in hundreds of projects throughout India. It is especially attractive because it grows naturally through much of
arid India, having very deep roots to reach water, and is one of the few crops well-suited to commercialization by India's
large population of rural poor. Several un-electrified villages have recently used pongamia oil, simple processing techniques,
and diesel generators to create their own grid systems to run water pumps and electric lighting. Assuming 200 trees per acre
and 25% oil per pound of seed you would get about 100 to 600 gallons of oil per acre. Genetically modified plants produce
more.

Objectives:
1. Combining Beating + Collection of seeds.
2. To reduce time, money and man power involved.
3. To eliminate the life risk involved in climbing trees for seed beating.
4. To reduce the wastage of seeds due to manual beating.

Working principle:
Using beater the seeds are plucked from the tree and the plucked seeds flow easily into the collecting bag through
the passage provided due to gravitational pull (because of its weight). Here the plucking and collecting process are
integrated into a single device.

Construction involved:

Steps involved in construction:

1. Using sheet metal, funnel of required dimensions is made.
2. The funnel is provided with hooks around its lower circumference.
3. Inside the funnel, harvesting part (i.e., motor with beater arrangement) is made and attached to it.
4. The passage is made which connects funnel to collecting bag and it is supported by hooks at the lower circumference
of the funnel. The passage can be attached or detached to the funnel as per requirement.
5. The funnel is fastened to extendable pipe using fasteners.
6. The harvesting part is powered using battery of suitable specifications.
7. The collecting bag is provided for collecting plucked seeds which are falling from the funnel.

Working process:
1. Pongamia seeds from the tree are focused into the funnel/harvesting unit with the use of extendable pipe which
can reach to required height when ever required.
2. The harvester part is connected with the battery through switch. As required the motor can be made ON/OFF,
hence the device.
3. Then with the help of harvesting part i.e., motor with beater arrangement the seeds are plucked from the tree.
They are guided by the funnel to enter into the passage.
4. The plucked seeds are then sent directly into the collecting bag with the help of passage connecting the
harvesting unit and the collecting bag.
5. The collecting bag is placed on the ground for collecting seeds from the passage.

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 132

Test results:
Sl.No Time taken in mins Seeds in kg
1 Conventional Method (2 laborers)
21:39* 2.45 with wastage
2 Using our device 10* 1.5

Sl.No Time in min. Seeds in kg

1 Conventional Method (2 laborers)
60* 6.8 with wastage
2 Using our device 60* 9
*(Beating 10mins + Collecting fallen seeds 11:39mins)
*Direct collection using our device.

