Heat Transfer Lab

(0904446)
Short lab report

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

The University of Jordan, Amman – Jordan
Mechanical engineering department

Forced convection heat transfer

By

Mohamad jehad alakhras 0141586

Adnan alshobaky 0140545
Ma’mon alazazma 0142556
Fadi nabil matannes 0140386
Moayad osama alhaj 0142572
Mahmoud emad Suleiman 0141780
Objectives:
To determine experimentally the validity of Reynolds Analogy (St = f/2) for air and also to
compare the experimental values of Nu, St, f with those given by empirical formulae.

Introduction
This experiment enables to investigate the theory and associated formulae related to forced
convection in pipes. Measured experimental data enables to calculate the heat transfer
(film) coefficient "h", the pipe friction "f" and various non-dimensional groups including
Reynolds Number "Re", Nusselt Number "Nu" and Stanton Number "St". The values
obtained can be compared with those derived from accepted empirical formulae and the
validity of Reynolds analogy may be explored.

Apparatus:
 Description: the apparatus consists of an electrically driven centrifugal fan which draws
air through a control valve and discharges into a 76.2 mm diameter, U-shaped pipe. The
fan speed remains constant throughout. A British Standard orifice plate 40 mm diameter
is fixed in the pipe to measure the air flow rate. This pipe is connected to a copper test
pipe which is 3048 mm long, 32.6 mm internal diameter and has a wall thickness of 1.20
mm. The test pipe, which discharges to atmosphere, is electrically heated over the final
1753 mm by a heating tape wrapped around the outside of the pipe. The power input to
the tape can be varied by means of variable transformer fitted to the apparatus, the input
being measured with the aid of a voltmeter and ammeter fixed to the instrument panel.
The test pipe is insulated with 25 mm thick fiberglass lagging. All the pipe work rests on
wooden blocks supported by the steel frame of the apparatus.
A 1524 mm test length, situated within the heated length of the test pipe, has pressure
tapping at each end which is connected to a water manometer on the instrument panel.
Other manometers fixed to the instrument panel measure fan discharge pressure and the
orifice pressure drop.
Seven thermocouples (number 1 to 7) are fixed to the wall of the copper test pipe at
various points along the heated length. A further six thermocouples (number 8 to 13) are
situated at points within the lagging. The positions of all the thermocouples are shown on
a diagram displayed on instrument panel. A mercury in glass thermometer measures the
air temperature at the inlet to the test pipe. The output from any thermocouple may be
chosen with a selector switch fitted to the instrument panel and measured with an
electronic thermometer or potentiometer.

 Particulars of the apparatus:

Orifice plate diameter 40 mm

Pipe internal diameter 32.6 mm
Pipe wall thickness 1.20 mm
K for pipe material (copper) 380.6 j/ms.c
Thickness of lagging 25 mm
K for pipe lagging material 0.0415 j/ms.c
Heated length of pipe 1753 mm
Thermocouple material Copper Constantan to B.S. 1828
The pressure tapping on the pipe are at 51 mm and 1575 mm from the exit.
Electrical supple: 380/440 V, 3 phase neutral earth. 50 Hz, 15 Amp, as standard.
Maximum allowable tube temperature; 150 oC (thermocouples 1 to 7)
Test tube dimensions:
Tube bore 31.75 mm
Wall thickness 4.63 mm
Lagging thickness 19.0 mm

Fig.1.Apparaatus
Readings:
Room temperature 30 oC
Barometric pressure 900 mbar
Air inlet temperature 27 oC
Fan pressure 47 cm H2O
Orifice pressure drop 12.3 cm H2O
Test length pressure drop 13.6 cm H2O
Heater current 4.5 A
Heater voltage 220 V

Reference Number Actual T oC T across lagging oC

1 81
2 87
3 93
4 96 /
5 97
6 97
7 98
8 100
9 49
51
10 121
11 62
59
12 124
13 62
62

 Fig.2.Temperature profile along the tube:

120
Chart Title
100
f(x) = 0.0128294571491608 x + 80.5831175899578

80

60
T

40

20

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
distance
 Fig.3.Temperature difference across the lagging:

70

60

50

40
T

30

20

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

DISTANCE
Theory and calculations:

