MUSCULAR

SYSTEM

Mrs. Hiyasmin U. Gutierrez, RMT

Instructor
You are strong!
 If all your muscles were working together, you
could lift about 20 cars!
Your body has about 600 muscles

Muscles make up about 40-

50% of your body weight.
Muscles weigh more than fat

Who will sink and who will

float?
 Did you know that ?

- more than 50% of body weight is muscle !

- And muscle is made up of proteins and
water
The muscular system is made up of…

muscles
and
tendons
How many muscles do I have?
 I have more than 650
muscles in my body.

 My muscles make up
half of my body weight.
My muscles are important because
they…
 Hold my organs in place
 Hold my bones together
so that I can move
 Help me chew my food
 Open and close my
eyelids
 Pump my blood
 Allow me to run and
play
 Help me to smile!
Did you know?????

It takes more
muscles to
frown
than to
smile?
What are muscles made of?

Stretchy,
elastic
cells and
fibers
Why do I need tendons?
Tendons attach my muscles to my bone helping
my body move.

Feel your tendon right above

your heel in the back of your
leg.

This is the thickest tendon in your body.

One way to keep our muscles strong…

 Eat foods from

the meat group
every day. They
are high in protein
which helps to
build strong
muscles.

Name some foods that are high

in protein.
Another way to keep strong muscles…

 Exercise every day.

What are some things you can do

every day to help keep your
muscular system healthy?
 Muscle Classification

Functionally
 Voluntarily – can be moved at will
 Involuntarily – can’t be moved
intentionally

Structurally
 Striated – have stripes across the fiber
 No striations -smooth
The 3 Types of Muscles

3 Types of Muscles

Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle

3 Types of Muscles
Three types of muscle

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Classification of Muscle

Skeletal- Cardiac- Smooth-

found in found in heart Found in
limbs viscera

Striated, Striated, 1 Not striated, 1

multi- nucleus nucleus
nucleated

voluntary involuntary involuntary

 Skeletal muscle

 Functions
 Locomotion and breathing
 Maintain posture
 Heat production
 Form smooth contours of body
 Vary in shape (spindle, fan or
circle shape)
 Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
 Striated
 Cells are multinucleate
 Voluntary – subject to conscious control
 Attached to bones
 Slow to fast contraction

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.3
 Skeletal Muscle Activity

 Contract rapidly but

tire easily
 Can exert much power
without ripping
 Cells are surrounded
by connective tissue
 Adds strength and
support
 Naming of Skeletal Muscles
 Location of the muscles origin and
insertion
 Example: sterno (on the sternum)
 Shape of the muscle
 Example: deltoid (triangular)
 Action of the muscle
 Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.37
 Head and Neck Muscles

Figure 6.14

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 Trunk Muscles

Figure 6.15
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 Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles

Figure 6.16
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 Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh

Figure 6.18c
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 Muscles of the Lower Leg

Figure 6.19
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 Superficial Muscles: Anterior

Figure 6.20

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 Superficial Muscles: Posterior

Figure 6.21

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.44
Masseter
Elevate Mandible
Temporalis
Elevate & Retract Mandible
Trapezius
Extend Head, Adduct, Elevate
or Depress Scapula
Latissimus Dorsi
Extend, Adduct & Rotate Arm Medially
Deltoid
Abduct, Flex & Extend Arm
Pectoralis Major
Flexes, adducts & rotates arm
medially
Biceps Brachii
Flexes Elbow Joint
Triceps Brachii
Extend Elbow Joint
Rectus Abdominus
Flexes Abdomen
External Oblique
Compress Abdomen
External Intercostals
Elevate ribs
Internal Intercostals
Depress ribs
Diaphragm
Inspiration
Forearm Muscles
 Flexor carpi—Flexes wrist
 Extensor carpi—Extends wrist
 Flexor digitorum—Flexes fingers
 Extensor digitorum—Extends fingers
 Pronator—Pronates
 Supinator—Supinates
Gluteus Maximus

Extends & Rotates

Thigh Laterally
Rectus Femoris

Flexes Thigh,
Extends Lower
Leg
Gracilis
Adducts and Flexes Thigh
Sartorius
Flexes Thigh, &
Rotates Thigh
Laterally
Biceps Femoris