Conclusion
From the above result we get to know that by the usage of our device the time involved in beating and collecting
process can be reduced. Large amount of seeds can be collected with very less wastage and huge amount of money being
invested on the laborers (i.e., .1 labor for climbing the tree for beating + 2 women for collection of fallen seeds) can be
reduced. Also the man power involved can be reduced. The life risk involved in climbing the tree can be completely
eliminated.
With the usage of our device the beating and collection process becomes one single process with less time
consumption and more number of seeds can be obtained.

~~~*~~~

FABRICATION OF LOW COST BIOREACTOR AND APPLICATION OF GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR THE PRODUCTION
OF SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS USING BIOMASS

Project Reference Number: 42S_B_BE_052

College : School of Engineering, Presidency University, Rajanukunte, Bangalore

Branch : Petroleum Engineering
Guide : Dr. Chaitanya Lakshmi. G
Dr. Shashikala. A. R
Students : Mr. Muhammed. S
Mr. Bestin Mathew
Mr. Arun Mathew James
Mr. Arun. K

Introduction:
Against a backdrop of rising crude oil prices, depletion of resources, political instability in producing countries and
environmental challenges, biomass has high potential to replace the supply of an energy hungry civilization including India.
India is amongst rapidly expanding large economy, facing a formidable challenge to meet its energy needs to support its
growing population. India needs to generate two - to three fold more energy than the current output. In India, population
already reached a billion and thus food securityis a national priority and hence India cannot afford to use cereal grains for
ethanol production as is commonly done in other biofuel promoting countries in Europe and USA. So, the available sources
are plant biomass which is an abundant and renewable source of energy-rich carbohydrates which can be efficiently
converted by microbes into biofuels of which, bioethanol is widely produced on an industrial scale today. The pretreatment of
lignocelluloses is known to be a key to the fast enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. In the past few years, a significant
attention has been paid to the new sources of vegetable fibers, alternative to wood raw materials, for the pulp and paper
applications and biocomposites. Banana (Musa acuminata), a monocotyledonous annual herbaceous plant, can be a
suitable crop for these types of applications. India is the second largest producer of fruit in the world. Banana is the most
important fruit crop of India having great socioeconomic significance, and it contributes to 27% of world‘s banana production.
It contributed 31%ofthetotalfoodproductioninIndia.Worldproduction of banana is estimated at 48.9 million tones out of which
10.4 million tonnes, is contributed by India. India is the largest producer of bananas in the world followed by Brazil, Ecuador,

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 133

Philippines, and China. The afore mentioned statements have motivated us to use banana pseudo stem as the raw material
for the production of biofuel.

Objectives:
 Literature review of all pertinent subjects or topics.
 Improve the current biobutanol production process - Review and understand the current process of biobutanol
production - Identify areas for improvement of the current technology.
 Design an efficient and low cost bioreactor system.
 Explore alternative methods for one-pot conversion of bioethanol to biobutanol using green chemistry.

Methodology

COLLECTION OF BIOMASS &

PRETREATMENT

FABRICATION OF LOW COST ANAEROBIC DIGESTOR

BIOMASS + YEAST IN OPTIMUM CONDITIONS

FERMENTATION

ETHANOL & OTHER BYPRODUCTS

DISTILLATION

PURE BIOETHANOL

CATALYTIC CONVERSION

BIOBUTANOL

BLENDING THE BIOBUTANOL IN DIFFERENT ANALYSIS OF BIOBUTANOL USING GC-MS

RATIOS WITH GASOLINE SAMPLES FOR
OPERATING IC ENGINES

Figure1: a. Banana Pseudo stem, b. Hydrolysis of Banana Pseudo stem, c. Autoclave, d. Low Cost Bioreactor,e. Distillation of bioethanol

Catalytic Conversion of Bioethanol to Biobutanol :

The biomass chosen for the production of bioethanol followed by catalytic conversion to biobutanol is banana
pseudo stem.
The two step catalytical of bioethanol tobiobutanol, is as follows:
Step 1: Conversion of ethanol to chloroethanol in acidic media.
Step 2: Conversion of chloroethanol to butane by Wurtz reaction or Frankland reaction.
KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 134
 Step 3: conversion of Butane to chlorobutane in acidic medium.
Step 4: Conversion of chlorobutane to butanol in basic medium

Results :

Figure2: GC-MS of bioethanol

The number of colonies present in 1gm of the soil samples were determined by Colony Forming Unit (CFU). The
no of colonies were 17×103 with dilution factors. Estimation of moisture content and Reducing sugar: The moisture content
in the substrate was estimated under hot air oven, calculated as per standard estimation procedures. The value of total
moisture was found to be 35.5%. Banana pseudo stem contain total residual sugar was 0.5± 0.3g/100ml. After the
pretreatment of the banana pseudo stem contain total residual sugar was 4.3± 0.2g/100ml. Fermentation: 90 gm treated
substrate was utilized for ethanol production using Baker yeast in the fermentation.
Confirmation and Estimation of ethanol: Ethanol production in all the media confirmed by the produced cloudy
formation and yellow precipitate and antiseptic smell in iodoform test. Ethanol was estimated by standard distillation method.
Optimization of ethanol production Effect of pH and temperature: Fermentation media prepared and slurry is neutralized.
The maximum amount of (3.82 ± 0.4 g/100 ml) ethanol was produced at pH 7 when compared to other media. Low amount
of (2.02 ± 0.2 g/100 ml) ethanol as produced in pH 3 in Baker yeast (H) alone inoculated fermentation medium.

Conclusions:
1. Low cost bioreactor of 7 Liters capacity is designed and developed in 600 Rupees.
2. From 120gm of banana pseudo stem 200ml of ethyl alcohol is produced.
3. Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry Analysis of produced bioethanol shows that solution is of 99.32%
pure ethyl alcohol.

Scope of Future Work :

In continuance to the present project for developing an effective second generation bio fuel from pseudo banana
stem following studies is necessary:
1. Catalytic conversion of ethyl alcohol to butanol.
2. Feasibility study of setting up a small to large scale bio plant for generation of butanol from Banana pseudo
stem

~~~*~~~

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 135

 KARNATAKA STATE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru - 560012

LIST OF PROJECTS SANCTIONED UNDER

nd
42 SERIES OF STUDENT PROJECTS PROGRAMME: 2018 – 2019
BIOFUEL PROJECTS
1) A.G.M. RURAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, HUBBALLI
PROJECT
Sl. NAME OF THE NAME OF THE NAME OF THE
REFERENCE PROJECT TITLE BRANCH
No. GUIDE CO-GUIDE TEAM LEADER
NO.
1. 42S_B_BE_031 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLID MECHANICAL Prof. - Mr.
BIOFUEL MAKING MACHINE USING ENGINEERING VEERABHADRAPP SAMANTH.SHIV
AGRICULTURAL WASTE AS A RAW A.G.KALAPPANAV AKALIMATH
MATERIAL AR

2) A.M.C. ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BENGALURU

2. 42S_B_BE_096 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A OIL MECHANICAL Dr. AK MURTHY - Mr. MOHAMMED
EXTRACTION MACHINE FROM JATROPHA ENGINEERING IMRAN
SEEDS FOR BIO-DIESEL

3) BASAVESHWAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMUS), BAGALKOTE

3. 42S_B_BE_103 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE BIOTECHNOLOGY Prof. SHILPA K - Ms. ARPITA
COOKING OIL USING IMMOBILIZATION JIGAJINNI NAGATHAN
LIPASE
4. 42S_B_BE_044 PRODUCTION AND OPTIMISATION OF MECHANICAL Dr. B.K.VENKANNA Prof. Mr.
BIO-DIESEL FROM WASTE TEMPLE OIL ENGINEERING S.B.WADAWADA SHIVANAGOUDA
GI KAMAT

4) BHEEMANNA KHANDRE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHALKI, BIDAR

5. 42S_B_BE_032 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CI ENGINE MECHANICAL Mr.ANILKUMAR - Mr. KARTIK
OPERATED ON MAHUA BIODIESEL ENGINEERING PATIL POOJARI