1. MASS FLOW RATE:

Air mass flow rate, ṁ=ρ׿ ¿ orifice area

¿ C d √ 2 Δp/ ρ kg/s

Where, Cd = 0.613 (the orifice discharge coefficient)

 = air density at orifice (kg/m3)
p = pressure drop across orifice (N/m2)
For determining p, it may be noticed that 1mm of water = 9.81 N/m2

P absolute ( Fan Pressure + Barometric Pressure ) ( 470×9 . 81+0 . 9×101 .3×103 )

ρ= = =
RT inlet RT i 287×( 27+273 . 15 )
95 . 78
∴ ρ= ≃1 .112 kg /m3
0 . 287×300 . 15

π 2
ṁ=1 .112× ( 0 . 04 ) ×0 . 613×
4
2. HEAT FLUX:
√2×123×9 . 81
1. 112
≃0. 04 kg/ s

Heat input by heating tape,

Amps×Volts 4 .5×220
Q1 = = =0 . 99 kW
1000 1000

Heat lost through lagging,

0.0415 2π ×1.753 [ mean temp. drop ¿ ] ¿

Q2 = × ¿ ¿
1000 ln ( r o /r i ) ¿ ¿
¿
Where ri and ro are the inside and outside radii of the lagging.
 [ mean temp. drop ¿ ] ¿ ¿¿
¿ ¿
¿
Heat flux through tube wall,

Q 1 −Q 2 0. 990−0 . 03
Φ= = ≃5 . 3471 kW /m2
internal pipe wall area π ( 0 .0326 )×1. 753

The heat flux is required in calculating the heat transfer coefficient, "h". Heat
conduction along the copper tube does not contribute to the heat flux since, for a
given section, the heat flowing in at one end will be equal to the heat flowing out at
the other end.

3. MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE AT CHOSEN HEAT TRANSFER SECTION:

The thermocouple positions are shown on the diagram on the instrument panel.
From the temperature readings it will be seen that the section between 2 and 5 is
free of exit and entrance effects. It suggested that the heat transfer calculations are
made around section 4. The total heat input up to this point per second can be
calculated and hence the bulk mean air temperature at this point. Total heat input
includes heat input by the heating tape plus heat input by conduction in the pipe
less the heat lost through the lagging.

Heat input by conduction,

380 .6 2 π rt temperature drop

Q3= × × kW
1000 106 L4 ( ¿ 1 . 0 m )

Where, r = mean radius of copper (mm)

t = wall thickness (mm)
L4 = length of heated section (m)

r mean =
[ 32 .6 + ( 32. 6+1 . 2×2 ) ] /2 =16 . 9 mm
2
 380 .6 2 π ×16 .9×1 .2 ( 12. 8 )
Q3= × × ≃0 . 00062 kW
1000 106 1. 0

( b)
( Q1 −Q2 ) ×1753 +Q3 kW
Total heat input up to chosen section =
b=1282 mm
1282
( 0 . 990−0 . 0278 )× +0 .00062≃0 .70429 kW
Total heat input up to "b" = 1753

Where "b" is length of heated pipe up to chosen section (mm). The bulk mean air
temperature,

total heat input 0 . 70429

T b=T i + =27 + ≃44 . 48 o C
mass flow rate×C p 0 . 04×1 .00716

Where, Ti = air inlet temperature

Cp = specific heat of air at inlet temperature

4. HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT:

3
Heat Flux 5 .3471×10 W
= ≃150 .54
Heat transfer coefficient, h = ( w b )
T −T ( 80 . 58−44 . 48 ) m2 . K

The wall temperature Tw will be given by the thermocouple at the point at which
heat balance is taken or from the graph of wall temperature against pipe length.

5. EXPERIMETAL VALUES OF "Nu", "St", and "f":

 Nusselt Number,
150 .54×0 . 0326
−3
≃177. 61
Nu = h*d/kf = 27 .632×10

 Stanton Number,
St = h / ( ρ̄ * V * Cp )

ṁ 0 . 04
V mean = = ≃46 . 21 m/ s
ρ . Ac π 2
1. 037× ( 0. 0326 )
4
 Static pressure in PITOT plane
ρ̄=
0.2871×Mean air temperature

Mean air temperature = Inlet air temperature + temperature rise

Heat Input rate (kW ) Heat loss factor b

. .
Mean air temperature rise = Mass flow rate (kg/s ) C p 1753

Where "b" is the length of heater tape up to the PITOT plane (=1477 mm)
and the heat loss factor may be taken as 0.94 or as determined.