Extends Thigh &

Flexes Lower Leg
Gastrocnemius
Plantar Flexes
Foot & Flex Lower
Leg
Tibialis Anterior
Dorsiflexes and Inverts Foot
Smooth muscle
 Lines walls of hollow
organs
 Ex stomach, bladder
 Found in two layers
 Layers alternately contract
 Function:
 Propels substances along
a tract
 Smooth Muscle Characteristics
 No striations
 Single nucleus
 Involuntary – no
conscious control
 Found mainly in
the walls of hollow
organs
 Slow contraction

Figure 6.2a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.6
Smooth Muscle

 Fibers are thin and

spindle shaped.
 No striations
 Single nuclei
 Involuntary
 Contracts slowly
 Smooth Muscle
 They fatigue… but very slowly
 Found in the circulatory system
 Lining of the blood vessels
 Helps in the circulation of the blood
 Found in the digestive system
 Esophagus, stomach, intestine
 Controls digestion
 Found in the respiratory system
 Controls breathing
 Found in the urinary system
 Urinary bladder
 Controls urination
 Cardiac muscle
 Pumping mass of
heart
 Arranged in spiral or
figure 8 shape
 Heart muscle cell
behave as one unit
 Heart muscle always
contracts to it’s full
extent
 Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
 Striations
 Single nucleus
 Involuntary
 Found only in the heart
 Contracts at slow, steady rate

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.7
Cardiac Muscle Activity
 Intercalated disks closely
coordinate activity
 Own pacemaker controls
contraction
 Can be stimulated by the
nervous system
 Muscle contracts 
chambers become
smaller forcing blood into
arteries
 Body Movements

Figure 6.13

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.33
 Left: Abduction
– moving the
leg away from
the midline

Right:
Circumduction: cone- Above –
shaped movement, Adduction-
proximal end doesn’t moving toward
move, while distal end the midline
moves in a circle.
Types of Musculo-Skeletal Movement
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Abduction, Adduction &
Circumduction
Rotation
Skeletal Muscle

Bundles are formed by:

epimysium epi = upon
perimysium peri = around
endomysium end = within
Terms

 Plasmalemma = Sarcolemma

 Sarcoplasm = Cytoplasm

 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum =
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle

 Endomysium –
around single
muscle fiber
 Perimysium –
surrounds
multiple fibers

Figure 6.1

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.4a
 Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle
 Fascicle -
bundle of fibers
 Epimysium –
covers the
entire skeletal
muscle

Figure 6.1

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.4b
 B. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles - Gross Anatomy All three layers attach
muscle to bone

Surrounds
muscle

Bundle of
muscle fibers

Surrounds each muscle

fiber, and tie adjacent fibers
together

Divides muscle into

compartments, each
contain a bundle of
muscle fibers called
fascicle
 Myofibrils
 Cylinder as long as entire
muscle fiber
 Each fiber contains 100s to
1000s
 Responsible for contraction
 When myofibrils contract
the whole cell contracts
 Consist of proteins
 Actin – thin filaments
 Myosin – thick filaments
Connective Tissue Sheaths
 Connective Tissue of a Muscle
 Epimysium. Dense regular c.t. surrounding entire muscle
 Separates muscle from surrounding tissues and organs
 Connected to the deep fascia
 Perimysium. Collagen and elastic fibers surrounding a
group of muscle fibers called a fascicle
 Contains b.v and nerves
 Endomysium. Loose connective tissue that surrounds
individual muscle fibers
 Also contains b.v., nerves, and satellite cells (embryonic stem cells
function in repair of muscle tissue
 Collagen fibers of all 3 layers come together at each
end of muscle to form a tendon or aponeurosis.
B. Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle – Blood Vessels and Nerves

 Muscle contractions require energy

 Blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to
produce energy(ATP)

 Muscle contractions are under stimulation from

the CNS(central nervous system)
 Sarcomere
 Smallest functional unit
of muscle fiber
 Each myofibril contains
10,000 sarcomeres end
to end
 Interaction between
thick and thin filaments
cause contraction
 Banded appearance
  Sarcomere - repeating functional units of
a myofibril
Sarcomeres: Z  About 10,000 sarcomeres per
myofibril, end to end
Disk to Z Disk  Each is about 2 µm long
 Differences in size, density, and
distribution of thick and thin filaments
gives the muscle fiber a banded or
striated appearance.
 A bands: a dark band; full length of thick
(myosin) filament
 M line - protein to which myosins attach
 H zone - thick but NO thin filaments
 I bands: a light band; from Z disks to ends
of thick filaments
 Thin but NO thick filaments
 Extends from A band of one sarcomere to
A band of the next sarcomere
 Z disk: filamentous network of protein.
Serves as attachment for actin
myofilaments
 Titin filaments: elastic chains of amino
acids; keep thick and thin filaments in
proper alignment
 Microanatomy – Sarcolemma and T-Tubules
•Very large cells
•100’s of nuclei •Cell membrane
•pores open to T-tubules