5) C.M.R. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BENGALURU

6. 42S_B_BE_059 TYADYUTH: DEVELOPMENT OF BIO- ELECTRICAL AND Dr. MOHAMED Mr. KASHIF Ms. VISHAKHA
BATTERY FOR W2E CONVERSION ELECTRONICS IQBAL M AHMED VIJAY PATEL
ENGINEERING

6) CHANNABASAVESHWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GUBBI

7. 42S_B_BE_045 PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE MECHANICAL Mr. HARSHITH HS - Mr. TEJAS
CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE BY ENGINEERING HIRASKAR N
USING COTTON SEED OIL AS A FUEL
8. 42S_B_BE_114 TRIBOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MILLING AISI MECHANICAL Mr. NATESH C P - Mr. SUBHASH C
D2 USING BIO SIMAROUBA GLAUCA ENGINEERING M

7) COORG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PONNAMPET

9. 42S_B_BE_129 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BIO GAS MECHANICAL Mr. BIDAPPA PS - Mr. AYUSH R
PLANT ENGINEERING VINOD

8) DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU

10. 42S_B_BE_106 PRODUCTION OF MECODIESEL FROM BIOTECHNOLOGY Mrs. MANASA Dr. Mr. VARSHA
COST EFFECTIVE HYDROCARBONS OF ANAND GOVINDAPPA RAJEEV VAIDYA
ENDOPHYTIC SPECIES OF PONGAMIA MELAPPA
AND JATROPHA
11. 42S_B_BE_092 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL Mr. MOHAN DAS A - Mr. YASH
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ENGINEERING N AGARWAL
CHARACTERISTICS OFSINGLE CYLINDER
DICI-ENGINE USING ACETYLENE
BIODIESEL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS.

9) EAST WEST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BENGALURU

12. 42S_B_BE_017 COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF USED AND MECHANICAL Prof. PRADEEP M - Mr. MANOJ RAJ
UNUSED EDIBLE VEGETABLE OIL AS BIO ENGINEERING S V
LUBRICANT

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 136

 10) G.M. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DAVANAGERE
PROJECT
Sl. NAME OF THE NAME OF THE NAME OF THE
REFERENCE PROJECT TITLE BRANCH
No. GUIDE CO-GUIDE TEAM LEADER
NO.
13. 42S_B_BE_025 VERMICOMPOSTING AND PRODUCTION BIOTECHNOLOGY Dr. GURUMURTHY - Mr.
OF BIO-ETHANOL USING PRESS MUD AND H MURUDESHWA
MOLASSES FROM SUGAR INDUSTRY RA K V
14. 42S_B_BE_087 CHARACTERIZATION AND MECHANICAL Prof. Dr. Mr. AKARSH R
PERFORMANCE OF SI ENGINE USING ENGINEERING MALLIKARJUNA V BASAVARAJAPP
KITCHEN WASTE BIOGAS BIDARI ADN

11) GIRIJABAI SAIL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KARWAR

15. 42S_B_BE_026 DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF MECHANICAL Prof. MANJUNATH - Mr. SHUBHAM
BIODIESEL PLANT ENGINEERING G.P GURAV

12) GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY, BENGALURU

16. 42S_B_BE_020 RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF WASTE MECHANICAL Mr. GHALEPPA - Mr. DARSHAN M
NON-EDIBLE SEEDS AS A REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING P
SOURCE FOR PRODUCTION OF BIO-
DIESEL: PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION
CHARACTERISTICS IN AGRICULTURAL CI
ENGINE

13) GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BIDAR

17. 42S_B_BE_024 BIODISEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE MECHANICAL Ms. PRIYANKA G - Mr. AVINASH
COOKING OIL AND ITS APPLICATION FOR ENGINEERING SHEELVANTH
CI ENGINE

14) H.K.B.K. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU

18. 42S_B_BE_068 EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE AND MECHANICAL Prof. HARISH H - Mr.
INJECTION TIMING ON DIESEL ENGINE BY ENGINEERING NANJEGOWDA
PERFORMANCE, COMBUSTION AND HM
EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS FUELLED
WITH WASTE VEGETABLE OIL AND DAIRY
WASTE OIL.

15) HIRASUGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIDASOSHI

19. 42S_B_BE_082 EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE AND MECHANICAL Prof. BM - Mr. NAGARAJ
INJECTION TIMING (IT) AND EGR ON THE ENGINEERING DODAMANI BADIGER
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION OF
DIESEL ENGINE OPERATED WITH
TALLOW OIL METHYL ESTER (TOME)

16) JAIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DAVANGERE

20. 42S_B_BE_008 PRODUCTION OF BIOFUEL USING MECHANICAL Mr. RAMESH B T - Mr. SHIVARAJ A
NEPHER SORGHUM PLANT ENGINEERING S

17) JYOTHY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BENGALURU

21. 42S_B_BE_105 OPTIMIZATION OF SILK WORM BIO MECHANICAL Dr. CB MOHAN Dr. MEENAKSHI Mr. MANU YN
DIESEL PRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING HN
PRODUCED BIO DIESEL IN DIESEL
ENGINE

18) K.L.E. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHIKKODI

22. 42S_B_BE_034 EFFECT OF AL2 O3 (ALUMINUM OXIDE) MECHANICAL Prof. VEERANNA - Mr. MANISH
NANO PARTICLES ON PERFORMANCE ENGINEERING H. MODI KALAGOUDA
AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIL
SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE
FUELED WITH DAIRY SCUM METHYL
ESTER BIO DIESEL.