( 0 . 99-0.03 ) 0 . 94 1477
∴ Mean air temperature rise= × × ≃18 .86 o C
0 .04 1 .008 1753
⇒ Mean air temperature=27+18 .86=45. 86 o C = 319 .01 K

Static pressure in PITOT plane =Barometric pressure +(276/1524) * test length pressure drop
276 136×9 .81
Static pressure in PITOT plane = 90 + × ≃90 . 242 kPa
1524 1000
90 . 242
⇒ ρ̄= =0 . 99 kg/m 3
0. 2871×319 . 01

150 .54
∴ St= 3
≃3 .26×10−3
0. 99×46 . 21×1 . 008×10

 Calculation of friction factor "f", using the simple equation:

P1 – P2 = (2f L / d ) * ρ̄ * V2

ΔP. d 136×9 . 81×0 . 0326

f= 2
= 2
=6 . 75×10−3
2 L . ρ̄ . V 2×1 .524×0 . 99×46 . 21

This equation is based on the assumption that all of the pressure drop is
due to friction. For flow in a heated pipe, this assumption is not valid
because part of the pressure drop is due to the acceleration head associated
with the expansion of the air as it passes along the heated pipe. An
allowance for the acceleration head can be made with reasonable accuracy
using Guggenheim Equation:

p1 −p 2= [
1 W 2 4 fL T 2 −T 1
ρ̄ A 2 2 d
+
T̄
+ ln ( p1 / p2 ) ]
 136×9 .81=
1
×
0 . 99 π
0 . 04 2

(
0 .0326 2
[)
2
4 f ×1524 44 . 48−27
+
2×32 . 6 319 . 01 (
+ln 1+
1432. 26
99000 )]
4
−3
⇒ f =6 . 4×10

 Reynolds Number,

ρ̄ V̄ d 0 . 99×46 . 21×0 . 0326

Re= = ≃76673
μ 194 .512×10−7 (Turbulent)

6. CALCULATION OF "Nu", "St" and "f" USING NORMALLY ACCEPTED

EXPRESSIONS:

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4

Nu=0 .023×766730 .8 ×0 . 704060 . 4 ≃161. 62

St = 0.023 Re-0.2 Pr -0.6

St=0 . 023×76673−0. 2 ×0 .70406−0. 6 =3×10−3

f = 0.079 Re-¼ (Turbulent region only)

f =0 . 079×76673-¼ =4 .75×10−3

It may be noted that Prandtl number (Pr = p μC /k

) and has almost the same value
for all gases and varies very little with temperature and pressure.

Reynolds analogy is based on the assumption that Pr = 1, and may be written as:
-3
4 . 75×10
×76673≃182. 1
Nu = (f/2) Re = 2
Nu
Since St = Re .Pr , it follows that:
−3
4. 75×10
=2 .375×10−3
St = (f/2) = 2

By substituting in the equation (St = 0.023 Re-0.2 Pr -0.6) and putting Pr = 1, we

obtain an alternative formula from which "f" can be calculated:
 −0. 2 −3
f = 0.046 Re-0.2 = 0 . 046×76673 =4 . 85×10

:Discussion and Conclusions

 Some experimental results are somewhat close to those obtained from
accepted expressions while few values deviate a little.
 The experimental value of friction factor ignoring acceleration deviates
from calculated friction factor much more than the experimental value
when the acceleration head loss is considered. Guggenheim equation gave
better results for friction factor.
 Reynolds analogy in calculating Stanton number gives a value that
deviates from experimental value more than the calculated one from
accepted expressions.
 There is some observed deviation between experimental and calculated
Nusselt number due to approximations, effect of surroundings,
measurements errors, …
 Errors in this experiment are due to many source s such as ( temperature
measuring, not reaching steady state,…etc).