•Network of
narrow
tubules
•filled with
extracellular
fluid
•form
passageway
s through
muscle fiber
 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
 Specialized form of SER
 Tubular network around
each myofibril

 In contact with T-Tubule

 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
 SR is an elaborate, smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
 runs longitudinally and surrounds each myofibril
 Form chambers called terminal cisternae on either
side of the T-tubules
 A single T-tubule and the 2 terminal cisternae
form a triad
 SR stores Ca++ when muscle not contracting
 When stimulated, calcium released into
sarcoplasm
 SR membrane has Ca++ pumps that function to
pump Ca++ out of the sarcoplasm back into the SR
after contraction
 Thick and Thin Filaments
 Thin
 twisted actin molecules
 Each has an active site where
they interact with myosin
 Resting – active site covered by
tropomyosin which is held in
place by troponin

 Thick
 Myosin
 Head attaches to actin during
contraction
 Can only happen if troponin
changes position, moving
tropomyosin to expose active
site
 Muscle Fiber Anatomy
 Sarcolemma - cell membrane
 Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of fiber)
 Contains many of the same organelles seen in other cells
 An abundance of the oxygen-binding protein myoglobin
 Punctuated by openings called the transverse tubules (T-
tubules)
 Narrow tubes that extend into the sarcoplasm at right angles to
the surface
 Filled with extracellular fluid
 Myofibrils -cylindrical structures within muscle fiber
 Are bundles of protein filaments (=myofilaments)
 Two types of myofilaments
1. Actin filaments (thin filaments)
2. Myosin filaments (thick filaments)
– At each end of the fiber, myofibrils are anchored to the inner
surface of the sarcolemma
– When myofibril shortens, muscle shortens (contracts)
Structure of Actin and Myosin
  Many elongated myosin molecules
shaped like golf clubs.

Myosin (Thick)  Single filament contains roughly 300

myosin molecules
Molecule consists of two heavy
Myofilament

myosin molecules wound together to
form a rod portion lying parallel to the
myosin myofilament and two heads
that extend laterally.
 Myosin heads
1. Can bind to active sites on the
actin molecules to form cross-
bridges. (Actin binding site)
2. Attached to the rod portion by a
hinge region that can bend and
straighten during contraction.
3. Have ATPase activity: activity that
breaks down adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), releasing
energy. Part of the energy is used
to bend the hinge region of the
myosin molecule during
contraction
Sliding Filament Model of
Contraction
 Thin filaments slide past the thick ones so
that the actin and myosin filaments overlap to
a greater degree
 In the relaxed state, thin and thick filaments
overlap only slightly
 Upon stimulation, myosin heads bind to actin
and sliding begins
 Sliding Filament Model of
Contraction
 Each myosin head binds and detaches
several times during contraction, acting like a
ratchet to generate tension and propel the
thin filaments to the center of the sarcomere
 As this event occurs throughout the
sarcomeres, the muscle shortens

PLAY InterActive Physiology®: Muscular System: Sliding Filament Theory

Sliding Filaments and Cross Bridges

 Sarcomere contraction –
Sliding Filament Theory
 Thin filaments slide
toward center of
sarcomere
 Thick filaments are
stationary
 Myosin head attaches to
active site on actin (cross
bridge)
 Pull actin towards center,
then detaches
 Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
 When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract
 The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
 Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove
oxygen debt
 Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
 Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack
of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.27
 Muscles and Body Movements

 Movement is
attained due to
a muscle
moving an
attached bone

Figure 6.12

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

6.30a
 Muscles and Body Movements

 Muscles are
attached to at
least two points
 Origin –
attachment to a
moveable bone
 Insertion –
attachment to an
immovable bone
Figure 6.12

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

6.30b
 Effects of Exercise on Muscle

 Results of increased muscle use

 Increase in muscle size
 Increase in muscle strength
 Increase in muscle efficiency
 Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.31
 Types of Ordinary Body
Movements

 Flexion – decreases angle of joint and

brings two bones closer together
 Extension- opposite of flexion
 Rotation- movement of a bone in
longitudinal axis, shaking head “no”
 Abduction/Adduction (see slides)
 Circumduction (see slides)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 6.32