19) K.L.E. Dr. M.S. SHESHGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, UDYAMBAG, BELAGAVI
23. 42S_B_BE_138 OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL BIOTECHNOLOGY Dr. SC MALI Prof. S N Ms. MANASI A T
PRODUCTION FROM WASTE FRYING OIL HOSAMANE
USING CALCINATED EGGSHELLS AS
HETROGENOUS CATALYST IN A
MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYSYTEM

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 137

 20) KALPATARU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, TIPTUR
PROJECT
Sl. NAME OF THE NAME OF THE NAME OF THE
REFERENCE PROJECT TITLE BRANCH
No. GUIDE CO-GUIDE TEAM LEADER
NO.
24. 42S_B_BE_093 DESGIN AND FABRACTION OF LEAF MECHANICAL Dr. VISWANATHA - Mr. MANOJ
LOGER MAKING MACHINE FOR BIOFUEL ENGINEERING BM KUMAR CN

21) KARAVALI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANGALURU

25. 42S_B_BE_018 PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM MECHANICAL Mr. GEORGE - Mr. NIKHIL M.C
COCOA POD AND PERFORMANCE ENGINEERING JOHNY
CHARACTERISTICS STUDY ON SINGAL
CYLINDER SI ENGINE

22) MALNAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HASSAN

26. 42S_B_BE_069 ZERO WASTE BIO-FUEL: PRODUCTION OF CIVIL Dr. K S JAYANTHA Mr. KISHOR Ms.
BIODIESEL AND FUEL BRIQUETTES FROM ENGINEERING KUMAR S HITHASHREE M
SAL SEED OIL AND FRONDS N

23) MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MOODBIDRI

27. 42S_B_BE_036 EXTRACTION OF BIODIESEL FROM MICRO AERONAUTICAL Prof. YATHIN K L - Ms. SIMRIN
ALGAE ENGINEERING TAMBOLI
28. 42S_B_BE_038 EXTRACTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF MECHANICAL Mr. - Mr. NITHIN
BIODIESEL FROM DIFFERENT BREEDS OF ENGINEERING BHANUPRAKASH
CATTLE URINE AND ANALYSIS OF ITS HS
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS USING
4-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER
COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE
29. 42S_B_BE_040 EXTRACTION OF BIO-DIESEL FROM WASTE MECHANICAL Prof. M LOKESHA - Mr. RAJAT
FISH OIL WAX ENGINEERING RAVINDRA
PATANKAR
30. 42S_B_BE_041 A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION MECHANICAL Prof. VIJAYKUMAR - Mr.BRADLEY
CHARACTERISTICS OF CI ENGINE USING ENGINEERING METI MATHIAS
NANO PARTICLES (ZnO, Al2O3,GRAPHENE)
BLENDED WITH DIESEL-DWS BIODIESEL-
ETHANOL BLENDS

24) MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANIPAL

31. 42S_B_BE_054 IMPROVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE BIOGAS CHEMICAL Dr. GAUTHAM Ms. SNEHA R Mr. SIDDHARTH
ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM ENGINEEERING JEPPU MITRA
AGRICULTURAL AND FISH WASTE USING
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY

25) MARATHA MALDAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BELAGAVI

32. 42S_B_BE_118 LOW COST SMART BIOGAS PLANT USING ELECTRICAL AND Prof. SANDHYA - Ms. SUMAN R
KITCHEN WASTE ELECTRONICS BEVOOR RATHOD
ENGINEERING

26) N.M.A.M. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NITTE

33. 42S_B_BE_001 BIO-OIL PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS BIOTECHNOLOGY Mrs. HARSHITHA M Dr. C VAMAN Mr.
OCHRACEUS USING CRUDE GLYCEROL J RAO PREKSHANAND
AAA
34. 42S_B_BE_007 PROCESS INTENSIFICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Mr. VENKATESH Dr. C. VAMAN Ms. INCHARA
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION THROUGH KAMATH H. RAO CRASTA
SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION &
EXTRACTIVE FERMENTATION
35. 42S_B_BE_060 PRODUCTION OF BIOBUTANOL FROM BIOTECHNOLOGY Mr. SANDESH K - Ms.
WASTE LIGNOCELLULOSIC RESIDUES SHREELAXMI
36. 42S_B_BE_061 DEVELOPMENT OF VALUE ADDED BIOTECHNOLOGY Dr. UJWAL P Dr. C VAMAN Ms. RAKSHITA
PRODUCTS FROM AGRICULTURAL RAO PRABHAKAR
RESIDUES SHETTY

27) NAVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAICHUR

37. 42S_B_BE_062 STUDY ON GREEN FUEL(i.e, ETHANOL) AS MECHANICAL Dr. Prof. SRIKAR G Mr. PRAVEEN
AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL ENGINEERING ANANTHACHAR KULKARNI GOUDA
FOR SI ENGINE RAMPUR

28) NDRK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HASSAN

38. 42S_B_BE_086 PERFORMANCE AND EMMISION MECHANICAL Mr. - Mr. PRASANNA T
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEMECARPUS ENGINEERING CHANDRASHEKAR T
ANACARDIUM SEED OIL BIOFUEL ON A AM
SINGLE CYLINDER CI ENGINE FOR
DIFFERERNT COMPRESSION RATIO

