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Linux File Structure and File Funtions Unit 2

The Linux file hierarchy structure defines the directory structure and contents of Unix-like operating systems. The root directory is represented by "/" and contains subdirectories for essential system files and programs, configuration files, user files and home directories, removable media mounting points, and more. Some key subdirectories include /bin and /sbin for essential binary files, /etc for configuration, /usr for secondary programs, /home for user homes, /boot for boot loader files, and /var for variable files.

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76 views

Linux File Structure and File Funtions Unit 2

The Linux file hierarchy structure defines the directory structure and contents of Unix-like operating systems. The root directory is represented by "/" and contains subdirectories for essential system files and programs, configuration files, user files and home directories, removable media mounting points, and more. Some key subdirectories include /bin and /sbin for essential binary files, /etc for configuration, /usr for secondary programs, /home for user homes, /boot for boot loader files, and /var for variable files.

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188W1A1242-Sec-A PUNEET VALLURUPALLI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Linux File Structure

The Linux File Hierarchy Structure or the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines the directory
structure and directory contents in Unix-like operating systems.It is maintained by the Linux
Foundation.
1. / – Root

 Every single file and directory starts from the root directory.
 Only root user has write privilege under this directory.
 Please note that /root is root user’s home directory, which is not same as /.

2. /bin – User Binaries

 Common linux commands you need to use in single-user modes are located under this
directory.
 Commands used by all the users of the system are located here.
 For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp.

3. /sbin – System Binaries

 Just like /bin, /sbin also contains binary executables.


 But, the linux commands located under this directory are used typically by system
aministrator, for system maintenance purpose.
 For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon

4. /etc – Configuration Files

 Contains configuration files required by all programs.


 This also contains startup and shutdown shell scripts used to start/stop individual
programs.
 For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf

5. /dev – Device Files

 Contains device files.


 These include terminal devices, usb, or any device attached to the system.
 For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0

6. /proc – Process Information

 Contains information about system process.


 This is a pseudo filesystem contains information about running process. For
example: /proc/{pid} directory contains information about the process with that
particular pid.

7. /var– Variable Files

 var stands for variable files.


 This includes — system log files (/var/log); packages and database files (/var/lib);
emails (/var/mail); print queues (/var/spool); lock files (/var/lock); temp files needed
across reboots (/var/tmp);

8. /tmp – Temporary Files

 Directory that contains temporary files created by system and users.


 Files under this directory are deleted when system is rebooted.

9. /usr – User Programs

 Contains binaries, libraries, documentation, and source-code for second level


programs.
 /usr/bin contains binary files for user programs. If you can’t find a user binary
under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For example: at, awk, cc, less, scp
 /usr/sbin contains binary files for system administrators. If you can’t find a system
binary under /sbin, look under /usr/sbin. For example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel
 /usr/lib contains libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin
 /usr/local contains users programs that you install from source. For example, when
you install apache from source, it goes under /usr/local/apache2

10. /home – Home Directories

 Home directories for all users to store their personal files.


 For example: /home/john, /home/nikita

11. /boot – Boot Loader Files

 Contains boot loader related files.


 Kernel initrd, vmlinux, grub files are located under /boot
 For example: initrd.img-2.6.32-24-generic, vmlinuz-2.6.32-24-generic

12. /lib – System Libraries

 Contains library files that supports the binaries located under /bin and /sbin
 Library filenames are either ld* or lib*.so.*
 For example: ld-2.11.1.so, libncurses.so.5.7

13. /opt – Optional add-on Applications

 opt stands for optional.


 Contains add-on applications from individual vendors.
 add-on applications should be installed under either /opt/ or /opt/ sub-directory.

14. /mnt – Mount Directory

 Temporary mount directory where sysadmins can mount filesystems.


15. /media – Removable Media Devices

 Temporary mount directory for removable devices.


 For examples, /media/cdrom for CD-ROM; /media/floppy for floppy drives;
/media/cdrecorder for CD writer

16. /srv – Service Data

 srv stands for service.


 Contains server specific services related data.
 For example, /srv/cvs contains CVS related data.

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