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 138

 29) NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU
PROJECT
Sl. NAME OF THE NAME OF THE NAME OF THE
REFERENCE PROJECT TITLE BRANCH
No. GUIDE CO-GUIDE TEAM LEADER
NO.
39. 42S_B_BE_013 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Ms JINSHA Dr. ANANDA Ms TEJASWINI A
BIOREACTOR WITH CO-IMMOBILIZED JINADEVAN VARDHAN H
MICROALGAE & BACTERIA FOR
CONVERSION OF BIODIESEL INDUSTRY
DERIVED GLYCEROL INTO
POLYHYDROXYALKONATES (PHA)
40. 42S_B_BE_010 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT ON MECHANICAL Dr. M S GANESHA Prof. RAKESH C Mr. S AKILESH
CONVERSION OF LDPE (LOW-DENSITY ENGINEERING PRASAD
POLYTHYLENE) PLASTIC WASTE INTO
LIQUID FUEL BY SEQUENTIAL PYROLYSIS
TECHNIQUE

30) P.D.A. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KALABURAGI

41. 42S_B_BE_083 PYROLYTIC OIL PRODUCTION AUTOMOBILE Dr. SR HOTTI - Mr. JADHAV
CHARACTERIZATION AND ENGINEERING AJINKYA SUNIL
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ENGINE
USING PYROLYTIC OIL

31) P.E.S. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, SHIVAMOGGA

42. 42S_B_BE_019 BIO -CNG PRODUCTION , BOTTLING AND MECHANICAL Dr. - Mr. SWAROOP N
UTILIZATION FOR CI ENGINE ENGINEERING BASAVARAJAPPA
YH

32) PRESIDENCY UNIVERSITY, BENGALURU

43. 42S_B_BE_052 FABRICATION OF LOW COST PETROLEUM Dr. CHAITANYA Dr. SHASHIKALA Mr. MUHAMMED.
BIOREACTOR AND APPLICATION OF ENGINEERING LAKSHMI. G AR S
GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR PRODUCTION
OF SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS
USING BIOMASS
44. 42S_B_BE_074 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF FIXED PETROLEUM Dr. CHAITANYA Dr. Mr. AL AMEEN. S
DOME BIOGAS DIGESTER FOR THE ENGINEERING LAKSHMI. G SHASHIKALA. A.
TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES R

33) PROUDHADEVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HOSAPETE

45. 42S_B_BE_035 EXPERIMENTAL GASIFICATION STUDY OF MECHANICAL Mr. Mr. NAVEEN R Mr. SRIDHAR
PROSOPIS JULIFLORA AS A BIOMASS ENGINEERING JAYAPRAKASH.K. DIGGAVI
USING GASIFIER. G

34) R.V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU

46. 42S_B_BE_064 PRODUCTION OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE BIOTECHNOLOGY Dr. LINGAYYA Dr. Ms. ANUSHA
FROM SEWAGE AND ITS USE IN POWER HIREMATH SATYANARAYA
GENERATION THROUGH ENZYMATIC NA S
FUEL CELL FORMULATION

35) REVA UNIVERSITY, BENGALURU

47. 42S_B_BE_022 DEVELOPMENT AND TRIBOLOGICAL MECHANICAL Dr. NIRANJAN - Mr. K S TARUN
TESTING OF ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY ENGINEERING HIREMATH
BIO-LUBRICANTS FROM VEGETABLE OILS
48. 42S_B_BE_029 PERFORMANCE AND COMBUSTION OF MECHANICAL Prof. VINOD - Mr. SAYEED
BIOFUEL USING GRAPHENE AS NANO ENGINEERING KUMAR AHMED
ADDITIVE

36) RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, HULKOTI

49. 42S_B_BE_128 COMPARISION OF PERFORMANCE AND MECHANICAL Prof. SIDDESH N - Mr. PAVAN D
EMISSION TESTS USING BIO DIESEL ENGINEERING BEVINAHALLI RAYKAR
FROM SIMAROUBA AND HONGE OILS IN
CI ENGINE

37) S.D.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHARWAD

50. 42S_B_BE_049 ADVANCE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS CHEMICAL Prof. S.S. - Mr. ABHISHEK
AND BIODIESEL FROM MICROALGAE ENGINEEERING INAMDAR PATEL

38) S.G. BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI

51. 42S_B_BE_130 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL Prof. PRASAD - Mr. SHIVANAND
MIXED PONGAMIA COCONUT EXTRACT ENGINEERING KALLOLOMATH HIREMATH
AS BIODIESL ON CI ENGINE

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 139

 39) S.J.M. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHITRADURGA
PROJECT
Sl. NAME OF THE NAME OF THE NAME OF THE
REFERENCE PROJECT TITLE BRANCH
No. GUIDE CO-GUIDE TEAM LEADER
NO.
52. 42S_B_BE_046 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MECHANICAL Mr. GURURAJA K K - Mr. DHANUSH
DECORTICATOR FOR JATROPHA CURCAS ENGINEERING KUMAR K
SEED

40) SAHYADRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT, MANGALURU

53. 42S_B_BE_055 EXTRACTION OF BIODIESEL FROM MECHANICAL Mr. - Mr.
RUBBER SEEDS ENGINEERING PRAKASHKUMAR DEVIPRASAD
KAVALUR RAI E
54. 42S_B_BE_084 DESGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANICAL Mr. PAVITRA - Mr. MOHAMED
SIMAROUBA GLUCA DEPULPING ENGINEERING AJAGOL FAHAD V P
MACHINE AND OIL EXTRACTION
55. 42S_B_BE_085 USAGE OF ACETYLENE AND ETHONAL AS MECHANICAL Mr. Mr. AJITH BS Mr. MOHAMMED
ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FOUR STROKE ENGINEERING HANUMANTHARAY RADIL
PETROL ENGINES AR

41) SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU

56. 42S_B_BE_003 BIOPLASTIC EXTRACTION FROM WASTE BIOTECHNOLOGY Mr. PRASHANTH Ms. SHOBHA G Ms. DEBIKA
GREASE PRODUCED IN INDUSTRIES KUMAR H P CHAKRABARTY
USING AS GLYCEROL AS A SUBSTRATE
57. 42S_B_BE_123 EVALUATION OF BIOFUEL BLENDED WITH MECHANICAL Mr. P - Mr. AJEYA V
PREPARED ETHANOL, N-BUTANOL AND ENGINEERING RAGHUTHAMA
PETROL BASED ON PERFORMANCE AND RAO
POLLUCTION LEVEL TESTS ON AN SI
ENGINE

42) SEACAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNIOLOGY, VIJAYAPURA

58. 42S_B_BE_078 DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICAL NEURAL MECHANICAL Dr. SYED ABBAS Dr. NOORULLAH Mr. MANOHAR
NETWORK MODEL FOR THE ESTIMATION ENGINEERING ALI SHARIEF
OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION
PARAMETERS OF DIESEL ENGINE
FUELLED WITH WCO AS BIODIESEL
59. 42S_B_BE_080 DESGIN AND DEVELOPMENT AND MECHANICAL Dr. SYED ABBAS Mr. ALTAF Mr. VINAY
FABRACATION OF OIL EXPELLER FOR ENGINEERING ALI HUSSAIN MADABHAVI
NEEM SEEDS BAGWAN

43) SIDDAGANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, TUMAKURU

60. 42S_B_BE_131 MICROWAVE ASSISTED ESTERIFICATION CHEMICAL Dr. PRAKASH Prof. K R Mr. AMRUTH A
AND TRANSESTERIFICATION OF DAIRY ENGINEEERING BINNAL SHADAKSHARA
SCUM WASTE: OPTIMIZATION AND MURTHY
KINETIC STUDIES
61. 42S_B_BE_063 AUTOMATION OF MINI PORTABLE MECHANICAL Mr. B R - Mr. RAHUL
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION UNIT ENGINEERING OMKARESH SANJAY
GIDAVEER
62. 42S_B_BE_132 FABRICATION OF BIOGAS FROM KITCHEN MECHANICAL Dr. ARUN SB - Mr. THIPPA
WASTE AND CRUDE GLYCERINE ENGINEERING REDDY H
63. 42S_B_BE_134 PONAGAMIA SEED HARVESTER MECHANICAL Dr. R SURESH - Mr. NAVEEN
ENGINEERING REDDY

44) SMT. KAMALA SRI VENKAPPA M. AGADI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
LAKSHMESHWARA
64. 42S_B_BE_113 DESIGN OF BIOGAS PLANT FOR SMT. CIVIL Prof. - Prof.
KAMALA AND SHRI VENKAPPA M AGADI ENGINEERING VENKATAREDDI BASAVARAJ M
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND KOPPPAD MANNUR
TECHNOLOGY LAKSHMESHWAR
COLLEGE BOYS HOSTEL

45) SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU

65. 42S_B_BE_088 PRODUCTION AND TESTING OF MECHANICAL Mr. - Mr. H S YASHAS
BIOLUBRICANT FROM NON EDIBLE ENGINEERING RAGHAVENDRA P GOWDA
COMPONENTS NILUGAL

46) ST. JOSEPH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MANGALURU

66. 42S_B_BE_090 INFLUENCE OF INJECTION TIMING IN MECHANICAL Mr. SUSHANTH H - Mr. VAISHAKH
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION USING ENGINEERING GOWDA VIMALRAJ
MILK SCUM BIODIESEL BLENDS ON CI
ENGINE

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 140

 47) THE OXFORD COLLEGE OF SCIENEC, BENGALURU
PROJECT
Sl. NAME OF THE NAME OF THE NAME OF THE
REFERENCE PROJECT TITLE BRANCH
No. GUIDE CO-GUIDE TEAM LEADER
NO.
67. 42S_B_MSC_02 BIOETHONAL PRODUCTION FROM THE BIOTECHNOLOGY Mr. ARUN KUMAR Mr. Mr. JYOTISMAN
1 FRUIT WASTE AND PEEL OF ST KAVYASHREE R NANDA
DEVANAHALLI POMELLO

48) TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG

68. 42S_B_BE_122 PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM MECHANICAL Mr. BASAVARAJ S - Mr. VIKRAM
THEVETIA PERUVIANA SEED OIL AND ENGINEERING DOTIHAL LAKKUNDI
CONDCTING PERFORMANCE AND
EMISSION TEST WITH SEED ADDITIVE

49) VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BENGALURU

69. 42S_B_BE_005 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANICAL Mr. S PUNEETH Mr. VASANTHA V Mr. CHETTI
METHANOL (CH3OH) AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENGINEERING T AKSHAY
FUEL EXTRACTED FROM ATMOSPHERIC
CO2.

50) VIDYAVARDHAKA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MYSURU

70. 42S_B_BE_065 SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL Prof. GURUDATT H - Mr.
PONGAMIA VEGETABLE OIL LUBRICANT ENGINEERING M CHIRANJEEVI G
FOR IC ENGINE APPLICATIONS J
M.Sc Projects
51) CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), BENGALURU
PROJECT
Sl. NAME OF THE NAME OF THE NAME OF THE
REFERENCE PROJECT TITLE BRANCH
No. GUIDE CO-GUIDE TEAM LEADER
NO.
71. 42S_B_MSC_022 A NOVEL APPROACH IN UTILIZATION OF LIFE SCIENCES Dr. ERUMALLA - Mr. S. WILLIAM
WASTE ALGINATE GENERATED IN TISSUE VENKATANAGARA JOSEPH KAMAL
CULTURE LABORATORY TOWARDS JU
PRODUCTION OF BIO-ETHANOL

52) COLLEGE OF FORESTRY, SIRSI

72. 42S_B_MSC_032 PRODUCTION OF FUEL PELLETS FROM FOREST Dr. P RAMANA - Mr. SHREESHAIL
EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION BIOMASS PRODUCTS AND BASAPPA
WASTES FOR EFFECTIVE SOLID WASTE UTILIZATION BHADAKE
MANAGEMENT

53) DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY, DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY

73. 42S_B_MSC_025
5 PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM BIOCHEMISTRY Prof. VADLAPUDI Dr. SANTOSH Mr.
AGAVE LEAVES USING MICROORGANISMS KUMAR KUMAR M RAGHAVENDRA
YT
74. 42S_B_MSC_028 BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM BIO Prof. VADLAPUDI Dr. SANTOSH Mr. SIDDESH SM
MICROORGANISMS USING DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGY KUMAR KUMAR M
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES

54) DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, GULBARGA UNIVERSITY, KALABURGI

75. 42S_B_MSC_031 MANAGEMENTOF GANODERMA DISEASE BOTONY Prof. G M - Ms. EDIGA
OF PONGAMIA PINNATA VIDYASAGAR AMBIKA

55) DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY, DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY

76. 42S_B_MSC_020 EFFICACY OF PONGAMIA OIL AND HERBAL LIFE SCIENCES Dr. GAYATHRI - Mr. PONNANNA M
BASED FORMULATION SOAP AGAINST DEVARAJA B
CONVENTIONAL - TO ENCOURAGE HYGIENE
PRACTICE AMONG RURAL FOLK FOR
ENTEROPHATHOGENS.

56) GARDEN CITY UNIVERSITY, BENGALURU

77. 42S_B_MSC_008 BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM GREEN BIO Dr. PREMA Dr. NAGAMANI J Ms. CHAHAT
COCONUT SHELL TECHNOLOGY KULKARNI E SHARMA
78. 42S_B_MSC_011 PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM THE LIFE SCIENCES Dr. SHRUTI Dr. YASRIB Mr. ROHIT
OUTER RED FLOWER PETALS OF MUSA AWASTHI QURISHI SHARMA
PARADISIACA: A MAJOR AGRO WASTE IN
INDIA AND INCREASING ITS EFFICIENCY IN
NANOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 141

79. 42S_B_MSC_016 PREVENTION OF PATHOGENS ISOLATED LIFE SCIENCES Dr. SADASHIV S O Dr. Ms.
FROM BIOFUEL PRODUCING PLANTS BY SHARANAGPUDA SWETAPADMA
CUCUMIS TRIGONUS EXTRACTS J PATIL DAS
80. 42S_B_MSC_030 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM MYRISTICA LIFE SCIENCES Dr. PREETHI Ms. VRINDA
FRAGRANS AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION RAJESH TIWARI
81. 42S_B_MSC_006 PRODUCTION OF NANO-BIOPLASTIC FROM LIFE SCIENCES Dr. YASRIB QURISHI Dr. SHRUTI Ms. UPASANA
NANOPARTICLES OF SEED EXTRACT OF AWASTHI SAHA
CARICA PAPAYA
82. 42S_B_MSC_009 PHOENIX SYLVESTRIS NON-EDIBLE OIL SEED MICROBIOLOGY Dr. Dr. BHARGAVA H. Ms. DURRIYA ALI
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS AS FEEDSTOCKS FOR SHARANAGOUDA J R.
THE PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS PATIL

57) GOVERMENT ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARWAR

PROJECT
Sl. NAME OF THE NAME OF THE NAME OF THE
REFERENCE PROJECT TITLE BRANCH
No. GUIDE CO-GUIDE TEAM LEADER
NO.
83. 42S_B_MSC_026 EXTRACTION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL Dr. ULLS N SHETTI Prof. Mr. S VAISHAK
ANALYSIS OF BIOFUEL FROM MANIKARA CHEMISTRY SHIVANAND S
ZAPOTA (L) P. ROYEN BHAT

58) INDIAN ACADEMY DEGREE COLLEGE, AUTONOMOUS, BENGALURU

84. 42S_B_MSC_004 FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS GENE BIO Dr. SIBI G - Mr. SAGAR
EXPRESSION THROUGH STRESS FOR TECHNOLOGY GROVER
INCREASED LIPID METABOLISM IN
MICROALGAE
85. 42S_B_MSC_027 EXPLORING AND HARNESSING THE BIO Prof. SUDHAKAR Ms. PRAJANYA Mr. RITAM
POLYPLOIDY INDUCED DIVERSITY TO TECHNOLOGY MALLA GP BISWAS
IMPROVE THE LIPID PRODUCTION AMONG
THE TISSUE CULTURE BASED
PHENOTYPES OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA
SP.
86. 42S_B_MSC_029 DEVELOPMENT OF POLYPLOIDY STRAINS BIO Prof. SUDHAKAR Dr. SIBI G Mr. RAJAN
OF CHLAMYDOMONAS TO STUDY THE TECHNOLOGY MALLA RAMANAND
ENHANCEMENT OF THE STRESS CHDURASIVA
RESISTANCE AND LIPID PRODUCTION

59) MAHARANI LAKSHMI AMMANNI COLLEGE FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS), BENGALURU

87. 42S_B_MSC_001 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO Dr. BABITHA.B Dr. SUNITHA Ms. NETHRA L
BIOADSORBENT FROM PONGAMIA SEED TECHNOLOGY KUPPAL
SHELL FOR HEAVY METAL REMOVAL
FROM INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
88. 42S_B_MSC_002 PRODUCTION OF LIPASE BY SOLID-STATE BIO Dr.S.SARASWATI Dr. SUNEETHA.P Ms.YASHASWINI
FERMENTATION OF BIOFUEL SEED CAKES TECHNOLOGY .N
AND ITS USE AS A BIOCATALYST IN
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

60) UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, G.K.V.K., BENGALURU

89. 42S_B_MSC_024 BIO-ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM HUSKS OF DEPARTMENT OF Dr. K T PRASANNA - Ms. ASHWINI R N
DIFFERENT SMALL MILLETS FORESTRY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCES/(BIOF
UEL)

M.Tech Projects
61) CENTRE FOR GRADUATE STUDIES, V.T.U., MYSURU
Sl. PROJECT NAME OF THE NAME OF THE NAME OF THE
PROJECT TITLE BRANCH
No. REFERENCE NO. GUIDE CO-GUIDE TEAM LEADER
90. 42S_B_MTECH_0 OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION THERMAL Prof. - Ms. HURNAZ
03 FROM ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS OIL POWER KRISHNAMURTHY K
USING TAMARINDUS INDICA AS CaO NANO ENGINEERING N
CATALYST AND PERFORMANCE AND
EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF CI ENGINE
WITH VARYING BIODIESEL BLENDS

62) P.D.A. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KALABURAGI

91. 42S_B_MTECH_ PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM THERMAL Dr. CHANNAPPA H - Mr. MOHAMMED
001 CANNABIS SATIVA (HEMP) SEEDS, POWER BIRADAR KINAN AFIF
PRFORMANCE AND EMISSION ENGINEERING
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE
FUELED WITH CANNABIS SATIVA
BIODIESEL

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 142

 63) R.V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU
92. 42S_B_MTECH_006 DESIGN AND FABRACATION OF ENZYME BIO Dr. LINGAYYA Mrs. M Ms. ANUBHA
BASED BIOSENSOR KIT FOR THE TECHNOLOGY HIREMATH RAJESWARI
DETECTION OF FORMALIN
ADULTERATION IN PRESERVED FOODS
93. 42S_B_MTECH_005 SYNTHESIS OF PONGAMIA OIL BASED PRODUCT Prof. CHANDRA - Ms. SAHANA VN
LUBRICANT FOR MACHINING DESIGN AND KUMAR R
MANUFACTURIN
G

M.B.A. Projects
64) DON BOSCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Sl. PROJECT PROJECT TITLE BRANCH NAME OF THE NAME OF THE NAME OF THE
No. REFERENCE NO. GUIDE CO-GUIDE TEAM LEADER
94. 42S_B_MBA_002 A STUDY ON THE SUCCESSFUL MASTER OF Dr. MEERA UDAY Mr. BRIJESH Mr. BHASKARA
STRATEGIES OF SUPPLY CHAIN BUSSINESS SINGH RAKSHITH
MANAGEMENT IN BIOFUEL COMPANIES ADMINSTRATION

65) M.S. RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

95. 42S_B_MBA_001 DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE MASTER OF Dr. Y.M SATISH - Ms. C. VARSHA
SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL FOR BIODIESEL BUSSINESS
MANUFACTURING FROM USED ADMINSTRATION
COOKING OIL IN BANGALORE CITY.
96. 42S_B_MBA_003 A STUDY ON LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT MASTER OF Dr. SANTHOSH - Ms. LINDSEY
OF BIOFUEL BUSSINESS KUMAR S CATHERINE
ADMINSTRATION SEQUIRA

66) MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, MANGALURU

97. 42S_B_MBA_004 BIOGAS AND ORGANIC VEGETABLES - MASTER OF Prof. K ABHAYA - Mr. RAKSHIT
FINANCIALLY FEASIBLE AGRI BUSINESS BUSSINESS KUMAR
PROJECT WITH SPECIAL REFERANCE ADMINSTRATION
TO DEDS SCHEME OF NABARD
98. 42S_B_MBA_005 BIOFUEL FROM PALM SEEDS - A MASTER OF Prof. AJITH - Mr. PRAJNESH
FEASSIBILITY STUDY WITH REFERENCE BUSSINESS DMELLO
TO DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT ADMINSTRATION

*~*~*

KSCST: SPP – 42nd Series: Biofuel Projects Compendium: 2018-19 143